678:, in a way that makes it appear that he is discussing binding Halachah. In using the description "metaphorical", Maimonides is referring to the nature of the text of the Song of Songs, and not to the Three Oaths themselves. The Satmar Rebbe however did not consider the breaking of the oaths a halachic issue, but rather a form of heresy. He stated that "the oath was not given to heretics but to all Jewry; and even if the whole Government were pious like men of old, any attempt to take their freedom prematurely would be to deny the Holy Law and our faith." As for Nachmanides' explicit statement that the commandment applies even during exile, Teitelbaum says this refers to living in Israel as an individual - not conquering, since that would conflict with the Three Oaths. A variant of this approach says that Nachmanides' command to live in Israel even during exile applies only when living in Israel is consistent with exile, that is, when a non-Jewish government rules the land. But living under a Jewish government such as the State of Israel might itself constitute a violation of the oath. Nachmanides felt no need to mention this exception to the commandment because he did not foresee the rise of a Jewish government in the Holy Land before the messiah.
755:
1883:
is heresy. Hence, any redemptive action taken before Israel repents is considered heretical. Immigration of a large, but minority, group wouldn't be considered a redemptive attempt and would not be a heretical action. Such immigration would not violate Laws Of
Repentance, and if forbidden would have to be mentioned elsewhere in Maimonides' code. Immigration of the majority of Jews, however, would be a redemptive attempt. Without repentance, such immigration would be heretical and forbidden by the Laws Of Repentance. Since, by implication, it has already been forbidden by Laws Of Repentance, there would be no need for Maimonides to mention it explicitly elsewhere in his code.
1867:(on BT Yoma 9b) that defines the differentiation between the phrase "like a door" and "like a wall". The former refers to part, or half of the population and the latter to the majority of it. "There is no comparison between oaths between two individual and the oaths adjured by God.... The Oaths were unconditional obligations between Israel and the nations. If there is a possibility that we may ascend to the Land of Israel, it would only7 be because we wouldn't be ascending like a wall ... and wouldn't be rebelling against the nations, because the nations of the world themselves have agreed that this portion of land shall belong to the Jews.... The intent ,
601:"These oaths" etc. This refers to when the Lord, blessed be he, decreed exile on Israel; and this exile is not according to the proper order of the world, as you will not find a nation that is exiled and dwells in the land of another nation, but every nation and nation is under its own authority. And the Lord, blessed be he, decreed exile on Israel, and this exile is not according to the proper order of the world, and therefore the Lord, blessed be he, decrees their exile's being. And if not for this decree on that which is against the order, it could not exist for order prevails. And thus were three oaths, that is three decrees
722:
They write that
Teitelbaum came up with twisted interpretations of Maimonides' writings to fit his own ideology, for example by claiming that Maimonides' silence on the oaths in his Halachic code was because they were supposedly of such great importance that they did not need to be mentioned. According to Diamond and Kellner, "there is simply no plausible reading of Maimonidesโ activist realization of the Jewish return to and settlement of Israel as a necessary stage in bringing about the messianic period that would not run afoul of Teitelbaumโs โoathsโ argument".
763:
731:
Jews can engage in said activities, but it is not binding insofar as Jews are not actually prohibited from engaging in the acts the Oaths are concerned with. They maintain that there is a certain degree of ambiguity in what he has written in
Netzach Yisrael and therefore his position must be seen in such a manner, for "anything to the contrary yields a contradiction within the Maharal's own writings", which would clearly be undesirable.
596:ืฉืืืขืืช ืืืื ืืื'. ืคื' ืืืฉืจ ืืฉ"ื ืืืจ ืืืืืช ืขื ืืฉืจืื, ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืื ื ืืคื ืืกืืจ ืฉืจืืื ืืืืืช ืืขืืื, ืื ืื ืชืืฆื ืฉืืืืื ืืื' ืืืื ืืืื' ืืืฉืืื ืืชืื ืืจืฅ ืืืื ืืืจืช, ืจืง ืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืชืืช ืจืฉืืชื, ืืืฉ"ื ืืืจ ืืืืืช ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืื ื ืืคื ืกืืจ ืืจืืื ืฉืืืื ืืขืืื ืืืคืืื ืืื ืืฉ"ื ืืืืจ ืงืืื ืขื ืืืืชื. ืืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืจื ืืืืช ืขื ืืืจ ืฉืืื ืื ืื ืืกืืจ, ืืื ืื ืงืืื ืื ืืกืืจ ืืืืจ ืขืืื. ืืืคื ื ืื ืืื ื' ืฉืืืขืืช, ืืืืืจ ื' ืืืืจืืช
839:
choose to do wrong, and even to be successful in doing wrong on a large scale.... Why Hashem decided to grant their efforts some degree of success is one of the mysteries of our era. But the fact that they succeeded is no more a proof that they were doing the right thing, than is the fact that the
Germans succeeded in killing six million Jews a proof that they were doing the right thing."
38:
503:, Nachmanides' words "we are commanded with the conquest of the land in every generation" mean only the generations until the era of exile, not all generations. Nevertheless (according to Teitelbaum's understanding of Nachmanides) since the commandment applied for multiple generations and not just at one moment, it qualifies to be listed among the 613 commandments.
743:
right moment. In view of the harsh consequences of failure ("I will declare your flesh ownerless like the gazelles and hinds of the field"), this would be as foolish as playing
Russian roulette. Furthermore, the success of the State of Israel so far is not proof that the decree has been annulled, since the future of the state is still uncertain.
1087:. Neturei Karta asserts that the mass media deliberately downplays their viewpoint and makes them out to be few in number. Their protests in America are usually attended by, at most, a few dozen people. In Israel, the group's protests typically attract several hundred participants, depending on the nature of the protest and its location.
774:
580:ืื ืคืืจืืฉ 'ืืืืจื ืฉื ืฉืื' ืืืื ื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจื ืฉื ืฉืื, ืฉืืื ืืืืงืื ืื ืืืจื ืฉื ืฉืื, ืืืืืชื ืืื ืืฉืืืข ืืืชื ืฉืื ืืฉื ื ืืขื ืื ืืืืืช. ืื ืืืจื ืฉื ืฉืื, ืืฃ ืขื ืื ืฉืืืืข ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืืช, ืื ืืื ืืฉื ืื. ืืขืื ืคืืจืืฉ 'ืืืืจื ืฉื ืฉืื', ืจืืฆื ืืืืจ ืืฃ ืื ืืืื ืจืืฆืื ืืืืืช ืืืชื ืืขืื ืื ืงืฉื, ืื ืืืื ืืืฆืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืื. ืืื ืืคืืจืืฉ ืืฆื ืื ืืื ืืืื, ืืืฉ ืืืืื ืื
1609:
Historically there have been some instances where persecution served as the impetus for Jewish migration to the Land of Israel, even prior to WWII. Due to a wave of pogroms "the students of Rabbi Elijah of Vilna, the Gaon of Vilna, left
Lithuania and immigrated to Safed and Jerusalem in Eretz Israel.
971:
which states: "two who have taken an oath to do a thing, and one of them violates the oath, the other is exempt and does not require permission." As a result, the ban on mass-immigration to the Land of Israel became void, and
Zionism and the State of Israel arose as a direct result of the breach by
622:'I made you swear, daughters of Jerusalem...' this great oath to God was that they should not arouse the Redemption until that love will be desired and with good will, as it is written 'until I desire,' and our Sages already said that the time of this oath is a thousand years, as it is written in the
1882:
VaYoel Moshe. Chapter 80. Here the Satmar Rebbe offers an explanation why
Maimonides didn't include the Three Oaths in his code. Maimonides in Laws Of Repentance 7:5 states that "Israel shall only be redeemed through repentance." The Satmar Rebbe explains that denial of this statement of Maimonides
1840:
Morgenstern, Arie. Hastening
Redemption. Oxford University Press, 2006. "Israel of Shklov's messianic worldview ... was shared, at least in part, by all of the Vilna Ga'on's disciples. He rejects the prohibition, which underlies the traditional concept of the Three Oaths, against 'scaling the wall'
1663:
The Satmar Rebbe viewed the UN as imbued with strength and actual power, regardless of whether he saw it as a
Halachically recognized organization. He states: "Even according to the natural order, were they to yield their government and Zionist State, there is no doubt that the United Nations could
1060:
Many Haredim who subscribe to the anti-Zionist view still immigrate to the Land of Israel. Their rationalization is that they do so only as individuals and families, but not as members of the organized mass-immigration, and that they come to the Land solely to live there, not in order to conquer it
838:
In response to questions of why God would allow the Zionists some measure of success if Zionism is against the Talmud; anti-Zionist religious Jews respond with the following; "The fallacy of the argument lies in the undeniable fact that there is evil in this world. Hashem allows people free will to
834:
In response to the Zionists' use of Rabbi Chaim Vital (see below), the Satmar Rebbe argued that Vital's remarks refer not to the Three Oaths incumbent on the Jewish people, but to God's oath not to redeem the Jewish people unless they repent out of love. This oath lasts a thousand years; after that
721:
argue that Maimonides not only left out any mention of the Three Oaths from his code of Halachic law, but that he actually argued that Jewish national independence would come about through human initiative and advocated political activism to try to restore Jewish independence in the Land of Israel.
652:
Religious Zionists suggest that in Maimonides' Epistle to Yemen, he explicitly interprets the oaths metaphorically, and not literally. As it states there "Therefore he admonished and adjured them in metaphorical language (ืืจื ืืืฉื, lit. by way of metaphor) to desist." Therefore, they maintain, that
518:
In truth, this commandment is not a commandment which includes the entirety of Israel in the Exile which now exists, but it is a general principle as our Sages stated in the Talmud in Ketubot, that it stems from the Oaths which The Holy One, Blessed be He, made Israel swear not to rush the End, and
1892:
Blimberg, ืงืื ืืจืก ืืฆืืช ืืฉืืืช ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื. Published 1898. On page 42, he writes: ืืื ืืืื ืฆืดื ืืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืขืืจื ืขืดื ืฉืืืชื ืืขืืื ืืจืฉืืื ืืืจืฉ, ืขืืดื ืืืชืจื ืืฉืืืขื ืืคื ื ืฉืื ืืื ืืงืื ืืฉืืืขื ืื ืฉืืื ืจืง ืืฉืืื ืืื ืจืฉืืื ืืืืืืช ... ืืขืืืช ืดืืืืืืด ืคืืณ ืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืืช "In the days of Ezra, since the immigration
730:
Religious Zionists argue that Maharal considered the oaths to be a Divine decree (which has thus subsequently expired). They rely upon his commentary to Ketubot which more explicitly indicates that he understood the Oaths to be binding insofar as it is up to God to permit the circumstances wherein
433:
prayed before God". So too we are required to follow in the way of the Patriarchs and to restore ourselves so that we may be graciously accepted and with our fine language and prayer before God, may He be exalted. However, to wage war is not possible, "you have been adjured daughters of Jerusalem,
587:
Another explanation of the Midrash's statement (he is speaking of Shir Ha-Shirim Rabba 2:20 that begins "ืืจืื ื ืืืจื ืืฉืืืขื ืืืืจื ืฉื ืฉืื") that God adjured the Jewish people in a generation of Shmad (religious persecution Jews, or decrees against Jews): that even if they will threaten to kill them
742:
In response to Zionists who quote the Maharal's commentary on Ketubot, anti-Zionist writers have said that even if the oaths are to be seen as decrees, it was obviously not God's intent that the Jewish people should keep trying to return to the Land of Israel and build a state until they hit the
543:
is merely a preparation for the core obligation of settlement. The obligation to settle the land does not necessarily violate the Three Oaths. Rabbi Zimmerman adds that the Three Oaths only apply to invading the land from the outside, and once Jews have arrived in the land with the permission of
785:
Although the Three Oaths are Aggadic in style, precedent shows when Aggadic material in the Talmud presents novel legal material (as opposed to punishments and rewards relating to legal material expounded elsewhere in the Talmud), that material is codified as halacha, unless there is a specific
552:
means explicitly that we cannot storm eretz-Yisrael from chutz-laaretz. But when the Jews are in eretz-Yisrael, there is surely a hechsher mitzva of kibbush-haaretz. How can the Jews be in eretz-Yisrael without the aliyah "bechoma"? The answer is very simple. If many Jews came to eretz-Yisrael
1756:
Zionists claim that this position was maintained by Shlomo Kluger in his Maasei Yedei Yotzer. However, Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum argued that Kluger used this argument only to permit excessive prayer for the redemption, not action. (Vayoel Moshe, Maamar Shalosh Shevuos, ch. 79, p. 98) It was also
734:
However, the position of Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum (the Satmar Rebbe) in respect to whether Maharal understood the Oaths as prohibitively binding upon Jews is based primarily upon what was written in Netzach Yisrael. It is uncertain whether he considered and factored in Maharal's position in his
799:
The oaths are between the Jewish people and God, and the gentiles and God respectively. The fact that the gentiles violated their oath does not tacitly mean that the Jewish people are free to do so as well. Historically, atrocities prior to the Holocaust have generally not prompted rabbinic
824:' approval of the establishment of the State of Israel does not constitute permission from the nations of the world. The Halacha attaches no significant value to the United Nations. The relevant approval should be that of some of the other people who live in the land (in this instance, the
485:
made many other such emphatic statements regarding this positive commandment that we are commanded to possess the Land and settle it. It is therefore an eternal positive command, obligating every single individual even during the time of Exile as is known from the Talmud in many places.
735:
commentary on Ketubot. (Whether this is due to his not having had access to it, not having been aware of it, or having viewed the text as a forgery is unknown.) However, according to his understanding of the Maharal any violation of the Oaths is absolutely prohibited,
874:, and other halachic sources do not cite the Three Oaths or rule accordingly. They are not found there at all. Maimonides himself advocated the re-establishment of Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel through human initiative rather than waiting for the Messiah.
1906:
2:7, footnote 83: " to gather and go up to the Land with force. As it states in Yoma 9b, 'If you were to make yourselves as a wall and ascend all together as in the days of Ezra.' And this is the language that's used in Joel 2:7, 'they climb the wall like men of
935:
The Three Oaths simply meant that God had decreed an exile for the Jewish people. The fact that the Jewish people have successfully returned to the Land of Israel, and that the State of Israel has survived, is evidence that the oath is void and the decree has
470:; and not to abandon it to other nations, or to leave it desolate, as He said to them, "You shall dispossess the inhabitants of the Land and dwell in it, for I have given the Land to you to possess it," and he said, further, "To Inherit the Land which
404:, that the prolonged duration of the exile would incite some of our people to seek to terminate it before the proper time, and as a consequence they would perish or meet with disaster. Therefore he warned them (to desist) from it and adjured them in
408:, as we read, "I adjure you, O daughters of Jerusalem, by the gazelles and by the hinds of the field, that ye awaken not, nor stir up love, until it please." Now, brethren and friends, abide by the oath, and stir not up love until it please.
1388:ืฉืืฉืืืขื ืฉืื ืืขืื ืืืืื ืืื ืื ื ืื ืืฆืืช ืืืืฉ ืืืจืฅ... ืื ืืฉืืืขื ืฉืื ืืขืื ืืืืื ืืืชื ืขื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืงืื ืืืจ ืืืืดื, ืขืืืื ื ืืืจ ืฉืื ืืขืื ืืืืื ืืฉืคืืจ ืืชื ืืืฉืื ืฉืื ืืขืื. ืืื ืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืฆืืื ืขืืืื ืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืฉืืืขื ืฉืื ืืืืื
199:
have the view that either the oaths are no longer applicable or that they are indeed binding, but the current movement is not a violation of them. Both buttress their positions by citing historic rabbinic sources in favor of their view.
1610:
The available evidence strongly indicates that the Gaon not only condoned their aliya; he actually decreed it, because he was convinced that the year 1840 was to be the year of 'atchalta degeulah', 'the beginning of the redemption'.
1802:
Netzach Israel, Chapter 24.ืืืืื ื ืฉืืงืืฆื ืื ืืคืืืืจ ืืืขืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืืืืืืช...ืืื ืื ืฉืื ื ืืคืืจื ืืืจ ืขืืืื ืฉืื ืืขืื ืืืืื ืฉืืื ืงืืืืฅ ืืืืืช, ืืืื ืืืื ืืคืืืืจ. Here, the Maharal equates violating the oath with the in-gathering of
664:. R. Walkin postulates that this is because while Maimonides saw these oaths as important, he did not consider them to be legally binding as Halacha, only that they serve as "warnings that these actions would be unsuccessful".
710: โ that any form of forceful recapture of the Land of Israel is a violation of divine will. They believe that the restoration of the Land of Israel to the Jews should happen only with the coming of the Messiah, not by
925:
resolution recommending the establishment of a Jewish State fulfill the first condition of the oath to not rebel against the nations. Thus, when the United Nations told the Jews to go home, it was mandatory that they do
1893:
was with permission of Cyrus... the oath was lifted since then there was no relevancy of the oath which only applies when there isn't permission from the government ... 'to ascend as a wall' means all together at once."
1084:
1831:
While he insists that oaths applies even when the nations of the world agree to the restoration of Israel, he addresses his position in regards to a gathering of the exiles, and not some other mass immigration.
1850:
Blumenfeld maintains that the Oaths are in fact binding upon the Jewish people despite the nations of the world having violated it. However, the Zionists have not violated the Oaths because firstly there was
1056:
in his Kaftor Vaferach understands the oath to mean immigration with intent to conquer. Isaac Leon ibn Zur in his Megillat Ester on Nachmanides also understands the oath as prohibiting conquest.
1925:ื ืฆืืืื ื ืืืชืืืืช ืืฃ ืงืืดื. ืฉืื ื ืืจื ืืืืืืช ืืืืช ืืืืฉ ืืืจืฅ ืืืืงื ... ืฉืื ืืขืื ืืืืื. We are commanded in Ketubot 111a not to rebel against the Nations by going and conquering the land by force....
1841:
or hastening the redemption; he claims that "1even if all of them or even most of them are not authorized to scale the wall to the Land of Israel, there is no prohibition against individuals."
1710:
Hilchos Melachim 5:9 "It is forbidden to leave Eretz Yisrael for the Diaspora at all times except: to study Torah; to marry; or to save from the gentiles. one must return to Eretz Yisrael."
789:
Even if the oaths are to be seen as decrees, the existence of the modern State of Israel does not constitute proof that the decree has ended, because the state's future is still uncertain.
234:ื' ืฉืืืขืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืฉืื ืืขืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืฉืืืข ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืช ืืฉืจืื ืฉืื ืืืจืื ืืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืฉืืืข ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืืช ืืขืืื ืฉืื ืืฉืชืขืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืืชืจ ืืืื.
904:
is understood as representing permission and approval from the nations of the world. Accordingly, the Jewish people cannot be considered to have rebelled against the nations.
1266:
553:
individually, or by permission of the nations, then once they are there, there is a command of kibbush.... There was never an oath upon the people who were in eretz-Yisrael.
446:
did not explicitly discuss the Three Oaths, however he did maintain that it is incumbent upon Jews in every generation as a positive commandment to attempt to repossess the
895:
1630:
Rabbi Hile Wechsler (1843โ1894) strongly encouraged emigration to Palestine to avoid anti-Semitism which he predicted would engulf Germany and most of Europe.
2186:
592:
However, in his commentary to Ketubot the Maharal explains that the Oaths are rather heavenly decrees, necessary to maintain the unnatural state of exile:
1816:
on Shir HaShirim Rabbah: ืืื ืื ื ืจืฉืืช ืืืชืงืืฅ ืืืืืืช ืืืืื ืืขืืืช ืืื ืืืดื ืขื ืืงืืฆื ื ืืณ ืขืดื ืืฉืื... ืื ืืืืณ ืืงืื ืืคืณ ืื ืืืื ืืื... ืืืชื ืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืจืื.
293:'I adjure you, O daughters of Jerusalem, by the gazelles, and by the hinds of the field, that ye awaken not, nor stir up love, until it please.'
1675:"Rabbi Chaim Vital wrote that the oaths were in effect only for the first thousand years after the destruction of the Second Temple. | Torah Jews"
284:ืึดืฉึฐืืึทึผืขึฐืชึดึผื ืึถืชึฐืึถื ืึฐึผื ืึนืช ืึฐืจืึผืฉึธืืึดึทื, ืึดึผืฆึฐืึธืืึนืช, ืืึน, ืึฐึผืึทืึฐืืึนืช ืึทืฉึธึผืืึถื: ืึดื-ืชึธึผืขึดืืจืึผ ืึฐืึดื-ืชึฐึผืขืึนืจึฐืจืึผ ืึถืช-ืึธืึทืึฒืึธื, ืขึทื ืฉึถืืชึถึผืึฐืคึธึผืฅ.
803:
Living in Eretz Yisroel is not a general mitzvah for the Jews collectively, only individuals (see discussion of Rashbash (Solomon ben Simon Duran) in
754:
514:(himself a descendant of Nachmanides) understood this particular biblical obligation to be binding on the individual level but not on the collective:
251:
adjured Israel not to rebel against the nations of the world. Three, the Holy One adjured the nations that they would not oppress Israel too much.
660:
points out in his book, Da'at Chaim, that Maimonides discussed the Three Oaths only in the Epistle to Yemen, but not in his Halachic work, the
478:
This implies that the Three Oaths are not Halachically binding, as to treat them as binding would effectively nullify a biblical commandment.
2094:
1964:
1781:ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืขืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืืงื ืืขืื ืงืืืืฅ ืืืืืืช...ืฉื ืืืจ ืื ืชืขืืจื ืืื ืชืขืืจืจื ืืช ืืืืื ืขื ืฉืชืืคืฅ .Cited in ืงืืืฅ ืฉืืืืช ืงืืื ,ืืชืืืืช โ ื"ื.
2125:
1466:
1400:
1090:
Neturei Karta's website states that its members "frequently participate in public burning of the Israeli flag." On the Jewish holiday of
2467:
2426:
958:
point to a specific Midrash warning that if gentile nations violated this oath, then "they cause the End of Days to come prematurely."
817:
has expanded its borders beyond the areas mandated by the UN and have thus expanded the borders without the permission of the nations.
1117:, this has become more difficult. Some took steps to condemn Israel and bring about its eventual dismantling until the coming of the
2533:
1641:
121:
1986:
Connections Magazine "In 'Honor' of Yom Haatzmaut: A Few RBS Haredim Wore Sackcloth and Hung Palestinian Flags" Temura, 1 May 2006
1385:
See also Tzvi Magence (1914โ1989) in his Magen Tzvi who writes that oaths only applies to those living outside the Land of Israel.
1083:; however, they are separate groups and have had disagreements. For example, Satmar criticized Neturei Karta for attending a 2006
548:... the difficulty in the Ramban which says that the mitzva of kibush prevails in our time against the oath, dissolves. The oath,
164:
and not to rebel against the other nations, and the other nations in their turn were sworn not to subjugate the Jews excessively.
1065:
movements, including some who oppose Zionism, have denounced the activities of the radical branch of Neturei Karta. According to
2518:
2179:
2138:
1652:
59:
52:
2010:
1873:(1962), and "Concerning the Oath That They Not Ascend as a Wall" (in Hebrew) in Shana be-shana (Jerusalem 1974), pp. 148โ53.
2064:
978:
Religious Zionists often point to Israel's seemingly miraculous survival in the numerous Arab-Israeli wars, especially the
2447:
102:
2513:
2442:
2046:
1075:, or ultra-Orthodox circles, the Neturei Karta are regarded as a wild fringe". Neturei Karta is sometimes confused with
1029:
74:
1502:
Lewis Glinert; Yosseph Shilhav (March 1991). "Holy Land, Holy Language: A Study of an Ultraorthodox Jewish Ideology".
961:
This has been interpreted to mean that Israel's re-establishment would be implemented sooner than originally intended.
208:
The context of the Talmudic dialogue containing the Three Oaths is a discussion in which attempts are made to defend
2528:
2523:
2297:
2219:
2172:
736:
81:
1567:
1664:
make arrangements to prevent war and bloodshed." Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum, Al Ha-Geulah ve-al Ha-Temurah, pp. 85โ86.
1061:
or rule over it. Such Haredim accordingly do not believe themselves to be in violation of the Three Oaths. Other
1001:. There was never a point in history where a majority of world Jewry collectively migrated to the Land of Israel.
945:
furthermore in his Halachic work he places great value upon living in the Land of Israel, and forbids leaving it.
2302:
1076:
792:
The Satmar Rebbe, in his book Vayoel Moshe maintains that Maimonides spoke of the Three Oaths as binding. (See
671:
623:
309:ืึดืฉึฐืืึทึผืขึฐืชึดึผื ืึถืชึฐืึถื, ืึฐึผื ืึนืช ืึฐืจืึผืฉึธืืึดึธื: ืึทื-ืชึธึผืขึดืืจืึผ ืึผืึทื-ืชึฐึผืขึนืจึฐืจืึผ ืึถืช-ืึธืึทืึฒืึธื, ืขึทื ืฉึถืืชึถึผืึฐืคึธึผืฅ.
967:, the Jewish people were absolved of their part of the Oaths. Those who hold this position often rely on the
939:
The wording of Maimonides in his Epistle to Yemen specifically states that the Oaths are "metaphorical" (see
88:
2508:
2277:
511:
499:
excludes one-time commandments (such as God's command to count the Jews in Numbers 1:2). According to Rabbi
248:
48:
618:
expressed the view that the Three Oaths were only binding for the first thousand years of Exile. He wrote:
2317:
2282:
1423:
928:. Just as Cyrus instructed the Jews of Babylonia to construct the Second Temple. This position is held by
401:
338:
1192:
318:'I adjure you, O daughters of Jerusalem: Why should ye awaken, or stir up love, until it please?'
2452:
2312:
979:
910:
767:
70:
1782:
1236:
1952 English translation by Boaz Cohen, published in New York by American Academy for Jewish Research.
2411:
1037:
213:
2401:
2347:
2224:
1934:
1148:
1025:
914:
891:
887:
471:
313:
288:
2120:
2421:
1995:
1519:
929:
848:
An overview of some of the primary claims made by Religious Zionists concerning the Three Oaths:
825:
711:
240:
2084:
1233:
588:
with difficult torture, they will not leave nor will they change their behavior in this manner
2307:
2195:
2090:
1960:
1954:
1721:
1648:
1637:
1153:
1094:, Neturei Karta members have routinely burned Israeli flags in celebrations in cities such as
1052:, in his Torah Temimah, understands the oath to only include a forceful mass immigration, and
1017:
922:
899:
405:
373:
260:
196:
2086:
Religions of the World, Second Edition: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices
1766:
1328:
1316:
995:
to the Land of Israel, but rather through individual immigration as well as a series of five
2214:
2034:
2018:
1511:
1053:
867:
800:
encouragement of mass immigration to Israel, though there have been some notable exceptions.
751:
An overview of some of the primary claims made by anti-Zionists concerning the Three Oaths:
718:
496:
474:(to give them)"; behold, we are commanded with the conquest of the land in every generation.
368:, written around 1173. In this letter, Maimonides attempted to strengthen the morale of the
364:
762:
2457:
2272:
2142:
2051:
2014:
1345:
1294:
1277:
1114:
1062:
1045:
921:
The Balfour Declaration, San Remo Resolution, League of Nations Mandate of Palestine, and
853:
814:
692:
667:
524:
500:
481:
Nachmanides continues to say this command applies in every generation, even during exile:
418:
329:
276:
225:
188:
95:
1689:"If the state is against Hashem's will, why did He give them success? | Torah Jews"
454:
That we are commanded to take possession of the Land which the Almighty, Blessed Be He,
259:
and naturally reflects the traditional interpretation, which sees the entire book as an
2249:
2152:
1118:
1072:
1049:
1004:
Many authorities understand the oath of "not ascending as a wall" as only including an
968:
871:
856:, and therefore they are not Halakhically obligatory (Aggadic Midrashim, as opposed to
821:
696:
675:
631:
447:
176:
161:
1297:, Positive Commandment #4. Translation from Torat Eretz Yisrael by David Samson p. 112
1010:
this mass immigration be one of force in order for the oath to be considered violated.
2502:
2487:
2287:
1903:
1674:
1523:
1126:
1110:
1013:
964:
688:
681:
455:
380:
that led many Yemenite Jews away from traditional practice. In the letter he states:
377:
369:
268:
256:
168:
1825:ืืืืช ืืืื ืชื, ืืืชืื ื: ืืื ืกืช ืืฉืจืื ืฆืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืืืขื ืื ืชืขืืจื ืืื ืชืขืืจืจื ืืช ืืืืื ื ืื
2416:
2367:
2360:
2244:
2135:
2069:
1939:
1489:
1306:
Nachmanides, Addendum to Maimonides' Book of Commandments (positive commandment #4)
1158:
1143:
1122:
1080:
1067:
986:, and interpret this as the State of Israel being preserved directly by God's hand.
863:
661:
657:
180:
2007:
1829:ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืขืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืืช ืืกืืืืื ืืคืดื ืฆืืืื ืฉืืืืื ืฉืชืื ืฉืื.
574:
and in his commentary to Tractate Ketubot. In his work Netzach Yisrael he wrote:
2462:
2334:
1451:
983:
615:
443:
37:
1861:
immigration of the majority of the Jewish people to the Land of Israel at once.
1245:
160:
of the world. The Jews for their part were sworn not to forcefully reclaim the
17:
2396:
2341:
1793:
Shittah Mekubetzet, Ketubot 110b. ืืืืื: ืฉืื ืืขืื ืืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืงื
1568:
A Reply to Shaul Magid on Satmar Rebbe Yoel Teitelbaumโs Anti-Zionist Theology
1515:
1290:
1041:
1033:
359:
255:
The Midrash is, in large part, an explanation of three separate verses in the
2130:
1863:
Rabbi Blumenfeld bolsters his position by pointing towards a comment made by
1688:
1582:
951:
the gentiles violated their vow by excessively persecuting the Jewish people.
422:
304:
297:
279:
220:
110b and continues on 111a (where the Three Oaths are plainly conveyed). The
2147:
2022:
1612:
Chaim I. Waxman (May 1987). "Messianism, Zionism, and the State of Israel".
1596:
1103:
627:
611:
1478:
860:
Midrashim are not traditionally understood as a valid source for Halacha).
389:ืืืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืืืื ืืฆืจืืช ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืฉืืืข ืขืืื ืขื ืืจื ืืืฉื ืืืืจ
886:
what precisely would constitute permission from the nations. As such, the
793:
387:ืืืคื ืฉืืืข ืฉืืื ืข"ื ืืจืื ืืงืืฉ ืฉืืืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืชืืื ืืืืืช ืชืืืื ืืืชืขืืจืจ ืฉืื
2234:
1597:"The Three Oaths are Agadah and therefore not binding. | Torah Jews"
1204:
1099:
857:
778:
695:, that because of their sins, the Jewish people went into exile from the
463:
430:
349:
2374:
2353:
2209:
1399:
First published from original manuscripts in 1960. See R. Gil Student,
1021:
883:
706:). Additionally, they maintain the view โ based on the Babylonian
571:
567:
459:
397:
192:
157:
140:
963:
With atrocities against Jews throughout history, and especially after
638:
II:17a...that it is one day of the Exile of the Community of Israel...
2406:
2292:
2229:
1550:
1138:
1095:
996:
879:
758:
Members of Neturei Karta Orthodox Jewish group protest against Israel
707:
685:
467:
221:
217:
145:
2164:
2158:
1783:
http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=46241&st=&pgnum=957
1411:
773:
152:
adjured three oaths upon the world. Two of the oaths pertain to the
1864:
1091:
907:
828:
794:
Modern Debate on the Appropriate Understanding of Maimonides above
772:
761:
753:
635:
544:
non-Jews, they may then fight for control of the land. He writes:
434:
etc." You have been adjured not to engage in war with the nations.
244:
209:
1176:
1174:
1006:
immigration of the entire (or at least a majority of the) nation.
2391:
1767:
Response of Simcha Bart [Chabad Ask A Rabbi] July 9,2021
1427:
954:
Therefore, the validity of the two other vows has been nullified
187:
as legally binding, and therefore the movement to establish the
153:
2168:
1125:, leader of an activist branch of Neturei Karta, who served in
1870:
264:
149:
31:
653:
Maimonides did not consider them to be Halachically binding.
507:
Other attempts to reconcile Nachmanides with the Three Oaths
1869:
as is explained in Yoma 9 ... and explained by Rashi." See
835:
point even repentance out of fear can bring the redemption.
2131:
A Response to Rabbi Gil Student's Religious Zionism Debate
2065:
Neturei Karta Spy for Iran Sentenced to Four Years in Jail
674:) however, noted that Maimonides cites the Three Oaths in
999:. Jews continue to individually immigrate to Israel today
570:
discussed the Three Oaths in two locations, in his work
2047:
Conference of Presidents: Time to cut off Neturei Karta
974:
The Holocaust was the greatest violation of the 3 oaths
2126:
The Religious Zionism Debate: Essay #4 The Three Oaths
2083:
J. Gordon Melton; Martin Baumann (21 September 2010).
1859:, and furthermore "ascending as a wall" refers to the
949:
Although the Three Oaths were obligatory in the past,
648:
Debate on the appropriate understanding of Maimonides
1577:
1575:
902:-issued Mandate for Palestine plan of July 24, 1922
747:
Anti-Zionist arguments that consider the Three Oaths
343:
191:
and its continued existence would be a violation of
2480:
2435:
2384:
2326:
2265:
2258:
2202:
1583:"A Response to Rabbi Gil Student | Torah Jews"
171:today there are primarily two ways of viewing this
726:Debate on the appropriate understanding of Maharal
535:the land. He said the commandment is realized by
2148:A Point-by-point Response to Rabbi Shlomo Aviner
2136:Do Not Ascend Like a Wall by Rabbi Shlomo Aviner
1461:
1459:
810:The Balfour Declaration never covered the Oaths.
2121:The Three Oaths Of Jewish History by Mois Navon
1956:The Wiley-Blackwell History of Jews and Judaism
1757:maintained by Rabbi Meir Kahane in Or Hara'ayon
1701:ืฆืืฅ ืืืืขืืจ, ืืืง ื, ืกืืื ืื. Tzitz Eliezer 7:48.
844:Zionist arguments that consider the Three Oaths
382:
273:
230:
204:The Midrash and the text upon which it expounds
896:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181
2180:
2035:Neturei Karta burn Israeli flags in Jerusalem
1853:no rebellion against the nations of the world
8:
1008:Some of these authorities also require that
878:It is not clearly established in either the
578:
384:
243:should not go up in a wall {i.e. en masse,
232:
2037:by Kobi Nahshoni, Ynet news, March 2, 2010.
1215:Iggeret Teiman Ch. 4, Kafach Edition, p. 55
1129:'s cabinet as Minister for Jewish Affairs.
216:and go to the Land of Israel. It begins on
2262:
2187:
2173:
2165:
1340:
1338:
239:Why/What are these Three Oaths? One, that
1012:Among those who hold these positions are
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1492:, Ma'amar Gimmel Shevu'os, ch. 36, p. 47
1429:Hidushei Aggados Maharal miPrague Vol 1
1188:
1186:
1170:
156:, and one of the oaths pertains to the
1959:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 455.
372:, who were suffering from a decree of
58:Please improve this article by adding
1916:Chapter 10. ืืืื ืื ืืขืื ืขื ืื ืช ืืืืืฉ
1636:. Los Angeles: Sherborne Press, Inc.
1510:(1). Cambridge University Press: 67.
1234:Maimonides. Epistle to Yemen. Ch. XX.
1048:, and Yonah Dov Blumberg. Similarly,
766:Neturei Karta members at an event in
7:
1024:, Samuel Ben Isaac Jaffe Ashkenazi,
701:umipnei chatoeinu golinu meiartzeinu
362:cited the Three Oaths in his famous
2153:Rabbinic Sources on the Three Oaths
1085:Holocaust denial conference in Iran
579:
333:
308:
283:
233:
2021:, November 20, 2007, available at
1996:Public burning of the Israeli flag
1953:Alan T. Levenson (12 March 2012).
1620:(2). Oxford University Press: 176.
1467:The Religious Zionism Debate p. 18
656:A member of the Haredi community,
400:, of blessed memory, foresaw with
25:
1747:Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 236:6
1450:R. Chaim Vital's Introduction to
1375:. A.A.E. Inc. U.S.A. p. 72.
991:he Jewish people did not return
804:
558:Viewpoint of the early Acharonim
36:
1193:On haredi opposition to Zionism
1180:Babylonian Talmud, Ketubot 111a
940:
634:7:25)..., and similarly in the
2453:Tzohar Rabbinical Organization
1401:Religious Zionism Debate p. 16
972:gentile nations of the Oaths.
247:interprets: forcefully}. Two,
1:
2448:Religious Zionists of America
1998:at NKI International website.
417:The 13th-century commentator
263:for the relationship between
60:secondary or tertiary sources
1030:Yisroel ben Shmuel of Shklov
391:ืืฉืืขืชื ืืชืื ืื ืืช ืืจืืฉืืื ืืื
1477:Rebbetzin Dev orah Fastag,
1350:Maamar Yishuv Eretz Yisroel
1317:"Judaism โ Medieval Period"
1113:chose to simply ignore the
691:("The Standing Prayer") of
684:stress what is said in the
472:I swore to your forefathers
429:... and it is written "And
421:wrote in his commentary on
344:
2550:
2220:Religious Kibbutz Movement
2089:. ABC-CLIO. p. 2066.
1267:Commentary to Genesis 32:8
519:not to ascend like a wall.
495:In general, the counts of
374:forced conversion to Islam
327:
138:is the popular name for a
1516:10.1017/s0047404500016079
1371:Zimmerman, Chaim (1986).
862:Accordingly, Maimonides'
805:Nachmanides section above
624:Baraita of Rabbi Yishmael
385:
324:Viewpoint of the rishonim
2534:Satmar (Hasidic dynasty)
2303:National Religious Party
1738:Shir HaShirim Rabba, 21)
1121:. Chief among these was
906:This was the opinion of
777:Condemnation poster, or
577:
383:
378:false messianic movement
328:For a definition of the
271:. The three verses are:
231:
2067:by Tzvi Ben-Gedalyahu,
2017:by Sebastian Scheiner,
1412:Netzach Yisrael, Ch. 24
852:The Three Oaths are an
456:gave to our forefathers
2519:Jewish law and rituals
2159:Yalkut Hishbati Eschem
1935:In a state over Israel
1632:Kirsch, James (1973).
1424:Judah Loew ben Bezalel
1390:
1315:Dr. Reuven Firestone,
1224:Song of Songs 2:7, 8:4
781:
770:
759:
640:
603:
598:
590:
584:
555:
527:distinguished between
521:
491:Anti-Zionist responses
488:
476:
436:
410:
321:
253:
47:relies excessively on
1634:The Reluctant Prophet
1386:
980:1948 Arab-Israeli War
956:. Religious Zionists
911:Meir Simcha of Dvinsk
776:
768:Boston, Massachusetts
765:
757:
737:even on pain of death
717:James A. Diamond and
668:Rabbi Joel Teitelbaum
620:
599:
594:
585:
576:
546:
516:
483:
452:
427:
406:metaphorical language
148:, which relates that
2008:neturei karta photos
1720:Kahane, Rabbi Meir.
1361:Responsa Rashbash, 2
1079:, due to both being
1032:and students of the
2514:Haredi anti-Zionism
2402:Bar-Ilan University
2225:Torat Eretz Yisrael
2073:, January 28, 2014.
1943:) November 25, 2002
1536:Rabbi David Smith,
1504:Language in Society
1373:Torah And Existence
1149:Haredim and Zionism
1026:Jonathan Eybeschutz
915:Balfour Declaration
892:San Remo conference
888:Balfour Declaration
550:shelo yaalu bechoma
300:: identical to 2:7.
212:'s desire to leave
2422:Yeshiva University
2141:2008-05-22 at the
2013:2013-12-06 at the
1289:In his glosses to
1018:Shittah Mekubetzet
930:Eliezer Waldenberg
782:
771:
760:
712:self-determination
658:Rabbi Chaim Walkin
402:Divine inspiration
197:Religious Zionists
2529:Religious Zionism
2524:Judaism and peace
2496:
2495:
2476:
2475:
2443:Mizrachi movement
2308:Hapoel HaMizrachi
2266:Political parties
2196:Religious Zionism
2096:978-1-59884-204-3
2049:by Ron Friedman,
1966:978-1-118-23293-4
1937:by Simon Rocker (
1452:Sefer Eitz Chayim
1265:Rabbeinu Bachya,
1154:Religious Zionism
1044:as understood by
900:League of Nations
630:(in a comment on
616:Rabbi Chaim Vital
610:The 16th Century
606:Rabbi Chaim Vital
342:
317:
292:
179:who are strongly
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
2541:
2263:
2215:Orthodox Judaism
2189:
2182:
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2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2080:
2074:
2062:
2056:
2054:, April 4, 2012.
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2019:Associated Press
2005:
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941:Maimonides above
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705:
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582:
581:
497:613 commandments
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365:Epistle to Yemen
347:
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312:
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296:Song of Solomon
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183:often view this
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2458:Zomet Institute
2431:
2380:
2322:
2273:The Jewish Home
2254:
2198:
2193:
2143:Wayback Machine
2117:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2063:
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2052:Times of Israel
2045:
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2033:
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2015:Wayback Machine
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1346:Joel Teitelbaum
1343:
1336:
1329:"ืฉืืจืฉืื ืืืืืื"
1327:
1326:
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1310:
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1288:
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1063:Orthodox Jewish
1046:Joel Teitelbaum
1038:Meir Blumenfeld
854:aggadic midrash
846:
815:State of Israel
749:
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703:
650:
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608:
583:
572:Netzach Yisrael
565:
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419:Rabbeinu Bachya
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413:Bahya ben Asher
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226:Jose bar Hanina
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189:state of Israel
128:
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63:
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53:primary sources
41:
28:
23:
22:
18:The Three Oaths
15:
12:
11:
5:
2547:
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2509:Haredi Judaism
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2250:State of Judea
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2156:
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2115:External links
2113:
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2109:
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1855:(as they have
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1109:While many in
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1050:Baruch Epstein
1002:
987:
976:
969:Shulchan Aruch
947:
937:
933:
923:United Nations
918:
913:regarding the
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872:Shulchan Aruch
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842:
841:
840:
836:
832:
822:United Nations
818:
811:
808:
801:
797:
790:
787:
786:reason not to.
748:
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724:
697:Land of Israel
676:Iggeret Teiman
649:
646:
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641:
607:
604:
564:
561:
559:
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539:the land, and
508:
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2259:Organizations
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2012:
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1957:
1949:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1936:
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1928:
1922:
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1913:
1910:
1905:
1904:Song of Songs
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1727:
1723:
1722:"Three Oaths"
1716:
1713:
1707:
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1698:
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1643:0-8202-0156-1
1639:
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1432:. p. 190
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1209:
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1203:Translation:
1200:
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1177:
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1128:
1127:Yasser Arafat
1124:
1120:
1116:
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1111:Neturei Karta
1107:
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1097:
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1078:
1074:
1071:, "ven among
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1039:
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1019:
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1014:Isaiah Achron
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
998:
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988:
985:
981:
977:
975:
970:
966:
965:The Holocaust
962:
959:
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952:
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942:
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868:Arba'ah Turim
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689:Shemona Esrei
687:
683:
682:Neturei Karta
679:
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669:
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569:
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531:the land and
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409:
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390:
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376:as well as a
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371:
370:Yemenite Jews
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269:Jewish people
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257:Song of Songs
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169:Orthodox Jews
165:
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159:
158:other nations
155:
154:Jewish people
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147:
144:found in the
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126:
123:
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112:December 2016
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: โ
72:
71:"Three Oaths"
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
55:
54:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
27:Jewish legend
19:
2481:Demographics
2417:Yavneh Olami
2373:
2368:Makor Rishon
2366:
2361:Iton Meyuhad
2359:
2352:
2340:
2333:
2245:Third Temple
2239:
2100:. Retrieved
2085:
2078:
2070:Jewish Press
2068:
2060:
2050:
2042:
2030:
2003:
1991:
1982:
1970:. Retrieved
1955:
1948:
1940:The Guardian
1938:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1898:
1888:
1878:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1836:
1827:ืงืืืืฅ ืืฉืจืืื
1826:
1821:
1813:
1808:
1798:
1789:
1779:Piskei Ri'az
1778:
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1532:
1507:
1503:
1497:
1490:Vayoel Moshe
1485:
1473:
1446:
1434:. Retrieved
1428:
1418:
1407:
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1387:
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1261:
1252:
1246:2Kings 19:15
1241:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1199:
1159:Vayoel Moshe
1144:Anti-Zionism
1123:Moshe Hirsch
1108:
1089:
1081:anti-Zionist
1068:The Guardian
1066:
1059:
1009:
1005:
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960:
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920:
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864:Mishne Torah
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672:Satmar Rebbe
666:
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423:Genesis 32:8
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2335:Arutz Sheva
2240:Three Oaths
1871:Ohr HaTorah
1726:mkwords.com
1426:(Maharal).
1352:, Chapter 2
984:Six-Day War
932:and others.
826:Palestinian
439:Nachmanides
136:Three Oaths
2503:Categories
2397:Bnei Akiva
2348:Channel 14
1653:385630519X
1291:Maimonides
1165:References
1042:Maimonides
1034:Vilna Gaon
898:, and the
643:Modern era
541:conquering
533:conquering
360:Maimonides
355:Maimonides
195:, whereas
193:Jewish law
82:newspapers
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2385:Education
2102:7 January
2023:USA Today
1972:7 January
1814:Yefeh Kol
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1133:See also
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993:en masse
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537:settling
529:settling
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431:Hezekiah
350:Rishonim
345:rishonim
267:and the
261:allegory
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2342:B'Sheva
2210:Zionism
2025:Photos.
1812:In his
1803:exiles.
1777:In his
1540:, p. 25
1479:Zionism
1278:Numbers
1119:Messiah
1022:Maharal
997:Aliyahs
884:Halacha
882:or the
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568:Maharal
563:Maharal
460:Avraham
398:Solomon
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