Theobald of Bec - Knowledge

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died in 1151, the prior, Silvester, paid the king for the right to administer the abbey and to hold a free election for a new abbot. The monks then proceeded to elect Silvester as the new abbot, but Theobald refused to confirm the election, accusing Silvester of buying the office. Eventually, however, Pope Eugene III ordered Theobald to allow Silvester to take up the office, which Theobald did in August 1152. Theobald and St Augustine's also came into conflict over the abbey's claims of exemption from the archbishops' oversight, because it owed obedience directly to the pope. Papal documents held at Rome backed the abbey, but there were no English royal charters that gave the abbey its liberty from the archbishops. Theobald attempted to end the confusion by legal actions both at Rome and in England, but the record was mixed. The documents at Rome clearly favoured the abbey, but at a royal council held at

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did not attend were presumably also suspended although not named. Henry of Blois was singled out for special handling, as the papacy ordered that he could not be reinstated by Theobald; Eugene reserved to himself the power to restore Henry. Theobald appears to have reinstated most of the bishops quickly, as Foliot wrote later in 1148 that only the bishops of Winchester, Durham, Worcester, Bath and Exeter were still suspended. Theobald forgave the bishops of Exeter, Worcester and Bath on 11 November 1148, according to the later chronicler

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chief supporters, her half-brother Robert of Gloucester, was captured. During their flight Theobald and his fellow bishops were robbed of their horses and ecclesiastical vestments. Theobald then took a leading part in the negotiations that led to the exchange of Robert for Stephen, which happened in November 1141. Henry of Blois, having switched sides again, then held another legatine council in Westminster, which reaffirmed Stephen as king. Theobald ceremonially crowned Stephen at Canterbury during the Christmas court held there.

679:, the king's eldest son, as well as other members of the nobility. The council decreed eight canons, or ecclesiastical statutes, including ones condemning the pillaging of church properties and the imposition of financial levies on the clergy. Another canon of the council stated that bishops should no longer pursue violators of church property in the royal courts, but should use ecclesiastical courts instead. The other canons dealt with procedural matters arising from excommunications for abusing church property. 702:, probably after Eustace's death, to settle William's lands and status after Henry succeeded Stephen. Pope Eugene III forced Stephen to reverse the sentence of banishment, and Theobald returned to his see. Later it was mainly Theobald and Henry of Blois who negotiated the treaty ending the civil war, as neither Stephen nor Henry of Anjou was interested in a compromise. Henry of Blois and Theobald, who had previously found working together difficult, managed to secure an end to the disorders in England. 872:, or proprietary church of the king. Under King Stephen, the abbey's claims prevailed, but after Stephen's death Hilary excommunicated the abbot, who appealed to the papacy. Theobald supported the bishop, who eventually secured a trial before King Henry II. It was a minor setback for Theobald when the case was eventually decided in Battle's favour, mainly on the basis of charters that were thought at the time to be genuine, but modern historians have come to believe were forged. 577:. Before his death, Celestine forbade Theobald "to allow any change to be made in the position of the English crown, since the transfer of it had been justly denounced, and the matter was still under dispute". This became the papal policy, and was a significant change from the recognition of Stephen as king by Pope Innocent II soon after Stephen's coronation in 1135. It essentially forbade Theobald from crowning any successor to Stephen, especially while Stephen was still alive. 532: 383: 844:

although normally such oaths would have gone to their diocesan bishop instead. Most of these exceptions occurred because the monastic house claimed exemption from the oversight of their diocesan bishop, and had a tradition of making those oaths to Canterbury instead. Besides these events, Theobald also intervened in the elections of some abbots, although not always successfully. He attempted to secure the right of Gilbert Foliot to remain

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compromise in which St Augustine's continued to make the payments but they were specifically stated not to be for sacraments. Another dispute with St Augustine's concerned the right of the archbishops to have a say in the election of new abbots and whether or not the abbots would make a profession of obedience to the archbishops. This was eventually settled by a papal mandate of 1144 instructing the abbots to profess obedience.

287:. But as William was abbot from 1096 to 1124, that leaves a wide range of possible entry dates. Theobald was the 266th monk admitted under William, out of 346. The historian Avrom Saltman suggests that, if admissions were spaced regularly throughout William's abbacy, Theobald would have become a monk in about 1117, but qualifies his estimate with the statement that 1117 "seems to be rather late". 777:. Because of his episcopal duties, the regular running of the cathedral was the responsibility of the prior. At the time of Theobald's election there were about 140 monks in the chapter, and they seem to have expected that Theobald, being a monk himself, would take their side in disputes and continue to support their needs. Theobald began well, sending a party of monks from the cathedral to 442:, of their castles. According to most historians, Theobald took little part in the controversy that followed the council, which eventually ended with Roger's death in 1139 and Nigel and Alexander's restoration to favour. Recently however, that view has been challenged by two historians who argue that Theobald took a more active role in the council. They base their view on a 632:, who attended the council with him. Theobald had a number of reasons for defying the king: chiefly his obedience to the pope's order commanding his attendance, but also to keep the papacy from favouring the newly elected Archbishop of York, Henry Murdac, in the disputes between York and Canterbury. Murdac was known to be close to his fellow Cistercian Eugene. 896:, contested Theobald's right to consecrate Meurig and instead asserted that St Davids should be considered an archbishopric, and that Bernard should receive a pallium. This went against the last half-century of precedent that Canterbury had jurisdiction over the four Welsh sees, a precedent that dated back to Anselm's days when Anselm had consecrated 810:

stewardship of the estates be restored to Parvus. Theobald refused and the monks attempted to appeal to the papacy. Their envoys, however, were caught by agents of the archbishop and the appeal went nowhere. Theobald then deposed Parvus and appointed a new prior. Theobald's relations with the monks after this point seem to have been without incident.

324:, intervened with Hugh and persuaded him to ratify the election. Another problem then arose when Hugh demanded a written profession of obedience from Theobald, which Theobald refused to provide; no previous abbot had made such a profession. Theobald resisted for 14 months before a compromise was reached through the intercession of 1093:, who knew him, felt that he was a worthy archbishop. Theobald's legacy perhaps suffered because he was overshadowed by his successor, Becket. Modern historians have been kinder than his contemporaries; Frank Barlow says of Theobald that he was "an upright man, but quick tempered, and sometimes spoke far too rashly". 361:, were Henry's chief rivals for Stephen's favour, and Henry disliked both of them intensely. Although Theobald was pious and well-educated, he had only become abbot the year before, and his election was probably influenced by the reputation of his monastery, which had already produced two archbishops of Canterbury, 514:, Theobald did not immediately join the Empress. He claimed that he needed to talk to Stephen before switching his oath of fealty. After consulting in person with Stephen, he secured permission to accept the current conditions, and then joined Henry of Blois, who had switched sides, at Winchester in April for a 687:

Theobald crown Eustace, but the archbishop once again refused, and went into exile in Flanders. Theobald claimed that Stephen had gained the throne through perjury, implying that if the archbishop crowned Eustace, Theobald would be perpetuating this crime. The king and the archbishop reached a truce in August.

640:. Gervase also lists Hilary of Chichester as one of those forgiven by Theobald on that date, but as Hilary attended the council it is likely that this is an error. Durham may have been omitted because he was a suffragan bishop of the Archbishop of York, and his reinstatement was in his archbishop's hands. 1088:

Although Theobald was troubled by the opposition of his suffragan Henry of Blois, he regained control of the English Church, secured the rights of his see, and helped maintain the unity of the realm. Contemporaries were somewhat divided on his effectiveness and personality. Gervase of Canterbury felt

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to join his administration and advise on legal matters. Whether Vacarius actually started a school in Theobald's household is unclear, but in the 1140s he taught briefly at Oxford. Theobald was instrumental in fostering the teaching of canon law in England; the conflict that later arose between Henry

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As well as St Augustine's, the abbots of a number of other monasteries in the diocese of Canterbury are known to have professed obedience to Theobald, as the documents recording the events survive. Not only abbots and priors from within Canterbury, but some from other dioceses swore to obey Theobald,

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Theobald worked with his first prior, Jeremiah, to eliminate clerical marriage in the diocese. But Jeremiah had been elected during the vacancy before Theobald's election, and the monks had not secured papal permission for the election of a new prior, so eventually Theobald decided to remove Jeremiah

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to Matilda as Henry's heir, but when Henry I died, Stephen rushed to England and had himself crowned before either Theobald II or Matilda could react. The Norman barons accepted Stephen as Duke of Normandy, and Theobald II contented himself with his possessions in France. But Matilda was not resigned

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No documents survive from Theobald's tenure as abbot, nor is there any information on the administration of the monastery during his period of office, except that 47 monks were admitted to Bec while he was abbot. Theobald travelled to England on business for his abbey at least once during his abbacy,

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in 1148, Theobald secured the new bishop's profession of obedience to Canterbury, thus ending the efforts to remove Wales from Canterbury's jurisdiction. Also in 1148, Pope Eugene decided in favour of Canterbury and against the claims of St Davids, securing Canterbury's jurisdiction over Wales.

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as prior. Innocent II, however, appointed Henry of Blois to hear the case, and Henry sided with Jeremiah and ordered Jeremiah's reinstatement. Theobald then refused to perform any services in the cathedral until Jeremiah was removed by the chapter. The lack of services would have deprived the monks

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was elected on 26 September 1143, but he was an opponent of Stephen, and thus was not favourably inclined towards Stephen's brother Henry either. To secure appointment as legate, Theobald travelled to Rome in December 1143, arriving shortly before Celestine's death on 8 March 1144. Theobald was

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in 1148 Eugene clarified that this primacy did not affect the claims of York to be independent of Canterbury. Because of the unsettled election disputes during the 1140s over the see of York, when it was contested between William of York and Henry Murdac, Theobald faced little challenge from either

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The king was angry with Theobald for attending the council, even though the archbishop intervened with Eugene, who was displeased with the king for forbidding the bishops' attendance. Theobald persuaded Eugene against excommunicating Stephen, asking the pope to allow the king to make amends for his

349:, and a small group of barons and bishops, but Henry was absent overseeing the ordination of deacons. Most historians consider that Stephen arranged the election's timing to ensure Henry's absence. Henry believed that Theobald had been elected not only because of Stephen's concerns but also because 344:

In 1138 King Stephen chose Theobald to fill the vacant archbishopric of Canterbury over Stephen's own brother Henry, the Bishop of Winchester, who had helped Stephen gain the throne of England. Stephen feared that Henry would be too powerful as archbishop, and would attempt to control the king. The

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The conflict re-surfaced in 1149, when some of the monks of St Augustine's, led by their prior and sacrist, refused to obey the interdict placed on England by Theobald and Pope Eugene III. Theobald had the two officials excommunicated and publicly flogged. When the previous abbot of St Augustine's

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Theobald called a church council at London in June 1160, which dealt partly with the issues of the papal schism; his health was poor and he had to be taken to the council in a litter. A further cause of distress to Theobald was what he saw as the ingratitude of Becket, who did not visit the ailing

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Bethune, the Bishop of Hereford, died during the council, and Eugene nominated Foliot as his successor at Theobald's urging. One of the council's last acts was to suspend the non-attending bishops from their offices. The only English bishop specifically named was Henry of Blois, but the others who

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Matilda remained in England until 1148. The disorders were at their peak between 1142 and 1148, but her cause could never secure enough support to enable her to be crowned. Nor could Stephen decisively defeat Matilda's forces, which meant that England remained divided in allegiance between the two

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held to depose Stephen and crown Matilda as queen. Attendance at the council was sparse however, and the Empress could not be crowned because she did not hold London. After the unsuccessful attempt to crown Matilda, those gathered at Winchester had to flee before Stephen's forces; one of Matilda's

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speculates that Theobald may have been a distant relative of his successor as archbishop, Thomas Becket, as Becket's family came from the same part of Normandy. The exact date of Theobald's birth is unknown; the only clue to his age is that when he died in 1161 contemporaries considered him an old

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of France, which usually saw the king's heir crowned during his father's lifetime. Although Theobald claimed papal authority for refusal, based on the prohibition by Celestine, it was more probable that he and the bishops had no desire to prolong the civil war. Stephen demanded in April 1152 that

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in 1157, Henry II ruled in favour of Theobald. As part of the settlement Silvester, as abbot, was required to make a formal profession of obedience to Theobald, something he had been attempting to avoid since his election. The struggle with Silvester was just one event in the long history of the

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for his protégé, Thomas Becket, an action that Barlow speculates happened because Theobald hoped to secure more influence with the king through Becket. If this was his hope, Barlow notes that it did not materialise. Although the king and the archbishop occasionally clashed when their interests

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At Easter, 1151, Theobald took over the management of the chapter's estates, as the new prior, Walter Parvus, was not up to the task. At first, there were no disputes, but soon the monks felt that Theobald was cheating them and imposing too rigorous a definition of poverty, and asked that the

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Theobald also had a dispute with St Augustine's Abbey over the right of the archbishop to receive annual payments, and whether those payments were for sacraments performed by the archbishop, which would have been uncanonical, or were for other reasons. The dispute was eventually settled by a

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Theobald was present at Stephen's deathbed in October 1154, and Stephen named him as regent until Henry could take up the crown. During the six weeks before Henry arrived, the archbishop had little difficulty in keeping the peace. After Henry's arrival, Theobald crowned Henry and his wife

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Although Theobald was a monk, his episcopal household was not monastic in character. As he settled into the role of archbishop, he seems to have left most of his monastic habits behind, although he continued to have a monk as a companion. His nephews and brother benefited from his

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Theobald died on 18 April 1161, after a long illness, at his palace in Canterbury. He was buried in Canterbury Cathedral, in the Holy Trinity Chapel, near the tomb of Archbishop Lanfranc. His coffin was opened in 1190 during repairs to the cathedral and his body was found to be

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as Archbishop of York in 1141, which Theobald opposed. Although Theobald spoke out against the manner of election, he took little active part in the subsequent electoral disputes, which resulted eventually in the deposition of FitzHerbert and his replacement at York by

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died in September 1159, two rival claimants for the papal throne emerged. King Henry, following the custom of his grandfather Henry I, forbade the bishops from recognising either claimant. Eventually, after Henry weighed the political factors, he recognised Pope

996:, with his nephews becoming part of his household early in his archiepiscopate. The four nephews—Guillaume, Gilbert, Roger and Lechard—were witnesses to a charter of Theobald's dated to about 1150 or 1153. After Theobald's death, Guillaume was a clerk in 406:

on 1 March 1139, which meant that Henry could now call church councils in England and had power equal to or exceeding that of Theobald. Theobald swore fealty to Stephen upon his election to Canterbury, recognising Stephen as the king of England.

588:, the abbot, consecrate the newly rebuilt abbey church and its altars. Theobald was the only bishop present at the ceremony whose diocese was not in France. Meanwhile, Henry of Blois had arrived in Rome and begun negotiations with the new pope, 988:

II and Thomas Becket had its roots in disputes that were exposed during Theobald's time in office. While still in Normandy, Theobald had made an intense study of ecclesiastical or canon law, which he continued after being elected archbishop.

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in 1142, a similar profession of obedience was made. Along with these consecrations, Theobald's legal efforts enabled him to withstand the attempts of Bernard to turn St Davids into an archbishopric, and when Bernard was succeeded by

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to the church courts, which Henry opposed. Although Theobald's position displeased the king no open rupture ensued. Theobald himself admitted to the papacy in 1154 that English custom was to try clergy for crimes in the secular courts.

664:, an adherent of the Empress. From there he conducted the ecclesiastical business of England, but Theobald's presence in the country posed a threat to Stephen's authority, and Stephen quickly settled the differences between the two. 1007:

Another charter of Theobald's from about 1152 shows the usual household staff that surrounded him. It was witnessed by the archbishop's crossbearer, three of Theobald's nephews and the clerk who presumably was in charge of them, a

864:, over Hilary's claims to jurisdiction over the abbey and the abbey's counter-claims that it was exempt from episcopal supervision. The abbey had never received a papal exemption, but relied instead on its royal foundation by King 694:, Matilda's son, invaded England in pursuit of his claim to the throne, and with the death of Eustace in August 1153, Stephen gave up. Theobald was instrumental in the negotiations between Henry and Stephen that resulted in the 1084:

as a saint on the basis of that evidence were unsuccessful. He was reburied in the nave near the altar to St Mary, with his old marble tomb replaced above his new resting place. In 1787 his lead coffin was found in Canterbury.

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after Foliot's election as Bishop of Hereford, but a new abbot was elected by the monks of Gloucester. Theobald was more successful in securing the election of William, who had previously been a monk at Christ Church, to be

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For most of the remainder of Theobald's life he was occupied with ecclesiastical affairs in his diocese, as well as attending the royal court when Henry was in England. In January 1155 Theobald helped to secure the

212:, but Theobald defied the king, which resulted in the confiscation of his property and temporary exile. Theobald's relations with his cathedral clergy and the monastic houses in his archdiocese were also difficult. 1067:, later Bishop of Hereford. In all, his household produced three archbishops and six bishops. The household itself, although not formally a school, acted as one, with many going on to careers in the church. 299:

of Bec, after Boso succeeded William as abbot. Theobald became abbot in 1137, following Boso's death in June 1136. The monks of Bec unanimously elected him to be their new abbot without first consulting the

960:. Further peace between the two sees was ensured when Theobald consecrated Roger without requiring a profession of obedience, which had previously been a major bone of contention between the two. 227:

as his heir, and later Theobald was named regent of the kingdom after Stephen's death. After a long illness, Theobald died in 1161, following which unsuccessful efforts were made to have him

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Henry of Blois had lost his legateship before Celestine became pope, but it was not until about 1150 that Theobald was appointed legate by Eugene III, perhaps owing to the exhortations of

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behaviour. But Stephen was unimpressed with Theobald's intercession; he confiscated Theobald's property and banished the archbishop. In September 1148, the pope put England under

242:, or bishopric. Historians of his time and later were divided on his character and he is often overlooked in the historical record, mainly because of the fame of his successor. 3209: 3984: 752:

rather than in the royal court. The crime had taken place during Stephen's reign, but Stephen's death had prevented Osbert from being tried in 1154. The delay allowed the

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man, suggesting a birth date of perhaps around 1090 to one modern historian. His father was supposedly a knight, but no contemporary reference gives his name. His brother

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The next year, the archbishop refused to crown Eustace and was again exiled by Stephen, who was attempting to secure the succession for his son by imitating the

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churches in Europe, and the consecration served the additional purpose of introducing the higher ecclesiastics of France to the new architectural style.

454:, which narrates the events and gives a more central role to Theobald, instead of Henry of Blois, in challenging Stephen's arrest of the three bishops. 956:

William or Murdac as to the traditional dispute between Canterbury and York. When William of York died in 1154, Theobald secured York for his protégé,

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Theobald was instrumental in securing the subordination of the Welsh bishoprics to Canterbury. His first act in this area was the consecration of

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conflicted, both appear to have wished to minimise the disputes and were willing to compromise to secure good relations. As an example, when Pope

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to supervise the monastery's lands in England, a trip that took place shortly before his selection as the new Archbishop of Canterbury in 1138.

238:, and a number of other future bishops and archbishops served as his clerks. During his time as archbishop Theobald augmented the rights of his 3994: 3698: 208:

and King Stephen's younger brother, and his relationship with King Stephen was turbulent. On one occasion Stephen forbade him from attending a

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Theobald was back in Paris in May 1147 to meet with the new pope, Eugene III; among the issues probably discussed was Theobald's dispute with

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and install his own choice as prior. Jeremiah appealed to the papacy, but Theobald deposed him while the appeal was ongoing, and appointed

1020:. Theobald also at about the same time granted a mill to his baker named William and some lands to his cook William and the cook's heirs. 803: 3954: 3195: 2505:

Bollerman, Karen; Nederman, Cary J. (December 2008). "King Stephen, the English Church, and a Female Mystic: Christina of Markyate's

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over the primacy of Britain. Theobald obtained a vague confirmation of his see's primacy from Celestine II in 1143–1144, but at the

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from 1139 to 1161. His exact birth date is unknown. Some time in the late 11th or early 12th century Theobald became a monk at the

2710: 612:. Relations at this time between Theobald and Stephen seem to have been good, but when Eugene summoned the English bishops to the 2871:

The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940–1216

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instead of monks. Theobald replaced the canons with the monks. Theobald also refounded a collegiate church at South Malling near

402:. As archbishop his behaviour was less political in comparison to that of his main rival, Henry of Blois. Henry was appointed a 661: 467: 462:

Theobald's actions in the next few years are intertwined with the history of Stephen's ascension to the throne. Following King

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However, not everything was always harmonious between the king and the archbishop. In 1156, Theobald supported the efforts of

645: 592:, over the elevation of the bishopric of Winchester to an archbishopric. It appears that Lucius appointed a legate, Cardinal 500: 3038: 889: 609: 523:

rivals. But while Matilda was in England, her husband Geoffrey was conquering Normandy, which he finally overran in 1144.

399: 220: 698:, securing Henry's succession to the throne. Theobald was also present when Henry of Anjou met with Stephen's second son 628:. Despite having been specifically refused permission Theobald sneaked away in a fishing boat, presumably accompanied by 357:

of Bec, was attempting to put his own man in one of the most powerful positions in England. Waleran and his twin brother

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Theobald even maintained the theoretical claim of Canterbury to jurisdiction over Irish sees by consecrating Patrick as

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of Stephen's reign, Theobald succeeded in forcing peace on the king by refusing to consecrate Stephen's son and heir,

806:. Durdent was reinstalled as prior and remained in that position until he became Bishop of Coventry in October 1149. 888:

in 1140, during which Meurig made a profession of obedience like those made by other bishops subject to Canterbury.

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of income, and Theobald's threat had the desired effect, as Jeremiah resigned his office and left Christ Church for

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decided in 1148 in Canterbury's favour. Theobald faced challenges to his authority from a subordinate bishop,

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Fonge, Charles (2005). "Patriarchy and Patrimony: Investing in the Medieval College". In Hoskin, Philippa;

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as Bishop of Llandaff, with Uhtred also swearing to obey Theobald. Likewise, when Theobald consecrated

466:'s death in 1135 the succession was disputed between the king's nephews—Stephen and his elder brother, 486:, had died in 1120. After Matilda was widowed in 1125, she returned to her father, who married her to 3944: 3818: 3798: 3495: 3440: 1013: 937: 933: 865: 749: 712: 668: 617: 544: 435: 366: 205: 158: 1089:

that he was too impetuous, probably because of Theobald's treatment of his priors at Christ Church.

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Theobald was consecrated on 8 January 1139 by the legate, Alberic of Ostia. He went to Rome for his

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The Foundations of Medieval English Ecclesiastical History: Studies Presented to David Smith

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Duggan, Charles (1965). "From the Conquest to the Death of John". In Lawrence, C. H. (ed.).

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Theobald also became embroiled in the dispute between Hilary, the Bishop of Chichester, and

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Relations with bishops in England remained good, with little activity in the long-running

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in 1140. That, however, was the last assertion of the claim, as in 1152 the papal legate

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in April 1148 the king forbade all of them from attending except for three he nominated:

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The House of Lords in the Middle Ages: A History of the English House of Lords to 1540

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as a Neglected Source for the Council of Winchester (August 1139) and its Aftermath".

1031:. It was during John's time as secretary that he wrote his two most famous works, the 3933: 3893: 3888: 3813: 3768: 3739: 3713: 3641: 3631: 3597: 3586: 3526: 3489: 3460: 3179: 3098: 2909: 2858: 2759: 2751: 2734:

Hayward, Paul (May 2004). "Some Reflections on the Historical Value of the So-called

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election took place on 24 December; Stephen was present with the papal legate,

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Turner, Ralph V. (Autumn 1975). "Roman Law in England Before the Time of Bracton".

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Alexander, James W. (May 1970). "The Becket Controversy in Recent Historiography".

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Theobald's household included many young men of ability, including his successor

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Searle, Eleanor (July 1968). "Battle Abbey and Exemption: The Forged Charters".

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over the Welsh ecclesiastics was resolved during Theobald's term of office when

2446: 3540: 3361: 3014: 2434: 1009: 649: 411: 256: 147: 126: 3676: 3326: 3306: 3286: 3187: 3144: 648:, which was ignored except in Canterbury. At first Theobald was in exile at 474:, usually known as the Empress Matilda because of her first marriage to the 354: 228: 170: 773:

was composed of monks, and he was considered the abbot of the monastery of

418:. Theobald attended the council held by Stephen in June 1139 that deprived 3118: 3006: 2989: 2615: 3435: 3351: 3341: 3331: 3296: 3254: 2372:

The Accession of Henry II in England: Royal Government Restored 1149–1159

993: 984: 790: 362: 317: 283:

monk in the late 11th or early 12th century, while William was the third

134: 31: 737:, and it was only then that Theobald also recognised Alexander as pope. 192:

chose him to be Archbishop of Canterbury in 1138. Canterbury's claim to

3416: 3406: 3371: 3321: 3291: 3275: 2850: 1017: 936:

reorganised the Irish dioceses and settled the issue by appointing the

748:

the Archbishop of York, to secure a trial for his alleged crimes in an

511: 395: 174: 3090: 3059: 2827:

Kidson, Peter (October 1993). "Gervase, Becket, and William of Sens".

2354: 3346: 3259: 2717:. Vol. 6: York. Institute of Historical Research. Archived from 2669:(Third revised ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 491: 309: 2842: 1023:

Theobald was the patron of three eminent men: Becket, Vacarius, and

490:. All the magnates of England and Normandy were required to declare 3082: 2346: 499:, her maternal uncle, and in 1138 the support of her half-brother, 410:

Soon after his election Theobald selected his brother Walter to be

2413:

The English Church 1066–1154: A History of the Anglo-Norman Church

817: 786: 672: 585: 580:

After Celestine's death Theobald returned to England, stopping at

560:. But in September 1143, Henry's legatine powers lapsed when Pope 530: 515: 284: 264: 185: 1385:: Volume 2: Monastic Cathedrals (Northern and Southern Provinces) 2888:

Leedom, J. W. (October 1980). "The English Settlement of 1153".

3191: 2873:(Second ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 2627:(1999 Reprint ed.). Stroud, UK: Sutton. pp. 63–116. 223:. After Eustace's death in 1153, Stephen recognised his rival 2665:

Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996).

495:

to the loss, and secured the support of the Scottish king,

332:, allowing Theobald to give a verbal profession to Hugh. 2608:

The Lordship of Canterbury: An Essay on Medieval Society

1952:

Foundations of Medieval English Ecclessiastical History

2919:

A Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England

2441:(Jan 2010 revised ed.). Oxford University Press. 2488:

England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075–1225

1012:, two chaplains who were monks, a butler, dispenser, 853:

over the objections of some of the monks of Evesham.

3922:

indicate a person who was elected but not confirmed.

2771:. Vol. 1. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 2625:

The English Church and the Papacy in the Middle Ages

2133:

Constitutional and Legal History of Medieval England

675:

in London. The council was attended by the king and

656:. He then returned to England and set himself up in 3722: 3425: 3234: 279:Theobald entered the Abbey of Bec in Normandy as a 154: 141: 122: 117: 104: 99: 91: 81: 71: 63: 55: 41: 569:probably accompanied by Nigel, Bishop of Ely, and 308:, who consequently threatened to void the result. 2650:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. pp. 77–93. 3113:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 2962:(Second ed.). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 2468:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 2157:Duggan "From the Conquest to the Death of John" 2089:Duggan "From the Conquest to the Death of John" 3950:12th-century English Roman Catholic archbishops 1122:Henry I had more than 20 illegitimate children. 1059:, Bartholomew Iscanus, later Bishop of Exeter, 840:dispute between Canterbury and St Augustine's. 564:, who had made the legatine appointment, died. 27:12th-century abbot and Archbishop of Canterbury 2085: 2083: 2001: 1999: 1623:Kidson "Gervase, Becket, and William of Sens" 1406: 1404: 414:of Canterbury, and in 1148 promoted him to be 3203: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1503: 1501: 1244: 1242: 543:Theobald's dealings with Henry of Blois, the 8: 2960:From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216 2391:The Troubled Reign of King Stephen 1135–1154 1768: 1766: 1713: 1711: 1364: 1362: 1335: 1333: 1849: 1847: 1306: 1304: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1258: 255:Theobald's family was from the area around 3210: 3196: 3188: 3126: 2302:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1435: 1433: 1412:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1250:England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings 276:also became a priest, and later a bishop. 38: 3985:Norman clerics given benefices in England 3019:A Companion to Medieval England 1066–1485 2069: 2067: 1933: 1931: 1878: 1876: 1567: 1565: 1563: 652:, where he consecrated Gilbert Foliot as 234:Theobald was the patron of his successor 3021:. Stroud, UK: Tempus. pp. 150–151. 2793:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. 972:Medieval stained-glass window depicting 967: 470:—and Henry's surviving legitimate child 381: 2439:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1235:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 1181: 1179: 1177: 1147: 1102: 1439:Bollerman and Nederman "King Stephen" 1229: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 781:at Dover, which had been settled with 510:in 1141, with Stephen in captivity in 173:1090 – 18 April 1161) was a 2921:(Second ed.). New York: Norton. 2769:Oxford History of the Laws of England 2591:(Third ed.). New York: Longman. 2545:The Normans: The History of a Dynasty 2117:Oxford History of the Laws of England 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1195: 7: 2715:Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300 2690:Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300 2567:The Reign of King Stephen: 1135–1154 1555:Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300 1383:Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300 814:Relations with other monastic houses 482:. King Henry's only legitimate son, 2984:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1016:, steward, cook, usher, porter and 907:Also in 1140, Theobald consecrated 765:Relations with his cathedral clergy 2999:Theobald: Archbishop of Canterbury 2940:. London: Hambledon & London. 2902:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1980.tb01949.x 2547:. London: Hambledon & London. 826:, with Canterbury Cathedral behind 503:, an illegitimate son of Henry I. 25: 18:Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury 3228:List of archbishops of Canterbury 3052:10.1093/ehr/LXXXIII.CCCXXVIII.449 2374:. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press. 1950:Fonge "Patriarchy and Patrimony" 1063:, later Bishop of Worcester, and 2752:10.1111/j.0950-3471.2004.00204.x 2610:. New York: Barnes & Noble. 2393:. New York: Barnes & Noble. 1131:This abbey was one of the first 804:St Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury 527:Difficulties with Henry of Blois 390:, from an engraving made in 1846 3980:Burials at Canterbury Cathedral 2490:. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. 1921:Alexander "Becket Controversy" 1908:Alexander "Becket Controversy" 1381:Greenway "Winchester: Bishops" 744:, who was accused of poisoning 468:Theobald II, Count of Champagne 62: 2789:; Frost, Amanda Clark (2001). 2667:Handbook of British Chronology 2525:10.1016/j.jmedhist.2008.06.001 2276:Handbook of British Chronology 1425:Troubled Reign of King Stephen 1341:Troubled Reign of King Stephen 1: 3995:Eustace IV, Count of Boulogne 3039:The English Historical Review 3017:(2000). "John of Salisbury". 2237:Companion to Medieval England 2159:English Church and the Papacy 2091:English Church and the Papacy 1004:'s household in around 1172. 267:valley. The modern historian 2454:UK public library membership 2250:Domesday Book to Magna Carta 1756:Leedom "English Settlement" 1080:, but efforts to secure his 876:Relations with other bishops 535:A medieval plaque depicting 184:, rising to the position of 3990:12th-century English clergy 2812:. London: Pearson/Longman. 2709:Greenway, Diana E. (1999). 2684:Greenway, Diana E. (1971). 2606:DuBoulay, F. R. H. (1966). 2512:Journal of Medieval History 2018:Hayward "Some Reflections" 1441:Journal of Medieval History 793:for his cathedral chapter. 450:of the 12th-century mystic 4011: 3070:Journal of British Studies 2808:Huscroft, Richard (2005). 2334:Journal of British Studies 2146:Journal of British Studies 1923:Journal of British Studies 1910:Journal of British Studies 501:Robert, Earl of Gloucester 386:Both sides of the seal of 295:In 1127 Theobald was made 29: 3955:Archbishops of Canterbury 3917: 3225: 3219:Archbishops of Canterbury 3176: 3167: 3159: 3151: 3142: 3136: 3129: 3001:. London: Athlone Press. 2917:Lyon, Bryce Dale (1980). 2646:; Dobson, Barrie (eds.). 2389:Appleby, John T. (1995). 2235:Saul "John of Salisbury" 2059:English Historical Review 539:, dating from around 1150 359:Robert, Earl of Leicester 340:Appointment to Canterbury 48: 3170:Archbishop of Canterbury 2980:; Wallis, Keith (1968). 2936:Matthew, Donald (2002). 2810:Ruling England 1042–1217 2767:Helmholz, R. H. (2004). 2435:"Theobald (c.1090–1161)" 894:Bishop of St Davids 488:Geoffrey, Count of Anjou 178:archbishop of Canterbury 50:Archbishop of Canterbury 30:For the given name, see 3849:Archibald Campbell Tait 2997:Saltman, Avrom (1956). 1553:Greenway "Archbishops" 964:Patronage and household 949:Canterbury–York dispute 917:Bishop of St Asaph 775:Christ Church Cathedral 715:on 19 December 1154 at 3829:Charles Manners-Sutton 3760:Episcopacy abolished ( 3131:Catholic Church titles 2589:King Stephen 1135–1154 2447:10.1093/ref:odnb/27168 2211:Lordship of Canterbury 2198:Lordship of Canterbury 2057:Searle "Battle Abbey" 976: 958:Roger de Pont L'Evêque 827: 540: 400:Second Lateran Council 391: 3534:John of Sittingbourne 3484:Reginald Fitz Jocelin 2686:"Winchester: Bishops" 2569:. New York: Longman. 2415:. New York: Longman. 1839:Accession of Henry II 1813:Accession of Henry II 1787:Accession of Henry II 1677:Reign of King Stephen 1325:Reign of King Stephen 971: 868:and its status as an 821: 754:shifting of the trial 696:Treaty of Wallingford 638:Gervase of Canterbury 604:Disputes with Stephen 534: 452:Christina of Markyate 398:and took part in the 385: 251:Family and background 3819:Frederick Cornwallis 2370:Amt, Emilie (1993). 938:Archbishop of Armagh 866:William I of England 824:St Augustine's Abbey 750:ecclesiastical court 713:Eleanor of Aquitaine 669:Bernard of Clairvaux 660:, which was held by 610:Bernard of St Davids 545:Bishop of Winchester 206:Bishop of Winchester 159:Canterbury Cathedral 3970:Norman Benedictines 3965:12th-century abbots 3854:Edward White Benson 2740:Historical Research 2696:on 14 February 2012 2644:Brooke, Christopher 2484:Bartlett, Robert C. 2144:Turner "Roman Law" 2020:Historical Research 1109:Sometimes known as 1091:Henry of Huntingdon 1061:William of Northall 1057:Bishop of Worcester 1049:Archbishop of Lyons 846:Abbot of Gloucester 553:William FitzHerbert 424:Bishop of Salisbury 416:Bishop of Rochester 326:Peter the Venerable 302:Archbishop of Rouen 215:Serving during the 3975:Normans in England 3637:William Whittlesey 3615:Thomas Bradwardine 3558:William Chillenden 3547:Edmund of Abingdon 3451:William de Corbeil 3412:Robert of Jumièges 3387:Ælfric of Abingdon 3282:Theodore of Tarsus 3163:William de Corbeil 2956:Poole, Austin Lane 1866:Powell and Wallis 1233:Barlow "Theobald" 1029:Bishop of Chartres 977: 930:Bishop of Limerick 902:Bishop of Llandaff 828: 779:St Martin's Priory 654:Bishop of Hereford 598:Bishop of Tusculum 575:Bishop of Coventry 541: 426:, and his nephews 420:Roger of Salisbury 392: 322:Archbishop of York 190:Stephen of England 76:William de Corbeil 3927: 3926: 3647:William Courtenay 3603:John de Stratford 3581:Robert Winchelsey 3467:Roger de Bailleul 3186: 3185: 3177:Succeeded by 3152:Succeeded by 2554:978-1-85285-595-6 2452:(subscription or 1025:John of Salisbury 771:cathedral chapter 717:Westminster Abbey 614:Council of Rheims 584:in Paris to help 508:Battle of Lincoln 440:Bishop of Lincoln 351:Waleran of Meulan 316:, and brother of 164: 163: 16:(Redirected from 4002: 3864:Randall Davidson 3859:Frederick Temple 3839:John Bird Sumner 3779:William Sancroft 3745:Richard Bancroft 3723:Post-Reformation 3682:Thomas Bourchier 3626:William Edington 3564:Robert Kilwardby 3521:Richard le Grant 3515:Walter d'Eynsham 3478:Baldwin of Forde 3473:Richard of Dover 3212: 3205: 3198: 3189: 3160:Preceded by 3137:Preceded by 3127: 3122: 3102: 3063: 3046:(328): 449–480. 3032: 3010: 2993: 2978:Powell, J. Enoch 2973: 2951: 2932: 2913: 2896:(215): 347–364. 2884: 2862: 2823: 2804: 2787:Hollister, C. W. 2782: 2763: 2746:(196): 141–160. 2730: 2728: 2726: 2721:on 9 August 2011 2705: 2703: 2701: 2680: 2661: 2638: 2619: 2602: 2580: 2558: 2536: 2501: 2479: 2457: 2450: 2426: 2404: 2385: 2366: 2318: 2311: 2305: 2298: 2292: 2285: 2279: 2272: 2266: 2259: 2253: 2246: 2240: 2233: 2227: 2220: 2214: 2207: 2201: 2194: 2188: 2181: 2175: 2168: 2162: 2155: 2149: 2142: 2136: 2129: 2123: 2113: 2107: 2100: 2094: 2087: 2078: 2071: 2062: 2055: 2049: 2042: 2036: 2029: 2023: 2016: 2010: 2003: 1994: 1987: 1981: 1974: 1968: 1961: 1955: 1948: 1942: 1935: 1926: 1919: 1913: 1906: 1900: 1893: 1887: 1880: 1871: 1864: 1858: 1851: 1842: 1835: 1829: 1822: 1816: 1809: 1803: 1796: 1790: 1783: 1777: 1770: 1761: 1754: 1748: 1741: 1735: 1728: 1722: 1715: 1706: 1699: 1693: 1686: 1680: 1673: 1667: 1660: 1654: 1647: 1641: 1634: 1628: 1621: 1615: 1608: 1602: 1595: 1589: 1584:Quoted in Davis 1582: 1576: 1569: 1558: 1557:: Volume 6: York 1551: 1545: 1538: 1532: 1525: 1512: 1505: 1496: 1489: 1483: 1476: 1470: 1463: 1457: 1450: 1444: 1437: 1428: 1421: 1415: 1408: 1399: 1392: 1386: 1379: 1373: 1366: 1357: 1350: 1344: 1337: 1328: 1321: 1315: 1308: 1299: 1292: 1286: 1279: 1273: 1266: 1253: 1246: 1237: 1231: 1190: 1183: 1172: 1165: 1159: 1152: 1136: 1129: 1123: 1120: 1114: 1107: 1071:Death and legacy 1002:Bishop of Exeter 953:Council of Reims 922:David fitzGerald 886:Bishop of Bangor 851:Abbot of Evesham 742:Osbert de Bayeux 690:In January 1153 684:Capetian dynasty 673:legatine council 571:Roger de Clinton 549:suffragan bishop 516:legatine council 347:Alberic of Ostia 314:Bishop of Evreux 131: 118:Personal details 112:Alberic of Ostia 39: 21: 4010: 4009: 4005: 4004: 4003: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3930: 3929: 3928: 3923: 3913: 3879:Geoffrey Fisher 3844:Charles Longley 3774:Gilbert Sheldon 3718: 3593:Walter Reynolds 3509:Stephen Langton 3456:Theobald of Bec 3446:Ralph d'Escures 3421: 3230: 3221: 3216: 3182: 3173: 3165: 3155: 3148: 3140: 3125: 3105: 3066: 3035: 3029: 3013: 2996: 2976: 2970: 2954: 2948: 2935: 2929: 2916: 2887: 2881: 2865: 2843:10.2307/2865493 2826: 2820: 2807: 2801: 2785: 2779: 2766: 2733: 2724: 2722: 2708: 2699: 2697: 2683: 2677: 2664: 2658: 2641: 2635: 2622: 2605: 2599: 2585:Davis, R. 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King 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 143: 139: 138: 133: 124: 120: 119: 115: 114: 108:8 January 1139 106: 102: 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 73: 69: 68: 65: 61: 60: 57: 53: 52: 46: 45: 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4007: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3960:French abbots 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3921: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3894:Robert Runcie 3892: 3890: 3889:Donald Coggan 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3814:Thomas Secker 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3769:William Juxon 3767: 3765: 3763: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3746: 3743: 3741: 3740:John Whitgift 3738: 3736: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3715: 3714:Reginald Pole 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3672:John Stafford 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3642:Simon Sudbury 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3632:Simon Langham 3630: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3598:Simon Mepeham 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3588: 3587:Thomas Cobham 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3536: 3535: 3531: 3529: 3528: 3527:Ralph Neville 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3491: 3490:Hubert Walter 3488: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3462: 3461:Thomas Becket 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3233: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3213: 3208: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3194: 3193: 3190: 3181: 3180:Thomas Becket 3172: 3171: 3164: 3158: 3147: 3146: 3135: 3132: 3128: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3107:Warren, W. L. 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3040: 3034: 3030: 3028:0-7524-2969-8 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2969:0-19-821707-2 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2947:1-85285-514-2 2943: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2928:0-393-95132-4 2924: 2920: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2880:0-521-05479-6 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2825: 2821: 2819:0-582-84882-2 2815: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2800:0-300-08858-2 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2778:0-19-825897-6 2774: 2770: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2711:"Archbishops" 2707: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2676:0-521-56350-X 2672: 2668: 2663: 2659: 2657:1-84383-169-4 2653: 2649: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2634:0-7509-1947-7 2630: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2600: 2598:0-582-04000-0 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2576:0-582-22657-0 2572: 2568: 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1575:pp. 19–22 1544:pp. 90–91 1511:pp. 74–75 1507:Huscroft 1495:pp. 17–18 1456:pp. 71–73 1452:Huscroft 1410:Bartlett 1398:pp. 15–16 1343:pp. 60–61 1327:pp. 91–92 1314:pp. 94–97 1248:Bartlett 1143:Citations 904:in 1107. 822:Ruins of 791:benefices 730:Adrian IV 646:interdict 590:Lucius II 458:Civil war 436:Alexander 263:, in the 229:canonised 217:disorders 82:Successor 56:Appointed 3552:Boniface 3496:Reginald 3436:Lanfranc 3377:Æthelgar 3352:Wulfhelm 3342:Plegmund 3337:Æthelred 3332:Ceolnoth 3312:Jænberht 3302:Cuthbert 3297:Nothhelm 3265:Honorius 3255:Mellitus 3250:Laurence 3237:Conquest 3111:Henry II 3109:(1973). 2958:(1955). 2869:(1976). 2830:Speculum 2587:(1990). 2565:(2000). 2543:(2007). 2486:(2000). 2464:(1986). 2433:(2004). 2411:(1979). 2289:Theobald 2287:Saltman 2170:Knowles 2104:Theobald 2102:Saltman 2075:Theobald 2073:Saltman 2046:Henry II 2033:Theobald 2031:Saltman 2005:Knowles 1991:Theobald 1989:Saltman 1978:Theobald 1976:Saltman 1965:Theobald 1963:Saltman 1939:Theobald 1937:Saltman 1897:Theobald 1895:Saltman 1884:Theobald 1882:Saltman 1855:Henry II 1703:Theobald 1701:Saltman 1690:Theobald 1688:Saltman 1662:Matthew 1638:Theobald 1636:Saltman 1625:Speculum 1612:Theobald 1610:Saltman 1573:Theobald 1571:Saltman 1542:Theobald 1540:Saltman 1493:Theobald 1491:Saltman 1423:Appleby 1396:Theobald 1394:Saltman 1352:Matthew 1339:Appleby 1296:Theobald 1294:Saltman 1283:Theobald 1281:Saltman 1187:Theobald 1185:Saltman 1055:, later 1047:, later 1037:and the 994:nepotism 985:Vacarius 622:Hereford 363:Lanfranc 318:Thurstan 135:Normandy 110:by 32:Theobald 3920:Italics 3417:Stigand 3407:Eadsige 3392:Ælfheah 3382:Sigeric 3372:Dunstan 3362:Ælfsige 3322:Wulfred 3292:Tatwine 3276:Wighard 2890:History 2851:2865493 2791:Henry I 2725:3 March 2700:3 March 2313:Barlow 2261:Barlow 2222:Barlow 2183:Barlow 2044:Warren 1912:pp. 2–4 1853:Warren 1826:Normans 1824:Crouch 1772:Barlow 1758:History 1732:Normans 1730:Crouch 1717:Barlow 1675:Crouch 1649:Barlow 1467:Henry I 1368:Barlow 1323:Crouch 1310:Barlow 1189:pp. 3–4 1167:Barlow 1154:Barlow 1111:Tedbald 1018:marshal 942:primate 913:Gilbert 890:Bernard 746:William 700:William 677:Eustace 650:St Omer 626:Norwich 512:Bristol 484:William 480:Henry V 472:Matilda 464:Henry I 396:pallium 388:Stephen 221:Eustace 194:primacy 3441:Anselm 3397:Lyfing 3347:Athelm 3260:Justus 3154:Létard 3119:724021 3117: 3097: 3091:175236 3089: 3060:564160 3058: 3025: 3007:385687 3005: 2990:463626 2988: 2966: 2944: 2925: 2908: 2877: 2857: 2849: 2816: 2797: 2775: 2758: 2673: 2654: 2631: 2616:310997 2614: 2595: 2573: 2551: 2531: 2494: 2472: 2419: 2397: 2378: 2361: 2355:175153 2353: 2304:p. 595 2278:p. 232 2252:p. 196 2248:Poole 2213:p. 258 2200:p. 252 2174:p. 516 2135:p. 186 2122:p. 121 2022:p. 157 2009:p. 588 1828:p. 278 1802:p. 118 1798:Davis 1760:p. 354 1747:p. 135 1734:p. 273 1721:p. 131 1679:p. 305 1627:p. 980 1597:Davis 1527:Davis 1478:Davis 1414:p. 411 1268:Davis 1252:p. 401 1133:Gothic 1000:, the 909:Uhtred 882:Meurig 783:canons 596:, the 547:, his 492:fealty 434:, and 367:Anselm 353:, the 320:, the 312:, the 310:Audoen 274:Walter 175:Norman 155:Buried 100:Orders 3139:Boson 3095:S2CID 3087:JSTOR 3056:JSTOR 2906:S2CID 2855:S2CID 2847:JSTOR 2756:S2CID 2529:S2CID 2359:S2CID 2351:JSTOR 2317:p. 36 2226:p. 38 2187:p. 32 2131:Lyon 2106:p. 95 1954:p. 78 1925:p. 12 1870:p. 73 1857:p. 53 1841:p. 21 1815:p. 13 1789:p. 16 1705:p. 28 1653:p. 99 1640:p. 24 1614:p. 37 1601:p. 62 1588:p. 62 1482:p. 52 1469:p. 41 1427:p. 72 1356:p. 87 1272:p. 27 1171:p. 23 1158:p. 11 1097:Notes 898:Urban 787:Lewes 594:Icmar 586:Suger 497:David 446:, or 428:Nigel 297:prior 285:abbot 259:near 186:abbot 3235:Pre- 3115:OCLC 3023:ISBN 3003:OCLC 2986:OCLC 2964:ISBN 2942:ISBN 2923:ISBN 2875:ISBN 2814:ISBN 2795:ISBN 2773:ISBN 2727:2010 2702:2010 2671:ISBN 2652:ISBN 2629:ISBN 2612:OCLC 2593:ISBN 2571:ISBN 2549:ISBN 2507:Vita 2492:ISBN 2470:ISBN 2417:ISBN 2395:ISBN 2376:ISBN 2148:p. 6 1837:Amt 1811:Amt 1785:Amt 1298:p. 6 1285:p. 5 940:the 624:and 448:Life 444:Vita 365:and 142:Died 123:Born 59:1138 3357:Oda 3079:doi 3048:doi 2898:doi 2839:doi 2748:doi 2738:". 2521:doi 2443:doi 2343:doi 915:as 900:as 884:as 240:see 3936:: 3093:. 3085:. 3075:15 3073:. 3054:. 3044:83 3042:. 2904:. 2894:65 2892:. 2853:. 2845:. 2835:68 2833:. 2754:. 2744:77 2742:. 2713:. 2688:. 2527:. 2517:34 2515:. 2437:. 2357:. 2349:. 2337:. 2082:^ 2066:^ 1998:^ 1930:^ 1875:^ 1846:^ 1765:^ 1710:^ 1562:^ 1516:^ 1500:^ 1432:^ 1403:^ 1361:^ 1332:^ 1303:^ 1257:^ 1241:^ 1194:^ 1176:^ 1051:, 892:, 719:. 620:, 573:, 478:, 438:, 430:, 422:, 328:, 304:, 204:, 171:c. 127:c. 3764:) 3211:e 3204:t 3197:v 3121:. 3101:. 3081:: 3062:. 3050:: 3031:. 3009:. 2992:. 2972:. 2950:. 2931:. 2912:. 2900:: 2883:. 2861:. 2841:: 2822:. 2803:. 2781:. 2762:. 2750:: 2729:. 2704:. 2679:. 2660:. 2637:. 2618:. 2601:. 2579:. 2557:. 2535:. 2523:: 2500:. 2478:. 2449:. 2445:: 2425:. 2403:. 2384:. 2365:. 2345:: 2339:9 2120:1 1113:. 169:( 34:. 20:)

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