1083:, the topic is marked by the postposition "là ". The topic can be, but is not necessarily a noun or a nominal group, for example:  Voiture-là est jolie deh  ("That car is pretty");  Aujourd'hui-là il fait chaud  ("It's hot on that day");  Pour toi-là n'est pas comme pour moi hein  ("For you it's not the same as for me, huh"); and  Nous qui sommes ici-là , on attend ça seulement  ("We who are here, we are waiting for that only").
981:
51:
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from one topic to another in a deftly efficient manner, sometimes actively avoiding misplacement of the focus of attention from moment to moment. But whereas topic-prominent languages might use this approach by default or obligately, in subject-prominent ones such as
English it is merely an option
1339:
Michael Gotze, Stephanie Dipper, and
Stavros Skopeteas. 2007. Information Structure in Cross-Linguistic Corpora: Annotation Guidelines for Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics, and Information Structure. Interdisciplinary Studies on Information Structure (ISIS), Working papers of the SFB 632,
898:
Different languages mark topics in different ways. Distinct intonation and word-order are the most common means. The tendency to place topicalized constituents sentence-initially ("topic fronting") is widespread. Topic fronting refers to placing the topic at the beginning of a clause regardless
1216:
The main application of the topic-comment structure is in the domain of speech technology, especially the design of embodied conversational agents (intonational focus assignment, relation between information structure and posture and gesture). There were some attempts to apply the theory of
905:
When a sentence continues discussing a previously established topic, it is likely to use pronouns to refer to the topic. Such topics tend to be subjects. In many languages, pronouns referring to previously established topics will show
748:. In any given sentence the topic and grammatical subject may be the same, but they need not be. For example, in the sentence "As for the little girl, the dog bit her", the subject is "the dog" but the topic is "the little girl".
921:
English is quite capable of using a topic-prominent formulation instead of a subject-prominent formulation when context makes it desirable for one reason or another. A typical pattern for doing so is opening with
1273:. They have been concerned mainly by its relation to intonation and word-order. Mathesius also pointed out that the topic does not provide new information but connects the sentence to the context. The work of
1398:
A. Bouchachia and R. Mittermeir, âA neural cascade architecture for document retrieval,â in Neural
Networks, 2003. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on, vol. 3. IEEE, 2003, pp. 1915â1920.
1425:
V. Mathesius and J. Vachek, A Functional
Analysis of Present Day English on a General Linguistic Basis, ser. Janua linguarum : Series practica / Ianua linguarum / Series practica. Mouton, 1975.
1367:
D. Bring, Topic and
Comment. Cambridge University Press, 2011, three entries for: Patrick Colm Hogan (ed.) The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the Language Sciences. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1207:, a topic can be declared at the beginning of a sentence (indicated by raised eyebrows and head tilt) describing the referent, and the rest of the sentence describes what happens to that referent.
890:(RST-DT corpus) where it is defined as "a general statement or topic of discussion is introduced, after which a specific remark is made on the statement or topic". For example: " "
805:
In an ordinary
English clause, the subject is normally the same as the topic/theme (example 1), even in the passive voice (where the subject is a patient, not an agent: example 2):
871:
In these examples the syntactic subject position (to the left of the verb) is manned by the meaningless expletive ("it" or "there"), whose sole purpose is satisfying the
674:
1358:
L. Ermakova and J. Mothe. 2016. Document re-ranking based on topic-comment structure. In X IEEE International
Conference RCIS, Grenoble, France, June 1â3, 2016. 1â10.
1407:
L. Ermakova, J. Mothe, A. Firsov. A Metric for
Sentence Ordering Assessment Based on Topic-Comment. Structure, in ACM SIGIR, Tokyo, Japan, 07/08/2017-11/08/2017
902:
Languages often show different kinds of grammar for sentences that introduce new topics and those that continue discussing previously established topics.
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775:. For example, in the sentence "The little girl was bitten by the dog", "the little girl" is the subject and the topic, but "the dog" is the agent.
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H. Weil, De lâordre des mots dans les langues anciennes compares aux langues modernes: question de grammaire gnrale. Joubert, 1844.
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1129:, a topic may follow its comment. For example, the syntactic subject of this sentence is an expletive ×× ("ze", lit. "this"):
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72:
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Iliev, Iv. The
Russian Genitive of Negation and Its Japanese Counterpart. International Journal of Russian Studies. 1, 2018
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The sentence- or clause-level "topic", or "theme", can be defined in a number of different ways. Among the most common are
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In
English it is also possible to use other sentence structures to show the topic of the sentence, as in the following:
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such as Czech and Russian, both orders are possible. The order with the comment sentence-initial is referred to as
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The relation between topic/theme and comment/rheme/focus should not be confused with the topic-comment relation in
101:
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are determined largely by the topicâcomment (themeârheme) structure. These languages are sometimes referred to as
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771:, for instance, the topic is typically the subject, while the agent may be omitted or may follow the preposition
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De l'ordre des mots dans les langues anciennes comparĂŠes aux langues modernes: question de grammaire gĂŠnĂŠrale.
1349:
L. Carlson and D. Marcu, âDiscourse tagging reference manual,â ISI Technical Report ISI-TR-545, vol. 54, 2001.
83:
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a special position in a clause (often at the right or left-edge of the clause) where topics typically appear.
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are divided into topic vs. comment, but in certain cases the boundary between them depends on which specific
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In English the topic/theme comes first in the clause, and is typically marked out by intonation as well.
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1106:, use word order as the primary means, and the topic usually precedes the focus. For example, in some
875:, and is nevertheless necessary. In these sentences the topic is never the subject, but is determined
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1594:, in: Li, Charles N. (ed.) Subject and Topic, New York/San Francisco/London: Academic Press, 457â90.
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Halliday, Michael A. K. (1970). "Language structure and language function." In J. Lyons (Ed.),
1122:) and expresses certain emotional involvement. The two orders are distinguished by intonation.
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is sometimes rather complex. Consider sentences with expletives (meaningless subjects), like:
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Halliday, Michael A. K. 1967â68. "Notes on transitivity and theme in English" (Part 1â3).
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717:) is what is being said about the topic. This division into old vs. new content is called
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The order of words in the ancient languages compared with that of the modern languages.
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M.A.K.Halliday, An Introduction to Functional Grammar, 2nd ed. London: Arnold, 1994.
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There are two days in the year in which the day and the night are equal in length.
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This article is about the topic of a sentence. For the topic of a discourse, see
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being what is doing the action can, also, be distinct concepts from the concept
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respectively, which comes after the noun or phrase that is being topicalized.
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the phrase in a clause that the rest of the clause is understood to be about,
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Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy 71. Dordrecht: Kluwer. (ix + 216 pp.)
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this approach has value especially when the speaker knows that they need to
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17:
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Die Sprachwissenschaft, ihre Aufgaben, Methoden und bisherigen Ergebnisse.
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A Functional Analysis of Present Day English on a General Linguistic Basis
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in the 1960s is responsible for developing linguistic science through his
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The distinction between subject and topic was probably first suggested by
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whether it is marked or not. Again, linguists disagree on many details.
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1528:
TopicâFocus Articulation, Tripartite Structures, and Semantic Content.
1389:
Cassell, Justine, ed. Embodied conversational agents. MIT press, 2000.
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topic/comment for information retrieval and automatic summarization.
879:. In all these cases, the whole sentence refers to the comment part.
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that provides meaning. The grammatical subject is defined by
786:. Korean and Japanese are often given as examples of this.
34:. For theme (also called topic) in generative grammar, see
1573:, translated by LibuĹĄe DuĹĄkovĂĄ. The Hague â Paris: Mouton.
732:
The topic of a sentence is distinct from the grammatical
822:
These clauses have different topics: the first is about
1559:. New York: The Macmillan Company. (pp. 191â208)
1600:
Describing morphosyntax: A guide for field linguists
75:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1301:Textual function (systemic functional linguistics)
27:Terms describing sentence structure in linguistics
1229:in 1844. He established the connection between
1055:
751:Topic being what is being talked about and the
1592:Subject and Topic: A New Typology of Languages
1540:, 3 (1). 37â81; 3 (2). 199â244; 4(2). 179â215.
1062:
1640:â an explanation, for beginners, of theme in
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8:
1009:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
759:(or actor)âthe "doer", which is defined by
1590:Li, Charles N., Thompson, Sandra A. 1976.
675:
661:
148:
1489:Learn how and when to remove this message
1029:Learn how and when to remove this message
135:Learn how and when to remove this message
1585:Information structure and sentence form.
778:In some languages, word order and other
1380:, 2nd ed., Hodder Arnold: London, p. 37
1332:
729:is being used to analyze the sentence.
703:is what is being talked about, and the
151:
1604:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1587:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1510:: A quantitative cross-language study.
1378:An introduction to functional grammar
1050:, the topic is usually marked with a
7:
1118:invented the term and opposed it to
1007:adding citations to reliable sources
73:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1547:. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 140â65.
924:a class of prepositions such as:
864:There is some room in this house.
1614:Leipzig: T.O. Weigel Nachfolger.
1450:
1198:"This book is very interesting."
1192:ze meĘžod meĘżanyen ha-sefer ha-ze
979:
302:Singulative-Collective-Plurative
49:
1663:Systemic functional linguistics
1578:Pragmatics Blackwell Publishers
1279:systemic functional linguistics
1195:this very interesting book this
60:needs additional citations for
1624:1844. Published in English as
1556:A Course in Modern Linguistics
721:. It is generally agreed that
266:Suffixaufnahme (case stacking)
38:. For theme in semantics, see
1:
1508:Topic continuity in discourse
1473:and help improve the section.
1253:, has been studied mainly by
1098:, and to some certain extent
964:lead the listener's attention
873:extended projection principle
740:considerations, that is, the
894:Realization of topicâcomment
1642:systemic functional grammar
1545:New Horizons in Linguistics
1181:
1170:
1159:
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967:that often is not invoked.
884:Rhetorical Structure Theory
736:. The topic is defined by
382:Lexical aspect (Aktionsart)
1699:
1512:Amsterdam: Arshdeep Singh.
29:
1597:Payne, Thomas E. 1997.
1063:
784:topic-prominent languages
1608:Von der Gabelentz, Georg
1321:Topic-prominent language
1251:topicâfocus articulation
1249:, the dichotomy, termed
1245:(roughly focus). In the
790:Definitions and examples
505:Serial verb construction
1583:Lambrecht, Knud. 1994.
1580:. Blackwell Publishers.
1235:Georg von der Gabelentz
826:, and the second about
443:Honorifics (politeness)
1538:Journal of Linguistics
1212:Practical applications
1205:American Sign Language
1178:
1167:
1156:
1145:
1134:
838:As for the little girl
818:was bitten by the dog.
620:Polypersonal agreement
1576:Kadmon, Nirit. 2001.
1376:MAK Halliday (1994).
1239:psychological subject
1231:information structure
1189:×× ××× ××˘× ×× ×ץפר ×××
719:information structure
256:Genitive construction
1243:psychological object
1241:(roughly topic) and
1003:improve this section
846:was the little girl
812:bit the little girl.
509:Traditional grammar
477:Syntax relationships
153:Grammatical features
69:improve this article
1551:Hockett, Charles F.
1296:Predicate (grammar)
1291:Focus (linguistics)
1281:model for English.
780:syntactic phenomena
427:Comparison (degree)
177:Dative construction
84:"Topic and comment"
1520:Partee, Barbara H.
1090:languages such as
971:In other languages
840:, the dog bit her.
727:grammatical theory
377:Grammatical aspect
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1306:Thematic equative
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848:that the dog bit.
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563:Thematic relation
458:Reflexive pronoun
372:Tenseâaspectâmood
332:Associated motion
314:Universal grinder
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40:Thematic relation
16:(Redirected from
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1563:Mathesius, VilĂŠm
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637:Incorporation
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347:Evidentiality
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225:Countability
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80:Find sources:
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58:This article
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1571:Josef Vachek
1569:. edited by
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1503:GivĂłn, Talmy
1485:
1479:October 2017
1476:
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1316:Topic marker
1271:Eva HajiÄovĂĄ
1250:
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1052:postposition
1025:
1019:October 2016
1016:
1001:Please help
989:
960:expositorily
952:, and others
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853:The case of
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597:Veridicality
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488:Transitivity
432:Egophoricity
246:Definiteness
214:Measure word
202:Instrumental
182:Dative shift
146:
131:
125:October 2011
122:
112:
105:
98:
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79:
67:Please help
62:verification
59:
1678:Dichotomies
1673:Linguistics
1618:Weil, Henri
1524:Sgall, Petr
1163:interesting
886:-Discourse
689:linguistics
533:Predicative
453:Reciprocity
422:Boundedness
342:Conjugation
309:Specificity
18:Themeârheme
1668:Word order
1657:Categories
1463:" section
1327:References
1267:Petr Sgall
1259:Jan Firbas
1227:Henri Weil
1112:subjective
1086:So-called
942:respecting
938:concerning
930:as regards
914:In English
855:expletives
647:Markedness
642:Inflection
627:Declension
558:Mirativity
367:Mirativity
273:Noun class
261:Possession
229:Count noun
209:Classifier
197:Comitative
192:Nominative
95:newspapers
36:Theta role
1683:Semantics
1610:. 1891.
1505:. 1983a.
1120:objective
990:does not
934:regarding
761:semantics
738:pragmatic
615:Agreement
609:Phenomena
547:Semantics
513:Predicate
500:Branching
337:Clusivity
234:Mass noun
1620:. 1887.
1565:. 1975.
1526:. 1998.
1285:See also
1171:ha-sefer
1160:meĘżanyen
1069:or ë/ě,
1054:such as
1044:Japanese
908:pro-drop
888:Treebank
701:sentence
592:Volition
553:Contrast
483:Argument
448:Polarity
362:Telicity
352:Modality
285:Singular
1340:Vol. 7.
1221:History
1100:Chinese
1092:Russian
1071:-(n)eun
1011:removed
996:sources
824:the dog
810:The dog
767:in the
753:subject
742:context
734:subject
723:clauses
705:comment
699:, of a
573:Patient
528:Adjunct
518:Subject
493:Valency
167:Animacy
109:scholar
1553:1958.
1532:review
1459:This "
1104:German
1081:French
1048:Korean
926:as for
746:syntax
691:, the
523:Object
417:Affect
357:Person
294:Plural
278:Number
251:Gender
111:
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1182:ha-ze
1157:××˘× ××
1149:meĘžod
1096:Czech
757:agent
714:focus
709:rheme
697:theme
695:, or
693:topic
585:Focus
568:Agent
399:Voice
392:Tense
116:JSTOR
102:books
1269:and
1185:this
1174:book
1168:×ץפר
1152:very
1141:this
1102:and
1046:and
994:any
992:cite
765:verb
387:Mood
289:Dual
172:Case
88:news
1203:In
1179:×××
1146:×××
1125:In
1076:In
1057:-wa
1042:In
1005:by
958:or
711:or
687:In
71:by
1659::
1522:,
1518:,
1265:,
1261:,
1257:,
1138:ze
1135:××
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950:re
948:,
946:on
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773:by
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