292:
physiological, and chemical) were relevant to observed differences in species-specific traits, as well as which specific traits were relevant to observed differences in nervous systems. His resulting discoveries helped explain various properties of nervous systems. In one influential review he wrote, “Comparative neuroscience is likely to reach insights so novel as to constitute revolutions in understanding the structure, functions, ontogeny, and evolution of nervous systems. Without due consideration of the neural and behavioral correlates of differences between higher taxa and between closely related families, species, sexes, and stages, we cannot expect to understand nervous systems or ourselves”.
343:. This marked the beginning of his studies on simple nervous systems, which he used to explore the neural mechanisms that work together to produce an output in response to a stimulus, both at the physiological and behavioral level. During this time, the importance of comparative studies also became apparent to him. He believed that to fully understand how the brain and nervous system work, one must search for commonalities, and also for differences in nervous systems across different taxonomic levels. After earning his PhD in 1940, he accepted a postdoctoral fellowship, and later a teaching position at
548:
Emeritus. However, retirement could not stop him from remaining at the forefront of comparative neuroscience. At the age of 88 Bullock re-established a modeling study on nerve-nets, and built a model that accurately predicted the input-output relationships for a range of different stimuli. Bullock maintained an active research laboratory and continued studying the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system up until his death, 20 December 2005.
1314:
355:(MBL) at Woods Hole during the summers. Here he taught invertebrate zoology and their famous physiology course, and he studied nerve nets in coelenterates and the structure and physiology of giant nerve fibers in annelids. His studies on nerve nets lead him to be one of the first experimentalists to understand the value and importance of computational techniques for modeling and data analysis.
1326:
221:. During a career spanning nearly seven decades, this American academic was esteemed both as a pioneering and influential neuroscientist, examining the physiology and evolution of the nervous system across organizational levels, and as a champion of the comparative approach, studying species from nearly all major animal groups—
390:, which are generated by the summated electrical activity of millions of brain cells. Bullock was a respected teacher who taught many courses while at UCLA, such as zoology and advanced invertebrate biology. He spent the summers of 1955-1957 at Woods Hole as the director of the Invertebrate Zoology course.
275:
Bullock appealed to the scientific community to look beyond established paradigms in neuroscience, as well as to consider the ecology of an animal when endeavoring to understand its nervous system. As he once wrote, “Neuroscience is part of biology, more specifically of zoology, and it suffers tunnel
291:
In his quest to go beyond a descriptive account of the nervous system, Bullock studied many different and unrelated, species. He believed that this "comparative approach" would reveal both general principles of the nervous system, and offer insights into which nervous system properties (anatomical,
547:
Bullock was known as an inspired teacher and mentor. More than 100 scientists passed through his laboratory as postdoctoral fellows and research associates. From 1949 to 1999, Bullock was the primary adviser for 36 graduating PhD students (17 at
Scripps), and in 1982 he retired as a Professor
295:
One colleague described
Bullock as an “adventurous scientific explorer, continually seeking undiscovered phenomena and new unifying principles”. Until the very end of his life, at the age of 90, Bullock remained an active and influential presence in the fields of
316:, China. His parents, Amasa and Ruth Bullock (née Beckwith), were Presbyterian missionaries and had arrived in China in 1909. In 1928, when Bullock was thirteen, the family returned to the United States, and settled in
320:. Bullock’s life as a neuroscientist began with histological studies of brain degeneration that he performed while still in high school. During this time he also studied marine biology and other courses at the
1367:
370:), where he remained for the next twenty years. During this time, he helped pioneer the field of comparative and integrative neurobiology. In one series of famous experiments on the cardiac ganglion in
328:
in 1936, where he studied zoology. In 1937 Bullock married Martha
Runquist, whom he remained married to until the end of his life, 68 years later. They had two children, Christine and Steve.
1377:
1397:
1407:
1402:
1422:
604:
572:
272:) is an excellent example of how motor programs are integrated with incoming sensory information when generating a behavior pattern in response to a stimulus.
590:
581:
1392:
1018:
42:
1046:
956:
652:
363:
140:
1412:
950:
406:
398:
145:
1063:
623:
614:
593:(NAS), served as chair of the NAS Zoology Section, and when it was later dissolved he became chair of the new Section of Neurobiology
325:
86:
382:, but through non-synaptic interactions without such impulses. Today we know that this type of electrical interaction is mediated by
1362:
1387:
1382:
420:
Bullock published a vast array of papers. Other than the species previously mentioned, he also studied the nervous systems of
1262:
600:
386:. This idea, that electrical synapses couple groups of cells into functional units, lead to Bullock’s lifelong interest in
324:
Marine
Biological Laboratory. He received an Associate of Arts degree from Pasadena Junior College in 1934, and a BA from
751:
Recurrent
Inhibition in the Giant Fibre System of the Crayfish and its Effect on the Excitability of the Escape Response
656:
638:
352:
98:
1011:
955:
Kristan, B. (March 2006), "Theodore Holmes
Bullock, An Appreciation," International Neuroethology Society newsletter,
665:
991:
1267:
1252:
405:) School of Medicine’s new Department of Neurosciences. He also served as the chairman of the Neurobiology Unit of
261:
985:
1417:
1068:
834:
Leonard, Janet L. (2001). "Theodore H. Bullock and simpler systems in comparative and integrative neurobiology".
791:
Zupanc, G. K.; Zupanc, M. M. (2008). "Theodore H. Bullock: Pioneer of integrative and comparative neurobiology".
779:
1330:
1272:
877:
1372:
1318:
1282:
1041:
1004:
967:
957:
https://web.archive.org/web/20070808195607/http://www.neuroethology.org/newsletter/news_archive/mar_06.pdf
359:
155:
1098:
951:
https://web.archive.org/web/20060901120040/http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/bullock_obituary.asp
762:
559:
387:
1357:
1352:
1175:
1108:
1088:
1083:
901:
705:
362:, where he taught medical students anatomy and physiology. Two years later he joined the faculty at
1242:
1180:
1165:
1130:
317:
269:
1205:
1135:
1103:
1078:
859:
816:
731:
429:
1226:
917:
851:
808:
754:
723:
1292:
1287:
1200:
909:
843:
800:
713:
379:
375:
183:
1257:
1160:
1155:
537:
198:
150:
876:
Williams, J. (12-23-2005), "Ted
Bullock, 90; renowned neuroscientist at UCSD's Scripps,"
335:, and focused on the organization of the nervous system (both anatomy and physiology) in
905:
709:
41:
1277:
1150:
1145:
1093:
949:
Aguilera, M. (1-3-2006), "Obituary Notice- Renowned
Neurobiologist: Theodore Bullock,"
892:
Bullock, T. H. (1984). "Comparative neuroscience holds promise for quiet revolutions".
321:
847:
1346:
1140:
1073:
1027:
934:
Josephson, R.K. (2006), "Theodore Holmes
Bullock," Biological Bulletin, 210:169–170.
383:
301:
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257:
222:
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124:
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1185:
863:
735:
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202:
119:
17:
992:
https://web.archive.org/web/20080821155756/http://cogprints.org/130/0/Autobiog.htm
820:
935:
540:, Bullock published the seminal two-volume “bible of invertebrate neurobiology”:
1221:
1190:
1170:
961:
Pearce, J. (1-9-2006), "Theodore H. Bullock, Animal researcher, is dead at 90,"
766:
449:
332:
234:
188:
986:
https://web.archive.org/web/20060525151009/http://myprofile.cos.com/bullockt82s
331:
Bullock's doctorate work was performed at UC Berkeley under the supervision of
1195:
804:
485:
469:
425:
336:
230:
780:
https://cap.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=4330&name=Eric_Knudsen
913:
878:
http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/obituaries/20051223-9999-1m23bullock.html
758:
521:
340:
285:
253:
249:
242:
855:
812:
727:
921:
1058:
501:
465:
461:
453:
445:
417:
was that he hoped to bridge the gap between Marine
Biology and medicine.
410:
371:
277:
238:
226:
171:
509:
497:
481:
473:
440:
434:
313:
281:
1052:
563:
493:
165:
718:
693:
217:(16 May 1915 – 20 December 2005) is one of the founding fathers of
533:
525:
477:
457:
421:
374:, Bullock demonstrated that neurons can communicate not just via
996:
517:
505:
489:
414:
402:
394:
367:
348:
344:
1000:
646:
First president of the International Society for Neuroethology
312:
The second of four children, Bullock was born May 16, 1915, in
984:
Bullock’s UCSD profile page, with a list of his publications:
529:
513:
542:
Structure and Function in the Nervous System of Invertebrates
260:, as well as other electrosensory animals. His work on the
1368:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
753:(PhD thesis). University of California, Los Angeles.
1235:
1214:
1118:
1034:
358:In 1944 Bullock accepted a faculty position at the
194:
182:
164:
133:
112:
93:
82:
70:
51:
32:
1378:UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
673:Honorary Doctorate, University of Loyola Chicago
972:Behavioral Neurobiology: An Integrative Approach
605:Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology
936:http://www.biolbull.org/content/210/3/169.full
1398:University of California, Los Angeles faculty
1012:
573:American Association of University Professors
339:, generally considered a sister group to the
8:
687:
685:
631:Queen’s Fellow in Marine Biology, Australia
1408:Scripps Institution of Oceanography faculty
1403:University of California, San Diego faculty
694:"Obituary: Theodore H. Bullock (1915-2005)"
1423:Presidents of the Society for Neuroscience
1019:
1005:
997:
40:
29:
717:
582:The American Academy of Arts and Sciences
681:
974:, Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.
887:
885:
653:Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience
364:University of California, Los Angeles
141:University of California, Los Angeles
7:
1325:
977:Preuss, T.M. & Kaas, J. (2006),
172:The nervous system of balanoglossids
793:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
407:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
399:University of California, San Diego
146:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
624:The American Philosophical Society
615:The American Philosophical Society
326:University of California, Berkeley
87:University of California, Berkeley
25:
413:, CA. One reason for his move to
1324:
1313:
1312:
981:, Burlington MA: Academic Press.
1069:Central pattern generator (CPG)
979:Evolution of the Nervous System
256:and electroreceptors in weakly
1393:University of Missouri faculty
1263:Frog hearing and communication
601:American Society of Zoologists
276:vision unless continuous with
1:
848:10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00046-0
749:Roberts, Alan Madoc (1967).
657:The Society for Neuroscience
639:The Society for Neuroscience
613:Karl Spencer Lashley Award,
591:National Academy of Sciences
552:Notable awards and positions
353:Marine Biological Laboratory
99:National Academy of Sciences
1413:Students of Sol Felty Light
347:. During his four years at
1439:
1268:Infrared sensing in snakes
1253:Jamming avoidance response
562:, The Zoological Station,
268:(work later carried on by
262:jamming avoidance response
1308:
990:Bullock's autobiography:
805:10.1007/s00359-007-0286-y
208:
105:
39:
1363:American neuroscientists
1273:Caridoid escape reaction
836:Progress in Neurobiology
536:. In 1965 together with
351:, Bullock worked at the
46:Ted Bullock, early 1990s
1388:Yale University faculty
1383:Yale University fellows
1126:Theodore Holmes Bullock
914:10.1126/science.6740319
666:University of Frankfurt
248:Bullock discovered the
215:Theodore Holmes Bullock
56:Theodore Holmes Bullock
27:American neuroscientist
1283:Surface wave detection
692:Zupanc, G. K. (2006).
360:University of Missouri
156:University of Missouri
1099:Anti-Hebbian learning
622:Elected as a member,
580:Elected as a member,
560:Fulbright scholarship
393:In 1966 Bullock left
1176:Bernhard Hassenstein
1109:Ultrasound avoidance
1084:Fixed action pattern
1047:Coincidence detector
664:Honorary Doctorate,
1243:Animal echolocation
1181:Werner E. Reichardt
1131:Walter Heiligenberg
906:1984Sci...225..473B
710:2006Natur.439..280Z
637:Third president of
318:Southern California
270:Walter Heiligenberg
18:Theodore H. Bullock
1206:Fernando Nottebohm
1104:Sound localization
1079:Lateral inhibition
589:Admitted into the
1340:
1339:
1227:Slice preparation
1089:Krogh's Principle
1064:Feature detection
212:
211:
195:Doctoral students
107:Scientific career
74:December 20, 2005
16:(Redirected from
1430:
1418:Fulbright alumni
1328:
1327:
1316:
1315:
1293:Mechanoreception
1288:Electroreception
1201:Masakazu Konishi
1166:Jörg-Peter Ewert
1021:
1014:
1007:
998:
938:
932:
926:
925:
889:
880:
874:
868:
867:
831:
825:
824:
788:
782:
777:
771:
770:
746:
740:
739:
721:
689:
388:field potentials
380:chemical synapse
376:action potential
184:Doctoral advisor
178:
77:
65:
63:
44:
30:
21:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1304:
1258:Vision in toads
1231:
1210:
1161:Erich von Holst
1156:Karl von Frisch
1114:
1030:
1025:
946:
941:
933:
929:
900:(4661): 473–8.
891:
890:
883:
875:
871:
833:
832:
828:
790:
789:
785:
778:
774:
748:
747:
743:
719:10.1038/439280a
691:
690:
683:
679:
599:President, The
571:President, The
554:
538:Adrian Horridge
310:
199:Alan M. Roberts
176:
160:
151:Yale University
129:
83:Alma mater
75:
61:
59:
58:
57:
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
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1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1345:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1322:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1278:Vocal learning
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1151:Donald Kennedy
1148:
1146:Donald Griffin
1143:
1138:
1136:Niko Tinbergen
1133:
1128:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1094:Hebbian theory
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1016:
1009:
1001:
995:
994:
988:
982:
975:
968:Zupanc, G.K.H.
965:
963:New York Times
959:
953:
945:
942:
940:
939:
927:
881:
869:
842:(4): 365–485.
826:
783:
772:
741:
680:
678:
675:
553:
550:
322:Pomona College
309:
306:
210:
209:
206:
205:
196:
192:
191:
186:
180:
179:
168:
162:
161:
159:
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148:
143:
137:
135:
131:
130:
128:
127:
122:
116:
114:
110:
109:
103:
102:
97:Member of the
95:
91:
90:
84:
80:
79:
78:(aged 90)
72:
68:
67:
55:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1435:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1373:Neuroethology
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1333:
1332:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1141:Konrad Lorenz
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1074:NMDA receptor
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:Neuroethology
1022:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1008:
1003:
1002:
999:
993:
989:
987:
983:
980:
976:
973:
969:
966:
964:
960:
958:
954:
952:
948:
947:
943:
937:
931:
928:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
888:
886:
882:
879:
873:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
830:
827:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
799:(2): 119–34.
798:
794:
787:
784:
781:
776:
773:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
745:
742:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
715:
711:
707:
704:(7074): 280.
703:
699:
695:
688:
686:
682:
676:
674:
672:
668:
667:
663:
659:
658:
654:
651:
647:
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641:
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636:
632:
630:
626:
625:
621:
617:
616:
612:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
592:
588:
584:
583:
579:
575:
574:
570:
566:
565:
564:Naples, Italy
561:
558:
551:
549:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
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495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:
437:
436:
431:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
385:
384:gap junctions
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
315:
307:
305:
303:
302:neuroethology
299:
293:
289:
287:
283:
279:
273:
271:
267:
266:electric fish
263:
259:
258:electric fish
255:
251:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
223:coelenterates
220:
219:neuroethology
216:
207:
204:
200:
197:
193:
190:
187:
185:
181:
174:
173:
169:
167:
163:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
136:
132:
126:
125:Neuroethology
123:
121:
118:
117:
115:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
85:
81:
73:
69:
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
1329:
1317:
1298:Lateral line
1248:Waggle dance
1186:Eric Knudsen
1125:
1051:
978:
971:
962:
944:Bibliography
930:
897:
893:
872:
839:
835:
829:
796:
792:
786:
775:
750:
744:
701:
697:
670:
669:
661:
660:
649:
648:
643:
642:
634:
633:
628:
627:
619:
618:
610:
609:
596:
595:
586:
585:
577:
576:
568:
567:
556:
555:
546:
541:
450:rattlesnakes
439:
433:
430:spirunculids
419:
397:to join the
392:
357:
330:
311:
298:neuroscience
294:
290:
274:
247:
214:
213:
203:Eric Knudsen
170:
134:Institutions
120:Neurobiology
106:
76:(2005-12-20)
66:May 16, 1915
1358:2005 deaths
1353:1915 births
1222:Patch clamp
1191:Eric Kandel
1171:Franz Huber
1042:Feedforward
486:salamanders
426:sea urchins
337:acorn worms
333:S. F. Light
235:echinoderms
189:S. F. Light
34:Ted Bullock
1347:Categories
1196:Nobuo Suga
1111:in insects
677:References
470:cuttlefish
254:pit vipers
231:arthropods
62:1915-05-16
767:302225423
603:(now the
522:octopodes
466:sea lions
462:porpoises
341:chordates
308:Biography
286:evolution
250:pit organ
243:chordates
1319:Category
1059:Instinct
1035:Concepts
970:(2004),
856:11163682
813:18228076
763:ProQuest
759:20830525
728:16421559
607:(SICB))
569:1955–56,
557:1950–51,
502:crayfish
482:manatees
446:starfish
411:La Jolla
372:lobsters
278:ethology
239:molluscs
227:annelids
1331:Commons
1236:Systems
1215:Methods
922:6740319
902:Bibcode
894:Science
864:7195257
736:4383340
706:Bibcode
635:1973-4,
510:ratfish
498:hagfish
494:turtles
474:catfish
441:Aplysia
435:Limulus
314:Nanking
282:ecology
1119:People
1053:Umwelt
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821:243925
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698:Nature
534:humans
526:snakes
478:sloths
458:sharks
422:corals
284:, and
241:, and
177:(1940)
175:
166:Thesis
113:Fields
101:(1963)
94:Awards
860:S2CID
817:S2CID
732:S2CID
671:2000,
662:1988,
650:1984,
644:1984,
629:1973,
620:1970,
611:1968,
597:1965,
587:1963,
578:1961,
518:crabs
490:frogs
89:(PhD)
918:PMID
852:PMID
809:PMID
755:OCLC
724:PMID
532:and
530:rats
514:bats
506:tuna
454:rays
415:UCSD
403:UCSD
395:UCLA
378:and
368:UCLA
349:Yale
345:Yale
300:and
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52:Born
910:doi
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