1704:
653:
152:
3666:
3636:
170:
1764:
2247:
2563:
625:
3610:
3596:
1075:
667:
2078:
2454:
3646:
3586:
1798:
79:
611:
639:
65:
3566:
3556:
1382:
1363:
586:
572:
558:
544:
530:
3526:
1245:
3656:
3626:
3546:
2196:
1740:, sealed the independence of Peru and South America. During this battle, the losing Spanish army sustained 2,000 dead and wounded and lost 3,000 prisoners, with the remainder of the army entirely dispersed. During the battle, Viceroy Serna was wounded and taken prisoner, where he signed the final capitulation whereby the Spaniards agreed to leave Peru. Serna was released soon afterwards and sailed for Europe.
1067:
3536:
3576:
2521:
854:
2535:
2549:
993:
1782:), became the seat of the new viceroyalty. As the seat of a viceroy, who had oversight over all of Spanish South America except for Portuguese-dominated Brazil, Lima grew into a powerful city. During the 16th, 17th and most of the 18th centuries, all of the colonial wealth of South America created by the silver mines passed through Lima on its way to the
750:, while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish Empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the modern-day country of
2093:
1626:. After Cochrane's navy defeated the Spanish navy on the Peruvian coasts, the expedition secured the surrender of Callao. After fruitless negotiations with the viceroy, the expedition occupied the Peruvian capital of Lima on July 21, 1821. The independence of Peru was proclaimed on July 28, 1821. Viceroy
2668:
The Laws of Burgos (1512) and the New Laws (1542) had been intended to protect the interests of indigenous people. In spirit they were often abused, as through forced exploitative labor of locals, but they did prevent widespread formal enslavement of indigenous people in
Spanish territories. Renegade
1857:, which were primarily superior tribunals, but which also had administrative and legislative functions. Each of these was responsible to the Viceroy of Peru in administrative matters (though not in judicial ones). Audiencias further incorporated the older, smaller divisions known as "governorships" (
2777:
Tanto el escudo de Lima como el de la ciudad de México fueron tomados como sinécdoque de los reinos de los que eran capital, tal y como puede observarse en el Salón de Reinos de Madrid donde ambos aparecen representando a los reinos de Perú y México entre el total de los veinticuatro de los que era
2358:, a printer from Turin who settled in Lima. Diego de Benavides y de la Cueva built the first theater in Lima. Manuel de Oms y de Santa Pau founded a literary academy in 1709 and promoted weekly literary discussions in the palace that attracted some of Lima's best writers. These included the famous
1016:
in the 17th and 18th centuries. These groups had the advantage of remote geography and river access from the mouth of the Amazon, which was in
Portuguese territory. Meanwhile, the Spanish were barred by their laws from enslaving indigenous people, leaving them without a commercial interest deep in
2678:
An early bandeira in 1628, led by Antônio Raposo
Tavares, composed of 2,000 allied Indians, 900 Mamluks (Mestizos) and 69 white Paulistanos, to find precious metals and stones and / or to capture Indians for slavery. This expedition alone was responsible for the destruction of most of the Jesuit
1440:
stimulated the production of silver and took steps against fraud, corruption and smuggling. Amat y Juniet established the first
Regulation of Commerce and Organization of Customs rules, which led to the building of the customshouse in Callao. Teodoro de Croix collaborated in the creation of the
2199:
The social classes in the
Viceroyalty of Peru: Pink and fuchsia colors represented the lowest demographic class - the slaves were at the lowest level, above which were poor Spaniards, native people, mestizos, free dark-skinned people and the castas; yellow color were the middle social class -
946:, but Portugal fell under Spanish control between 1580 and 1640. During this time, Portuguese territories in Brazil were controlled by the Spanish crown, which did object to the spread of Portuguese settlement into parts of the Amazon Basin that the treaty had awarded to Spain. Still,
1649:
to define a strategy for the liberation of the rest of Peru. The meeting was secret, and exactly what occurred is not known. However, afterwards San Martín returned to
Argentina while Bolívar prepared to launch an offensive against the remaining royalist forces in Peru and
1020:
A famous attack upon a
Spanish mission in 1628 resulted in the enslavement of 60,000 indigenous people. In fact, as time passed, they were used as a self-funding occupation force by the Portuguese authorities in what was effectively a low-level war of territorial conquest.
1881:(established in 1541 and established as a Bourbon captaincy general in 1789), and which were joint military and political commands with a certain level of autonomy. (The viceroy was captain-general of the provinces which remained directly under his command).
1790:, Spain. The rest of the viceroyalty dependent upon Lima in administrative matters, in a pattern that persists until today in Peru. By the start of the 18th century, Lima had become a distinguished and aristocratic colonial capital, seat of the 250-year-old
2143:. Silver from mines at Potosí, Bolivia, circulated around the world. Peruvian and other New World silver was so plentiful that it caused inflation in Spain and a collapse in its price. Even today, Peru and Bolivia produce much of the world's silver.
2204:
A census taken by the last
Quipucamayoc indicated that there were 12 million inhabitants of Inca Peru; 45 years later, under viceroy Toledo, the census figures amounted to only 1,100,000 Indians. While the attrition was not an organized attempt at
139:
140:
138:
137:
2130:
from the Andes enriched the conquerors, and the viceroyalty became the principal source of
Spanish wealth and power in South America. The first coins minted for Peru (and indeed for South America) appeared between 1568 and 1570. Viceroy
169:
1665:
In
February 1824 the royalists briefly regained control of Lima. Olañeta's Rebellion started by surprise and the entire royalist army of Upper Peru (today's Bolivia) revolted, led by the royalist commander
1262:
poet starving to death, there is on the wall behind him a placard entitled "A view of the Gold Mines of Peru", reflecting the common perception of Spanish Peru as being an economically welcoming place for
3497:
2440:
at the equator, arrived in the colony. They also had the mission of reporting on disorganization and corruption in the government and smuggling. Their report was published later, under the title
3401:(1999), an ethnohistory that examines the lives of Andean Indians, including diet, marriage customs, labor classifications, taxation, and the administration of justice, in the eighteenth century.
3290:(1968), a detailed portrait of the social and economic lives of the first generation of Spanish settlers in Peru & the development of Spanish colonial society in the generation after conquest
1033:
6750:
2509:
arrived in Lima on May 23, 1806. At the same time these viceroys adopted rigorous measures to suppress the thought of the Encyclopedists and revolutionaries in the United States and France.
2329:
1751:
in 1836, the government of Spain renounced its territorial and sovereignty claims over all of continental America. In 1867, Spain signed a peace treaty with Peru and in 1879 it signed a
6745:
1752:
6740:
5070:
1226:
The Churches of Los Desamparados (1672), La Buena Muerte and the convent of Mínimos de San Francisco de Paula were finished and opened. The Hospital of Espiritu Santo in Lima and
1204:
947:
2768:
6755:
6735:
6685:
5090:
6008:
3490:
2217:
with a church or cathedral facing an official residence. A few Inca cities like Cuzco retained native masonry for the foundations of their walls. Other Inca sites, like
2259:, Peru's indigenous elite used visual traditions to negotiate power and privilege through self-representation. High-ranking Andean women wore untailored dresses called
2213:
and other Eurasian diseases to which the natives had no immunity. Inca cities were given Spanish Christian names and rebuilt as Spanish towns, each centered around a
1085:
Viceroys had to protect the Pacific coast from French contraband and English and Dutch pirates and privateers. They expanded the naval forces, fortified the ports of
2322:(with the approval of the Crown) gave mathematics a permanent position in the University of San Marcos. Mathematics was attached to the chair of cosmography. Doctor
1693:
on August 6, 1824, and the Peruvians were victorious in a battle fought entirely without firearms. The Spanish troops subsequently evacuated Lima for a second time.
5555:
5050:
6700:
6013:
5100:
6199:
4705:
136:
6675:
4063:
3483:
5940:
2107:. The huge amounts of silver exported from the viceroyalty of Peru and Mexico deeply affected Europe, where some scholars believe it caused the so-called
819:, gave them the right to become governors and justices of the region they conquered. Prior to the establishment of the Viceroyalty of Peru, several major
6695:
6052:
1381:
5920:
5024:
3702:
2755:
alienados en el friso del Salón de Reinos del palacio del Buen Retiro, del escudo de Lima como símbolo del virreinato, vale decir el reino del Perú.
2483:). Again a major concern was stimulating the economy, which Guirior did by adopting liberal measures in agriculture, mining, commerce and industry.
2150:
was an annual payment of silver from the viceroyalty to finance the permanent Spanish army in Chile that which fought a prolonged conflict known as
857:
2300:
2176:
1362:
5004:
2383:(1582–1657), who explored Mexico and Peru, brought the cinchona bark from Lima to Spain in 1632, and afterwards to Rome and other parts of Italy.
1623:
1565:
723:
1328:
which granted Portugal control of the lands it had occupied in South America in the intervening centuries. This Portuguese occupation led to the
1043:, Fernández de Cabrera, and Fernández Córdoba expanded the royal navy and fortified the ports to resist foreign incursions, such as those led by
897:, who made an extensive tour of inspection of the region. Francisco de Toledo, "one of the great administrators of human times," established the
3182:(1999), on the crucial role that convents played in the Andean economy as lenders and landlords; nuns exercised economic & spiritual power.
2679:
missions of Spanish Guairá and the enslavement of more than 60,000 indigenous people. In response, the missions that followed were militarized.
1040:
1028:
divided the government of Río de la Plata in two, Buenos Aires and Paraguay, both dependencies of the Viceroyalty of Peru. He established the
135:
6104:
5778:
4740:
4609:
4236:
4232:
3889:
3669:
3060:
1992:
1478:
were not entirely suppressed. In the eighteenth century alone, there were fourteen large uprisings, the most important of which were that of
1290:
739:
660:
417:
5236:
1703:
6286:
5873:
5868:
4642:
4285:
3738:
2606:
2200:
traders, noble natives, corregidors; and green color of the pyramid was the upper class - the oidors and Tribunal del Consulado's traders.
864:
In 1542, the Spanish organized the existing governorates into the Viceroyalty of New Castile, which shortly afterward would be called the
1900:(town council), both of which had judicial and administrative powers. In the late 18th century the Bourbon dynasty began phasing out the
6536:
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1499:
1114:
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6531:
6067:
5702:
5019:
4955:
4677:
4657:
4132:
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1555:
during 14 years defeated the patriots armies of Argentinians and Chileans, turning Peru into the last royal bastion in South America.
1491:
1391:
1349:
1325:
1227:
1184:
820:
4172:
3802:
6366:
5677:
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3003:
2942:
2748:
2713:
2701:
2296:
1791:
5768:
5344:
3914:
2850:
1527:
When the wars of independence broke out in 1810, Peru was the center of Royalist reaction. Abascal reincorporated the provinces of
1724:, and on 9 December 1824. The Battle of Ayacucho (also known as the Battle of La Quinua), took place between royalist Spanish and
911:(the Incan system of mandatory labor tribute). He improved the defensibility of the viceroyalty with fortifications, bridges, and
6371:
5968:
5284:
5279:
4652:
4136:
1962:
1176:
1172:
986:
5484:
6271:
5905:
5697:
4833:
4783:
4768:
4667:
4354:
4256:
3665:
3635:
2581:
2290:
1973:
969:
were visited by Spanish ships in the sixteenth century, but they made no effort to trade with or colonize them. These included
151:
78:
5339:
5080:
2475:, sent to study the flora of the viceroyalty. The expedition lasted from 1777 to 1788. Their findings were later published as
6635:
6117:
5925:
5863:
5662:
4793:
4773:
4745:
4662:
4637:
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4305:
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4142:
4119:
2601:
1314:
5888:
5717:
5474:
5161:
2319:
1627:
1528:
1025:
353:
2867:
6715:
6710:
6705:
6018:
5973:
5915:
5893:
5707:
5479:
5274:
5269:
4950:
4935:
4020:
3884:
3837:
3539:
2499:
2136:
1763:
1192:
875:
810:
632:
296:
2953:
8 reales Carlos IV Peru 1800 - Year: 1791-1808; Weight: 27,06 gram; Composition: 98,6% silver; Mintage: 4,207,000 coin -
1603:
of Peru, organized mainly by the Chilean government with the objective of executing previous plans laid out by Argentine
1289:. This viceroyalty initially lasted only until 1724, but was reestablished permanently in 1740. With the creation of the
6670:
6402:
6397:
6169:
6134:
5910:
5898:
5878:
5409:
5231:
4710:
4090:
3899:
3695:
3599:
3579:
3569:
3465:
2399:
2170:
2132:
1511:
832:
591:
430:
6189:
6256:
6215:
5883:
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5414:
4866:
4798:
3767:
3559:
3359:
1536:
5334:
5241:
5181:
3166:
Society, Economy, and Defence in Seventeenth-Century Peru: The Administration of the Count of Alba de Liste (1655-61)
1884:
At the local level there were hundreds of districts, in both Indian and Spanish areas, which were headed by either a
1520:
promoted educational reforms, reorganized the army, and stamped out local rebellions. During his administration, the
927:, and promoted economic development from the commercial monopoly and mineral extraction, mainly from silver mines in
1156:
revolted against the colonial government. The clergy were opposed to the nomination of prelates from Spain. Viceroy
6690:
6435:
6420:
5818:
5201:
5156:
4828:
4715:
4627:
4599:
4226:
4196:
3832:
3639:
3589:
3549:
3529:
3283:
2326:, a Belgian by birth, was named to the chair.. Viceroy Manuel de Guirior created two new chairs at the university.
2304:
2229:
2146:
While most of the silver from the viceroyalty ended up in Europe some circulated within South America. Indeed, the
2042:
2005:
1987:
1956:
1878:
1475:
1425:
1333:
1268:
1196:
1157:
824:
735:
646:
618:
549:
404:
3817:
3787:
2366:
and several Indigenous poets. Oms introduced French and Italian fashions in the viceroyalty. The Italian musician
6407:
6332:
6261:
6097:
5737:
5687:
5545:
5444:
4940:
4813:
4778:
4730:
4632:
4244:
4128:
3782:
2238:
The last cargo of black slaves in Peru was landed in 1806. At that time, an adult male slave sold for 600 pesos.
1932:
1826:) to gain access to the Indian population's tribute labor, even the most remote settlements, and therefore, many
1310:
828:
563:
3909:
3894:
2464:
64:
6609:
6459:
6220:
5682:
5565:
5464:
5459:
5399:
4818:
4808:
4594:
4297:
4208:
2982:
Garner, Richard L. Long-Term Silver Mining Trends in Spanish America: A Comparative Analysis of Peru and Mexico
2616:
2596:
2363:
1979:
1944:
1429:
1353:
1134:
1074:
836:
806:
800:
712:
577:
321:
277:
31:
5525:
5324:
5226:
5141:
3609:
2669:
slavers, operating illegally in Spanish territory, did so as agents of the Portuguese slave markets in Brazil.
2468:
2446:
2311:
and Francisco Gil de Taboada founded anatomy centers. In 1810 the medical school of San Fernando was founded.
2225:
1737:
1667:
1659:
1619:
1607:
1437:
955:
883:
901:
in the viceroyalty and promulgated laws that applied to Indians and Spanish alike, breaking the power of the
6516:
6354:
5732:
5590:
5434:
5374:
4925:
4823:
4788:
4735:
4240:
4204:
3934:
3807:
3792:
3688:
2433:
2421:
2246:
2077:
2054:
1950:
1400:
1282:
974:
879:
340:
3595:
1589:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6680:
6276:
6246:
6023:
5595:
5530:
5166:
5034:
4920:
4803:
4763:
4407:
4200:
3859:
3849:
3307:
2050:
2034:
1938:
1748:
1744:
1468:
1460:, in 1746. Viceroy Amat y Juniet constructed various public works in Lima, including the first bull ring.
1418:
1152:
Indians, inciting the indigenous population to revolt. From 1665 until 1668, the rich mineowners José and
466:
6184:
4366:
3145:
Silver and Entrepreneurship in Seventeenth-Century Potosí: The Life and times of Antonio López de Quiroga
2498:
included publishing almanacs and sailing instructions. Another French scientist in Peru at this time was
6361:
5823:
5469:
4879:
4700:
4589:
4528:
4456:
4067:
3747:
3629:
3333:
The Many Meanings of Poverty: Colonialism, Social Compacts, and Assistance in Eighteenth-Century Ecuador
2453:
2323:
2315:
2166:
1886:
1479:
1372:
1321:
1086:
1008:
to Christianize the indigenous population was founded in 1609, but some areas occupied by Brazilians as
943:
939:
727:
6003:
5404:
5314:
5191:
5151:
5110:
4079:
2965:
1121:
in the early part of 1670. Also Peruvian forces repelled the attacks by Edward David (1684 and 1686),
160:: first national flag, naval and fortress flag, the last flag to float in continental America, in the
6554:
6511:
6481:
6337:
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5126:
4945:
3822:
3812:
2568:
2067:
1532:
1165:
1070:
Colonized area in its maximum extension ca 1650 (dark green) and the Viceroyalty in 1816 (dark brown)
161:
84:
3466:
Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries.org: "The colonial Andes: tapestries and silverwork, 1530-1830"
2332:
founded the Naval Academy of the colony. Francisco Gil de Taboada supported the navigation school.
2235:
In the 1790s, Viceroy Francisco Gil de Taboada ordered the first official census of the population.
2232:
of Castile. This led to a frenzy on the part of the Indigenous nobility to legitimate their status.
1797:
1153:
6579:
6425:
6342:
6047:
5803:
5793:
5788:
5672:
5652:
5605:
5585:
5494:
5389:
5384:
5329:
5299:
5065:
4690:
4647:
4533:
4502:
4273:
4252:
4124:
4094:
4025:
3869:
3842:
3742:
3645:
3585:
2907:
Steve Stern. “The Rise and Fall of Indian-White Alliances: a Regional View of ‘Conquest’ History,”
2367:
2135:
sent back an enormous sum of money (1,600,000 pesos) to the king to cover some of the costs of the
2046:
2038:
1686:
1671:
1577:
894:
699:
imperial provincial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained modern-day
5259:
1642:
6589:
6496:
6327:
6312:
6266:
6179:
5808:
5798:
5773:
5727:
5692:
5550:
5136:
5009:
4507:
4487:
4147:
4035:
3924:
3762:
3364:
The First New Chronicle and Good Government: On the History of the World and the Incas up to 1615
3103:, Austin, Published for the Institute of Latin American Studies by the University of Texas Press
2395:
2159:
2085:
2026:
2022:
1767:
1709:
1552:
1126:
872:
443:
99:
5131:
5060:
3089:. Ed. and trans., Alexandra Parma Cook and David Noble Cook. Durham: Duke University Press 1998.
2380:
2370:(1688–1760) arrived in Peru. Francisco Gil de Taboada supported the foundation of the newspaper
2351:
for sons of the conquistadors. Manuel de Amat y Juniet founded the Royal College of San Carlos.
1690:
1145:
1036:, reformed the fiscal system and stopped the interfamily rivalry that was bloodying the domain.
3050:
2228:
reestablished the system whereby Inca nobles who could prove their ancestry were recognized as
6526:
6506:
6501:
6486:
6445:
6349:
6322:
6234:
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5186:
4451:
4005:
4001:
3978:
3919:
3874:
3733:
3555:
3385:
Subverting Colonial Authority: Challenges to Spanish Rule in Eighteenth-Century Southern Andes
3056:
3020:
2999:
2938:
2744:
2709:
2697:
2586:
2506:
2409:
2140:
1896:
1783:
1487:
1461:
1345:
1250:
1244:
1138:
1079:
1005:
997:
982:
893:
Although established, the viceroyalty was not properly organized until the arrival of Viceroy
742:(at the expense of Peru's territory) reduced the importance of Lima and shifted the lucrative
696:
481:
232:
2649:, the capital of the Viceroyalty, was used to represent the entire territory, as seen in the
6599:
6569:
6521:
6471:
6430:
6300:
6281:
5998:
5620:
5615:
5580:
5560:
5319:
5196:
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4152:
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2425:
2372:
2333:
2308:
2195:
2108:
1593:
1540:
1408:
1130:
1047:
920:
391:
265:
248:
223:
3655:
3625:
3545:
3378:
The World Turned Upside Down: Cross-Cultural Contact and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Peru
3138:
Andean Worlds: Indigenous History, Culture, and Consciousness under Spanish Rule, 1532-1825
1524:
of Lima was temporarily abolished as a result of the reforms taken by the Cortes in Spain.
6628:
6546:
6440:
6385:
6251:
6125:
5813:
5753:
5667:
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5429:
5394:
5176:
5146:
5085:
4695:
4685:
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4358:
4315:
4075:
3983:
3854:
3413:
Discourse and Political Reflections on the Kingdom of Peru by Jorge Juan and Antonio Ulloa
2854:
2576:
2403:
2355:
2278:
2256:
2063:
1915:
1778:, founded by Pizarro on January 18, 1535, as the "Ciudad de los Reyes" (City of the Kings/
1675:
1483:
1464:
also improved the medical care at ten hospitals in Lima and established a foundling home.
1255:
1239:
978:
258:
240:
5722:
2738:
3565:
2847:
786:, the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.
6564:
6491:
6157:
6040:
5657:
5570:
5454:
5206:
5029:
5014:
4915:
4889:
4874:
4755:
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4344:
4248:
4015:
3929:
3879:
3757:
3711:
2650:
2626:
2611:
2554:
2429:
2391:
2359:
2286:
2165:
Another issue that burdened the finances of the viceroyalty was the maintenance of the
2111:. Silver mining was carried out using contract and free wage labourers, as well as the
1853:
1679:
1678:. This broke the royal army and started a civil war in Upper Peru. Having regrouped in
1471:, 1739–1748). Amat y Juniet constructed the fortress of Real Felipe in Callao in 1774.
1344:. It was settled by the Portuguese in the early 18th century and incorporated into the
1341:
1329:
1273:
1102:
959:
924:
916:
887:
848:
704:
604:
535:
501:
368:
191:
106:
17:
3302:
Deconstructing Legitimacy: Viceroys, Merchants, and the Military in Late Colonial Peru
1732:) troops at Pampa de La Quinua, a few kilometers away from Ayacucho, near the town of
6664:
6644:
6604:
6594:
6476:
5221:
4071:
3988:
3797:
3101:
The men of Cajamarca; a social and biographical study of the first conquerors of Peru
2472:
2218:
1840:
1779:
1729:
1697:
1683:
1122:
1090:
731:
309:
157:
3445:
Shaky Colonialism: The 1746 Earthquake-Tsunami in Lima, Peru, and Its Long Aftermath
3187:
From Rebellion to Independence in the Andes: Soundings from Southern Peru, 1750-1830
2954:
1770:, King of Spain and the Indies. The Viceroyalty of Peru was founded under his reign.
1399:
Several viceroys had scientific, political and economic impact on the Viceroyalty.
1066:
6584:
6559:
6412:
5993:
5983:
5712:
5251:
5105:
4930:
4446:
4222:
3904:
3752:
3475:
3438:
Francisco Pizarro and His Brothers: The Illusion of Power in Sixteenth-Century Peru
3428:
3194:
From Subjects to Citizens: Honor, Gender, and Politics in Arequipa, Peru, 1780-1854
2540:
2457:
2437:
2387:
2282:
2147:
2116:
1733:
1604:
1337:
1212:
1106:
1009:
951:
935:
747:
70:
5304:
4374:
3371:
Children of the Father King: Youth, Authority, and Legal Minority in Colonial Lima
1908:, whose broad fiscal powers cut into the authority of the viceroys, governors and
1149:
6063:
Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
3470:
exhibition catalog with info on the Viceroyalty of Peru (available online as PDF)
3319:
Chronicle of Colonial Lima: The Diary of Joseph and Francisco Mugaburu, 1640-1697
2993:
938:
and some large adjoining regions had been considered Spanish territory since the
134:
6649:
6147:
4894:
4884:
4720:
4289:
3535:
2871:
2591:
2526:
2487:
2112:
2081:
1725:
1615:
1611:
1521:
1433:
1413:
1259:
1216:
1118:
1013:
966:
907:
898:
716:
187:
122:
3575:
3427:
Between the Sacred and the Worldly: the Institutional and Cultural Practice of
3250:
The Cross and the Serpent: Religious Repression and Resurgence in Colonial Peru
3168:. Liverpool: Institute of Latin American Studies, University of Liverpool 1992.
2221:, were abandoned for cities at lower altitudes more hospitable to the Spanish.
1700:, Bolívar turned over command of the rebel troops to Sucre on October 7, 1824.
5758:
4492:
4162:
3772:
3440:. Trans. by Javier Flores Espinosa. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1997.
2516:
2151:
1868:
1720:
in the south-central highlands. The viceroy launched a counter-offensive over
1651:
1220:
1051:
970:
902:
853:
814:
3326:
Idolatry and Its Enemies: Colonial Andean Religion and Extirpation, 1640-1750
1032:, a court and administrative body for commercial affairs in the viceroyalty.
6174:
4725:
4482:
4382:
4059:
3993:
3649:
3399:
The World of Tupac Amaru: Conflict, Community, and Identity in Colonial Peru
3236:
Women's Lives in Colonial Quito: Gender, Law, and Economy in Spanish America
2771:[The heraldry corner Coats of arms of American cities and regions].
2269:, a mantle or shawl worn across the shoulders, and secured with one or more
2251:
2180:
1905:
1874:
1862:
1743:
Spain made futile attempts to retain its former territories, such as at the
1646:
1569:
1559:
1340:, and was formerly part of the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru, a region called
1294:
1208:
1044:
1012:
gradually extended their activities through much of the basin and adjoining
783:
178:
territory 1542–1718 (light green) and final territory 1776–1824 (dark green)
3271:
Domination Without Dominance: Inca-Spanish Relations in Early Colonial Peru
3257:
The Jesuit and the Incas: The Extraordinary Life of Padre Blas Valera, S.J.
3208:
Caulkers and Carpenters in a New World: The Shipyards of Colonial Guayaquil
2096:
1682:, Bolívar in June led his rebel forces South to confront the Spanish under
1286:
1278:
1200:
928:
3452:
Indigenous Migration and Social Change: The Forasteros of Cuzco, 1570-1720
3295:
Trading Roles: Gender, Ethnicity, and the Urban Economy in Colonial Potosí
3215:
Inka Bodies and the Body of Christ: Corpus Christi in Colonial Cuzco, Peru
2183:(Mexico) and the persecution of Portuguese Jews, the principal traders in
4899:
4009:
3777:
3366:. Ed. and trans. Roland Hamilton. Austin: University of Texas Press 2009.
3087:
The Discovery and Conquest of Peru: Chronicles of the New World Encounter
2868:"Gobierno Regional del Callao - Historia - el Callao a través del Tiempo"
2210:
2206:
2155:
2103:
The economy of the viceroyalty of Peru largely depended on the export of
1721:
1544:
1495:
1302:
1161:
775:
759:
270:
992:
6057:
6028:
4581:
4538:
4523:
4167:
3506:
2265:
1787:
1655:
1306:
1298:
1195:
reestablished the Lima mint, which had been closed since 1572. Viceroy
1110:
1055:
779:
771:
767:
244:
3124:
Crisis and Decline: The Viceroyalty of Peru in the Seventeenth Century
2769:"El rincón de la heráldica. Escudos de ciudades y regiones americanas"
2394:. Rose was the first native-born American to become a Catholic saint.
4994:
4548:
4543:
4320:
2621:
2139:. This was possible in part because of the discovery of the mines in
2127:
2104:
1822:
1573:
1457:
1404:
1098:
763:
743:
236:
3131:
The Kingdom of Quito, 16990-1830: The State and Regional Development
2696:(10 editions). (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), Map 2, 73
2273:, metal pins with large, often elaborately worked, ornamental heads
1830:
developed reciprocal, if still hierarchical, relationships with the
882:
Peru's first viceroy. From September 2, 1564, to November 26, 1569,
3420:
We Alone Will Rule: Native Andean Politics in the Age of Insurgency
3340:
The People of Quito, 1690-1810: Change and Unrest in the Underclass
2092:
6574:
6035:
4362:
4309:
4157:
3973:
3180:
Colonial Habits: Convents and the Spiritual Economy of Cuzco, Peru
3173:
The Lure of Peru: Maritime Intrusion into the South Sea, 1598-1701
2452:
2340:
2245:
2214:
2194:
2091:
1796:
1762:
1717:
1702:
1635:
1631:
1548:
1243:
1094:
991:
852:
755:
730:. The treaty was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while
209:
3680:
3110:. Trans. Ralph Bauer. Boulder: University Press of Colorado 2005.
2704:; and Lombardi, Cathryn L., John V. Lombardi and K. Lynn Stoner.
2688:
For two, somewhat different interpretations of the boundaries in
890:
in Spanish South America, served as the interim viceroy of Peru.
868:, in order to properly control and govern Spanish South America.
6113:
6082:
4378:
4370:
4293:
3406:
Coercion and Market: Silver Mining in Colonial Potosí, 1692-1826
3347:
Inventing Lima: Baroque Modernity in Peru's South Sea Metropolis
2646:
2184:
2123:
1775:
1453:
1411:
also decentralized the government through the creation of eight
751:
719:
in the Americas from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries.
708:
700:
201:
6086:
5957:
5852:
4976:
4854:
4569:
4428:
4396:
4333:
4270:
4185:
4108:
4048:
3962:
3951:
3722:
3684:
3479:
3312:
Fall of the Inca Empire and the Spanish Rule in Peru: 1530-1780
2893:
Contreras y Cueto (2016). "La expedición libertadora del sur".
734:. The creation during the 18th century of the Viceroyalties of
3227:
Fisher, John R., Allan J. Kuethe, and Anthony McFarlane, eds.
2743:(in Spanish). Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya. p. 107.
2490:, another member of the meridian expedition. He was appointed
1050:. Fernández de Cabrera also suppressed an insurrection of the
915:(the Southern Fleet) against pirates. He ended the indigenous
2793:. United States. Bureau of Naval Personnel. 1920. p. 26.
1873:
Provinces which were under military threat were grouped into
886:, a Spanish colonial administrator who constituted the first
1164:
of Huachipa de Lima. There were terrible earthquakes (1655,
2933:
Lombardi, Cathryn L., John V. Lombardi and K. Lynn Stoner,
1630:, still in command of a sizable military force, retired to
27:
South American administrative district of Spain (1542–1824)
3243:
Shadows of Empire: The Indian Nobility of Cusco, 1750-1825
2708:. (Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 29.
1160:
had to take measures against an uprising of slaves at the
3392:
Huarochirí: An Andean Society Under Inca and Spanish Rule
3018:
Lacoste, P. 2005. El vino y la nueva identidad de Chile.
1175:'s administration, the laws of the Indies were compiled.
3264:
Mirages of Transition: The Peruvian Altiplano, 1780-1930
2463:
Manuel de Guirior assisted the scientific expedition of
2263:
throughout the colonial period, typically topped with a
3373:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2005.
3229:
Reform and Insurrection in Bourbon New Granada and Peru
958:; this was part of the return leg of the expedition of
3203:. Blue Ridge Summit: University Press of America 2001.
3052:
Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas 1500–1750
2937:. (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983), 50.
2486:
Another French influence on science in the colony was
2303:
founded two chairs of medicine. In the 1710s, Viceroy
2154:. The Spanish in turn traded part of this silver with
1105:(1685–1687). Nevertheless, the famous Welsh privateer
4026:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
3231:. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 2003.
3201:
Indian Society in the Valley of Lima, Peru, 1532-1824
3152:
Imposing Harmony: Music and Society in Colonial Cuzco
2692:
areas, see Burkholder, Mark A. and Lyman L. Johnson.
1851:
Politically the viceroyalty was further divided into
3036:
Charu. Sociedad y cosmovisión en la platería mapuche
2924:. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1947), 133-135
2412:
was a famous artist before the age of Independence.
2295:
Viceroy Francisco de Borja y Aragón reorganized the
1474:
Nevertheless, throughout this period, rebellions by
6545:
6458:
6384:
6299:
6233:
6208:
6133:
6124:
5746:
5640:
5633:
5518:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5250:
5119:
5043:
4987:
4908:
4865:
4754:
4676:
4618:
4580:
4516:
4475:
4439:
3617:
3517:
3408:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1993.
3280:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2002.
3147:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1988.
3140:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 2001.
3126:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1985.
2773:
Gobierno de España. Ministerio de Cultura y Deporte
2330:
Luis Enríquez de Guzmán, 9th Count of Alba de Liste
2209:, the results were similar, largely resulting from
1834:. By the end of the 16th century the quasi-private
1467:War between Spain and Britain again broke out (the
1199:increased the production of silver in the mines of
497:
487:
480:
463:
453:
440:
427:
414:
401:
388:
378:
364:
347:
334:
320:
303:
290:
276:
264:
254:
219:
197:
183:
40:
2968:, Encyclopedia Britannica. Academic edition. 2011.
1848:), which was controlled by local crown officials.
1816:At ground level during the first century, Spanish
1794:and the chief Spanish stronghold in the Americas.
1658:). In September 1823 Bolívar arrived in Lima with
1562:destroyed approximately half of the city in 1812.
1144:In this period, revolts were common. Around 1656,
1034:Diego Fernández de Córdoba, Marquis of Guadalcázar
6751:1824 disestablishments in the Viceroyalty of Peru
2955:https://en.numista.com/catalogue/pieces35033.html
2354:The first books printed in Peru were produced by
2115:system of unfree labour, a system inherited from
1223:to authorized factories, which he taxed heavily.
2398:elevated another two important Peruvian saints,
3354:The Kingdom of Quito in the Seventeenth-Century
2314:On the death of the Peruvian astronomer Doctor
1716:At this point, royalist control was reduced to
1271:was created from the northern territories, the
948:Luis Jerónimo de Cabrera, 4th Count of Chinchón
707:in South America, governed from the capital of
6746:1542 establishments in the Viceroyalty of Peru
3422:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 2003.
3356:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press 1967,
2376:in 1791 and founded the Academy of Fine Arts.
2122:Once the Viceroyalty of Peru was established,
1203:, and stimulated production in other mines at
1101:and constructed city walls in Lima (1686) and
6741:States and territories disestablished in 1824
6098:
4215:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
3696:
3491:
3328:. Princeton: Princeton University Press 1997.
3259:Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press 2003.
3224:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press 2003.
3159:The African Slave in Colonial Peru, 1524-1650
2339:Francisco de Borja y Aragón also founded, in
1792:Royal and Pontifical University of San Marcos
1592:. However, the viceroyalty managed to defend
1137:to send ships and merchandise to the fair at
174:Location of the Viceroyalty of Peru: initial
45:
8:
3890:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
3415:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1978.
3321:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1975.
3252:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press 1996.
3245:. New York: Cambridge University Press 2005.
3133:. New York: Cambridge University Press 1995.
2995:Demographic collapse, Indian Perú, 1520-1620
2347:for sons of the Indigenous nobility and the
3433:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2001.
3394:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1984.
3380:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1996.
3335:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 2007.
3161:. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1973.
2998:. Cambridge University Press. p. 237.
2837:. Coral Springs, Fla.: Llumina Press, 2002.
1844:system (known in Peru by the Quechua term,
1736:. This battle, led by Bolívar's lieutenant
1696:As a result of a decree of the Congress of
950:sent out a third expedition to explore the
493:1,340,000 km (520,000 sq mi)
97:
6756:Spanish-speaking countries and territories
6736:States and territories established in 1542
6464:
6390:
6305:
6239:
6130:
6105:
6091:
6083:
5954:
5849:
5637:
5364:
5357:
4984:
4973:
4862:
4851:
4577:
4566:
4436:
4425:
4393:
4330:
4267:
4182:
4105:
4045:
3959:
3948:
3719:
3703:
3689:
3681:
3498:
3484:
3476:
3096:. New York: Harcourt Brace Janovich, 1970.
1618:, with the land army under the command of
168:
37:
6686:History of the Captaincy General of Chile
6009:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
3304:. University Park: Penn State Press 2007.
3288:Spanish Peru, 1532-1560: A Social History
3278:Quito 1599: City and Colony in Transition
3238:. Austin: University of Texas Press 2003.
3196:. University Park: Penn State Press 1999.
3055:. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. p. 90.
2978:
2976:
2974:
2179:prohibited direct trade between Peru and
2119:times. Silver production peaked in 1610.
1935:(1st one, 1538–43), (2nd one, 1564–1751)*
6014:Colonial universities in the Philippines
2935:Latin American History: A Teaching Atlas
2706:Latin American History: A Teaching Atlas
2076:
1805:subdivisions of the Viceroyalty of Peru
1183:(Ordenance of Manufactures) in 1664 and
1073:
1065:
858:The Marquess of Salinas del Río Pisuerga
823:formed from these grants, including the
5005:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
3108:An Inca Account of the Conquest of Peru
2729:
2661:
2638:
1358:
726:across the meridian established by the
486:
479:
1753:treaty recognizing Peru's independence
1689:. The two armies met on the plains of
1320:were similarly lost. The 256-year-old
1148:crowned himself Inca (emperor) of the
1062:The last Spanish Habsburgs (1643–1713)
843:Exploration and settlement (1542–1643)
3454:. Durham: Duke University Press 1990.
3387:. Durham: Duke University Press 2003.
3297:. Durham: Duke University Press 2005.
3273:. Durham: Duke University Press 2008.
3217:. Durham: Duke University Press 1999.
3154:. Durham: Duke University Press 2008.
2895:Historia del Perú republicano: Tomo 1
462:
452:
439:
426:
413:
400:
387:
377:
373:
346:
333:
329:
319:
302:
289:
285:
275:
7:
6701:Spanish colonization of the Americas
4286:Captaincy General of the Philippines
3778:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
2607:Spanish colonization of the Americas
1390:Portuguese America according to the
1371:Portuguese America according to the
6676:Viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire
5989:Indochristian painting in New Spain
3175:. New York: St Martin's Press 1989.
2909:Hispanic American Historical Review
1191:(literally, sealed paper). In 1683
1000:, with present political divisions.
4956:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
2494:by Viceroy Mendoza. The duties of
2336:began the Botanic Garden of Lima.
2301:Luis Jerónimo Fernández de Cabrera
2177:Luis Jerónimo Fernández de Cabrera
1993:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
1622:and the navy under the command of
1551:into the Viceroyalty of Peru. The
1352:in 1750. It became a state of the
1291:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
661:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
25:
3930:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
3411:TePaske, John J., ed. and trans.
2428:, Spanish scientists sent by the
1641:On July 26, 1822, San Martín and
1498:from 1721 to 1732). In 1767, the
1293:from southern areas that are now
942:and explorations such as that by
6696:Former colonies in South America
6041:Criollos in the colonial society
5969:Spanish missions in the Americas
5091:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
3664:
3654:
3644:
3634:
3624:
3608:
3594:
3584:
3574:
3564:
3554:
3544:
3534:
3524:
3034:Painecura Antinao, Juan (2011).
2561:
2547:
2533:
2519:
2307:established a chair of anatomy.
2158:giving origin to a tradition of
1747:(1826), but after death of King
1518:José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa
1506:End of the Viceroyalty (1806–24)
1380:
1361:
1215:. He limited the manufacture of
1177:Diego de Benavides y de la Cueva
878:(King Charles I of Spain) named
665:
651:
637:
623:
609:
584:
570:
556:
542:
528:
150:
132:
77:
63:
6068:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
3342:. Boulder: Westview Press 1994.
2582:Peruvian Viceroyal architecture
2291:Peruvian Viceroyal architecture
2016:Listed under year of creation:
1502:were expelled from the colony.
1234:The Bourbon Reforms (1713–1806)
1185:Pedro Álvarez de Toledo y Leiva
996:Location of the most important
905:and reducing the old system of
813:granted the conquistadors with
722:The Spanish did not resist the
4120:Captaincy General of Guatemala
3828:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
2602:Spanish conquest of the Muisca
1820:depended on local chieftains (
1436:into the Viceroyalty of Peru.
724:Portuguese expansion of Brazil
715:, Peru was one of two Spanish
1:
6019:General Archive of the Indies
5280:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
4951:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
4936:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
3885:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
3838:War of the Spanish Succession
3803:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
3210:. Ohio University Press 1980.
2922:The Spanish Empire in America
2897:. Lima-Perú: IEP. p. 22.
2737:López Guzmán, Rafael (2004).
2500:Charles Marie de La Condamine
2137:War of the Spanish Succession
1812:, as numbered in the article.
1806:
1432:reincorporated the region of
1193:Melchor de Navarra y Rocafull
1173:Baltasar de la Cueva Enríquez
4091:Captaincy General of Yucatan
4021:Union with Holy Roman Empire
4000:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
3915:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
3360:Poma de Ayala, Felipe Guaman
2819:Von Tschudi, Johann (1847).
2442:Noticias Secretas de América
2400:Toribio Alfonso de Mogrovejo
2171:Dutch expedition to Valdivia
2133:Manuel de Oms y de Santa Pau
2088:, Viceroyalty of Peru - 1800
1998:Autonomous Captaincy General
1512:Peruvian War of Independence
833:Governorate of New Andalusia
592:Governorate of New Andalusia
6537:Water supply and sanitation
4571:Administrative subdivisions
3768:War of the League of Cognac
2804:Lawrence, Sondhaus (2012).
2481:The Flora of Peru and Chile
1628:José de la Serna e Hinojosa
1403:organized an expedition to
1026:Francisco de Borja y Aragón
1017:the interior of the basin.
895:Francisco Álvarez de Toledo
691:), officially known as the
354:José de la Serna e Hinojosa
6772:
6532:Water resources management
5285:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
5270:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
5172:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
4070:), Western United States (
3833:Portuguese Restoration War
3376:Ramírez, Susan Elizabeth.
3349:. New York: Palgrave 2008.
2992:Cook, Noble David (1981).
2477:La flora peruana y chilena
2276:
1988:Viceroyalty of New Granada
1879:Captaincy General of Chile
1599:On September 8, 1820, the
1509:
1443:Junta Superior de Comercio
1426:Captaincy General of Chile
1269:Viceroyalty of New Granada
1237:
987:Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira
846:
825:Governorate of New Castile
798:
647:Viceroyalty of New Granada
633:Protectorate of San Martín
619:Free Province of Guayaquil
550:Governorate of New Castile
29:
6622:
6467:
6393:
6308:
6242:
6053:Slavery in Spanish Empire
5964:
5953:
5859:
5848:
5340:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
5081:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
4983:
4972:
4941:Barcelona Trading Company
4861:
4850:
4706:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
4576:
4565:
4435:
4424:
4403:
4340:
4281:
4213:Venezuela, part of Guyana
4192:
4115:
4066:, Central United States (
4055:
3969:
3958:
3947:
3798:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
3783:Expulsion of the Moriscos
3729:
3718:
3606:
3317:Miller, Robert Ryal, ed.
3189:. Amsterdam: Aksant 2002.
3094:The Conquest of the Incas
3085:Cieza de León, Pedro de.
2767:Sierra López, Alejandro.
2740:Perú indígena y virreinal
2169:built in response to the
1838:had been replaced by the
1610:, landed on the beach at
1582:The Key of the South Seas
1452:An earthquake demolished
965:Some Pacific islands and
913:la Armada del Mar del Sur
829:Governorate of New Toledo
732:Spain controlled Portugal
564:Governorate of New Toledo
507:
476:
374:
360:
330:
316:
286:
167:
148:
116:
93:
59:
54:
5994:Quito painting tradition
5984:Cusco painting tradition
5345:García López de Cárdenas
5335:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
5242:Felipe González de Ahedo
5162:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
3739:Conquest of the Americas
3618:Americas and East Indies
2806:Naval Warfare, 1815-1914
2617:Viceroyalty of New Spain
2597:List of Viceroys of Peru
2447:Secret News From America
2364:Pedro Peralta y Barnuevo
2349:Colegio de San Francisco
2320:Melchor Liñán y Cisneros
2297:University of San Marcos
1928:With dates of creation:
1865:) headed by a governor.
1586:Gibraltar of the Pacific
1568:unsuccessfully attacked
1430:Francisco Gil de Taboada
1078:The Plaza Mayor and the
1039:Other viceroys, such as
837:Province of Tierra Firme
807:Spanish conquest of Peru
801:Spanish conquest of Peru
713:Viceroyalty of New Spain
578:Province of Tierra Firme
228:official, administrative
32:List of Viceroys of Peru
6190:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
5779:Comuneros (New Granada)
5556:Balearic Islands (1558)
5275:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
5202:Ruy López de Villalobos
5157:Miguel López de Legazpi
5071:García de Toledo Osorio
3935:Western Sahara conflict
3925:Independence of Morocco
3865:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
3808:Piracy in the Caribbean
3793:French Wars of Religion
3308:Means, Philip Ainsworth
3222:Bourbon Peru, 1750-1824
2436:to measure a degree of
2422:Jorge Juan y Santacilia
2305:Diego Ladrón de Guevara
1957:La Plata de los Charcas
1662:to plan the offensive.
1576:, but on 4 February he
1401:Manuel de Amat y Juniet
1392:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
1197:Diego Ladrón de Guevara
1158:Diego Ladrón de Guevara
18:The Viceroyalty of Peru
6024:Colonial Spanish Horse
5698:Colonia del Sacramento
4921:Spanish treasure fleet
4498:Royal Decree of Graces
3049:Lane, Kris E. (1998).
2911:, 61:3 (1981), 461-491
2835:Colonial Latin America
2694:Colonial Latin America
2460:
2274:
2201:
2100:
2089:
1813:
1771:
1749:Ferdinand VII of Spain
1713:
1601:Expedición Libertadora
1324:was superseded by the
1264:
1228:San Bartolomé hospital
1168:) and epidemics, too.
1082:
1071:
1030:Tribunal del Consulado
1001:
861:
688:
98:
46:
6372:Regions and provinces
5182:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
5142:Juan Sebastián Elcano
4457:Council of the Indies
3818:Spanish–Moro conflict
3788:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
3748:Treaty of Tordesillas
3436:Varón Gabai, Rafael.
3425:Van Deusen, Nancy E.
3345:Osorio, Alejandra B.
3248:Griffiths, Nicholas.
3234:Gauderman, Kimberly.
3206:Clayton, Lawrence A.
3157:Bowser, Frederick P.
3106:Yupanqui, Titu Cusi.
2456:
2316:Francisco Ruiz Lozano
2249:
2198:
2167:Valdivian Fort System
2095:
2080:
2057:, abolished in 1789)
1800:
1766:
1738:Antonio José de Sucre
1706:
1668:Pedro Antonio Olañeta
1660:Antonio José de Sucre
1580:, called at the time
1480:Juan Santos Atahualpa
1373:Treaty of Tordesillas
1326:1750 Treaty of Madrid
1322:Treaty of Tordesillas
1247:
1077:
1069:
995:
944:Francisco de Orellana
940:Treaty of Tordesillas
923:, executing the Inca
884:Lope García de Castro
860:, 8th Viceroy of Peru
856:
728:Treaty of Tordesillas
431:Independence declared
220:Common languages
6716:18th century in Peru
6711:17th century in Peru
6706:16th century in Peru
6287:World Heritage Sites
5979:Mesoamerican Codices
5703:Comuneros (Paraguay)
5541:Siege of Castelnuovo
5127:Christopher Columbus
4946:Consulate of the Sea
4926:Casa de Contratación
4517:Titles and positions
3910:Spanish–American War
3900:Liberal constitution
3743:Asia and the Pacific
3383:Serulnikov, Sergio.
3352:Phelan, John Leddy,
3136:Andrien, Kenneth J.
3122:Andrien, Kenneth J.
2645:The coat of arms of
2569:South America portal
2345:Colegio del Príncipe
1181:Ordenanza de Obrajes
975:Ýñigo Ortiz de Retez
162:Real Felipe Fortress
85:Coat of arms of Lima
6671:Viceroyalty of Peru
6170:War of Independence
5708:Cartagena de Indias
5330:Diego de Mazariegos
5300:Pere Fages i Beleta
5167:Sebastián de Ocampo
4648:Provincias Internas
4620:Captaincies General
4534:Municipal president
4503:School of Salamanca
4274:Spanish East Indies
4253:Misiones Orientales
4125:Spanish West Indies
4089:, Central America (
4036:Pyrénées-Orientales
3989:Union with Portugal
3880:Napoleonic invasion
3860:War of Jenkins' Ear
3443:Walker, Charles F.
3418:Thomson, Sinclair.
3404:Tandeter, Enrique.
3331:Milton, Cynthia E.
3192:Chambers, Sarah C.
3143:Bakewell, Peter J.
2966:Viceryoalty of Peru
2465:Hipólito Ruiz López
2404:Francisco de Solano
2373:El Mercurio Peruano
1991:†Later part of the
1986:*Later part of the
1875:captaincies general
1590:huge fortifications
1469:War of Jenkins' Ear
1447:Tribunal de Minería
1417:in the area of the
1336:is named after the
1115:captured and sacked
981:(in 1568), and the
866:Viceroyalty of Peru
689:Virreinato del Perú
685:Viceroyalty of Peru
380:• Established
6436:Telecommunications
6180:War of the Pacific
6004:Academia Antártica
5959:Other civil topics
5325:Pánfilo de Narváez
5227:Sebastián Vizcaíno
5192:Andrés de Urdaneta
5152:Juan Ponce de León
5137:Ferdinand Magellan
5111:Bernardo de Gálvez
5010:Indian auxiliaries
4508:Trial of residence
4488:Laws of the Indies
4272:Asia and Oceania (
4133:Dominican Republic
3241:Garrett, David T.
3171:Bradley, Peter T.
3164:Bradley, Peter T.
3129:Andrien, Kenneth.
2853:2007-09-28 at the
2833:Mabry, Donald J.,
2469:José Antonio Pavón
2461:
2458:Santa Rosa de Lima
2434:scientific mission
2396:Pope Benedict XIII
2324:Juan Ramón Koening
2275:
2226:José de Armendáriz
2202:
2160:Mapuche silverwork
2101:
2090:
1939:Santa Fe de Bogotá
1890:(also known as an
1814:
1786:and from there to
1772:
1714:
1710:Battle of Ayacucho
1620:José de San Martín
1608:José de San Martín
1553:Royal Army of Peru
1438:José de Armendáriz
1354:Brazilian Republic
1265:
1083:
1072:
1002:
956:Cristóbal de Acuña
873:Holy Roman Emperor
862:
444:Battle of Ayacucho
6691:Colonial Colombia
6658:
6657:
6618:
6617:
6507:List of Peruvians
6454:
6453:
6380:
6379:
6367:Political parties
6333:Foreign relations
6295:
6294:
6229:
6228:
6195:Internal conflict
6185:Colombia–Peru War
6080:
6079:
6076:
6075:
5949:
5948:
5854:Spanish conquests
5844:
5843:
5840:
5839:
5836:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5629:
5628:
5310:Pedro de Alvarado
5295:Gaspar de Portolà
5290:Pedro de Valdivia
5265:Francisco Pizarro
5217:Nicolás de Ovando
5212:Alonso de Ercilla
5187:Alonso de Salazar
5020:Ships of the line
4968:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4561:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4392:
4391:
4349:Northern Africa (
4345:Equatorial Guinea
4329:
4328:
4266:
4265:
4181:
4180:
4104:
4103:
4095:Spanish Caribbean
4068:Spanish Louisiana
4044:
4043:
3979:Crown of Castille
3943:
3942:
3920:Spanish Civil War
3895:Adams–Onís Treaty
3875:Nootka Convention
3823:Thirty Years' War
3813:Eighty Years' War
3734:Catholic Monarchs
3724:Timeline–immersed
3678:
3677:
3450:Wightman, Ann M.
3390:Spalding, Karen.
3338:Minchom, Martin.
3300:Marks, Patricia.
3269:Lamana, Gonzalo.
3150:Baker, Geoffrey.
3099:Lockhart, James.
3062:978-0-76560-256-5
3038:. pp. 25–26.
3021:Revista Universum
2874:on March 10, 2007
2791:Callao-Lima, Peru
2778:monarca Felipe IV
2587:Inca architecture
2507:Balmis Expedition
2410:Diego Quispe Tito
2390:was canonized by
2255:, 18th century.,
1969:Later Audiencias
1784:Isthmus of Panama
1614:near the city of
1578:captured Valdivia
1482:in 1742, and the
1462:Manuel de Guirior
1424:, and two in the
1346:Portuguese empire
1258:'s portrait of a
1251:The Distrest Poet
1080:Cathedral of Lima
1024:In 1617, viceroy
998:Jesuit Reductions
983:Marquesas Islands
880:Blasco Núñez Vela
711:. Along with the
681:
680:
677:
676:
673:
672:
597:
596:
455:• Dissolved
341:Blasco Núñez Vela
141:
129:
110:
16:(Redirected from
6763:
6638:
6631:
6465:
6416:
6391:
6306:
6240:
6200:Political crisis
6153:Spanish conquest
6143:Ancient cultures
6131:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6084:
5955:
5921:Chibchan Nations
5850:
5819:Santiago de Cuba
5678:Guadalupe Island
5638:
5365:
5358:
5320:Diego de Almagro
5197:Antonio de Ulloa
5101:Ambrosio Spinola
5096:Pedro de Zubiaur
5066:Alfonso d'Avalos
5056:Antonio de Leyva
5000:Army of Flanders
4985:
4974:
4863:
4852:
4578:
4567:
4437:
4426:
4394:
4367:Peñón of Algiers
4331:
4268:
4183:
4106:
4088:
4046:
3960:
3949:
3870:Seven Years' War
3843:Queen Anne's War
3720:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3682:
3668:
3658:
3648:
3638:
3628:
3612:
3598:
3588:
3578:
3568:
3558:
3548:
3538:
3528:
3511:Spanish monarchy
3500:
3493:
3486:
3477:
3431:in Colonial Lima
3324:Mills, Kenneth.
3293:Mangan, Jane E.
3262:Jacobsen, Nils.
3255:Hyland, Sabine.
3178:Burns, Kathryn.
3067:
3066:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3031:
3025:
3016:
3010:
3009:
2989:
2983:
2980:
2969:
2963:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2931:
2925:
2920:Harding, C. H.,
2918:
2912:
2905:
2899:
2898:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2870:. Archived from
2864:
2858:
2844:
2838:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2734:
2717:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2670:
2666:
2654:
2643:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2522:
2496:cosmógrafo mayor
2492:cosmógrafo mayor
2426:Antonio de Ulloa
2334:Teodoro de Croix
2309:Teodoro de Croix
2109:price revolution
1976:(1661–72; 1776)†
1811:
1808:
1687:José de Canterac
1672:José de la Serna
1558:A large fire in
1476:Native Peruvians
1409:Teodoro de Croix
1384:
1365:
1350:Treaty of Madrid
1131:Peace of Utrecht
1048:Thomas Cavendish
1006:Jesuit reduction
795:Conquest of Peru
703:and most of the
669:
668:
655:
654:
641:
640:
627:
626:
613:
612:
601:
600:
588:
587:
574:
573:
560:
559:
546:
545:
532:
531:
525:
524:
509:
508:
459:30 December 1824
384:20 November 1542
229:
215:
207:
172:
154:
143:
142:
127:
112:"Further Beyond"
104:
103:
81:
67:
49:
38:
21:
6771:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6761:
6760:
6661:
6660:
6659:
6654:
6641:
6634:
6627:
6614:
6541:
6517:Public holidays
6450:
6414:
6376:
6291:
6272:Protected areas
6267:Natural regions
6225:
6204:
6120:
6111:
6081:
6072:
6048:Old inquisition
5960:
5945:
5855:
5828:
5784:Trinidad (1797)
5754:La Noche Triste
5742:
5738:San Juan (1797)
5688:San Juan (1595)
5625:
5514:
5354:Notable battles
5349:
5315:Martín de Ursúa
5246:
5177:Alonso de Ojeda
5147:Juan de la Cosa
5132:Pinzón brothers
5115:
5086:John of Austria
5061:Martín de Goiti
5039:
4979:
4960:
4904:
4857:
4838:
4750:
4746:Terra Australis
4741:Río de la Plata
4686:Castilla de Oro
4672:
4614:
4610:Río de la Plata
4572:
4553:
4512:
4471:
4467:Santa Hermandad
4431:
4412:
4408:Terra Australis
4399:
4388:
4355:Spanish Morocco
4336:
4325:
4316:Northern Taiwan
4277:
4262:
4233:Río de la Plata
4188:
4177:
4111:
4110:Central America
4100:
4082:
4051:
4040:
3984:Crown of Aragon
3965:
3954:
3939:
3855:Bourbon Reforms
3725:
3714:
3709:
3679:
3674:
3670:Río de la Plata
3613:
3604:
3513:
3504:
3462:
3457:
3369:Premo, Bianca.
3284:Lockhart, James
3213:Dean, Carolyn.
3199:Charnay, Paul.
3185:Cahill, David.
3118:
3113:
3092:Hemming, John.
3081:
3076:
3074:Further reading
3071:
3070:
3063:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3017:
3013:
3006:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2972:
2964:
2960:
2952:
2948:
2932:
2928:
2919:
2915:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2855:Wayback Machine
2845:
2841:
2832:
2828:
2821:Travels in Peru
2818:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2657:
2644:
2640:
2635:
2577:History of Peru
2567:
2562:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2418:
2381:Barnabé de Cobo
2356:Antonio Ricardo
2293:
2279:Culture of Peru
2257:Brooklyn Museum
2244:
2193:
2099:with Cerro Rico
2075:
2061:
2032:
2020:
2014:
2000:
1990:
1965:(1563–73; 1606)
1926:
1916:Bourbon Reforms
1904:and introduced
1809:
1761:
1745:Siege of Callao
1676:viceroy of Peru
1634:, and later to
1624:Thomas Cochrane
1514:
1508:
1492:Comunero Revolt
1484:Sierra Uprising
1395:
1388:
1385:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1256:William Hogarth
1242:
1240:Bourbon Reforms
1236:
1187:introduced the
1146:Pedro Bohórquez
1064:
1041:Fernando Torres
979:Solomon Islands
851:
845:
803:
797:
792:
740:Río de la Plata
693:Kingdom of Peru
666:
652:
638:
624:
610:
585:
571:
557:
543:
529:
490:
472:23 January 1826
469:
456:
449:9 December 1824
446:
433:
420:
418:Río de la Plata
407:
394:
381:
350:
349:• 1821–24
337:
336:• 1544–46
306:
305:• 1816–24
293:
292:• 1544–46
259:Catholic Church
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
213:
212:
208:
205:
204:
179:
156:
144:
133:
130:
126:
111:
89:
88:
87:
82:
74:
73:
68:
50:
43:
42:Kingdom of Peru
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6769:
6767:
6759:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6663:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6647:
6640:
6639:
6632:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6551:
6549:
6543:
6542:
6540:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6468:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6426:Stock Exchange
6423:
6418:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6394:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6378:
6377:
6375:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6335:
6330:
6325:
6320:
6315:
6309:
6303:
6297:
6296:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6243:
6237:
6231:
6230:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6218:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6161:
6160:
6158:Neo-Inca State
6155:
6145:
6139:
6137:
6128:
6122:
6121:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6102:
6095:
6087:
6078:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6044:
6043:
6033:
6032:
6031:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5958:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5902:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5864:Canary Islands
5860:
5857:
5856:
5853:
5846:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5838:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5786:
5781:
5776:
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5718:Túpac Amaru II
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5663:Bogotá savanna
5660:
5655:
5650:
5644:
5642:
5635:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
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5487:
5482:
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5472:
5467:
5465:White Mountain
5462:
5460:Cape Celidonia
5457:
5455:English Armada
5452:
5447:
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5207:Diego Columbus
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5035:Army of Africa
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5017:
5015:Spanish Armada
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4351:Western Sahara
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4249:Banda Oriental
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3460:External links
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3397:Stavig, Ward.
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2555:History portal
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2392:Pope Clement X
2287:Andean Baroque
2243:
2240:
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2013:
2010:
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1877:, such as the
1760:
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1674:, the liberal
1507:
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1488:Túpac Amaru II
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1342:Spanish Guyana
1238:Main article:
1235:
1232:
1154:Gaspar Salcedo
1063:
1060:
977:in 1545), the
960:Pedro Teixeira
917:Neo-Inca State
849:Toledo Reforms
844:
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799:Main article:
796:
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502:Spanish dollar
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467:Fall of Callao
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6731:1820s in Peru
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6721:1800s in Peru
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5591:Montes Claros
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5260:Hernán Cortés
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5252:Conquistadors
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5222:Juan de Ayala
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4875:Dollar (Peso)
4873:
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4834:Santo Domingo
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4711:New Andalusia
4709:
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4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4582:Viceroyalties
4579:
4575:
4568:
4564:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4423:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4402:
4395:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4342:
4339:
4332:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4191:
4187:South America
4184:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4114:
4107:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4072:Spanish Texas
4069:
4065:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4050:North America
4047:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4031:Franche-Comté
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3961:
3957:
3950:
3946:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3701:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3687:
3686:
3683:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3496:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3132:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3064:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3045:
3042:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3012:
3007:
3005:0-521-23995-8
3001:
2997:
2996:
2988:
2985:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2943:0-299-09714-5
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2827:
2823:. p. 33.
2822:
2815:
2812:
2808:. p. 13.
2807:
2800:
2797:
2792:
2786:
2783:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2750:9788496008649
2746:
2742:
2741:
2733:
2730:
2723:
2715:
2714:0-299-09714-5
2711:
2707:
2703:
2702:0-19-506110-1
2699:
2695:
2691:
2685:
2682:
2675:
2672:
2665:
2662:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2639:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2559:
2556:
2545:
2542:
2531:
2528:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2473:Joseph Dombey
2470:
2466:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2368:Rocco Cerruti
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2219:Huanuco Viejo
2216:
2212:
2208:
2197:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2004:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1892:alcalde mayor
1889:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1859:gobernaciones
1856:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1842:
1841:repartimiento
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1711:
1705:
1701:
1699:
1698:Gran Colombia
1694:
1692:
1688:
1685:
1684:Field Marshal
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1643:Simón Bolívar
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1594:Chiloé Island
1591:
1588:, due to its
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:Lord Cochrane
1563:
1561:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1519:
1513:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1494:broke out in
1493:
1490:in 1780. The
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1394:
1393:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1315:Buenos Aires
1312:
1309:in 1776, the
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1267:In 1717, the
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1241:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:papel sellado
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1123:Charles Wager
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1007:
999:
994:
990:
988:
985:(in 1595) by
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
967:archipelagoes
963:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
874:
869:
867:
859:
855:
850:
842:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
817:
812:
808:
802:
794:
789:
787:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
754:, as well as
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
717:viceroyalties
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
664:
662:
659:
658:
650:
648:
645:
644:
636:
634:
631:
630:
622:
620:
617:
616:
608:
606:
603:
602:
599:
593:
590:
583:
582:
579:
576:
569:
568:
565:
562:
555:
554:
551:
548:
541:
540:
537:
534:
527:
526:
523:
522:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
506:
503:
500:
496:
492:
483:
475:
471:
468:
458:
448:
445:
435:
432:
423:1 August 1776
422:
419:
409:
406:
396:
393:
383:
370:
367:
363:
359:
355:
352:
342:
339:
325:
323:
315:
311:
310:Ferdinand VII
308:
298:
295:
281:
279:
272:
269:
267:
263:
260:
257:
253:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
225:
222:
218:
211:
203:
200:
196:
193:
189:
186:
182:
177:
171:
166:
163:
159:
158:Flag of Spain
155:
153:
147:
128:"Royal March"
125:
124:
119:
115:
108:
102:
101:
96:
92:
86:
80:
72:
66:
58:
53:
48:
39:
36:
33:
19:
6585:Machu Picchu
6555:Architecture
6512:Prostitution
6482:Demographics
6403:Central Bank
6338:Human rights
6318:Constitution
6164:
5974:Architecture
5869:The Americas
5733:Newfoundland
5723:Túpac Katari
5713:Cuerno Verde
5648:Tenochtitlan
5480:Valenciennes
5237:Luis Fajardo
5106:Blas de Lezo
5051:Duke of Alba
4931:Spanish Road
4769:Buenos Aires
4678:Governorates
4604:
4447:Ayuntamiento
4440:Organization
4218:
3905:Carlist Wars
3753:Italian Wars
3659:
3469:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3429:Recogimiento
3426:
3419:
3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3277:
3276:Lane, Kris.
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3158:
3151:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3051:
3044:
3035:
3029:
3024:, 20, 24-33.
3019:
3014:
2994:
2987:
2961:
2949:
2934:
2929:
2921:
2916:
2908:
2903:
2894:
2888:
2876:. Retrieved
2872:the original
2862:
2846:Follow this
2842:
2834:
2829:
2820:
2814:
2805:
2799:
2790:
2785:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2754:
2739:
2732:
2705:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2674:
2664:
2641:
2541:Spain portal
2504:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2462:
2445:
2441:
2438:meridian arc
2419:
2408:
2388:Rose of Lima
2385:
2378:
2371:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2328:
2313:
2294:
2283:Cuzco School
2270:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2237:
2234:
2223:
2203:
2191:Demographics
2175:
2164:
2148:Real Situado
2145:
2121:
2117:pre-Hispanic
2102:
2059:
2043:Huancavelica
2030:
2018:
2015:
2012:Intendancies
2002:
2001:
1985:
1974:Buenos Aires
1968:
1927:
1913:
1909:
1902:corregidores
1901:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1866:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1828:encomenderos
1827:
1821:
1818:encomenderos
1817:
1815:
1802:
1774:The town of
1773:
1742:
1715:
1707:
1695:
1664:
1654:(modern-day
1640:
1600:
1598:
1596:until 1826.
1585:
1581:
1564:
1557:
1526:
1515:
1473:
1466:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1419:
1414:intendencias
1412:
1398:
1389:
1370:
1338:Amazon River
1316:
1272:
1266:
1249:
1230:were built.
1225:
1213:Huancavelica
1188:
1180:
1170:
1143:
1133:allowed the
1129:(1708). The
1117:the city of
1107:Henry Morgan
1084:
1038:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1010:bandeirantes
1003:
964:
952:Amazon River
936:Amazon Basin
933:
912:
906:
903:encomenderos
892:
870:
865:
863:
835:(1534), and
821:governorates
815:
804:
748:Buenos Aires
721:
692:
684:
682:
518:Succeeded by
517:
512:
489:• Total
436:28 July 1821
175:
149:
121:
117:
95:Motto:
94:
35:
6421:Electricity
6398:Agriculture
6355:enforcement
6257:Earthquakes
6216:Demographic
6165:Viceroyalty
6148:Inca Empire
5941:Philippines
5906:El Salvador
5526:Capo d'Orso
5410:St. Quentin
5385:Rome (1527)
5044:Strategists
4794:Guadalajara
4721:New Navarre
4716:New Castile
4701:La Luisiana
4653:Puerto Rico
4643:Philippines
4600:New Granada
4290:Philippines
4251:(Uruguay),
4247:(Bolivia),
4197:New Granada
4137:Puerto Rico
4083: [
3953:Territories
3773:Encomiendas
3640:New Granada
3447:Stay (2008)
2878:January 20,
2592:Colonialism
2527:Peru portal
2488:Louis Godin
2230:hijosdalgos
2084:: 8 reales
2082:Silver coin
1810: 1650
1726:nationalist
1612:Paracas Bay
1522:Inquisition
1330:Guaraní War
1263:immigrants.
1260:Grub Street
1217:aguardiente
1205:San Nicolás
1179:issued the
1127:Thomas Colb
1014:Mato Grosso
925:Túpac Amaru
899:Inquisition
816:adelantados
736:New Granada
513:Preceded by
410:27 May 1717
405:New Granada
214:(1821–1824)
206:(1535–1821)
188:Viceroyalty
123:Marcha Real
6665:Categories
6580:Literature
6497:Irrigation
6415:(currency)
6328:Government
6313:Censorship
5611:Somosierra
5601:Manila Bay
5475:Nördlingen
5415:Gravelines
4895:Columnario
4867:Currencies
4784:Concepción
4756:Audiencias
4731:New Toledo
4696:La Florida
4529:Corregidor
4493:Papal bull
4398:Antarctica
4306:Micronesia
3763:Golden Age
2724:References
2318:, Viceroy
2277:See also:
2252:Pin (Tupu)
2152:Arauco War
2068:Concepción
1924:Audiencias
1906:intendants
1887:corregidor
1869:Adelantado
1861:, roughly
1854:audiencias
1836:encomienda
1730:republican
1652:Upper Peru
1605:libertador
1510:See also:
1407:. Viceroy
1348:after the
1317:audiencias
1274:Audiencias
1221:sugar cane
1139:Portobello
1091:Valparaíso
1004:The first
971:New Guinea
921:Vilcabamba
847:See also:
805:After the
687:(Spanish:
392:Vilcabamba
266:Government
249:Mapudungun
100:Plus Ultra
30:See also:
6527:Squatting
6502:Languages
6487:Education
6446:Transport
6408:Companies
6323:Elections
6262:Mountains
6235:Geography
6175:Guano Era
5916:Nicaragua
5894:Guatemala
5804:Pichincha
5789:Chacabuco
5728:Pensacola
5673:Mataquito
5653:Cajamarca
5634:New World
5606:Trafalgar
5510:Alhucemas
5390:Landriano
5375:Comuneros
5361:Old World
5305:Joan Orpí
5025:Royalists
4799:Guatemala
4726:New Spain
4663:Venezuela
4638:Guatemala
4595:New Spain
4590:Columbian
4483:Exequatur
4383:Cape Juby
4237:Argentina
4060:New Spain
3994:Gibraltar
3758:Habsburgs
3650:New Spain
3630:Columbian
3540:Catalonia
2690:unsettled
2653:in Spain.
2420:In 1737,
2386:In 1671,
2181:New Spain
2173:in 1643.
2086:Carlos IV
1863:provinces
1803:audiencia
1768:Charles I
1647:Guayaquil
1570:Guayaquil
1560:Guayaquil
1420:Audiencia
1356:in 1889.
1332:of 1756.
1295:Argentina
1209:Cajatambo
1150:Calchaquí
1058:Indians.
1045:privateer
888:Audiencia
876:Charles V
871:In 1544,
811:Charles V
784:Argentina
746:trade to
297:Charles I
255:Religion
55:1542–1824
6645:Category
6600:Religion
6522:Religion
6472:Abortion
6431:Taxation
6362:Military
6301:Politics
6282:Wildlife
6221:Economic
6209:By topic
6135:Timeline
6118:articles
5926:Colombia
5911:Honduras
5824:Asomante
5809:Ayacucho
5799:Carabobo
5774:Curalaba
5551:Ceresole
5445:Gembloux
5405:Mühlberg
5120:Mariners
4978:Military
4900:Doubloon
4885:Maravedí
4829:Santiago
4736:Paraguay
4462:Germania
4302:Caroline
4257:Malvinas
4241:Paraguay
4201:Colombia
4143:Trinidad
4010:Sardinia
3850:Bourbons
3600:Valencia
3580:Sardinia
3570:Portugal
3507:Viceroys
3116:Colonial
3079:Conquest
2851:Archived
2513:See also
2362:scholar
2224:Viceroy
2211:smallpox
2207:genocide
2156:Mapuches
2141:Caraboya
2064:Santiago
2051:Arequipa
2035:Trujillo
1910:cabildos
1759:Politics
1722:Ayacucho
1680:Trujillo
1670:against
1584:and the
1545:Rancagua
1516:Viceroy
1496:Paraguay
1449:(1786).
1445:and the
1334:Amazonas
1303:Paraguay
1162:hacienda
1103:Trujillo
1087:Valdivia
954:, under
839:(1539).
831:(1534),
827:(1529),
776:Paraguay
760:Colombia
695:, was a
498:Currency
397:May 1572
271:Monarchy
6629:Outline
6610:Symbols
6570:Cuisine
6547:Culture
6460:Society
6441:Tourism
6386:Economy
6252:Climate
6126:History
6058:Asiento
6029:Mustang
5889:Yucatán
5884:Chiapas
5764:Tucapel
5596:Passaro
5546:Algiers
5536:Preveza
5505:Tetouan
5500:Vitoria
5490:Bitonto
5430:Antwerp
5425:Lepanto
5380:Bicocca
4856:Economy
4779:Charcas
4774:Caracas
4668:Yucatán
4539:Regidor
4524:Alcalde
4452:Cabildo
4359:Tripoli
4298:Mariana
4245:Charcas
4221:(Peru,
4205:Ecuador
4168:Bonaire
4163:Curazao
4148:Jamaica
4076:Florida
3560:Navarre
3509:of the
2416:Science
2379:Jesuit
2360:Criollo
2266:lliclla
2242:Culture
2073:Economy
2053:, (10.
2008:(1789)
1959:(1559)†
1947:(1563)*
1941:(1548)*
1897:cabildo
1894:) or a
1832:curacas
1823:curacas
1788:Seville
1656:Bolivia
1645:met in
1541:Charcas
1529:Córdoba
1500:Jesuits
1422:of Lima
1311:Charcas
1307:Uruguay
1299:Bolivia
1171:During
1135:British
1111:Chagres
1056:Mapuche
790:History
780:Uruguay
772:Bolivia
768:Ecuador
697:Spanish
465:•
442:•
429:•
416:•
403:•
390:•
343:(first)
322:Viceroy
299:(first)
245:Puquina
233:Quechua
224:Spanish
198:Capital
190:of the
176:de jure
118:Anthem:
6650:Portal
6565:Cinema
6492:Health
6277:Rivers
6247:Cities
6116:
6036:Castas
5794:Boyacá
5769:Guiana
5759:Iguape
5683:Recife
5621:Mactan
5616:Annual
5581:Rocroi
5576:Leiden
5561:Djerba
5495:Bailén
5450:Ostend
5435:Azores
5030:Legión
4995:Tercio
4988:Armies
4890:Escudo
4819:Panamá
4814:Mexico
4809:Manila
4764:Bogotá
4549:Vecino
4544:Syndic
4375:Béjaïa
4335:Africa
4321:Tidore
4209:Panama
4173:Belize
4080:Mexico
4006:Sicily
4002:Naples
3964:Europe
3590:Sicily
3550:Naples
3530:Aragon
3518:Europe
3314:(1933)
3266:(1996)
3059:
3002:
2941:
2747:
2712:
2700:
2622:Kuraka
2343:, the
2289:, and
2261:anacus
2128:silver
2105:silver
2097:Potosí
2055:Chiloé
1982:(1787)
1953:(1543)
1933:Panamá
1867:(See,
1734:Quinua
1574:Callao
1537:La Paz
1533:Potosí
1458:Callao
1405:Tahiti
1287:Panamá
1279:Bogotá
1201:Potosí
1119:Panama
1099:Callao
929:Potosí
782:, and
764:Panama
744:Andean
356:(last)
326:
312:(last)
282:
241:Aymara
237:Kichwa
184:Status
120:
6636:Index
6605:Sport
6595:Music
6590:Media
6575:Llama
6477:Crime
5931:Chile
5899:Petén
5874:Aztec
5693:Bahia
5668:Penco
5658:Cusco
5586:Downs
5566:Tunis
5485:Ceuta
5470:Breda
5420:Malta
5400:Tunis
5395:Pavia
4909:Trade
4824:Quito
4789:Cusco
4628:Chile
4363:Tunis
4310:Palau
4227:Chile
4158:Aruba
4153:Haiti
4087:]
4016:Milan
3974:Spain
2633:Notes
2432:on a
2341:Cuzco
2271:tupus
2215:plaza
2066:, 9.
2049:, 7.
2047:Cuzco
2045:, 6.
2041:, 5.
2039:Tarma
2037:, 4.
2025:, 2.
2006:Chile
1980:Cuzco
1963:Chile
1945:Quito
1718:Cuzco
1691:Junín
1636:Cusco
1632:Jauja
1616:Pisco
1549:Quito
1283:Quito
1219:from
1109:took
1095:Arica
756:Chile
482:Area
210:Cuzco
107:Latin
6413:Sol
6343:LGBT
6114:Peru
5936:Inca
5879:Maya
5814:Guam
5747:Lost
5519:Lost
5440:Mons
4880:Real
4804:Lima
4691:Cuba
4633:Cuba
4605:Perú
4381:and
4379:Ifni
4371:Oran
4294:Guam
4223:Acre
4219:Peru
4129:Cuba
4008:and
3660:Peru
3057:ISBN
3000:ISBN
2939:ISBN
2880:2007
2848:link
2745:ISBN
2710:ISBN
2698:ISBN
2647:Lima
2505:The
2471:and
2424:and
2402:and
2299:and
2185:Lima
2126:and
2124:gold
2113:mita
2060:1786
2031:1784
2027:Puno
2023:Lima
2019:1783
1951:Lima
1914:See
1846:mita
1801:The
1780:Magi
1776:Lima
1708:The
1572:and
1547:and
1456:and
1454:Lima
1434:Puno
1387:1750
1368:1534
1313:and
1305:and
1285:and
1211:and
1166:1687
1125:and
1113:and
1097:and
1054:and
973:(by
934:The
908:mita
752:Peru
738:and
709:Lima
701:Peru
683:The
278:King
202:Lima
71:Flag
6560:Art
6350:Law
5641:Won
5368:Won
4476:Law
4373:,
4093:),
4074:),
2450:).
2062:8.
2033:3.
2021:1.
1912:. (
1486:of
1277:of
1248:In
1052:Uru
919:in
6667::
4377:,
4369:,
4365:,
4361:,
4357:,
4353:,
4308:,
4304:,
4300:,
4296:,
4292:,
4255:,
4243:,
4239:,
4225:,
4211:,
4207:,
4203:,
4135:,
4131:,
4085:es
4078:,
4004:,
3741:,
3468:—
3362:,
3310:.
3286:.
2973:^
2753:.
2502:.
2467:,
2406:.
2285:,
2281:,
2187:.
2162:.
2003:1.
1920:)
1871:.)
1807:c.
1755:.
1638:.
1543:,
1539:,
1535:,
1531:,
1428:.
1301:,
1297:,
1281:,
1254:,
1207:,
1141:.
1093:,
1089:,
989:.
962:.
931:.
809:,
778:,
774:,
770:,
766:,
762:,
758:,
6106:e
6099:t
6092:v
4385:)
4312:)
4288:(
4276:)
4259:)
4235:(
4229:)
4199:(
4139:)
4127:(
4097:)
4062:(
4012:)
3704:e
3697:t
3690:v
3499:e
3492:t
3485:v
3472:.
3065:.
3008:.
2882:.
2857:.
2716:.
2479:(
2444:(
1918:.
1728:(
230:)
226:(
109:)
105:(
20:)
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