130:
519:, a former member of the Turing team stated, "Someone decided that Britain only really needed three computers as there wasn't much future in it! Not for the last occasion, at a time when Scotland ruled the roost globally, the plug was pulled." Faced with the decline of heavy industry, Britain's failure to invest in cutting-edge science that could prove economically transformative only began to be reversed in the late 80s, in reaction to Japanese advances in software design.
304:
51:
205:
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377:(SWIFT). The worldwide-web-like system was launched in 1988. Its success as a global hypertext resource for its users led to SWIFT sponsoring the Turing Memorial Series of Lectures. The close working relationship came to an end, in part, when a key member of the SWIFT team, Arnaud Rubin, was killed by a terrorist bomb on
241:
development centres around the world. Library affiliates logged into the system by dial-up and received weekly summaries of newly added items that could be ordered or downloaded as abstracts. The publisher
Addison-Wesley developed a close working relationship and published the Turing Institute Press series of books.
513:: A General Survey: British Science Research Council) an evaluation of academic research on AI, formed the basis for UK government funding and support, stated "in no part of the field have discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised". Therefore AI research was to be reduced.
369:
of Kassel
University, Peter Elzer of Clausthal University and Asea Brown Boveri) to create intelligent interfaces for process control operators. This work had a major impact on process control interface design. The initial pilot phase report (Alty, Elzer et al., 1985) was widely used and cited. Many
195:
Professor Jim Alty moved his Man
Machine Interaction (HCI) group (later the Scottish HCI Centre) to the Turing Institute in 1984. The move included a significant expansion of the postgraduate school at the institute. Alty joined the Turing Institute Board and became chief executive. The HCI Centre
271:
after it developed a machine learned rule-based system to improve the efficiency of a nuclear power plant. The research funding was used to launch the Freddy 3 advanced robotics project aimed at studying robot learning and robot social interaction. Barry
Shepherd developed much of the Freddy 3
240:
seconded researchers to develop new industrial AI applications. The Turing
Institute Library was formed in 1983 and grew by selling access by subscription to its information services. The library developed a large searchable electronic database of content from most of the main AI research and
311:
The institute undertook several projects for the US military (e.g. personnel allocation for the US Office of Naval
Research), credit card scoring for a South African bank and seed sorting for the Scottish Agricultural Sciences Agency. Other large projects included the
1841:. European Strategic Programme for Research and Development in Information Technology. Vol. 4. Directorate General XIll Telecommunications, Information Industries and Innovation Commission of the European Communities. 1988. pp. 38â39.
429:
Throughout the 1980s, the Turing
Institute Vision Group developed multi-scale tools and applications. A series of 3D industrial applications was developed and deployed using the multi-scale signal matching (MSSM) technology, specifically:
370:
research papers were produced. A follow-on large ESPRIT research project was PROMISE (Process
Operators Multimedia Intelligent Support Environment) working with DOW Benelux (Netherlands), Tecsiel (Italy) and Scottish Power (Scotland).
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313:
365:
In 1986, Alty's HCI group won a major ESPRIT 1 contract to investigate the use of knowledge based systems in process control interfaces called GRADIENT (Graphical
Intelligent Dialogues, P600), (with
374:
247:
Throughout its existence, the institute organised a wide range of workshops and international conferences. Notable among these were the Turing
Memorial Lecture Series whose speakers included
2654:
259:. Major conferences included The British Association's 147th conference in 1985, BMVC'91, IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control (1992) and the Machine Intelligence Series.
487:
Various other robot projects were undertaken at the Turing Institute where key researchers included Paul Siebert, Eddie Grant, Paul Grant, David Wilson, Bing Zhang and Colin Urquhart.
1638:
2664:
346:. Similar approaches based on pole-balancing automata were used to control submersible vehicles and develop a control system for helicopters carrying sling loads.
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2644:
953:
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The technological and commercial empowerment that should have followed was never fulfilled. The institute went out of business in 1994, amid questions in the
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2639:
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Proceedings of the third international conference on Industrial and engineering applications of artificial intelligence and expert systems - IEA/AIE '90
1328:
550:
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272:
software infrastructure. Tatjana Zrimec used the system to investigate how playing robots could develop structured knowledge about their world while
2629:
354:
and was involved in the practical use of machine learning for the generation of expert knowledge. Applications included the discovery of rules for
2330:
1140:
686:
1947:
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With Sun Microsystems using a stereo pair of miniature cameras to create and re-project a normalised straight-on view for teleconferencing.
468:
1724:
Muggleton, Stephen; King, R. D.; Sternberg, M. J. E. (1992). "Protein Secondary Structure Prediction using logic-based machine learning".
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392:. Several projects concerned the development of new user-interface tools and environments (e.g. GoodNews, HyperNews and HyperLook).
244:
In 1984, Alty wrote a text book which was adopted by many universities and a much-cited paper on expert systems (with Mike Coombs).
1493:
1617:
Michie, Donald (1994). "Building Symbolic Representations of Intuitive Real-time Skills from Performance Data". pp. 385â418.
456:
281:
2012:
1645:
1106:
2329:
Mowforth, Peter; Ashraf Ayoub; Joseph Jin; Kersheed Moos; Tim Niblett; Paul Siebert; Colin Urquhart; David Wray (July 1995).
659:
447:
268:
35:
109:, between 1983 and 1994. The company undertook basic and applied research, working directly with large companies across
30:
This article is about the institute based in Glasgow 1983â1994. For the initiative announced in the 2014 UK budget, see
338:
A similar approach was later used by Danny Pearce to develop qualitative models to control and diagnose satellites for
216:, the institute became an Alvey Journeyman centre for the UK. Under the guidance of Judith Richards, companies such as
133:
Turing Institute Board Meeting 1984. Left to right: Peter Mowforth, Tim Niblett, Lord Balfour, Donald Michie, Jim Alty.
2545:
527:
419:
351:
189:
2110:
957:
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1234:
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362:) and drug design as well as systems such as CIGOL that were capable of discovering new concepts and hypotheses.
177:
373:
In 1987, the Turing Institute won a project to build a large, scalable, network-available user-manual for the
2300:
2203:
510:
284:
made several visits to the Turing Institute undertaking research in machine learning and advanced robotics.
98:
792:
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1438:
1303:
277:
173:
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with a plan to combine research in artificial intelligence with technology transfer to industry. In 1983,
1208:
980:
307:
Danny Pearce using HyperLook to help develop a satellite simulation for the European Space Agency in 1988
2520:
1662:
Hayes-Michie, Jean; Michie, Donald (1998). "Simulator-mediated acquisition of a dynamic control skill".
225:
184:
joined the board along with a growing team of researchers and AI specialists. Notable amongst these was
129:
31:
2341:
2064:
2674:
2144:
491:
161:
1623:
1443:
169:
1576:
Pearce, Danny (1992). "Induction of on-board fault management for remote and autonomous systems".
2251:
1681:
1599:
1273:
567:
462:
2087:
2571:"Obscure research unit in Scotland flying the space shuttle and the invention of the internet"
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347:
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From 1989 onwards, the company faced financial difficulties that caused it to close in 1994.
418:
Arthur van Hoff left the institute in 1992 and joined Sun Microsystems where he authored the
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1673:
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935:
773:
523:
385:
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252:
181:
154:
1437:
Muggleton, Stephen (1996). "Machine intelligibility and the duality principle". p. 8.
1389:
50:
1873:
Johannsen, J.L. & Alty (1991). "Knowledge Engineering for Industrial Expert Systems".
579:
452:
Maxillofacial reconstruction and denture cast digital archiving with Glasgow Dental School
389:
355:
229:
204:
2397:
1664:
1362:
1077:
388:. Sun funded a series of projects where the key institute personnel were Tim Niblett and
121:
developing software as well as providing training, consultancy and information services.
2228:
Shapiro, Jonathan; Peter Mowforth (1990). "Data fusion in 3D through surface tracking".
2148:
1113:. Defence Technical Information Center, US Office of Naval Research: 327. Archived from
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516:
343:
287:
150:
142:
939:
323:
In 1984, the institute worked under contract from Radian Corp to develop code for the
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1865:
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1415:
324:
273:
221:
138:
114:
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1277:
480:
3D car body shape reconstruction from wax models; Ford Motor Company, Dearbourn, USA
17:
2398:"A versatile camera position measurement systems for virtual reality TV production"
615:
359:
208:
The Turing Institute Library with chief librarian Julia Wilkinson and Colin Lindsay
1902:"Experiments using multimedia interfaces in process control: some initial results"
1811:
1013:
926:
Alty, J.L. & Coombs, M.J. (1984). "Expert Systems: An Alternative Paradigm".
848:
168:
was instrumental in the institute moving to Glasgow where, with support from the
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408:
146:
2473:
2448:
Mowforth, Peter; Paul Siebert; Jin Zhengping; Colin Urquhart (September 1990).
2367:
2016:
1836:
1114:
594:
276:
used the system to investigate machine learning and control and helped develop
2474:"Economical and Cautious Approaches to Local Path Planning for a Mobile Robot"
1995:
1737:
1557:
1269:
396:
316:
Machine Learning Toolbox developing CN2 and electrophoretic gel analysis with
248:
2605:
2592:
2420:
1972:
1925:
1777:
1585:
2505:
1852:
Alty, J.; Johannsen (1989). "Knowledge Based Dialogue for Dynamic Systems".
868:
1578:
Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control
1174:
1015:
Proceedings of the 1992 IEEE International Symposium on Intelligent Control
2172:
1796:
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1047:
839:
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237:
106:
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1901:
1256:
Mowforth, Peter (1987). "AI and Robotics; Flexibility and Integration".
1677:
739:
423:
412:
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to PostScript compiler developed at the institute, and it ran on Sun's
384:
One of the strongest business relationships the institute had was with
160:
The organisation grew out of the Machine Intelligence Research Unit at
102:
73:
327:
auto-lander. The code was developed with an inductive rule generator,
777:
400:
291:
Professor Donald Michie teaching a group of industrial students, 1986
110:
1759:
King, R. D.; Muggleton, S.; Lewis, R. A.; Sternberg, R.J.E. (1992).
295:
2015:. Defence Research Establishment, Ottawa. p. 7. Archived from
302:
294:
286:
213:
203:
128:
118:
1812:"A strategy for constructing new predicates in first order logic"
1416:"Semi-automatic analysis of two-dimensional electrophoretic gels"
299:
Peter Mowforth with the Freddy 3 Advanced Robotics Facility, 1987
764:
Wilkinson, Julia (1986). "Database in Artificial Intelligence".
595:"ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AT EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY: A PERSPECTIVE"
404:
332:
34:. For the impact initiative at the University of Cambridge, see
2498:
Array tactile sensing: integration, calibration and application
873:. A.P.I.C. Studies in data processing. Turing Institute Press.
2331:"A Three-Dimensional Imaging System for Clinical Applications"
1142:
Developing hypermedia front-ends for robot teleoperation tasks
474:
339:
217:
2131:
Mowforth, Peter; Jan Jelinek; Jin Zhengping (February 1987).
1973:"Turings Legacy: even bigger than you think; a brief history"
196:
and the institute collaborated on a wide range of projects.
461:
Hyper-resolution methods to improve CCTV image quality for
375:
Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication
1900:
Alty, J.L.; Bergan, M.; Craufurd, P.; Dolphin, C (1993).
526:
and bitter recriminations between the scientists and the
426:
browser and helped with the design of the Java language.
2368:"Model Based Tissue Differentiation in MR Brain Images"
1359:
Proceedings of the Fifth European Conference (EWSL-91)
1293:"Applications of Machine Learning and Rule Induction"
1176:
Learning by an autonomous agent in the pushing domain
2457:
Proceedings of the British Machine Vision Conference
1838:
The Project Synopses Advanced Information Processing
1209:"Controlling a black-box simulation of a spacecraft"
490:
In 1990, the Turing Institute organised and ran the
342:
as well as optimising gas flow in the North Sea for
1352:"Rule induction with CN2: some recent improvements"
720:"World First for Scotland in Computer Intelligence"
84:
68:
60:
473:Virtual backgrounds and camera photogrammetry for
2655:Computer science institutes in the United Kingdom
2565:
2563:
1996:"HyperNeWS: an interactive interface design tool"
1329:"Machine vision for statutory seed certification"
1018:. Computer Society Press of the IEEE. July 1992.
411:, while studying at the Turing Institute, ported
2173:"Implementation for noise suppression in images"
2171:Mowforth, Peter; Jin Zhengping (February 1986).
2133:"An appropriate representation for early vision"
446:Scene of crime capture of 3D footprints for the
2202:Jin, Zhengping; Peter Mowforth (January 1989).
1644:. GEC Avionics. 1985. p. 5. Archived from
1291:Pat Langley; Herbert A. Simon (November 1995).
544:
542:
172:, it formed a close working relationship with
8:
1946:Niblett, Tim; Van Hoff A. (September 1989).
928:International Journal of Man-Machine Studies
688:Mathematical Methods for Industrial Problems
267:The institute won research funding from the
55:The Turing Institute, George Square, Glasgow
43:
27:Scottish artificial intelligence laboratory
2481:Proceedings of the Alvey Vision Conference
2065:"HyperLook (aka HyperNeWS (aka GoodNeWS))"
1529:Michie, Donald (1994). Rolf Herken (ed.).
1388:. Robert Gordon University. Archived from
49:
42:
1786:
1776:
1701:Inductive Acquisition of Expert Knowledge
1622:
1442:
1383:"The Machine Learning Toolbox Consultant"
850:Inductive Acquisition of Expert Knowledge
660:"Cooperation creates products for profit"
415:to Unix with HyperLook as its front-end.
137:The Institute was formed in June 1983 by
2204:"A discrete approach to signal matching"
1464:. University of Cambridge. p. 427.
188:who was responsible for work developing
2366:Mowforth, Peter; Jin Zhengping (1989).
2278:. Glasgow: Springer. pp. 387â391.
2272:Design of an anthropomorphic robot head
1100:
1098:
979:Mowforth, Peter, ed. (7 October 1991).
538:
2665:History of the University of Edinburgh
2546:"Column 467-468: The Turing Institute"
832:Structured Induction in Expert Systems
575:
565:
467:High-speed target tracking for the UK
440:Real time robot camera stereo vergence
422:1.0 compiler, the beta version of the
149:with whom Donald Michie had worked at
2521:"No Relay Race on This Olympic Field"
2050:"PDB â ANSI-C to PostScript compiler"
1535:. Springer-Verlag. pp. 434â435.
1350:Clark, Peter; Boswell, Robin (1991).
903:Expert Systems: Concepts and Examples
212:In 1984, following the UK Government
7:
2650:Artificial intelligence laboratories
2645:Organizations disestablished in 1994
2472:Grant, Paul; Peter Mowforth (1989).
905:. Manchester, UK: NCC Publications.
145:and Tim Niblett. It was named after
1532:The fifth Generation's Ubridged Gap
2635:1994 disestablishments in Scotland
2421:"Parallel Vision Stereo Algorithm"
1071:"Applications of Machine Learning"
956:. Turing Institute. Archived from
800:Computer-Aided Engineering Journal
509:A 1973's James Lighthill Report. (
25:
2640:Organizations established in 1983
2299:Mowforth, Peter (December 1992).
2232:. Vol. 1. pp. 163â168.
1761:"Drug Design by Machine Learning"
1302:. ACM. p. 59. Archived from
1076:. EWSL. p. 1. Archived from
901:Alty, J.L.; Coombs, M.J. (1984).
331:, using training examples from a
2013:"Evaluation of HardSys/HardDraw"
1492:Sadagopan, S. (1 January 1997).
954:"Letter to Professor H.A. Simon"
552:Making Friends with Intelligence
2630:1983 establishments in Scotland
2426:. Glasgow University. p. 1
1994:Pearce, Danny (November 1989).
1948:"Programmed Hypertext and SGML"
1458:Donald Michie (26 April 1990).
1237:. University of New South Wales
1495:Management Information Systems
1461:The Superarticulacy Phenomenon
1:
2519:Willard, Tim (17 July 1991).
2036:"HyperLook Manual Collection"
1639:"Annual Review of Activities"
1139:Kaynak, Okyay (August 1992).
1069:Clark, Peter (October 1994).
1048:"Machine Intelligence Series"
940:10.1016/S0020-7373(84)80004-8
658:Oakley, Brian (2 July 1987).
448:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
36:Turing Gateway to Mathematics
2310:. Machine Vision Association
2189:10.1016/0262-8856(86)90005-3
2157:10.1016/0167-8655(87)90038-9
1918:10.1016/0097-8493(93)90069-L
1887:10.1016/0005-1098(91)90009-Q
1866:10.1016/0005-1098(89)90051-4
1145:. NATA ASI. pp. 74â94.
793:"New AI Information Service"
200:Training and resource centre
2137:Pattern Recognition Letters
1699:Muggleton, Stephen (1990).
1558:"Knowledge Base Validation"
870:Inductive Logic Programming
867:Muggleton, Stephen (1992).
847:Muggleton, Stephen (1990).
815:Knowledge Based Programming
791:Watson, Ian (August 1989).
528:Scottish Development Agency
455:Brain model labelling with
352:inductive logic programming
190:inductive logic programming
170:Scottish Development Agency
2691:
2660:Companies based in Glasgow
2177:Image and Vision Computing
2088:"HyperLook SimCity Manual"
1975:. British Computer Society
1817:. Imperial College, London
1765:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
1703:. Turing Institute Press.
1580:. IEEE. pp. 458â462.
853:. Turing Institute Press.
834:. Turing Institute Press.
817:. Turing Institute Press.
549:Lamb, John (August 1985).
29:
2670:University of Strathclyde
2301:"Data Conversion for GIS"
2269:Undbekken, Ketil (1991).
2208:Research Memo TIRM-89-036
1545:– via Google Books.
1518:– via Google Books.
1481:– via Google Books.
1361:: 151â163. Archived from
1270:10.1017/S0263574700015058
1162:– via Google Books.
1105:Blackburn, J. F. (1986).
1035:– via Google Books.
1002:– via Google Books.
863:– via Google Books.
766:Online Information Review
708:– via Google Books.
674:– via Google Books.
562:– via Google Books.
496:University of Strathclyde
395:HyperLook was written in
48:
2500:. The Turing Institute.
1998:. IEEE. pp. 5/1â5/3
1778:10.1073/pnas.89.23.11322
1586:10.1109/ISIC.1992.225135
1563:. IEEE. pp. 3/1â3/4
1235:"Reinforcement Learning"
1173:Zrimec, Tatjana (1993).
1050:. Turing Institute Press
734:– via Google News.
350:and his group developed
269:Westinghouse Corporation
263:Research and development
178:Lord Balfour of Burleigh
2450:"A head called Richard"
2375:Alvey Vision Conference
2011:Dion, Marc (May 1993).
1738:10.1093/protein/5.7.647
1331:. UK Government (DEFRA)
1207:Sammut, Claude (1991).
1179:. ACM. pp. 19â29.
511:Artificial Intelligence
99:artificial intelligence
1906:Computers and Graphics
1556:Pearce, Danny (1991).
1418:. The Turing Institute
1300:Proceedings of the ACM
1111:European Science Notes
1107:"The Turing Institute"
616:"The Turing Institute"
494:with the venue at the
308:
300:
292:
278:reinforcement learning
209:
174:Strathclyde University
134:
2338:University of Glasgow
985:. Springer - Verlag.
306:
298:
290:
207:
132:
32:Alan Turing Institute
1952:The Turing Institute
1810:Muggleton, Stephen.
1651:on 26 February 2014.
1501:. PHI. p. 169.
1083:on 23 September 2015
685:McKee, Sean (1990).
637:"Professor Jim Alty"
492:First Robot Olympics
162:Edinburgh University
95:The Turing Institute
18:The Turing Institute
2602: /
2238:10.1145/98784.98815
2149:1987PaReL...5..175M
1771:(23): 11322â11326.
1726:Protein Engineering
960:on 22 February 2014
469:Ministry of Defence
45:
2606:55.8616°N 4.2499°W
2308:IAPR Workshop 1992
2109:van Hoff, Arthur.
1678:10.1007/BF01179779
1414:van Hoff, Arthur.
463:Strathclyde Police
407:Windowing System.
309:
301:
293:
214:Alvey Report on AI
210:
135:
2525:Los Angeles Times
2347:on 7 January 2014
2285:978-3-540-19715-7
2247:978-0-89791-372-0
2022:on 7 January 2014
1710:978-0-201-17561-5
1595:978-0-7803-0546-5
1542:978-3-211-82637-9
1508:978-81-203-1180-0
1471:978-0-521-35944-3
1395:on 7 January 2014
1381:Graner, Nicolas.
1368:on 8 January 2014
1309:on 7 January 2014
1186:978-0-262-72017-5
1152:978-3-540-56993-0
1120:on 7 January 2014
1025:978-0-7803-0546-5
992:978-3-540-19715-7
880:978-0-12-509715-4
860:978-0-201-17561-5
698:978-90-6764-122-7
443:Terrain modelling
434:3D head modelling
379:Pan Am flight 103
348:Stephen Muggleton
186:Stephen Muggleton
92:
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1046:Michie, Donald.
1043:
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524:House of Commons
437:Robot navigation
386:Sun Microsystems
381:over Lockerbie.
367:Gunnar Johannsen
182:Shirley Williams
166:Sir Graham Hills
155:Second World War
53:
46:
44:Turing Institute
21:
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2496:Grant, Edward.
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390:Arthur van Hoff
356:protein folding
265:
230:British Airways
202:
180:(chairman) and
127:
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2090:. DUX Software
2086:Hopkins, Don.
2078:
2063:Hopkins, Don.
2055:
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1964:
1938:
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1716:
1709:
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2552:11 December
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1422:19 December
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1372:20 December
1335:16 December
1313:16 December
1241:16 December
1218:16 December
1213:AI Magazine
1192:16 December
1158:16 December
1124:11 December
1087:16 December
1054:10 December
1031:20 December
998:10 December
964:18 December
886:10 December
749:10 December
730:10 December
704:11 December
643:20 December
621:10 December
593:Howe, Jim.
576:|work=
558:10 December
409:Don Hopkins
335:simulator.
282:Ivan Bratko
153:during the
147:Alan Turing
61:Established
2624:Categories
2594:55°51â˛42âłN
1875:Automatica
1854:Automatica
840:0201178133
823:020117815X
670:5 December
639:. Debretts
600:4 December
534:References
397:PostScript
329:Rulemaster
249:Tony Hoare
2597:4°15â˛00âłW
2483:: 297â300
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1931:4 January
1926:0097-8493
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568:cite book
360:Ross King
226:Burroughs
125:Formation
85:Dissolved
2506:17425044
2256:15633227
1686:43593522
1604:61707575
1278:34964990
1258:Robotica
744:LinkedIn
318:Unilever
238:Unilever
107:Scotland
79:Scotland
69:Location
2145:Bibcode
1797:1454814
1746:1480619
982:BMVC 91
502:Closure
424:HotJava
413:SimCity
103:Glasgow
97:was an
74:Glasgow
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2371:(PDF)
2345:(PDF)
2334:(PDF)
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2252:S2CID
2067:. ART
2020:(PDF)
1815:(PDF)
1788:50542
1682:S2CID
1649:(PDF)
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1600:S2CID
1561:(PDF)
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1274:S2CID
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234:Shell
119:Japan
2579:2014
2554:2013
2532:2013
2502:OCLC
2489:2013
2465:2013
2432:2013
2406:2013
2383:2013
2353:2013
2316:2013
2280:ISBN
2242:ISBN
2215:2013
2164:2013
2118:2013
2096:2013
2073:2013
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