197:, which is the synchronization of behavior of different organisms by a regular beat. A sense of rhythm could aid the brain in distinguishing among sounds arising from discrete sources and also help individuals to synchronize their movements with one another. Synchronization of group movement may improve perception by providing periods of relative silence and by facilitating auditory processing. The adaptive value of such skills to early human ancestors may have been keener detection of prey or stalkers and enhanced communication. Thus, bipedal walking may have influenced the development of entrainment in humans and thereby the evolution of rhythmic abilities. Primitive hominids lived and moved around in small groups. The noise generated by the locomotion of two or more individuals can result in a complicated mix of footsteps, breathing, movements against vegetation, echoes, etc. The ability to perceive differences in pitch, rhythm, and harmonies, i.e. "musicality", could help the brain to distinguish among sounds arising from discrete sources, and also help the individual to synchronize movements with the group. Endurance and an interest in listening might, for the same reasons, have been associated with survival advantages eventually resulting in adaptive selection for rhythmic and musical abilities and reinforcement of such abilities. Listening to music seems to stimulate release of dopamine. Rhythmic group locomotion combined with attentive listening in nature may have resulted in reinforcement through dopamine release. A primarily survival-based behavior may eventually have attained similarities to dance and music, due to such reinforcement mechanisms. Since music may facilitate social cohesion, improve group effort, reduce conflict, facilitate perceptual and motor skill development, and improve trans-generational communication, music-like behavior may at some stage have become incorporated into human culture.
232:"Musilanguage" is a term coined by Steven Brown to describe his hypothesis of the ancestral human traits that evolved into language and musical abilities. It is both a model of musical and linguistic evolution and a term coined to describe a certain stage in that evolution. Brown argues that both music and human language have origins in a "musilanguage" stage of evolution and that the structural features shared by music and language are not the results of mere chance parallelism, nor are they a function of one system emerging from the other. This model argues that "music emphasizes sound as emotive meaning and language emphasizes sound as referential meaning." The musilanguage model is a structural model of music evolution, meaning that it views music's acoustic properties as effects of homologous precursor functions. This can be contrasted with functional models of music evolution, which view music's innate physical properties to be determined by its adaptive roles.
325:, feeding). These sounds have two functions: (1) to let group members know that they are among kin and there is no danger, and (2) in case of the appearance of any signs of danger (suspicious sounds, movements in a forest), the animal that notices danger first, stops moving, stops producing sounds, remains silent and looks in the direction of the danger sign. Other animals quickly follow suit and very soon all the group is silent and is scanning the environment for the possible danger.
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power would have been especially exerted during the courtship of the sexes,—would have expressed various emotions, such as love, jealousy, triumph,—and would have served as a challenge to rivals. It is, therefore, probable that the imitation of musical cries by articulate sounds may have given rise to words expressive of various complex emotions.
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which he calls "battle trance" where they would not feel fear and pain and would be religiously dedicated to group interests. Jordania suggested that listening and dancing to the sounds of loud rhythmic rock music, used in many contemporary combat units before the combat missions is directly related
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Another proposed adaptive function is creating intra-group bonding. In this aspect it has been seen as complementary to language by creating strong positive emotions while not having a specific message people may disagree on. Music's ability to cause entrainment has also been pointed out. A different
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When we treat of sexual selection we shall see that primeval man, or rather some early progenitor of man, probably first used his voice in producing true musical cadences, that is in singing, as do some of the gibbon-apes at the present day; and we may conclude from a widely-spread analogy, that this
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is the device by which expressive emphasis can be added to the phrases, both at a local (in the sense of individual units) and global (in the sense of phrases) level. There are numerous ways this can occur in both speech and music that exhibit interesting parallels. For instance, the increase in
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The musilanguage evolutionary stage is argued to exhibit three properties found in both music and language: lexical tone, combinatorial phrase formation, and expressive phrasing mechanisms. Many of these ideas have their roots in existing phonological theory in linguistics, but Brown argues that
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The evolutionary switch to bipedalism may have influenced the origins of music. The background is that noise of locomotion and ventilation may mask critical auditory information. Human locomotion is likely to produce more predictable sounds than those of non-human primates. Predictable locomotion
244:
such as Thai and
Cantonese, wherein the lexical meaning of a sound depends heavily on its pitch relative to other sounds, are seen as evolutionary artifacts of musilanguage. Non-tonal, or "intonation" languages, which do not depend heavily on pitch for lexical meaning, are seen as evolutionary
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Adaptation, on the other hand, is highlighted in hypotheses such as the one by Edward Hagen and
Gregory Bryant which posits that human music evolved from animal territorial signals, eventually becoming a method of signaling a group's social cohesion to other groups for the purposes of making
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the amplitude of a sound being played by an instrument accents that sound much the same way that an increase in amplitude can emphasize a particular point in speech. Similarly, speaking very rapidly often creates a frenzied effect that mirrors that of a fast and agitated musical passage.
131:, the origin of music has been a topic for speculation and debate for centuries. Leading theories include Darwin's theory of partner choice (women choose male partners based on musical displays), the idea that human musical behaviors are primarily based on behaviors of other animals (see
293:. He suggested that rhythmic loud singing and drumming, together with the threatening rhythmic body movements and body painting, was the core element of the ancient "Audio-Visual Intimidating Display" (AVID). AVID was also a key factor in putting the hominid group into a specific
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capable of conveying emotive meaning. Examples in modern speech would be the rules for arranging letters to form words and then words to form sentences. In music, the notes of different scales are combined according to their own unique rules to form larger musical ideas.
358:, whales, and many others strongly suggests that singing appeared independently in different species. Currently, there are about 5,400 species of animals that are known to sing. At least some singing species demonstrate the ability to learn their songs, to
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Combinatorial formation refers to the ability to form small phrases from different tonal elements. These phrases must be able to exhibit melodic, rhythmic, and semantic variation, and must be able to combine with other phrases to create global
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are the adaptive function (if any) and phylogenetic history of the mechanism or behavior of interest including when music arose in human ancestry and from what ancestral traits it developed. Current debate addresses each of these.
180:"—it was evolutionarily adaptive to have a preference for fat and sugar but cheesecake did not play a role in that selection process. This view has been directly countered by numerous music researchers.
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Lexical tone refers to the pitch of speech as a vehicle for semantic meaning. The importance of pitch to conveying musical ideas is well-known, but the linguistic importance of pitch is less obvious.
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explanation is that signaling fitness and creativity by the producer or performer to attract mates. Still another is that music may have developed from human mother-infant auditory interactions (
205:) since humans have a very long period of infant and child development, infants can perceive musical features, and some infant-mother auditory interaction have resemblances to music.
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475:"Why Do People Make Music? - In a new study, researchers found universal features of songs across many cultures, suggesting that music evolved in our distant ancestors"
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The Oxford
Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, Edited by Robin Dunbar and Louise Barret, Oxford University Press, 2007, Chapter 45 Music and cognitive evolution.
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Scholars agree that singing is strongly present in many different species. Wide dispersal of singing behavior among very different animal species, like birds,
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to this. Apart from the defense from predators, Jordania suggested that this system was the core strategy to obtain food via confrontational, or aggressive
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664:"Did Neanderthals and other early humans sing? Seeking the biological roots of music in the loud calls of primates, lions, hyenas, and wolves"
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was the first to notice this phenomenon, having observed it among wild horses and cattle. Jordania suggested that for humans, as for many
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phonological theory has largely neglected the strong mechanistic parallels between melody, phrasing, and rhythm in speech and music.
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to call livestock. Mongolian herders use species-specific songs to encourage bonding between animals and their newborn offspring.
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333:, silence can be a sign of danger, and that's why gentle humming and musical sounds relax humans (see the use of gentle music in
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and other musical parameters may thus involve multiple cognitive functions with possibly quite distinct evolutionary histories.
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languages, which exhibit some lexical dependence on tone, but also depend heavily on intonation, are exemplified by
Japanese,
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produce seemingly haphazard and indistinctive sounds (like chicken cluck) when they are going about their everyday business (
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Part of the problem in the debate is that music, like any complex cognitive function, is not a holistic entity but rather
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has suggested that music (as well as several other universal elements of contemporary human culture, including dance and
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Brown S (3 December 1999). "The "Musilanguage" Model of Music
Evolution". In Wallin NL, Merker B, Brown S (eds.).
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Fodor, Jerry A. (1983). Modularity of Mind: An Essay on
Faculty Psychology. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
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Wallin, Nils, Bjorn Merker, Steven Brown. (Editors) (2000). The origins of music. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
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Times to fight and times to relax: Singing and humming at the beginning of Human evolutionary history
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706:"Self-generated sounds of locomotion and ventilation and the evolution of human rhythmic abilities"
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new melodies. In some animal species singing is a group activity (see, for example, singing in
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Perlovsky, L (2011). "Music. Cognitive
Function, Origin, And Evolution of Musical Emotions".
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late-comers that have discarded their dependence on tone. Intermediate states, known as
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and movement patterns, and links between music, religion and spirituality, originated in
1231:"Music and language in social interaction: synchrony, antiphony, and functional origins"
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Honing, H. (ed.) (2018). The
Origins of Musicality. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.
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One part of the adaptive function question is whether music constitutes an evolutionary
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1078:. Edited by N. Wallin, B. Merker and S. Brown, pp. 103–124. Cambridge, Massachusetts:
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Marler, Peter (1970). "Birdsong and speech development: Could there be parallels?".
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Provisional course material, W310 degree course, IPM, University of
Liverpool
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1186:"DID MUSIC AND LANGUAGE CO-EVOLVE? SIMILARITIES BETWEEN MUSIC AND LANGUAGE"
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The
Singing Neanderthals: The Origins of Music, Language, Mind, and Body
1303:"Musical protolanguage: Darwin's theory of language evolution revisited"
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The Origins of Human Choral Singing, Intelligence, Language and Speech
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755:"Possible functions of the octavolateralis system in fish schooling"
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1068:"Gibbon songs and human music from an evolutionary perspective."
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Wallin, Nils L.; Merker, Bjorn; Brown, Steven (27 July 2001).
1028:
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Huron, David (2001). "Is music an evolutionary adaptation?".
1093:"Like a Lullaby: Song as Herding Tool in Rural Mongolia"
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could have played an important role in the early human (
422:"The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex"
289:) was part of a predator control system used by early
794:"Incidental sounds of locomotion in animal cognition"
176:, for example, argues that music is merely "auditory
89:
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
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135:), the idea that music emerged because it promotes
1355:Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science
599:"Music and dance as a coalition signaling system"
1144:"The Spell of Speech, 'The Musilanguage model'"
105:has been revived and re-discovered repeatedly.
94:
82:The origins of the field can be traced back to
66:in other animals, theories of the evolution of
74:universals in musical ability and processing.
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8:
597:Hagen, Edward H; Bryant, Gregory A (2003).
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1417:"The singing ape: how music made us human"
378:Herders in Scandinavia use songs known as
1256:
1246:
817:
729:
576:"Steven Pinker's Cheesecake for the Mind"
550:
193:sounds may have improved our capacity of
4483:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
4924:Temporal dynamics of music and language
1301:Fitch, W. Tecumseh (12 February 2009).
1142:Bruno Tucunduva Ruviaro (3 June 2004).
662:Hagen, Edward H; Hammerstein P (2009).
527:"Neurobiology: Music, maestro, please!"
413:
1172:
1161:
3975:Psychological effects of Internet use
1276:"A Short Prehistory of Western Music"
150:Two major topics for any subfield of
7:
1131:"Music: The international language?"
3955:Digital media use and mental health
930:. The MIT Press. pp. 271–301.
3586:Automatic and controlled processes
863:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05724.x
184:beneficial multi-group alliances.
25:
4869:Music in psychological operations
3995:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
2576:Megalithic architectural elements
1216:Nechvatal, Tony (6 August 2005).
345:Comparative musicology in animals
4814:Generative theory of tonal music
4646:
4633:
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4620:
4020:Mobile phones and driving safety
1363:10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_2845-1
779:10.1111/j.1467-2979.2009.00330.x
487:from the original on 16 May 2024
166:(i.e. by-product of evolution).
4824:Hedonic music consumption model
4721:Cognitive neuroscience of music
3923:Computer-mediated communication
3195:Evolutionary origin of religion
147:and mother-infant attachment.
123:Cognitive neuroscience of music
4200:Empathising–systemising theory
3503:female intrasexual competition
3440:Evolutionarily stable strategy
1403:"Humans Evolved To Play Music"
1192:. Roedy Black Publishing Inc.
439:; Brown, Steven, eds. (2000).
295:altered state of consciousness
212:—perception and production of
1:
5261:Psychology of Music (journal)
4804:Eye movement in music reading
4560:Standard social science model
3613:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
2808:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
2338:British megalith architecture
1349:Oesch, Nathan (22 May 2020).
953:Who Asked the First Question?
704:Larsson, Matz (August 2013).
278:AVID model of music evolution
4829:Illusory continuity of tones
4408:Missing heritability problem
4000:Social aspects of television
3623:Evolution of nervous systems
3591:Computational theory of mind
2803:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2343:Nordic megalith architecture
1129:Ball, Philip (9 July 2005).
5275:This Is Your Brain on Music
5254:Music, Thought, and Feeling
5240:Musicae Scientiae (journal)
4654:Evolutionary biology portal
683:10.1177/1029864909013002131
228:The Musilanguage hypothesis
5333:
5048:Neuronal encoding of sound
5018:Melodic intonation therapy
4726:Culture in music cognition
4615:Evolutionary psychologists
4488:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
4403:Human–animal communication
4115:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
3965:Imprinted brain hypothesis
3933:Human–computer interaction
2951:British Isles and Brittany
2872:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
1109:10.2993/0278-0771-39.3.445
112:
29:
4774:Consonance and dissonance
4609:
4535:Environmental determinism
4506:Cultural selection theory
4393:Evolutionary epistemology
4307:evolutionary neuroscience
3980:Rank theory of depression
3482:Parent–offspring conflict
3334:
2636:
2619:
2271:
2258:
1720:
1537:
1524:
1467:
1351:"Evolutionary Musicology"
1066:Geissmann, Thomas. 2000.
810:10.1007/s10071-011-0433-2
722:10.1007/s10071-013-0678-z
618:10.1007/s12110-003-1015-z
188:The bipedalism hypothesis
101:This theory of a musical
27:Subfield of biomusicology
5063:Psychoanalysis and music
5043:Neurologic music therapy
4977:Music-specific disorders
4789:Embodied music cognition
4779:Deutsch's scale illusion
4428:Cultural group selection
4312:Biocultural anthropology
4005:Societal impacts of cars
3938:Media naturalness theory
3628:Fight-or-flight response
1248:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01514
1091:Hutchins, K. G. (2019).
574:Carroll, Joseph (1998).
508:WebmedCentral PSYCHOLOGY
30:Not to be confused with
5302:Evolutionary psychology
4919:Speech-to-song illusion
4731:Evolutionary musicology
4628:Evolutionary psychology
4592:Sociocultural evolution
4433:Dual inheritance theory
3890:Personality development
3351:Theoretical foundations
3328:Evolutionary psychology
3183:Evolutionary musicology
2586:Oldest extant buildings
2513:Archaeological features
2032:Prepared-core technique
1235:Frontiers in Psychology
1097:Journal of Ethnobiology
525:Abbott, Alison (2002).
152:evolutionary psychology
40:Evolutionary musicology
5268:The World in Six Songs
5211:William Forde Thompson
4967:Musical hallucinations
4550:Social constructionism
4545:Psychological nativism
4520:Biological determinism
4468:Recent human evolution
4463:Punctuated equilibrium
4286:Behavioral epigenetics
4281:evolutionary economics
4250:Variability hypothesis
4195:Emotional intelligence
3928:Engineering psychology
3618:Evolution of the brain
3145:Unchambered long cairn
2993:Mound Builders culture
2326:Neolithic architecture
1461:Prehistoric technology
1332:Orion Publishing Group
1229:Oesch, Nathan (2019).
1190:How music REALLY works
1171:Cite journal requires
792:Larsson, Matz (2012).
753:Larsson, Matz (2009).
99:
5073:Systematic musicology
4577:Multilineal evolution
4540:Nature versus nurture
4499:Theoretical positions
4347:Functional psychology
4342:Evolutionary medicine
4317:Biological psychiatry
4025:Texting while driving
4015:Lead–crime hypothesis
3875:Cognitive development
3860:Caregiver deprivation
3371:Gene selection theory
2820:List of Stone Age art
2022:Microblade technology
1970:Langdale axe industry
1568:Ard / plough
1184:Chase, Wayne (2006).
305:It is theorized that
5317:Cognitive musicology
4879:Music-related memory
4716:Cognitive musicology
4530:Cultural determinism
4337:Evolutionary biology
4322:Cognitive psychology
4270:Academic disciplines
3918:Cognitive ergonomics
3885:Language acquisition
3865:Childhood attachment
3678:Wason selection task
3572:Behavioral modernity
3361:Cognitive revolution
3344:Evolutionary thought
3227:Prehistoric medicine
3222:Prehistoric counting
3205:Prehistoric religion
3200:Paleolithic religion
3178:Behavioral modernity
2535:Causewayed enclosure
2427:Abri de la Madeleine
1551:Neolithic Revolution
1076:The origins of Music
1043:The Origins of Music
966:Jordania, J. (2009)
928:The Origins of Music
442:The Origins of Music
109:The origins of music
18:The origins of music
5166:Max Friedrich Meyer
5058:Philosophy of music
5053:Performance science
4998:Aesthetics of music
4972:Musician's dystonia
4957:Auditory arrhythmia
4844:Melodic expectation
4597:Unilineal evolution
4362:Population genetics
4147:Sexy son hypothesis
4085:Hormonal motivation
4065:Concealed ovulation
3606:Dual process theory
3477:Parental investment
3266:Prehistoric warfare
2012:Magdalenian culture
1975:Levallois technique
1906:Earliest toolmaking
855:2001NYASA.930...43H
771:2009AqFF...10..344L
543:2002Natur.416...12A
145:prenatal psychology
64:vocal communication
60:evolutionary theory
5225:Books and journals
5146:Carol L. Krumhansl
4864:Music and movement
4819:Glissando illusion
4799:Exercise and music
4555:Social determinism
4438:Fisher's principle
4398:Great ape language
4388:Cultural evolution
4357:Philosophy of mind
4190:Division of labour
4152:Westermarck effect
4100:Mating preferences
4010:Distracted driving
3744:Literary criticism
3601:Domain specificity
3581:modularity of mind
3217:Origin of language
3210:Spiritual drug use
3120:Rectangular dolmen
3022:Dartmoor kistvaens
2835:Carved stone balls
2547:Circular enclosure
2506:Other architecture
2449:Alp pile dwellings
2037:Solutrean industry
1948:Gravettian culture
1598:Secondary products
1150:on 24 October 2008
995:American Scientist
759:Fish and Fisheries
480:The New York Times
397:Origin of language
374:Singing to animals
173:How the Mind Works
129:origin of language
52:music appreciation
32:evolutionary music
5284:
5283:
5033:Musical acoustics
4909:Sharawadji effect
4889:Musical semantics
4859:Music and emotion
4759:Auditory illusion
4663:
4662:
4641:Psychology portal
4605:
4604:
4448:Hologenome theory
4418:Unit of selection
4413:Primate cognition
4327:Cognitive science
4258:
4257:
4129:Sexual attraction
4105:Mating strategies
3870:Cinderella effect
3800:Moral foundations
3704:Visual perception
3596:Domain generality
3565:Facial expression
3513:Sexual dimorphism
3472:Natural selection
3418:Hamiltonian spite
3294:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3239:Prehistoric music
3188:music archaeology
2845:Cup and ring mark
2670:Clothing/textiles
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2057:Yubetsu technique
2042:Striking platform
2007:Lithic technology
1892:
1891:
1877:Game drive system
1796:Projectile points
1688:Mortar and pestle
1372:978-3-319-16999-6
1341:978-1-7802-2258-5
1053:978-0-262-73143-0
671:Musicae Scientiae
578:. Cogweb.ucla.edu
456:978-0-262-73143-0
119:Music archaeology
115:Prehistoric music
46:that grounds the
42:is a subfield of
16:(Redirected from
5324:
5312:Music psychology
5233:Music Perception
5176:Richard Parncutt
5161:Leonard B. Meyer
5111:Jane W. Davidson
5096:Jamshed Bharucha
4874:Music preference
4769:Background music
4764:Auditory imagery
4697:Music psychology
4690:
4683:
4676:
4667:
4650:
4637:
4624:
4623:
4267:
4263:Related subjects
4050:Adult attachment
3577:Cognitive module
3533:
3520:Social selection
3494:Costly signaling
3489:Sexual selection
3376:Modern synthesis
3321:
3314:
3307:
3298:
3254:Divje Babe flute
3161:Archaeoastronomy
2904:Petrosomatoglyph
2638:
2621:
2470:Water management
2273:
2260:
2163:Denticulate tool
1985:Lithic reduction
1718:
1539:
1526:
1454:
1447:
1440:
1431:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1357:. pp. 1–6.
1345:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1270:
1260:
1250:
1225:
1212:
1180:
1174:
1169:
1167:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1146:. Archived from
1138:
1121:
1120:
1088:
1082:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1018:
990:
984:
977:
971:
964:
958:
948:
942:
941:
923:
917:
914:
908:
898:
892:
889:
883:
882:
843:Ann N Y Acad Sci
838:
832:
831:
821:
798:Animal Cognition
789:
783:
782:
750:
744:
743:
733:
710:Animal Cognition
701:
695:
694:
668:
659:
653:
652:
650:
648:
642:
636:. Archived from
603:
594:
588:
587:
585:
583:
571:
565:
564:
554:
522:
516:
515:
503:
497:
496:
494:
492:
467:
461:
460:
432:
426:
425:
418:
263:melodic formulas
21:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5321:
5307:Music cognition
5287:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5220:
5106:Robert Cutietta
5082:
5068:Sociomusicology
5023:Music education
5008:Ethnomusicology
4986:
4938:
4934:Tritone paradox
4899:Octave illusion
4884:Musical gesture
4849:Melodic fission
4839:Lipps–Meyer law
4809:Franssen effect
4740:
4736:Psychoacoustics
4699:
4694:
4664:
4659:
4601:
4587:Neoevolutionism
4494:
4478:Species complex
4443:Group selection
4381:Research topics
4376:
4352:Neuropsychology
4254:
4240:Substance abuse
4162:Sex differences
4156:
4070:Coolidge effect
4031:
3943:Neuroergonomics
3908:
3899:
3823:
3725:
3659:Folk psychology
3540:
3524:
3394:
3387:
3330:
3325:
3295:
3282:
3149:
3135:Stone box grave
3105:Megalithic tomb
3010:Cotswold-Severn
2962:
2867:Guardian stones
2795:Prehistoric art
2789:
2632:
2607:
2596:Timber trackway
2501:
2465:
2461:Wattle and daub
2314:
2293:Standing stones
2267:
2246:
2061:
1888:
1865:
1790:
1707:
1617:Food processing
1612:
1561:New World crops
1533:
1520:
1463:
1458:
1423:Financial Times
1398:
1385:
1383:
1373:
1348:
1342:
1322:
1313:
1311:
1300:
1297:
1295:Further reading
1284:
1282:
1273:
1228:
1215:
1200:
1183:
1170:
1160:
1153:
1151:
1141:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1022:
992:
991:
987:
978:
974:
965:
961:
949:
945:
938:
925:
924:
920:
915:
911:
899:
895:
890:
886:
840:
839:
835:
791:
790:
786:
752:
751:
747:
703:
702:
698:
666:
661:
660:
656:
646:
644:
643:on 12 June 2007
640:
601:
596:
595:
591:
581:
579:
573:
572:
568:
552:10.1038/416012a
537:(6876): 12–14.
524:
523:
519:
514:(2): WMC001494.
505:
504:
500:
490:
488:
473:(15 May 2024).
469:
468:
464:
457:
434:
433:
429:
420:
419:
415:
410:
388:
376:
352:
350:Singing animals
347:
313:) evolution as
283:Joseph Jordania
280:
242:Tonal languages
230:
190:
137:social cohesion
125:
111:
80:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5330:
5328:
5320:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5289:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5236:
5228:
5226:
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5156:Daniel Levitin
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5131:Henkjan Honing
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5092:
5090:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4992:
4991:Related fields
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4904:Relative pitch
4901:
4896:
4894:Musical syntax
4891:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4834:Levitin effect
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4754:Absolute pitch
4750:
4748:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4707:
4705:
4701:
4700:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4685:
4678:
4670:
4661:
4660:
4658:
4657:
4644:
4631:
4618:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4563:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4292:
4283:
4273:
4271:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4166:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4131:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3970:Mind-blindness
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3914:
3912:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3815:
3814:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3770:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3735:
3733:
3727:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3665:
3663:theory of mind
3656:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3574:
3569:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3546:
3544:
3530:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3496:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3430:Baldwin effect
3427:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3405:
3399:
3397:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3301:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3244:Alligator drum
3236:
3235:
3234:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3192:
3191:
3190:
3180:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3171:lunar calendar
3168:
3157:
3155:
3154:Other cultural
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3002:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2972:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2958:Venus figurine
2955:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2889:Megalithic art
2886:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2847:
2842:
2840:Cave paintings
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2642:Material goods
2634:
2633:
2624:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2365:
2360:
2358:Cliff dwelling
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2322:
2320:
2316:
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2290:
2285:
2279:
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2269:
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2263:
2256:
2255:
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2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
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2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2216:
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2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
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2165:
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2155:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1943:Fire hardening
1940:
1935:
1933:Clovis culture
1930:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1856:Manis Mastodon
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1800:
1798:
1792:
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1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1735:throwing stick
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
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1668:
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1648:
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1600:
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1558:
1547:
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1521:
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1511:
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1500:
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1479:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1413:
1397:
1396:External links
1394:
1393:
1392:
1371:
1346:
1340:
1324:Mithen, Steven
1320:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1271:
1226:
1218:"Musical talk"
1213:
1198:
1181:
1173:|journal=
1139:
1123:
1122:
1083:
1072:3 January 2011
1059:
1052:
1032:
1020:
985:
981:Descent of Men
972:
959:
943:
936:
918:
909:
893:
884:
833:
784:
765:(3): 344–355.
745:
696:
654:
589:
566:
517:
498:
462:
455:
449:. p. 11.
435:Wallin, Nils;
427:
412:
411:
409:
406:
405:
404:
402:Vocal learning
399:
394:
387:
384:
375:
372:
351:
348:
346:
343:
331:social animals
327:Charles Darwin
319:social animals
279:
276:
255:Serbo-Croatian
229:
226:
189:
186:
170:, in his book
110:
107:
84:Charles Darwin
79:
76:
56:music creation
50:mechanisms of
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5329:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5294:
5292:
5277:
5276:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5251:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5242:
5241:
5237:
5235:
5234:
5230:
5229:
5227:
5223:
5217:
5216:Sandra Trehub
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5196:Roger Shepard
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5186:Carl Seashore
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5171:James Mursell
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5126:Tuomas Eerola
5124:
5122:
5121:Diana Deutsch
5119:
5117:
5116:Irène Deliège
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5078:Zoomusicology
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5028:Music therapy
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4982:Tone deafness
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4962:Beat deafness
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4854:Mozart effect
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
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4812:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4711:Biomusicology
4709:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4691:
4686:
4684:
4679:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4668:
4656:
4655:
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4645:
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4636:
4632:
4630:
4629:
4619:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:Neo-Darwinism
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4567:Functionalism
4565:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4525:Connectionism
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4516:
4515:indeterminism
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
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4446:
4444:
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4439:
4436:
4434:
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4426:
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4421:
4420:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4235:Schizophrenia
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4220:Mental health
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
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4143:
4139:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4095:Mate guarding
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4055:Age disparity
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3985:Schizophrenia
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
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3944:
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3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3910:Mental health
3906:
3905:Human factors
3902:
3896:
3895:Socialization
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3855:paternal bond
3852:
3848:
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3759:
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3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3720:
3719:NaĂŻve physics
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3686:
3685:Motor control
3683:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3643:Ophidiophobia
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:Arachnophobia
3631:
3630:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
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3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3560:Display rules
3558:
3556:
3553:
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3487:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3462:Kin selection
3460:
3456:
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3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
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3406:
3404:
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3390:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Adaptationism
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3322:
3317:
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3310:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
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3250:
3247:
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3237:
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3211:
3208:
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3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3130:Simple dolmen
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:Passage grave
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3061:Gallery grave
3059:
3057:
3054:
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3047:
3046:
3045:
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3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2976:Burial mounds
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2936:Statue menhir
2934:
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2929:
2925:
2924:Stone carving
2922:
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2917:
2916:
2915:
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2798:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Sewing needle
2761:
2757:
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2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2618:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:Timber circle
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2540:Tor enclosure
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2528:fulacht fiadh
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
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2498:
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2174:
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2100:
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2078:
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2068:
2064:
2058:
2055:
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2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
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335:music therapy
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141:musical sound
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133:zoomusicology
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85:
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49:
45:
44:biomusicology
41:
37:
33:
19:
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5259:
5252:
5247:Musicophilia
5245:
5238:
5231:
5201:John Sloboda
5181:Oliver Sacks
5151:Fred Lerdahl
5003:Bioacoustics
4929:Tonal memory
4914:Shepard tone
4730:
4652:
4639:
4626:
4613:
4372:Sociobiology
4230:Neuroscience
4210:Intelligence
3756:Anthropology
3748:
3709:Color vision
3694:Multitasking
3673:Flynn effect
3668:Intelligence
3650:Folk biology
3393:Evolutionary
3182:
3071:wedge-shaped
3056:Funeral pyre
3049:Great dolmen
3005:Chamber tomb
2986:Round barrow
2941:Stone circle
2813:Blombos Cave
2741:Grooved ware
2665:Chalcolithic
2569:Thornborough
2487:Flush toilet
2422:Blombos Cave
2417:Rock shelter
2373:Quiggly hole
2265:Architecture
2240:illustration
1882:Buffalo jump
1703:Storage pits
1666:Aşıklı Höyük
1656:Ground stone
1492:Subdivisions
1421:
1416:
1407:
1402:
1384:. Retrieved
1354:
1327:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:Language Log
1306:
1283:. Retrieved
1279:
1238:
1234:
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1189:
1164:cite journal
1152:. Retrieved
1148:the original
1134:
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957:(2006) Logos
951:
950:Jordania J.
946:
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849:(1): 43–61.
846:
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674:
670:
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645:. Retrieved
638:the original
612:(1): 21–51.
609:
606:Human Nature
605:
592:
580:. Retrieved
569:
534:
530:
520:
511:
507:
501:
489:. Retrieved
478:
471:Zimmer, Carl
465:
441:
430:
416:
377:
362:and even to
353:
304:
281:
268:
259:
247:pitch accent
238:
234:
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207:
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191:
182:
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157:
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126:
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87:
81:
72:holocultural
62:. It covers
39:
38:
36:
5206:Carl Stumpf
5136:David Huron
5088:Researchers
4794:Entrainment
4511:Determinism
4423:Coevolution
4367:Primatology
4205:Gender role
4110:Orientation
3990:Screen time
3847:Affectional
3829:Development
3508:Mate choice
3435:By-products
3403:Adaptations
3366:Cognitivism
3093:unchambered
3088:Long barrow
3078:Grave goods
3034:Court cairn
3029:Clava cairn
2981:Bowl barrow
2919:Rock cupule
2862:Golden hats
2855:Hill figure
2756:Unstan ware
2736:Cord-marked
2601:Sweet Track
2523:Burnt mound
2444:Stilt house
2432:Sibudu Cave
2225:Tally stick
2193:Quern-stone
2178:Hammerstone
2168:Fire plough
2139:Pesse canoe
2097:Bannerstone
2067:Other tools
1980:Lithic core
1928:Aurignacian
1816:Bare Island
1698:Quern-stone
1314:20 February
1285:21 December
979:Darwin, C.
804:(1): 1–13.
716:(1): 1–14.
677:: 291–320.
582:29 December
370:families).
269:Expressive
195:entrainment
68:human music
5297:Musicology
5291:Categories
5191:Max Schoen
5141:Nina Kraus
5101:Lola Cuddy
5038:Musicology
4458:Population
4453:Lamarckism
4299:behavioral
4277:Behavioral
4225:Narcissism
4170:Aggression
3960:Hypophobia
3950:Depression
3837:Attachment
3819:Universals
3783:Psychology
3761:Biological
3749:Musicology
3739:Aesthetics
3638:Basophobia
3445:Exaptation
3423:Reciprocal
3232:trepanning
3125:Ring cairn
3083:Jar burial
3066:transepted
2998:U.S. sites
2899:Petroglyph
2825:Bird stone
2783:wine press
2456:Stone roof
2439:Roundhouse
2331:long house
2308:Stonehenge
2276:Ceremonial
2220:Stone tool
2047:Tool stone
2017:Metallurgy
1921:Mousterian
1898:Toolmaking
1836:Cumberland
1809:Transverse
1779:Schöningen
1671:Qesem cave
1639:Earth oven
1593:Irrigation
1504:Technology
1472:Prehistory
1330:. London:
1103:(3): 445.
1070:(archived
983:, 2004:123
970:1: 272–277
647:3 December
408:References
300:scavenging
178:cheesecake
164:exaptation
160:adaptation
113:See also:
4944:Disorders
4303:cognitive
4295:Affective
4180:Cognition
4134:Sexuality
4120:Pair bond
3880:Education
3537:Cognition
3455:Inclusive
3395:processes
3383:Criticism
3276:symbolism
3140:Tor cairn
3098:Grønsalen
3039:Cremation
2931:Sculpture
2909:Pictogram
2894:Petroform
2714:amber use
2682:Cosmetics
2492:Reservoir
2477:Check dam
2407:Pueblitos
2402:Pit-house
2385:Longhouse
2319:Dwellings
2188:Microlith
2119:Bow drill
2114:Bone tool
2107:prismatic
1916:Acheulean
1831:Cresswell
1804:Arrowhead
1730:Boomerang
1646:Granaries
1608:Terracing
1487:Stone Age
1386:1 January
1381:241351346
1154:29 August
1117:204126120
447:MIT Press
360:improvise
339:lullabies
203:motherese
127:Like the
48:cognitive
4572:Memetics
4332:Ethology
4290:genetics
4125:Physical
4090:Jealousy
4045:Activity
3851:maternal
3807:Religion
3795:Morality
3773:Language
3654:taxonomy
3467:Mismatch
3413:Cheating
3408:Altruism
2914:Rock art
2877:painting
2850:Geoglyph
2675:timeline
2655:Beadwork
2395:Mehrgarh
2390:Mudbrick
2298:megalith
2173:Fire-saw
1995:debitage
1990:analysis
1958:Hand axe
1938:Cupstone
1516:Glossary
1477:Timeline
1326:(2005).
1267:31312163
1241:: 1514.
1007:27829317
879:11261226
871:11458859
828:21748447
740:23990063
691:39481097
634:12799432
626:26189987
561:11882864
485:Archived
386:See also
323:foraging
291:hominids
271:phrasing
218:melodies
5013:Hearing
4784:Earworm
4473:Species
4245:Suicide
4080:Fantasy
4060:Arousal
3842:Bonding
3731:Culture
3555:Display
3542:Emotion
3450:Fitness
3339:History
3271:Symbols
2882:pigment
2768:Weaving
2731:Cardium
2726:Pottery
2721:Mirrors
2709:Jewelry
2650:Baskets
2630:culture
2482:Cistern
2288:Pyramid
2230:Weapons
2208:Scraper
2198:Racloir
2158:Cleaver
2146:Chopper
2052:Uniface
1963:Grooves
1953:Hafting
1911:Oldowan
1870:Systems
1821:Cascade
1784:woomera
1774:harpoon
1747:history
1713:Hunting
1693:Pottery
1634:Cooking
1543:Farming
1509:history
1482:Outline
1426:; 2021)
1412:; 2022)
1258:6614337
1015:5480089
851:Bibcode
819:3249174
767:Bibcode
731:3889703
539:Bibcode
424:. 1871.
392:Humming
380:kulning
364:compose
356:gibbons
317:. Many
311:hominid
307:humming
251:Swedish
222:harmony
210:modular
78:History
4952:Amusia
4746:Topics
4651:
4638:
4625:
4215:Memory
4175:Autism
4142:female
4075:Desire
3812:Origin
3788:Speech
3778:Origin
3550:Affect
3249:flutes
3044:Dolmen
2968:Burial
2778:winery
2751:Linear
2581:Midden
2559:Cursus
2552:Goseck
2412:Pueblo
2363:Dugout
2348:Burdei
2027:Mining
1851:Lamoka
1846:Folsom
1826:Clovis
1683:Metate
1661:Hearth
1629:Basket
1603:Sickle
1379:
1369:
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368:gibbon
253:, and
214:rhythm
121:, and
70:, and
4704:Areas
4185:Crime
3768:Crime
3699:Sleep
3689:skill
3529:Areas
3166:sites
3110:Mummy
2830:Cairn
2746:JĹŤmon
2697:shoes
2692:Hides
2564:Henge
2518:Broch
2380:Jacal
2235:Wheel
2183:Knife
2129:Canoe
2124:Burin
2102:Blade
2000:flake
1861:Plano
1769:baton
1759:Spear
1725:Arrow
1678:Manos
1531:Tools
1409:Wired
1377:S2CID
1113:S2CID
1074:) In
1003:JSTOR
875:S2CID
687:S2CID
667:(PDF)
641:(PDF)
630:S2CID
602:(PDF)
4138:male
3499:Male
3259:gudi
3017:Cist
2946:list
2773:Wine
2702:Ă–tzi
2687:Glue
2660:Beds
2628:and
2626:Arts
2497:Well
2353:Cave
2283:Kiva
2213:side
2203:Rope
2151:tool
2085:bone
2075:Adze
1841:Eden
1754:Nets
1624:Fire
1588:Goad
1573:Celt
1388:2020
1367:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1316:2009
1287:2005
1263:PMID
1205:ISBN
1194:ISBN
1177:help
1156:2006
1048:ISBN
1011:PMID
932:ISBN
902:ISBN
867:PMID
824:PMID
736:PMID
649:2007
622:PMID
584:2012
557:PMID
493:2024
451:ISBN
54:and
4037:Sex
3714:Eye
2368:Hut
2303:row
2134:Oar
2092:Axe
2080:Awl
1359:doi
1253:PMC
1243:doi
1105:doi
1080:MIT
1029:MIT
859:doi
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