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operated until the decree was stayed by a court in 2011, a total of 36 years. Under the decree, the department undertook to promote more black firemen to the upper ranks, and to increase recruitment and hiring of minorities. By 2011, when the consent decree was stayed, Derrick Sawyer, an
African-American, was leading the 2,100-strong department as Fire Commissioner.
6874:
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Fire
Commissioner Lloyd Ayers served as President and also Director of the Northeast Region of the International Association of Black Professional Firefighters. In 1984, Deputy Commissioner Donald Patton was the first African-American to achieve that distinction. He also served as President of the
1759:
The
Philadelphia Fire Department had had African-American firefighters since 1886, but fire companies were segregated (though with white officers in the black companies) until 1952. Before 1952, there were only two black fire companies. After 1952, African-Americans began entering the Philadelphia
1799:
In 1973 a brief study of hiring and promotional practices performed by the City of
Philadelphia revealed a pattern of discrimination. The Valiants filed lawsuits to change the hiring practices of the Philadelphia Fire Department, which led to a consent decree in 1975, under which the department
1763:
The
Valiants originally formed to hold dinners and bring their families together. Al Means and Howard Rhone were the first co-presidents. Realizing they had more to do, the Valiants began reaching out to the younger recruits, performing fire prevention outreach to the minority community and
1828:
Among other
Valiants who excelled were Deputy Chief Al Nelson; Battalion Chiefs Earnest Hargett, Jr. and Norman Ray; Captain Clarence Brogden; Lieutenants Lisa Forrest, Berry Hutchins, Eric Johnson, Larry Clark, and Eric Stukes; and the Valiants' founding member, Charles Hendricks.
1807:
or IAFF, and the City of
Philadelphia, alleging persistent discrimination and fostering of a "hostile work environment". The lawsuit was settled, with black firefighters gaining greater participation in IAFF Local 22 activities, and the ability to run for office in the union.
1787:
Charles
Hendricks, the Valiants' first treasurer, became the International Association of Black Professional Firefighters' treasurer. Valiant William Brogden was selected first recording secretary, and Valiant Ron Lewis served as regional head for of the Northeast.
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Members of the
Valiants have risen through the ranks and have attained promotions to the upper echelons of the Fire Department. The first African-American Fire Commissioner of the City of Philadelphia was
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In 2013, on the occasion of the fiftieth anniversary of the
Valiants, the City Council of the City of Philadelphia adopted a resolution honoring them for 50 years of work for racial justice.
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of Hartford, the Vulcans of Hudson County, New Jersey, and the Vulcans of New Jersey, the Valiants participated in a 1969 conference in New York City, which led to the formation of the
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Valiants. A scholarship in his name is awarded each year by the organization to a student as a memorial to the Deputy Commissioner, who was passionate about education.
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The Valiants continue to monitor hiring of firefighters and EMS personnel. In 2011, the group brought a discrimination lawsuit against the firefighters' union
1756:), "The League of Sacred Heart", and "The Shomrim" Society. These were typically organized around religious or ethnic affinities, and did not welcome blacks.
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in 1970. This group aimed to combat the racism which was endemic within American fire services, and increase minority recruitment efforts and hiring.
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1736:, a fraternal order of black firefighters organized in 1940 to promote diversity and aid minority recruitment to the ranks of civil servants.
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Philadelphia Fire Lieutenant Samuel Singleton organized the Valiants in March 1962, as a counterpart to other "fraternals" recognized by the
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2001:"Inside the Philadelphia Fire Department: Did Racial Tension Contribute to One Fireman's Suicide? - Page 3 of 6 - Philadelphia Magazine"
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As of 2017, the Valiants are the largest group in the 8,000-strong International Association of Black Professional Firefighters.
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Matthew J. Countryman. Up South: Civil Rights and Black Power in Philadelphia. University of Pennsylvania Press, June 12, 2007.
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in Pennsylvania, with the mission of encouraging urban youth to pursue public safety careers and promoting public safety and
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2175:"Honoring Harold B. Hairston: Philadelphia's First African American Fire Commissioner – Fireman's Hall Museum Philadelphia"
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1918:"League of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Police, Fire and Peace Officers Association Commemorative Challenge Coin"
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2200:"Media Advisory: Remembering Harold B. Hairston, First African-American Fire Commissioner in Philadelphia"
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Walter Licht. Getting Work: Philadelphia, 1840-1950. University of Pennsylvania Press, January 17, 2000.
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Fire Department in greater numbers, but integration often resulted in racial animosity and tension.
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1821:, a member of the Valiants and the International Association of Black Professional Firefighters.
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1852:"Waldo Gentry - Being Detailed from Engine 11" Mike Feagans 2008 Philadelphia Stories
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3555:
Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
6829:
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6426:
6390:
6331:
6326:
6286:
6236:
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2660:
2628:
368:
107:
6431:
5901:
5886:
3768:
3614:
3119:
2903:
2841:
2736:
1978:
1593:
934:
667:
446:
273:
5791:
4241:
4236:
3746:
2324:
1768:
Formation of International Association of Black Professional Firefighters
979:
904:
897:
6380:
2858:
1067:
373:
3490:
Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
2346:"Clarence Brogden - Desegregation in the Philadelphia Fire Department"
6448:
3692:
974:
2415:
1846:"Valiants, Inc." Chandra Jones 2013 Silver Award Philafilm Festival
5183:
3505:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
3504:
2410:
1945:
747:
3549:
777:
4456:
2419:
2325:"A FAMILY AFFAIR - Featured in PhilaFilm Festival on Wednesday"
2250:"In just a year, Philly's newcomer fire chief has made a mark"
1709:
Formed in 1962, the organization is a founding member of the
2127:"Club Valiants Settle Discrimination Suit With Philadelphia"
2105:"Black Firefighters Sue Local 22, Philadelphia Firefighters"
1892:"Club Valiants celebrates 50th anniversary | Lifestyle"
1868:
International Association of Black Professional Firefighters
1782:
International Association of Black Professional Firefighters
1711:
International Association of Black Professional Firefighters
2370:
2345:
2055:"Judge frees Phila. Fire Department from race-based hiring"
2027:"Commonwealth of Philadelphia et al v. Michael Kirby et al"
2229:"Philly Fire Commissioner Lloyd Ayers to Retire Next Year"
1849:"Clarence Brogden" Mike Feagans 2008 Philadelphia Stories
6633:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
6411:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
6657:
African American founding fathers of the United States
5010:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
4875:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
6770:
6705:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
6672:
6486:
6419:
6361:
6340:
5269:
5075:
4910:
4693:
4551:
4504:
4491:
4267:
4182:
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3839:
3777:
3677:
3638:
3563:
3478:
3398:
3336:
3278:
2927:
2782:
2453:
1570:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
6899:African-American segregation in the United States
5241:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
3540:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
5231:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
5164:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
5055:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
3585:Black players in professional American football
3535:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
6710:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
2371:"Waldo Gentry - Being Detailed from Engine 11"
297:Education of freed people during the Civil War
6618:List of lynching victims in the United States
4956:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
4468:
2431:
2295:"Journal of the City Council of Philadelphia"
1668:
8:
3298:Historically black colleges and universities
308:Historically black colleges and universities
6909:African-American firefighting organizations
5085:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
1713:. This organization addresses the issue of
292:Education during the slave period in the US
5134:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
4501:
4475:
4461:
4453:
3567:
2438:
2424:
2416:
2150:"Black firefighters, union settle lawsuit"
1946:"National Conference of Shomrim Societies"
1805:International Association of Fire Fighters
1675:
1661:
1532:
1123:
1033:
860:
798:
723:
615:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
592:
488:
216:
44:
17:
6690:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
3515:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
71:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
6904:African-American history of Pennsylvania
6725:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
4765:University of Georgia desegregation riot
6639:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
6376:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
6371:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
2080:"Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Rizzo"
1883:
1578:
1535:
1465:
1427:
1362:
1254:
1126:
1076:
1036:
1003:
955:
863:
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628:
595:
532:
509:
491:
415:
382:
349:
321:
282:
219:
176:
140:
47:
29:
6553:African-American women in the movement
5005:White House Conference on Civil Rights
4836:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
4414:Topics related to the African diaspora
3520:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
4994:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
4394:Landmark African-American legislation
813:Athletic associations and conferences
302:History of African-American education
7:
6762:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
5226:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
5174:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
5120:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
4597:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
4522:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
3525:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
736:Association for the Study of African
5169:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
5105:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
4775:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
3879:African-American Vernacular English
1764:volunteering at charity functions.
1728:The Valiants is descended from the
1550:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1051:African-American Vernacular English
620:National Conference of Black Mayors
6613:African-American churches attacked
5179:Montgomery Improvement Association
5154:Georgia Council on Human Relations
5139:Council of Federated Organizations
5110:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
4868:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
4826:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
4632:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
4536:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
3797:U.S. cities with large populations
3500:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
2107:. Fire Law Blog. November 12, 2009
753:National Black Chamber of Commerce
14:
6685:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
6558:Jews in the civil rights movement
2670:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
2666:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
2473:African American founding fathers
1457:Places by plurality of population
123:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
113:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
66:Abolitionism in the United States
6879:Civil rights movement portal
6872:
6720:Freedom Riders National Monument
6462:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
4974:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
4933:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
4820:Second Emancipation Proclamation
4432:
3550:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
2695:Nadir of American race relations
2323:Patrice Bendig (June 19, 2013).
2148:Shields, Jeff (March 23, 2011).
1632:
154:Black Belt in the American South
6747:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
6735:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
5211:National Council of Negro Women
5149:Deacons for Defense and Justice
2556:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
2546:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
1971:"Engine 11 | philastories"
758:National Council of Negro Women
4627:Mansfield school desegregation
3545:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
2551:Civil right movement 1896–1954
2129:. Fire Law Blog. June 21, 2010
1555:Racism against Black Americans
1:
6757:National Voting Rights Museum
6700:Civil Rights Movement Archive
6499:Lynching in the United States
6386:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
4841:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
4814:University of Chicago sit-ins
4581:Davis v. Prince Edward County
3725:Cherokee freedmen controversy
2701:The Negro Motorist Green Book
763:National Pan-Hellenic Council
6752:National Civil Rights Museum
6608:March on Washington Movement
6593:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
5062:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
1746:Philadelphia Fire Department
1565:School segregation in the US
1103:Black American Sign Language
1077:Languages and other dialects
6396:"This Little Light of Mine"
5144:Dallas County Voters League
5090:Atlanta Negro Voters League
4853:Letter from Birmingham Jail
4560:Brown v. Board of Education
3595:Black players in ice hockey
3530:National Urban League (NUL)
3356:American Society of Muslims
2594:Selma to Montgomery marches
2514:Brown v. Board of Education
1734:Fire Department of New York
392:African-American businesses
6925:
6730:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
6598:Holt Street Baptist Church
6568:16th Street Baptist Church
5552:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
5196:Nashville Student Movement
5126:An Appeal for Human Rights
3752:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
3510:Nashville Student Movement
2521:Children of the plantation
930:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
605:Congressional Black Caucus
572:African Diaspora Religions
359:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
6868:
6227:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
6197:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
5261:Women's Political Council
5256:Wednesdays in Mississippi
5251:United Auto Workers (UAW)
5236:Southern Regional Council
5206:Northern Student Movement
5115:Committee for Freedom Now
5022:Memphis sanitation strike
4988:Voting Rights Act of 1965
4731:Savannah Protest Movement
4512:Journey of Reconciliation
4422:
4389:Index of related articles
3570:
3390:Doctrine of Father Divine
2774:Women's suffrage movement
2727:Reconstruction Amendments
2534:Voting Rights Act of 1965
2179:Firemanmarshallmuseum.org
1863:Boston Society of Vulcans
1833:City Council proclamation
1437:US states and territories
738:American Life and History
460:Lift Every Voice and Sing
169:Treatment of the enslaved
5095:Atlanta Student Movement
5044:Civil Rights Act of 1968
4969:1964–1965 Scripto strike
4950:Civil Rights Act of 1964
4848:1963 Birmingham campaign
4741:Civil Rights Act of 1960
4665:Civil Rights Act of 1957
4439:United States portal
3874:African-American English
3303:Inventors and scientists
2995:George Washington Carver
2599:Chicago Freedom Movement
1639:United States portal
1046:African-American English
557:African-American Muslims
118:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
6647:Voter Education Project
6401:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
6062:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
5497:Josephine Dobbs Clement
4923:Chester school protests
4918:Twenty-fourth Amendment
4880:Detroit Walk to Freedom
4622:Tallahassee bus boycott
4543:Baton Rouge bus boycott
4362:African-American firsts
3411:Back-to-Africa movement
3380:Black Hebrew Israelites
3160:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
2708:Partus sequitur ventrem
1560:Reparations for slavery
648:Back-to-Africa movement
547:Black Hebrew Israelites
425:African-American beauty
6860:Movement photographers
6102:Bernice Johnson Reagon
5822:Martin Luther King Sr.
5817:Martin Luther King Jr.
5387:William Holmes Borders
5159:Highlander Folk School
5049:Poor People's Campaign
4902:St. Augustine movement
4752:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
4675:Katz Drug Store sit-in
4646:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
4608:Montgomery bus boycott
4330:Spingarn Medal winners
3819:States and territories
3590:Black NFL quarterbacks
3090:Martin Luther King Jr.
2622:Dred Scott v. Sandford
2561:Montgomery bus boycott
1776:of New York City, the
1030:Dialects and languages
190:Second Great Migration
6695:Civil Rights Memorial
6583:Bethel Baptist Church
6232:Charles Kenzie Steele
5677:Audrey Faye Hendricks
5582:Myrlie Evers-Williams
5562:Patricia Stephens Due
5532:Abraham Lincoln Davis
5467:Colia Lafayette Clark
5221:Operation Breadbasket
5216:National Urban League
4963:Katzenbach v. McClung
4831:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
4484:Civil rights movement
3640:Athletic associations
3575:Negro league baseball
3346:African-American Jews
3065:Ketanji Brown Jackson
3030:Henry Highland Garnet
2889:Negro National Anthem
2639:George Floyd protests
2604:Post–civil rights era
2302:Legislation.phila.gov
1715:racial discrimination
1442:US metropolitan areas
1269:List of neighborhoods
883:Alabama Creole people
873:African-American Jews
805:Negro league baseball
768:National Urban League
720:Civic/economic groups
552:African-American Jews
442:African-American hair
304:, after the Civil War
133:Post–civil rights era
6740:other King memorials
6715:Freedom Rides Museum
6652:1960s counterculture
6603:Edmund Pettus Bridge
6282:Walter Francis White
6187:Alexander D. Shimkin
4701:New Year's Day March
4670:Ministers' Manifesto
4517:Executive Order 9981
3847:Afro-Seminole Creole
3373:Azusa Street Revival
3245:Booker T. Washington
2769:Underground Railroad
2634:Free people of color
2488:Atlantic slave trade
2304:. September 13, 2012
1981:on February 20, 2015
1721:firefighters in the
1698:of Black and Latino
1599:Criminal stereotypes
1374:District of Columbia
1091:Afro-Seminole Creole
533:Non-Christian groups
128:Black power movement
92:during the Civil War
61:Atlantic slave trade
6478:Mary McLeod Bethune
6439:Sermon on the Mount
6406:"We Shall Overcome"
5987:William Lewis Moore
5767:Frank Minis Johnson
5742:Richie Jean Jackson
5697:Donald L. Hollowell
5502:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
5307:Gwendolyn Armstrong
5302:William G. Anderson
5282:Victoria Gray Adams
5246:The Freedom Singers
5100:Black Panther Party
4885:March on Washington
4798:Garner v. Louisiana
4759:Boynton v. Virginia
4242:Trinidad and Tobago
3857:Black American Sign
3684:By African descent
3678:Ethnic subdivisions
3665:Southwestern (SWAC)
3580:Baseball color line
3495:Black Panther Party
3399:Political movements
3316:in computer science
2975:Carol Moseley Braun
2764:Tulsa race massacre
2757:Treatment of slaves
2589:March on Washington
2584:Birmingham movement
1950:Nationalshomrim.org
1752:, "The Lambskins" (
1706:through education.
995:Sierra Leone Creole
956:Specific ancestries
841:Southwestern (SWAC)
364:Black History Month
195:New Great Migration
149:Agriculture history
6795:Michael Eric Dyson
6680:In popular culture
6563:Fifth Circuit Four
6547:Loving v. Virginia
6540:Hernandez v. Texas
6519:Buchanan v. Warley
6511:Separate but equal
6505:Plessy v. Ferguson
6468:Frederick Douglass
6302:Robert F. Williams
6212:Kelly Miller Smith
6192:Fred Shuttlesworth
6117:Frederick D. Reese
6097:George Raymond Jr.
6087:A. Philip Randolph
6067:Fay Bellamy Powell
5982:Queen Mother Moore
5867:Z. Alexander Looby
5812:Coretta Scott King
5757:Barbara Rose Johns
5737:Jimmie Lee Jackson
5662:William E. Harbour
5442:Stokely Carmichael
5357:Randolph Blackwell
5027:King assassination
5016:Loving v. Virginia
5000:March Against Fear
4980:How Long, Not Long
4858:Children's Crusade
4809:Cambridge movement
4746:Ax Handle Saturday
4711:Greensboro sit-ins
4638:Give Us the Ballot
4340:US representatives
4335:US cabinet members
4227:Dominican Republic
3814:Metropolitan areas
3655:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
3480:Civic and economic
3458:Self-determination
3279:Education, science
3200:Fred Shuttlesworth
3180:A. Philip Randolph
3085:Coretta Scott King
3010:Frederick Douglass
2837:Harlem Renaissance
2742:Separate but equal
2732:Reconstruction era
2720:Plessy v. Ferguson
2611:Cornerstone Speech
2525:Civil Rights Acts
2508:Black Lives Matter
2483:American Civil War
1819:Harold B. Hairston
1004:Sexual orientation
878:Afro-Puerto Ricans
831:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
466:Self-determination
430:Black is beautiful
96:Reconstruction era
6886:
6885:
6663:Eyes on the Prize
6578:A.G. Gaston Motel
6573:Kelly Ingram Park
6533:Sweatt v. Painter
6217:Mary Louise Smith
6177:Cleveland Sellers
6162:Michael Schwerner
6127:Gloria Richardson
5907:Thurgood Marshall
5827:Bernard Lafayette
5557:John Wesley Dobbs
5071:
5070:
4790:Birmingham attack
4770:Rock Hill sit-ins
4721:Sibley Commission
4716:Nashville sit-ins
4588:Gebhart v. Belton
4574:Briggs v. Elliott
4567:Bolling v. Sharpe
4528:Sweatt v. Painter
4447:
4446:
4275:African Americans
4147:Dallas–Fort Worth
3742:Black Southerners
3673:
3672:
3125:Thurgood Marshall
3095:Bernard Lafayette
2690:Million Man March
2447:African Americans
2411:Club Valiants Inc
2034:Paed.uscourts.gov
1898:. October 2, 2012
1696:fraternal society
1685:
1684:
1622:
1621:
1520:
1519:
1294:Dallas-Fort Worth
1111:
1110:
1021:
1020:
965:Americo-Liberians
848:
847:
786:
785:
711:
710:
580:
579:
524:Womanist theology
474:
473:
416:Symbols and ideas
202:
201:
81:Antebellum period
76:Revolutionary War
31:African Americans
6916:
6877:
6876:
6840:Charles M. Payne
6825:Steven F. Lawson
6815:David Halberstam
6785:Clayborne Carson
6526:Hocutt v. Wilson
6473:W. E. B. Du Bois
6322:Sammy Younge Jr.
6307:Q. V. Williamson
6272:Wyatt Tee Walker
6137:Bernice Robinson
6082:Lincoln Ragsdale
6072:Rodney N. Powell
5967:Douglas E. Moore
5842:Sanford R. Leigh
5777:J. Charles Jones
5652:Fannie Lou Hamer
5567:Joseph Ellwanger
5527:Jonathan Daniels
5517:Claudette Colvin
5507:Annie Lee Cooper
5492:Kathleen Cleaver
5487:Eldridge Cleaver
5462:Shirley Chisholm
5352:Gloria Blackwell
4943:workers' murders
4890:"I Have a Dream"
4785:Anniston bombing
4736:Greenville Eight
4651:Little Rock Nine
4614:Browder v. Gayle
4502:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4454:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4399:Lynching victims
3898:Louisiana Creole
3869:American English
3757:Louisiana Creole
3730:Choctaw freedmen
3568:
3105:Huddie Ledbetter
3045:Fannie Lou Hamer
3015:W. E. B. Du Bois
3005:Claudette Colvin
3000:Shirley Chisholm
2817:Family structure
2685:Military history
2567:Browder v. Gayle
2440:
2433:
2426:
2417:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2358:
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2342:
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2260:
2258:
2256:
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2240:
2239:
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2235:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2204:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2084:Nj.findacase.com
2076:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2051:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2007:. March 23, 2012
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1977:. Archived from
1975:philastories.org
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1922:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1888:
1719:African-American
1677:
1670:
1663:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1584:media depictions
1533:
1428:Population count
1124:
1058:Liberian English
1037:English dialects
1034:
990:Samaná Americans
915:Creoles of color
861:
799:
743:Black conductors
724:
593:
567:Louisiana Voodoo
489:
234:Family structure
217:
164:Military history
159:Business history
90:military history
45:
18:
6924:
6923:
6919:
6918:
6917:
6915:
6914:
6913:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6871:
6864:
6845:Thomas E. Ricks
6835:Diane McWhorter
6820:Vincent Harding
6805:Adam Fairclough
6772:
6766:
6668:
6623:Freedom Schools
6482:
6415:
6363:
6357:
6348:Omaha, Nebraska
6336:
6252:Hartman Turnbow
6242:Dorothy Tillman
6202:Glenn E. Smiley
6182:Charles Sherrod
6142:Jo Ann Robinson
6017:Charles Neblett
6007:Elijah Muhammad
5972:Harriette Moore
5932:Floyd McKissick
5917:Franklin McCain
5852:Stanley Levison
5717:T. R. M. Howard
5667:Vincent Harding
5597:Walter Fauntroy
5482:Xernona Clayton
5432:John H. Calhoun
5417:Aurelia Browder
5407:Stanley Branche
5402:Raylawni Branch
5382:Joseph E. Boone
5367:Ezell Blair Jr.
5362:Unita Blackwell
5337:Harry Belafonte
5277:Ralph Abernathy
5265:
5201:Nation of Islam
5077:
5067:
4906:
4863:Birmingham riot
4804:Albany Movement
4726:Atlanta sit-ins
4706:Sit-in movement
4689:
4685:Biloxi wade-ins
4657:Cooper v. Aaron
4547:
4493:
4487:
4481:
4450:
4448:
4443:
4433:
4431:
4418:
4384:Historic places
4377:US state firsts
4263:
4178:
3902:
3835:
3807:2010 majorities
3802:2000 majorities
3773:
3720:Black Seminoles
3669:
3660:Southern (SIAC)
3643:
3642:and conferences
3641:
3634:
3630:Serena Williams
3625:Jackie Robinson
3559:
3483:
3481:
3474:
3394:
3361:Nation of Islam
3332:
3280:
3274:
3215:Sojourner Truth
3205:Clarence Thomas
3170:Gabriel Prosser
3070:Michael Jackson
2945:Crispus Attucks
2935:Ralph Abernathy
2923:
2879:Musical theater
2778:
2644:Great Migration
2616:COVID-19 impact
2574:Sit-in movement
2449:
2444:
2407:
2394:
2392:Further reading
2389:
2379:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2352:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2307:
2305:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2278:
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2273:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2254:
2252:
2248:
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2243:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2202:
2198:
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2193:
2183:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2147:
2146:
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2132:
2130:
2125:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2061:
2053:
2052:
2048:
2038:
2036:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1929:
1927:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1859:
1843:
1835:
1814:
1797:
1778:Phoenix Society
1772:Along with the
1770:
1742:
1704:fire prevention
1681:
1633:
1631:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1574:
1530:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1461:
1423:
1399:Omaha, Nebraska
1364:Historic places
1358:
1250:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1072:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1017:
999:
951:
893:Black Seminoles
858:
857:Sub-communities
850:
849:
836:Southern (SIAC)
796:
788:
787:
782:
737:
721:
713:
712:
707:
624:
590:
582:
581:
576:
562:Nation of Islam
528:
505:
486:
476:
475:
470:
411:
378:
345:
317:
278:
254:Musical theater
214:
204:
203:
185:Great Migration
42:
12:
11:
5:
6922:
6920:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6891:
6890:
6884:
6883:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6855:Akinyele Umoja
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6776:
6774:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6764:
6759:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6743:
6742:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6676:
6674:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6666:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6644:
6643:
6642:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6543:
6536:
6529:
6522:
6515:
6514:
6513:
6501:
6496:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6444:Mahatma Gandhi
6441:
6436:
6435:
6434:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6416:
6414:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6367:
6365:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6353:South Carolina
6350:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6337:
6335:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6292:Hosea Williams
6289:
6284:
6279:
6277:Hollis Watkins
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6207:A. Maceo Smith
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6157:Bernie Sanders
6154:
6149:
6147:Angela Russell
6144:
6139:
6134:
6132:David Richmond
6129:
6124:
6122:Walter Reuther
6119:
6114:
6109:
6107:Cordell Reagon
6104:
6099:
6094:
6092:George Raymond
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6052:Charles Person
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6022:Huey P. Newton
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5977:Harry T. Moore
5974:
5969:
5964:
5962:Cecil B. Moore
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5942:James Meredith
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5772:Clarence Jones
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5712:Zilphia Horton
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5682:Lola Hendricks
5679:
5674:
5672:Dorothy Height
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5642:Lawrence Guyot
5639:
5634:
5632:Jack Greenberg
5629:
5624:
5619:
5617:Andrew Goodman
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5542:Joseph DeLaine
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5512:Dorothy Cotton
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5457:J. L. Chestnut
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5392:Amelia Boynton
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5312:Arnold Aronson
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5258:
5253:
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5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
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5198:
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5176:
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5146:
5141:
5136:
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5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
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5079:
5073:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5065:
5058:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5024:
5019:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4990:
4985:
4984:
4983:
4971:
4966:
4959:
4952:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4938:Freedom Summer
4935:
4930:
4928:Bloody Tuesday
4925:
4920:
4914:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4905:
4904:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4882:
4877:
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4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
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4828:
4823:
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4811:
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4787:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4755:
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4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
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4682:
4677:
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4629:
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4605:
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4514:
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4457:
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4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4350:Visual artists
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4310:Mathematicians
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4262:
4261:
4260:
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4251:
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4209:
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4199:
4188:
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4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4134:
4129:
4127:South Carolina
4124:
4119:
4118:
4117:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4097:North Carolina
4094:
4093:
4092:
4082:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4065:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4050:
4049:
4048:
4042:Massachusetts
4040:
4039:
4038:
4028:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4011:
4006:
4005:
4004:
3994:
3989:
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3916:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3884:social context
3881:
3871:
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3849:
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3772:
3771:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3735:Creek Freedmen
3732:
3727:
3722:
3712:
3710:Alabama Creole
3707:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3650:Central (CIAA)
3646:
3644:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
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3607:
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3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3465:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3443:Pan-Africanism
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3385:Black theology
3382:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3326:in STEM fields
3323:
3318:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3281:and technology
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3220:Harriet Tubman
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3150:Michelle Obama
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3080:Barbara Jordan
3077:
3075:Harriet Jacobs
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2965:Amelia Boynton
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2928:Notable people
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2864:LGBT community
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
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2697:
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2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2579:Freedom Riders
2576:
2571:
2563:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2523:
2518:
2510:
2505:
2503:Black genocide
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2406:
2405:External links
2403:
2402:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2362:
2337:
2315:
2286:
2262:
2241:
2219:
2191:
2166:
2140:
2118:
2096:
2071:
2046:
2018:
1992:
1962:
1937:
1909:
1896:Phillytrib.com
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1873:Vulcan Society
1870:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1831:
1813:
1810:
1796:
1795:Consent decree
1793:
1774:Vulcan Society
1769:
1766:
1748:, such as the
1741:
1738:
1730:Vulcan Society
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1672:
1665:
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1545:Black genocide
1541:
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1518:
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1514:
1509:
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1454:
1452:US communities
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1409:South Carolina
1406:
1404:North Carolina
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1367:
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1360:
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1226:South Carolina
1223:
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1206:North Carolina
1203:
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1188:
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1173:
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1128:
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1095:
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1065:
1063:Samaná English
1060:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1019:
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1016:
1015:
1013:LGBT community
1009:
1006:
1005:
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1000:
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997:
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987:
982:
977:
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970:Creek Freedmen
967:
961:
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950:
949:
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943:
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940:Carmel Indians
932:
927:
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866:
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859:
856:
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851:
846:
845:
844:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
821:Central (CIAA)
815:
814:
810:
809:
808:
807:
797:
794:
793:
790:
789:
784:
783:
781:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
732:
729:
728:
722:
719:
718:
715:
714:
709:
708:
706:
705:
700:
695:
690:
688:Pan-Africanism
685:
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665:
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655:
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645:
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631:
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569:
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519:Black theology
515:
512:
511:
507:
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503:
497:
494:
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487:
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394:
388:
385:
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383:Economic class
380:
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376:
371:
366:
361:
355:
352:
351:
347:
346:
344:
343:
338:
333:
327:
324:
323:
322:Academic study
319:
318:
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315:
310:
305:
299:
294:
288:
285:
284:
280:
279:
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93:
83:
78:
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68:
63:
58:
50:
49:
43:
38:
37:
34:
33:
27:
26:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6921:
6910:
6907:
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6897:
6896:
6894:
6881:
6880:
6875:
6867:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6850:Timothy Tyson
6848:
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6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
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6821:
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6808:
6806:
6803:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6780:Taylor Branch
6778:
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6758:
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6753:
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6658:
6655:
6653:
6650:
6648:
6645:
6640:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6628:Freedom songs
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
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6541:
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6521:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6507:
6506:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6494:Jim Crow laws
6492:
6491:
6489:
6485:
6479:
6476:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6466:
6464:
6463:
6459:
6455:
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6447:
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6445:
6442:
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6437:
6433:
6430:
6429:
6428:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6418:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6391:"Oh, Freedom"
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6366:
6360:
6354:
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6349:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6339:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6317:Whitney Young
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6297:Kale Williams
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6257:Albert Turner
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6247:A. P. Tureaud
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
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6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
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6180:
6178:
6175:
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6168:
6165:
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6160:
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6155:
6153:
6152:Bayard Rustin
6150:
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6145:
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6140:
6138:
6135:
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6125:
6123:
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6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6002:William Moyer
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5937:Joseph McNeil
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5922:Charles McDew
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5912:Benjamin Mays
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5897:Vivian Malone
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5872:Joseph Lowery
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5797:Clyde Kennard
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5787:Vernon Jordan
5785:
5783:
5782:Matthew Jones
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5747:T. J. Jemison
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5732:Jesse Jackson
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5622:Robert Graetz
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5612:Golden Frinks
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5572:Charles Evers
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5522:Vernon Dahmer
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5477:Septima Clark
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5397:Bruce Boynton
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5322:James Baldwin
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5292:Mathew Ahmann
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5190:
5189:Youth Council
5187:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5128:
5127:
5123:
5122:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5074:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4981:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4964:
4960:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4944:
4941:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4849:
4846:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4780:Freedom Rides
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4544:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4505:Prior to 1954
4503:
4500:
4497:
4490:
4485:
4478:
4473:
4471:
4466:
4464:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4451:
4440:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4421:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4409:Neighborhoods
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4372:Sports firsts
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4363:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4258:
4255:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4174:West Virginia
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4111:Pennsylvania
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4090:New York City
4088:
4087:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3934:San Francisco
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:By state/city
3905:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3853:
3852:American Sign
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3785:Neighborhoods
3783:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3715:Black Indians
3713:
3711:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3676:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3637:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3335:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:Black schools
3291:
3289:
3288:Black studies
3286:
3285:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3270:Whitney Young
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3260:Oprah Winfrey
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3230:Denmark Vesey
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3175:Joseph Rainey
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Toni Morrison
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:Joseph Lowery
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3060:Jesse Jackson
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3050:Kamala Harris
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3035:Marcus Garvey
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:Blanche Bruce
2983:
2981:
2980:Edward Brooke
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2970:James Bradley
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2950:James Baldwin
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2894:Neighborhoods
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2747:Silent Parade
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2675:Jim Crow laws
2673:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2498:Black cowboys
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2363:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2303:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2279:September 23,
2272:
2266:
2263:
2255:September 23,
2251:
2245:
2242:
2230:
2227:David Chang.
2223:
2220:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2141:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2035:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2006:
2005:Phillymag.com
2002:
1996:
1993:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1938:
1926:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:Documentaries
1840:
1838:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:Sons of Italy
1747:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1723:United States
1720:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1678:
1673:
1671:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1615:
1614:Minstrel show
1612:
1610:
1609:Magical Negro
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1581:
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985:Nova Scotians
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888:Black Indians
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826:HBCU (HBCUAC)
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727:Organizations
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596:Organizations
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264:Neighborhoods
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36:
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32:
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24:
20:
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16:
6870:
6810:David Garrow
6790:John Dittmer
6661:
6588:Brown Chapel
6545:
6538:
6531:
6524:
6517:
6503:
6460:
6312:Andrew Young
6267:A. T. Walden
6262:C. T. Vivian
6222:Maxine Smith
6057:Homer Plessy
6037:James Orange
5992:Irene Morgan
5947:William Ming
5927:Ralph McGill
5862:Viola Liuzzo
5847:Jim Letherer
5832:James Lawson
5762:Vernon Johns
5752:Esau Jenkins
5707:Myles Horton
5657:Fred Hampton
5647:Prathia Hall
5637:Dick Gregory
5607:Marie Foster
5602:James Forman
5592:James Farmer
5577:Medgar Evers
5537:Angela Davis
5472:Ramsey Clark
5452:James Chaney
5447:Johnnie Carr
5427:Ralph Bunche
5422:H. Rap Brown
5412:Ruby Bridges
5372:Joanne Bland
5347:Claude Black
5327:Marion Barry
5297:Muhammad Ali
5124:
5060:
5053:
5014:
4992:
4961:
4954:
4796:
4757:
4750:
4680:Kissing Case
4655:
4612:
4595:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4534:
4526:
4449:
4325:Sportspeople
4295:Billionaires
4212:Sierra Leone
4115:Philadelphia
3951:Jacksonville
3778:Demographics
3610:Jack Johnson
3600:Muhammad Ali
3433:Conservatism
3368:Black church
3265:Andrew Young
3250:Ida B. Wells
3240:David Walker
3235:C. T. Vivian
3190:Paul Robeson
3185:Hiram Revels
3165:Colin Powell
3145:Barack Obama
3100:James Lawson
3055:Jimi Hendrix
3025:James Farmer
3020:Medgar Evers
2990:Ralph Bunche
2940:Maya Angelou
2914:Middle class
2792:Afrofuturism
2718:
2706:
2699:
2620:
2565:
2512:
2478:Afrocentrism
2468:Abolitionism
2378:. Retrieved
2374:
2365:
2353:. Retrieved
2349:
2340:
2328:. Retrieved
2318:
2306:. Retrieved
2301:
2289:
2277:. Retrieved
2265:
2253:. Retrieved
2244:
2232:. Retrieved
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2206:
2194:
2182:. Retrieved
2178:
2169:
2157:. Retrieved
2153:
2143:
2131:. Retrieved
2121:
2109:. Retrieved
2099:
2087:. Retrieved
2083:
2074:
2062:. Retrieved
2058:
2049:
2037:. Retrieved
2033:
2021:
2009:. Retrieved
2004:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1979:the original
1974:
1965:
1953:. Retrieved
1949:
1940:
1928:. Retrieved
1924:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1895:
1886:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1771:
1762:
1758:
1743:
1727:
1708:
1700:firefighters
1692:Philadelphia
1688:The Valiants
1687:
1686:
1512:Sierra Leone
1344:Philadelphia
1314:Jacksonville
910:Brass Ankles
663:Conservatism
638:Afrocentrism
610:Joint Center
501:Black church
492:Institutions
407:Billionaires
397:Middle class
350:Celebrations
313:Fraternities
15:
6830:Doug McAdam
6800:Chuck Fager
6427:Nonviolence
6332:James Zwerg
6327:Bob Zellner
6287:Roy Wilkins
6237:Hank Thomas
6172:Pete Seeger
6167:Bobby Seale
6032:Jack O'Dell
6027:Edgar Nixon
5957:Amzie Moore
5952:Jack Minnis
5892:Mae Mallory
5877:Clara Luper
5837:Bernard Lee
5727:Cecil Ivory
5722:Ruby Hurley
5692:Oliver Hill
5687:Aaron Henry
5587:Chuck Fager
5547:Dave Dennis
5437:Guy Carawan
5377:Julian Bond
5342:James Bevel
5332:Daisy Bates
4603:Emmett Till
4486:(1954–1968)
4345:US senators
4315:Republicans
4300:Journalists
4157:San Antonio
4122:Puerto Rico
4063:Mississippi
3956:Tallahassee
3929:Los Angeles
3620:Jesse Owens
3605:Arthur Ashe
3463:Nationalism
3453:Raised fist
3416:Black power
3321:in medicine
3255:Roy Wilkins
3210:Emmett Till
3195:Al Sharpton
2960:Julian Bond
2955:James Bevel
2919:Upper class
2909:Stereotypes
2802:Black mecca
2714:Plantations
2493:Black Codes
1985:January 17,
1580:Stereotypes
1507:Nova Scotia
1389:Mississippi
1349:San Antonio
1329:Los Angeles
1264:Black mecca
1191:Mississippi
1098:Negro Dutch
920:Dominickers
864:Multiethnic
773:TransAfrica
683:Nationalism
653:Black power
437:Black pride
402:Upper class
101:Politicians
6893:Categories
6773:historians
6454:Satyagraha
6420:Influences
6112:James Reeb
6047:James Peck
6042:Rosa Parks
6012:Diane Nash
5882:Danny Lyon
5857:John Lewis
5802:A. D. King
5702:James Hood
5317:Ella Baker
5287:Zev Aelony
4290:Astronauts
4080:New Jersey
3924:California
3428:Capitalism
3225:Nat Turner
3155:Rosa Parks
3140:Diane Nash
3110:John Lewis
2899:Newspapers
2869:Literature
2854:Juneteenth
2807:Businesses
2661:Exodusters
2629:Free Negro
2154:Philly.com
2059:Philly.com
1879:References
1812:Promotions
1146:California
1120:Population
693:Patriotism
678:Liberalism
658:Capitalism
629:Ideologies
510:Theologies
369:Juneteenth
341:Literature
269:Newspapers
177:Migrations
108:Juneteenth
6432:Padayatra
6381:"Kumbaya"
6341:By region
5997:Bob Moses
5902:Bob Mants
5887:Malcolm X
5807:C.B. King
5627:Fred Gray
5270:Activists
4911:1964–1968
4694:1960–1963
4552:1954–1959
4404:Monuments
4280:Activists
4132:Tennessee
4052:Michigan
4036:Baltimore
4026:Louisiana
4019:Lexington
4002:Davenport
3941:Cleveland
3840:Languages
3769:Melungeon
3747:Blaxicans
3615:Joe Louis
3470:Socialism
3406:Anarchism
3135:Bob Moses
3120:Malcolm X
3040:Fred Gray
2904:Soul food
2842:New Negro
2827:Folktales
2737:Redlining
2375:Vimeo.com
2350:Vimeo.com
2207:Phila.gov
1717:faced by
1604:Hollywood
1594:Blackface
1529:Prejudice
1447:US cities
1324:Lexington
1299:Davenport
1279:Baltimore
1255:US cities
1231:Tennessee
1181:Louisiana
1127:US states
935:Melungeon
905:Blaxicans
703:Socialism
668:Garveyism
643:Anarchism
447:Good hair
274:Soul food
244:Folktales
6362:Movement
5792:Tom Kahn
5076:Activist
4496:timeline
4427:Category
4218:America
4184:Diaspora
4169:Virginia
4102:Oklahoma
4085:New York
4068:Nebraska
4031:Maryland
4014:Kentucky
3980:Illinois
3919:Arkansas
3824:Illinois
3762:of color
3448:Populism
3421:Movement
3338:Religion
2680:Lynching
2463:Timeline
2380:April 5,
2355:April 5,
2271:"pg 4,7"
2184:April 5,
1925:Fop5.org
1857:See also
1644:Category
1467:Diaspora
1394:Missouri
1319:Kentucky
1246:Virginia
1216:Oklahoma
1201:New York
1196:Nebraska
1186:Maryland
1161:Illinois
1141:Arkansas
980:Merikins
925:Freedmen
898:Mascogos
698:Populism
589:Politics
484:Religion
454:Stepping
220:Lifeways
56:Timeline
23:a series
21:Part of
6487:Related
6077:Al Raby
5032:funeral
4895:Big Six
4355:Writers
4320:Singers
4305:Jurists
4253:Europe
4207:Liberia
4152:Houston
4056:Detroit
3992:Indiana
3985:Chicago
3968:Atlanta
3963:Georgia
3946:Florida
3914:Alabama
3864:English
3438:Leftism
3308:Museums
2859:Kwanzaa
2784:Culture
2752:Slavery
2455:History
1740:History
1732:of the
1502:Liberia
1384:Georgia
1379:Florida
1309:Houston
1304:Detroit
1289:Chicago
1274:Atlanta
1166:Indiana
1156:Georgia
1151:Florida
1136:Alabama
1068:Tutnese
947:Redbone
673:Leftism
374:Kwanzaa
331:Studies
283:Schools
212:Culture
141:Aspects
86:Slavery
48:Periods
40:History
6673:Legacy
6449:Ahimsa
5078:groups
4539:(1950)
4531:(1950)
4492:Events
4367:Mayors
4285:Actors
4257:France
4249:Israel
4237:Mexico
4222:Canada
4197:Gambia
4192:Africa
4142:Austin
4107:Oregon
4046:Boston
4009:Kansas
3975:Hawaii
3893:Gullah
3703:Yoruba
3693:Gullah
3564:Sports
3482:groups
3312:Women
2849:Hoodoo
2723:(1896)
2649:Second
2625:(1857)
2570:(1956)
2517:(1954)
2330:May 2,
2308:May 3,
2234:May 2,
2212:May 3,
2159:May 3,
2133:May 3,
2111:May 3,
2089:May 3,
2064:May 3,
2039:May 3,
2011:May 3,
1955:May 3,
1930:May 3,
1902:May 3,
1754:Masons
1536:Racism
1497:Israel
1487:France
1482:Canada
1477:Africa
1284:Boston
1221:Oregon
1176:Kansas
1086:Gullah
975:Gullah
795:Sports
542:Hoodoo
6771:Noted
6364:songs
5184:NAACP
5037:riots
4268:Lists
4232:Haiti
4202:Ghana
4137:Texas
4073:Omaha
3351:Islam
2884:Names
2874:Music
2812:Dance
2298:(PDF)
2274:(PDF)
2203:(PDF)
2030:(PDF)
1921:(PDF)
1694:is a
1649:Index
1492:Ghana
1414:Texas
1339:Omaha
1236:Texas
748:NAACP
259:Names
249:Music
229:Dance
4164:Utah
3997:Iowa
3829:Ohio
3790:list
3698:Igbo
3688:Fula
2832:Hair
2822:Film
2539:1968
2529:1964
2382:2017
2357:2017
2332:2017
2310:2017
2281:2017
2257:2017
2236:2017
2214:2017
2186:2017
2161:2017
2135:2017
2113:2017
2091:2017
2066:2017
2041:2017
2013:2017
1987:2022
1957:2017
1932:2017
1904:2017
1582:and
1241:Utah
1211:Ohio
1171:Iowa
778:UNCF
239:Film
88:and
2797:Art
2654:New
1690:of
336:Art
6895::
2668:/
2373:.
2348:.
2300:.
2205:.
2177:.
2152:.
2082:.
2057:.
2032:.
2003:.
1973:.
1948:.
1923:.
1894:.
1725:.
25:on
6641:"
6637:"
4982:"
4978:"
4822:"
4818:"
4640:"
4636:"
4498:)
4494:(
4476:e
4469:t
4462:v
2439:e
2432:t
2425:v
2384:.
2359:.
2334:.
2312:.
2283:.
2259:.
2238:.
2216:.
2188:.
2163:.
2137:.
2115:.
2093:.
2068:.
2043:.
2015:.
1989:.
1959:.
1934:.
1906:.
1676:e
1669:t
1662:v
462:"
458:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.