281:
physiological, and chemical) were relevant to observed differences in species-specific traits, as well as which specific traits were relevant to observed differences in nervous systems. His resulting discoveries helped explain various properties of nervous systems. In one influential review he wrote, “Comparative neuroscience is likely to reach insights so novel as to constitute revolutions in understanding the structure, functions, ontogeny, and evolution of nervous systems. Without due consideration of the neural and behavioral correlates of differences between higher taxa and between closely related families, species, sexes, and stages, we cannot expect to understand nervous systems or ourselves”.
332:. This marked the beginning of his studies on simple nervous systems, which he used to explore the neural mechanisms that work together to produce an output in response to a stimulus, both at the physiological and behavioral level. During this time, the importance of comparative studies also became apparent to him. He believed that to fully understand how the brain and nervous system work, one must search for commonalities, and also for differences in nervous systems across different taxonomic levels. After earning his PhD in 1940, he accepted a postdoctoral fellowship, and later a teaching position at
537:
Emeritus. However, retirement could not stop him from remaining at the forefront of comparative neuroscience. At the age of 88 Bullock re-established a modeling study on nerve-nets, and built a model that accurately predicted the input-output relationships for a range of different stimuli. Bullock maintained an active research laboratory and continued studying the anatomy and physiology of the nervous system up until his death, 20 December 2005.
1303:
344:(MBL) at Woods Hole during the summers. Here he taught invertebrate zoology and their famous physiology course, and he studied nerve nets in coelenterates and the structure and physiology of giant nerve fibers in annelids. His studies on nerve nets lead him to be one of the first experimentalists to understand the value and importance of computational techniques for modeling and data analysis.
1315:
210:. During a career spanning nearly seven decades, this American academic was esteemed both as a pioneering and influential neuroscientist, examining the physiology and evolution of the nervous system across organizational levels, and as a champion of the comparative approach, studying species from nearly all major animal groups—
379:, which are generated by the summated electrical activity of millions of brain cells. Bullock was a respected teacher who taught many courses while at UCLA, such as zoology and advanced invertebrate biology. He spent the summers of 1955-1957 at Woods Hole as the director of the Invertebrate Zoology course.
264:
Bullock appealed to the scientific community to look beyond established paradigms in neuroscience, as well as to consider the ecology of an animal when endeavoring to understand its nervous system. As he once wrote, “Neuroscience is part of biology, more specifically of zoology, and it suffers tunnel
280:
In his quest to go beyond a descriptive account of the nervous system, Bullock studied many different and unrelated, species. He believed that this "comparative approach" would reveal both general principles of the nervous system, and offer insights into which nervous system properties (anatomical,
536:
Bullock was known as an inspired teacher and mentor. More than 100 scientists passed through his laboratory as postdoctoral fellows and research associates. From 1949 to 1999, Bullock was the primary adviser for 36 graduating PhD students (17 at
Scripps), and in 1982 he retired as a Professor
284:
One colleague described
Bullock as an “adventurous scientific explorer, continually seeking undiscovered phenomena and new unifying principles”. Until the very end of his life, at the age of 90, Bullock remained an active and influential presence in the fields of
305:, China. His parents, Amasa and Ruth Bullock (née Beckwith), were Presbyterian missionaries and had arrived in China in 1909. In 1928, when Bullock was thirteen, the family returned to the United States, and settled in
309:. Bullock’s life as a neuroscientist began with histological studies of brain degeneration that he performed while still in high school. During this time he also studied marine biology and other courses at the
1356:
359:), where he remained for the next twenty years. During this time, he helped pioneer the field of comparative and integrative neurobiology. In one series of famous experiments on the cardiac ganglion in
317:
in 1936, where he studied zoology. In 1937 Bullock married Martha
Runquist, whom he remained married to until the end of his life, 68 years later. They had two children, Christine and Steve.
1366:
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261:) is an excellent example of how motor programs are integrated with incoming sensory information when generating a behavior pattern in response to a stimulus.
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582:(NAS), served as chair of the NAS Zoology Section, and when it was later dissolved he became chair of the new Section of Neurobiology
314:
75:
371:, but through non-synaptic interactions without such impulses. Today we know that this type of electrical interaction is mediated by
1351:
1376:
1371:
409:
Bullock published a vast array of papers. Other than the species previously mentioned, he also studied the nervous systems of
1251:
589:
375:. This idea, that electrical synapses couple groups of cells into functional units, lead to Bullock’s lifelong interest in
313:
Marine
Biological Laboratory. He received an Associate of Arts degree from Pasadena Junior College in 1934, and a BA from
740:
Recurrent
Inhibition in the Giant Fibre System of the Crayfish and its Effect on the Excitability of the Escape Response
645:
627:
341:
87:
1000:
944:
Kristan, B. (March 2006), "Theodore Holmes
Bullock, An Appreciation," International Neuroethology Society newsletter,
654:
980:
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1241:
394:) School of Medicine’s new Department of Neurosciences. He also served as the chairman of the Neurobiology Unit of
250:
974:
1406:
1057:
823:
Leonard, Janet L. (2001). "Theodore H. Bullock and simpler systems in comparative and integrative neurobiology".
780:
Zupanc, G. K.; Zupanc, M. M. (2008). "Theodore H. Bullock: Pioneer of integrative and comparative neurobiology".
768:
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866:
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https://web.archive.org/web/20070808195607/http://www.neuroethology.org/newsletter/news_archive/mar_06.pdf
348:
144:
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https://web.archive.org/web/20060901120040/http://ucsdnews.ucsd.edu/newsrel/science/bullock_obituary.asp
751:
548:
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1341:
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351:, where he taught medical students anatomy and physiology. Two years later he joined the faculty at
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258:
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139:
865:
Williams, J. (12-23-2005), "Ted
Bullock, 90; renowned neuroscientist at UCSD's Scripps,"
324:, and focused on the organization of the nervous system (both anatomy and physiology) in
894:
698:
30:
1266:
1139:
1134:
1082:
938:
Aguilera, M. (1-3-2006), "Obituary Notice- Renowned
Neurobiologist: Theodore Bullock,"
881:
Bullock, T. H. (1984). "Comparative neuroscience holds promise for quiet revolutions".
310:
836:
1335:
1129:
1062:
1016:
923:
Josephson, R.K. (2006), "Theodore Holmes
Bullock," Biological Bulletin, 210:169–170.
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108:
981:
https://web.archive.org/web/20080821155756/http://cogprints.org/130/0/Autobiog.htm
809:
924:
529:, Bullock published the seminal two-volume “bible of invertebrate neurobiology”:
1210:
1179:
1159:
950:
Pearce, J. (1-9-2006), "Theodore H. Bullock, Animal researcher, is dead at 90,"
755:
438:
321:
223:
177:
975:
https://web.archive.org/web/20060525151009/http://myprofile.cos.com/bullockt82s
320:
Bullock's doctorate work was performed at UC Berkeley under the supervision of
1184:
793:
474:
458:
414:
325:
219:
769:
https://cap.stanford.edu/profiles/viewCV?facultyId=4330&name=Eric_Knudsen
902:
867:
http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/obituaries/20051223-9999-1m23bullock.html
747:
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231:
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801:
716:
910:
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was that he hoped to bridge the gap between Marine
Biology and medicine.
399:
360:
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215:
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552:
482:
154:
707:
682:
206:(16 May 1915 – 20 December 2005) is one of the founding fathers of
522:
514:
466:
446:
410:
363:, Bullock demonstrated that neurons can communicate not just via
985:
506:
494:
478:
403:
391:
383:
356:
337:
333:
989:
635:
First president of the International Society for Neuroethology
301:
The second of four children, Bullock was born May 16, 1915, in
973:
Bullock’s UCSD profile page, with a list of his publications:
518:
502:
531:
Structure and Function in the Nervous System of Invertebrates
249:, as well as other electrosensory animals. His work on the
1357:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
742:(PhD thesis). University of California, Los Angeles.
1224:
1203:
1107:
1023:
347:In 1944 Bullock accepted a faculty position at the
183:
171:
153:
122:
101:
82:
71:
59:
40:
21:
1367:UC Berkeley College of Letters and Science alumni
662:Honorary Doctorate, University of Loyola Chicago
961:Behavioral Neurobiology: An Integrative Approach
594:Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology
925:http://www.biolbull.org/content/210/3/169.full
1387:University of California, Los Angeles faculty
1001:
562:American Association of University Professors
328:, generally considered a sister group to the
8:
676:
674:
620:Queen’s Fellow in Marine Biology, Australia
1397:Scripps Institution of Oceanography faculty
1392:University of California, San Diego faculty
683:"Obituary: Theodore H. Bullock (1915-2005)"
1412:Presidents of the Society for Neuroscience
1008:
994:
986:
29:
18:
706:
571:The American Academy of Arts and Sciences
670:
963:, Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK.
876:
874:
642:Ralph W. Gerard Prize in Neuroscience
353:University of California, Los Angeles
130:University of California, Los Angeles
7:
1314:
966:Preuss, T.M. & Kaas, J. (2006),
161:The nervous system of balanoglossids
782:Journal of Comparative Physiology A
396:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
388:University of California, San Diego
135:Scripps Institution of Oceanography
613:The American Philosophical Society
604:The American Philosophical Society
315:University of California, Berkeley
76:University of California, Berkeley
14:
402:, CA. One reason for his move to
1313:
1302:
1301:
970:, Burlington MA: Academic Press.
1058:Central pattern generator (CPG)
968:Evolution of the Nervous System
245:and electroreceptors in weakly
1382:University of Missouri faculty
1252:Frog hearing and communication
590:American Society of Zoologists
265:vision unless continuous with
1:
837:10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00046-0
738:Roberts, Alan Madoc (1967).
646:The Society for Neuroscience
628:The Society for Neuroscience
602:Karl Spencer Lashley Award,
580:National Academy of Sciences
541:Notable awards and positions
342:Marine Biological Laboratory
88:National Academy of Sciences
1402:Students of Sol Felty Light
336:. During his four years at
1428:
1257:Infrared sensing in snakes
1242:Jamming avoidance response
551:, The Zoological Station,
257:(work later carried on by
251:jamming avoidance response
1297:
979:Bullock's autobiography:
794:10.1007/s00359-007-0286-y
197:
94:
28:
1352:American neuroscientists
1262:Caridoid escape reaction
825:Progress in Neurobiology
525:. In 1965 together with
340:, Bullock worked at the
35:Ted Bullock, early 1990s
1377:Yale University faculty
1372:Yale University fellows
1115:Theodore Holmes Bullock
903:10.1126/science.6740319
655:University of Frankfurt
237:Bullock discovered the
204:Theodore Holmes Bullock
45:Theodore Holmes Bullock
16:American neuroscientist
1272:Surface wave detection
681:Zupanc, G. K. (2006).
349:University of Missouri
145:University of Missouri
1088:Anti-Hebbian learning
611:Elected as a member,
569:Elected as a member,
549:Fulbright scholarship
382:In 1966 Bullock left
1165:Bernhard Hassenstein
1098:Ultrasound avoidance
1073:Fixed action pattern
1036:Coincidence detector
653:Honorary Doctorate,
1232:Animal echolocation
1170:Werner E. Reichardt
1120:Walter Heiligenberg
895:1984Sci...225..473B
699:2006Natur.439..280Z
626:Third president of
307:Southern California
259:Walter Heiligenberg
1195:Fernando Nottebohm
1093:Sound localization
1068:Lateral inhibition
578:Admitted into the
1329:
1328:
1216:Slice preparation
1078:Krogh's Principle
1053:Feature detection
201:
200:
184:Doctoral students
96:Scientific career
63:December 20, 2005
1419:
1407:Fulbright alumni
1317:
1316:
1305:
1304:
1282:Mechanoreception
1277:Electroreception
1190:Masakazu Konishi
1155:Jörg-Peter Ewert
1010:
1003:
996:
987:
927:
921:
915:
914:
878:
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863:
857:
856:
820:
814:
813:
777:
771:
766:
760:
759:
735:
729:
728:
710:
678:
377:field potentials
369:chemical synapse
365:action potential
173:Doctoral advisor
167:
66:
54:
52:
33:
19:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1416:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1293:
1247:Vision in toads
1220:
1199:
1150:Erich von Holst
1145:Karl von Frisch
1103:
1019:
1014:
935:
930:
922:
918:
889:(4661): 473–8.
880:
879:
872:
864:
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822:
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817:
779:
778:
774:
767:
763:
737:
736:
732:
708:10.1038/439280a
680:
679:
672:
668:
588:President, The
560:President, The
543:
527:Adrian Horridge
299:
188:Alan M. Roberts
165:
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140:Yale University
118:
72:Alma mater
64:
50:
48:
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12:
11:
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1279:
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1267:Vocal learning
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1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1140:Donald Kennedy
1137:
1135:Donald Griffin
1132:
1127:
1125:Niko Tinbergen
1122:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1105:
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1101:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1083:Hebbian theory
1080:
1075:
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1055:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1015:
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1005:
998:
990:
984:
983:
977:
971:
964:
957:Zupanc, G.K.H.
954:
952:New York Times
948:
942:
934:
931:
929:
928:
916:
870:
858:
831:(4): 365–485.
815:
772:
761:
730:
669:
667:
664:
542:
539:
311:Pomona College
298:
295:
199:
198:
195:
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185:
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86:Member of the
84:
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69:
68:
67:(aged 90)
61:
57:
56:
44:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
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15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1362:Neuroethology
1360:
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1133:
1131:
1130:Konrad Lorenz
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
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1113:
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1106:
1099:
1096:
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1089:
1086:
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1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1063:NMDA receptor
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
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1022:
1018:
1017:Neuroethology
1011:
1006:
1004:
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992:
991:
988:
982:
978:
976:
972:
969:
965:
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842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
816:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
788:(2): 119–34.
787:
783:
776:
773:
770:
765:
762:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
709:
704:
700:
696:
693:(7074): 280.
692:
688:
684:
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657:
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652:
648:
647:
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553:Naples, Italy
550:
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373:gap junctions
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291:neuroethology
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262:
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256:
255:electric fish
252:
248:
247:electric fish
244:
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213:
212:coelenterates
209:
208:neuroethology
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114:Neuroethology
112:
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107:
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93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
62:
58:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
1318:
1306:
1287:Lateral line
1237:Waggle dance
1175:Eric Knudsen
1114:
1040:
967:
960:
951:
933:Bibliography
919:
886:
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861:
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439:rattlesnakes
428:
422:
419:spirunculids
408:
386:to join the
381:
346:
319:
300:
287:neuroscience
283:
279:
263:
236:
203:
202:
192:Eric Knudsen
159:
123:Institutions
109:Neurobiology
95:
65:(2005-12-20)
55:May 16, 1915
1347:2005 deaths
1342:1915 births
1211:Patch clamp
1180:Eric Kandel
1160:Franz Huber
1031:Feedforward
475:salamanders
415:sea urchins
326:acorn worms
322:S. F. Light
224:echinoderms
178:S. F. Light
23:Ted Bullock
1336:Categories
1185:Nobuo Suga
1100:in insects
666:References
459:cuttlefish
243:pit vipers
220:arthropods
51:1915-05-16
756:302225423
592:(now the
511:octopodes
455:sea lions
451:porpoises
330:chordates
297:Biography
275:evolution
239:pit organ
232:chordates
1308:Category
1048:Instinct
1024:Concepts
959:(2004),
845:11163682
802:18228076
752:ProQuest
748:20830525
717:16421559
596:(SICB))
558:1955–56,
546:1950–51,
491:crayfish
471:manatees
435:starfish
400:La Jolla
361:lobsters
267:ethology
228:molluscs
216:annelids
1320:Commons
1225:Systems
1204:Methods
911:6740319
891:Bibcode
883:Science
853:7195257
725:4383340
695:Bibcode
624:1973-4,
499:ratfish
487:hagfish
483:turtles
463:catfish
430:Aplysia
424:Limulus
303:Nanking
271:ecology
1108:People
1042:Umwelt
909:
851:
843:
810:243925
808:
800:
754:
746:
723:
715:
687:Nature
523:humans
515:snakes
467:sloths
447:sharks
411:corals
273:, and
230:, and
166:(1940)
164:
155:Thesis
102:Fields
90:(1963)
83:Awards
849:S2CID
806:S2CID
721:S2CID
660:2000,
651:1988,
639:1984,
633:1984,
618:1973,
609:1970,
600:1968,
586:1965,
576:1963,
567:1961,
507:crabs
479:frogs
78:(PhD)
907:PMID
841:PMID
798:PMID
744:OCLC
713:PMID
521:and
519:rats
503:bats
495:tuna
443:rays
404:UCSD
392:UCSD
384:UCLA
367:and
357:UCLA
338:Yale
334:Yale
289:and
60:Died
41:Born
899:doi
887:225
833:doi
790:doi
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703:doi
691:439
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