826:
be found in the surviving texts. This suggests that three-quarters of
Avestan material, including an indeterminable number of juridical, historical and legendary texts have been lost since then. On the other hand, it appears that the most valuable portions of the canon, including all of the oldest texts, have survived. The likely reason for this is that the surviving materials represent those portions of the Avesta that were in regular liturgical use and therefore known by heart by the priests and not dependent for their preservation on the survival of particular manuscripts. Interestingly, there is apparent similarity in language and mythology between the
54:
968:
committed to written form. However, during their long history, only the Gathic texts seem to have been memorized (more or less) exactly. The other less sacred works appear to have been handed down in a more fluid oral tradition and were partly composed afresh with each generation of poet-priests, sometimes with the addition of new material. The
Younger Avestan texts are therefore composite works, with contributions from several different authors over the course of several hundred years.
1094:
2451:
527:
1349:
115:
1550:
that is not already present in one of the other categories is placed in a "fragments" category, which – as the name suggests – includes incomplete texts. There are altogether more than 20 fragment collections, many of which have no name (and are then named after their owner/collator) or only a Middle
825:
Summaries of the various Avesta texts found in the 9th/10th century texts of
Zoroastrian tradition suggest that a significant portion of the literature in the Avestan language has been lost. Only about one-quarter of the Avestan sentences or verses referred to by the 9th/10th century commentators can
967:
The legends of an
Arsacid-era collation and recension are no longer taken seriously. It is now certain that for most of their long history the Avesta's various texts were handed down orally, and independently of one another, and that it was not until around the 5th or 6th century CE that they were
963:
demonstrated that the inconsistencies noted by
Andreas were actually due to unconscious alterations introduced by oral transmission. Hoffmann identifies these changes to be due, in part, to modifications introduced through recitation; in part to influences from other Iranian languages picked up on
950:
In the early 20th century, the legend of the
Parthian-era collation engendered a search for a 'Parthian archetype' of the Avesta. According to the theory of Friedrich Carl Andreas (1902), the archaic nature of the Avestan texts was assumed to be due to preservation via written transmission, and
1537:
s are four "blessing" texts recited on a particular occasion: the first in honor of the dead, the second on the five epagomenal days that end the year, the third is recited at the six seasonal feasts, and the fourth at the beginning and end of summer.
1059:
s are divided into three groups, of seven volumes per group. Originally, each volume had a word of the prayer as its name, which so marked a volume's position relative to the other volumes. Only about a quarter of the text from the
833:
A pre-Sasanian history of the Avesta, if it had one, lies in the realm of legend and myth. The oldest surviving versions of these tales are found in the ninth to 11th century texts of
Zoroastrian tradition (i.e. in the so-called
1035:
In its present form, the Avesta is a compilation from various sources, and its different parts date from different periods and vary widely in character. Only texts in the
Avestan language are considered part of the Avesta.
1071:
s is not), but these are not fixed or canonical. Some scholars prefer to place the categories in two groups, one liturgical, and the other general. The following categorization is as described by Jean
Kellens (see
964:
the route of transmission from somewhere in eastern Iran (i.e. Central Asia) via
Arachosia and Sistan through to Persia; and in part due to the influence of phonetic developments in the Avestan language itself.
1386:, "worship by praise") are a collection of 21 hymns, each dedicated to a particular divinity or divine concept. Three hymns of the Yasna liturgy that "worship by praise" are—in tradition—also nominally called
1436:
The Siroza is never recited as a whole, but is a source for individual sentences devoted to particular divinities, to be inserted at appropriate points in the liturgy depending on the day and the month.
1822:
987:) communities. He published a set of French translations in 1771, based on translations provided by a Parsi priest. Anquetil-Duperron's translations were at first dismissed as a forgery in poor
876:
4B, 5). Following Alexander's conquest, the Avesta was then supposedly destroyed or dispersed by the Greeks, after they had translated any scientific passages of which they could make use (
781:
is uncertain; it is generally acknowledged to be a learned borrowing from Avestan, but none of the suggested etymologies have been universally accepted. The widely repeated derivation from
1003:, Bombay, 1821). Rask also established that Anquetil-Duperron's manuscripts were a fragment of a much larger literature of sacred texts. Anquetil-Duperron's manuscripts are at the
903:
also records another legend related to the transmission of the Avesta. In this story, credit for collation and recension is given to the early Sasanian-era priest Tansar (
2276:
555:
1330:, in which the Yasna is recited with all the chapters of both the Visparad and the Vendidad inserted at appropriate points. This ceremony is only performed at night.
2819:
1326:
The Vendidad, unlike the Yasna and the Visparad, is a book of moral laws rather than the record of a liturgical ceremony. However, there is a ceremony called the
892:) supposedly then had the fragments collected, not only of those that had previously been written down, but also of those that had only been orally transmitted (
1304:
s 4 and 15 discuss the dignity of wealth and charity, of marriage and of physical effort and the indignity of unacceptable social behaviour such as assault and
1398:
s vary greatly in style, quality and extent. In their present form, they are all in prose but analysis suggests that they may at one time have been in verse.
2240:
742:
editions were printed in the 19th century, these texts (together with some non-Avestan language prayers) became a book of common prayer for lay people.
2493:
1823:"71. Book Chapter: "On editing the Avesta". In: A. Cantera (ed.), The Transmission of the Avesta. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2012, 419–432 (Iranica 20)"
951:
unusual or unexpected spellings in the surviving texts were assumed to be reflections of errors introduced by Sasanian-era transcription from the
1323:
s different parts vary widely in character and in age. Some parts may be comparatively recent in origin although the greater part is very old.
2269:
548:
1006:
976:
477:
814:
The surviving texts of the Avesta, as they exist today, derive from a single master copy produced by collation and recension in the
657:'s texts are in Younger Avestan, which is not only from a later stage of the language, but also from a different geographic region.
959:. The search for the 'Arsacid archetype' was increasingly criticized in the 1940s and was eventually abandoned in the 1950s after
2840:
1115:), is the primary liturgical collection, named after the ceremony at which it is recited. It consists of 72 sections called the
2262:
690:
is the only liturgical text that is not recited entirely from memory. Some of the materials of the extended Yasna are from the
541:
2486:
1250:, "Given Against the Demons") is an enumeration of various manifestations of evil spirits, and ways to confound them. The
507:
487:
2727:
2867:
889:
750:
818:(224–651 CE). That master copy, now lost, is known as the 'Sassanian archetype'. The oldest surviving manuscript (
53:
1413:("thirty days") is an enumeration and invocation of the 30 divinities presiding over the days of the month. (cf.
797:
782:
2479:
2226:
1214:(sections) that are interleaved into the Yasna during a Visperad service (which is an extended Yasna service).
960:
2139:
919:, 240/242–272 CE), who had the scattered works collected – of which he approved only a part as authoritative (
2535:
2506:
2460:
2222:
1300:
s deal primarily with hygiene (care of the dead in particular) as well as disease and spells to fight it .
1129:, the sacred thread worn by Zoroastrians, represent these sections. The central portion of the Yasna is the
872:
4B), then had two copies made, one of which was stored in the treasury and the other in the royal archives (
462:
98:
31:
716:
s and the other lesser texts of the Avesta are no longer used liturgically in high rituals. Aside from the
2585:
1598:
1012:
605:
225:
1655:
is occasionally mistakenly given as 1184. This mistake is due to a 19th-century confusion of the date of
1651:(K=Copenhagen) identifies its place and year of completion to Cambay, 692Y (= 1323–1324 CE). The date of
2746:
2399:
1481:
es are composite texts containing selections from the Gathas and the Yashts, as well as later material.
512:
415:
633:, which takes its name from the Yasna ceremony, Zoroastrianism's primary act of worship, at which the
2739:
2579:
1414:
467:
410:
1425:") is a brief enumeration of the divinities with their epithets in the genitive. The longer ("great
2798:
2733:
2670:
2615:
437:
616:
language, with the oldest surviving fragment of a text in the Avestan language dating to 1323 CE.
270:
2805:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2354:
1305:
1145:
923:
3C, 4D, 4E). Tansar's work was then supposedly completed by Adurbad Mahraspandan (high priest of
749:
originates from the 9th/10th-century works of Zoroastrian tradition in which the word appears as
649:
himself. These hymns, together with five other short Old Avestan texts that are also part of the
350:
280:
17:
2827:
2721:
2346:
2218:
1586:
38:
2791:
2702:
2425:
2374:
2364:
1313:
1093:
1055:
prayer: each of the three lines of the prayer consists of seven words. Correspondingly, the
952:
931:
309–379 CE) who made a general revision of the canon and continued to ensure its orthodoxy (
861:
575:
442:
265:
260:
86:
2234:
2862:
2812:
2759:
2690:
2554:
2515:
2455:
1457:, are prayers for regular recitation by both priests and laity. They are addressed to the
956:
885:
815:
531:
2173:
971:
The texts became available to European scholarship comparatively late, thus the study of
2778:
2645:
2502:
2435:
2342:
2302:
2248:
1592:
1458:
1016:
972:
734:
609:
365:
360:
310:
250:
106:
76:
2561:
1135:, the oldest and most sacred portion of the Avesta, believed to have been composed by
1067:
The contents of the Avesta are divided topically (even though the organization of the
686:
is a mixed collection of prose texts mostly dealing with purity laws. Even today, the
2856:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2523:
2369:
1275:
835:
482:
275:
180:
1221:
collection has no unity of its own, and is never recited separately from the Yasna.
802:
732:
and various other fragments. Together, these lesser texts are conventionally called
2753:
2713:
2573:
2548:
2430:
2420:
1051:
1015:('K'-series). Other large Avestan language manuscript collections are those of the
939:
1.12–1.16). A final revision was supposedly undertaken in the 6th century CE under
757:
612:
from at least the late Sassanid period (ca. 6th century CE). It is composed in the
370:
355:
315:
245:
240:
205:
1667:, the copyist – a certain Mehrban Kai Khusrow of Navsari – gives the date of his
2656:
2639:
2285:
1267:
992:
400:
255:
130:
2450:
526:
2834:
2633:
2359:
1571:"volume of the scriptures" with two fragments of eschatological significance.
1283:
1279:
908:
624:
345:
235:
145:
1503:
s are invocations to the five divinities that watch over the five divisions (
1312:
is an ecclesiastical code, not a liturgical manual, and there is a degree of
58:
French translation of the Avesta by Polish Orientalist Ignacy Pietraszewski,
2784:
2770:
2196:
Schlerath, Bernfried (1987), "Andreas, Friedrich Carl: The Andreas Theory",
1352:
1136:
940:
924:
865:
847:
843:
646:
619:
The Avesta texts fall into several different categories, arranged either by
395:
390:
155:
135:
114:
2627:
2471:
2327:
2317:
2312:
2254:
1564:
1357:
1308:, and specify the penances required to atone for violations thereof. The
1233:
1189:
1166:
988:
916:
768:
767:
texts are portrayed as received knowledge and are distinguished from the
668:
662:
300:
295:
200:
2664:
2415:
2379:
2294:
1580:
1292:
1162:
1041:
1024:
852:
827:
676:
extensions consist mainly of additional invocations of the divinities (
620:
613:
420:
340:
320:
160:
2190:, vol. 3, Great Britain: Harwood Academic Publishers, pp. 239–262
1348:
653:, are in the Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan language. The remainder of the
2696:
2684:
2621:
2322:
1931:
Bhattacharya, Tarapada (1970). "The Avesta, Rg Veda and Brhma Cult".
1708:
1551:
Persian name. The more important of the fragment collections are the
1462:
1131:
1125:
1020:
842:
s ("books") of the Avesta were created by Ahura Mazda and brought by
692:
678:
642:
472:
430:
425:
285:
185:
59:
1505:
1494:
1202:, "(prayer to) all patrons") is a collection of supplements to the
1173:, though handed down in prose, may once have been metrical, as the
2678:
2567:
2529:
2332:
2307:
2233:
1703:
1394:
collection since the three are a part of the primary liturgy. The
1378:
1347:
1343:
1111:
1088:
1011:('P'-series manuscripts), while Rask's collection now lies in the
984:
980:
904:
629:
305:
290:
195:
190:
1474:
1470:
998:
773:
150:
140:
2475:
2258:
1278:, followed by the description of a destructive winter (compare
2249:
The British Library: Discovering Sacred Texts – Zoroastrianism
1510:
1466:
1027:, and at various university and national libraries in Europe.
1161:, consists of prayers and hymns in honor of Ahura Mazda, the
2200:, vol. 2, New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp. 29–30
2180:, vol. 3, New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp. 35–44
983:
in 1755, and discovered the texts among Indian Zoroastrian (
1972:
1970:
1262:
that has survived in its entirety. The text consists of 22
596:
587:
578:
2164:
The Gathas of Zarathushtra and the Other Old Avestan Texts
1671:
as 552Y (= 1184 CE). That text from 1184 has not survived.
975:
in Western countries dates back to only the 18th century.
660:
Extensions to the Yasna ceremony include the texts of the
2214:
2186:
Kellens, Jean (1987), "Characters of Ancient Mazdaism",
2095:
2093:
806:); but this word is not actually attested in any text.
590:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
593:
584:
2769:
2712:
2655:
2514:
2408:
2341:
2293:
1517:s are similar in structure and content to the five
1049:s (books) mirror the structure of the 21-word-long
637:text is recited. The most important portion of the
581:
82:
72:
67:
46:
1429:") has complete sentences and sections, with the
1019:('L'-series), the K. R. Cama Oriental Library in
800:Old Iranian word for "praise-song" (Bartholomae:
1711:processes on word and syllable boundaries, e.g.
822:) of an Avestan language text is dated 1323 CE.
2130:Textual Sources for the Study of Zoroastrianism
991:, but he was vindicated in the 1820s following
838:"). The legends run as follows: The twenty-one
645:, consisting of seventeen hymns attributed to
2487:
2270:
1266:s, fragments arranged as discussions between
549:
8:
1768:'instruction', rather than regular internal
1109:"worship, oblations", cognate with Sanskrit
1004:
884:3B, 8). Several centuries later, one of the
1933:Annals of the Bhandarkar Research Institute
777:) thereof. The literal meaning of the word
27:Zoroastrian compendium of sacred literature
2494:
2480:
2472:
2277:
2263:
2255:
1693:For example, prefix repetition as in e.g.
1421:exists in two forms, the shorter ("little
997:A Dissertation on the Authenticity of the
556:
542:
113:
93:
52:
43:
2588:(Roman Catholicism, Eastern Christianity)
1681:
1153:"), which makes up chapters 35–42 of the
738:or "Little Avesta" texts. When the first
623:, or by usage. The principal text in the
30:For other uses of the word "Avesta", see
2229:series, but is now regarded as obsolete.
2140:"Avesta II: Middle Persian Translations"
2036:
1465:(recited together thrice a day), to the
1092:
995:'s examination of the Avestan language (
720:s, these other lesser texts include the
2146:, New York: Encyclopedia Iranica online
2099:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2048:
2024:
2012:
2000:
1988:
1976:
1961:
1949:
1918:
1906:
1813:
1615:
1589:, the geographial horizon of the Avesta
1123:. The 72 threads of lamb's wool in the
105:
2152:Hoffmann, Karl (1958), "Altiranisch",
1680:For a summary of Andreas' theory, see
1563:"questions," also known as "Fragments
1555:fragments (18 of which constitute the
1316:apparent in the codes of conduct. The
1169:, Fire, Water, and Earth. The younger
2111:
1894:
1871:
1846:
1433:s being addressed in the accusative.
7:
1625:represents 248 leaves of a 340-leaf
1143:are structurally interrupted by the
696:, which are hymns to the individual
1064:s has survived to the present day.
977:Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron
888:emperors named Valaksh (one of the
478:Zoroastrianism in the United States
1355:, believed to be a depiction of a
796:as a descendant of a hypothetical
25:
1647:are interleaved. The colophon of
1469:(recited thrice a month), and to
1390:s, but are not counted among the
1073:
18:Theological Aspects of the Avesta
2449:
1663:'s source: in the postscript to
1635:text into which sections of the
1629:manuscript, i.e. a variant of a
1007:Bibliothèque nationale de France
856:4A, 3A). Supposedly, Vishtaspa (
574:
525:
1595:, the time period of the Avesta
788:is from Christian Bartholomae (
604:) is the primary collection of
1023:, the Meherji Rana library in
1:
1643:
1637:
2166:, Part I, Heidelberg: Winter
1801:in almost all polysyllables.
1583:, the language of the Avesta
1210:is subdivided into 23 or 24
1157:and is almost as old as the
1097:Yasna 28.1 (Bodleian MS J2)
508:Criticism of Zoroastrianism
488:Persecution of Zoroastrians
2884:
2154:Handbuch der Orientalistik
1631:
1492:
1341:
1246:, a corruption of Avestan
1231:
1187:
1086:
37:For the Swedish town, see
36:
29:
2444:
2138:Cantera, Alberto (2015),
1793:instead of expected OAv.
1270:and Zoroaster. The first
1254:includes all of the 19th
1005:
792:, 1904), who interpreted
51:
2728:Luther's Large Catechism
2570:(Judaism, Christianity)
2227:Sacred Books of the East
2188:History and Anthropology
2162:Humbach, Helmut (1991),
1752:e.g. irregular internal
1137:Zarathushtra (Zoroaster)
790:Altiranisches Wörterbuch
261:101 Names of Ahura Mazda
2241:Encyclopædia Britannica
1290:recounts the legend of
32:Avesta (disambiguation)
2648:(Eastern Christianity)
2244:(11th ed.). 1911.
2172:Kellens, Jean (1983),
2156:, I 4,1, Leiden: Brill
1599:Zoroastrian literature
1373:
1361:, as mentioned in the
1282:) on the lines of the
1098:
1013:Royal Library, Denmark
226:Zoroastrian literature
2747:Book of Common Prayer
2400:Shikand-gumanig Vizar
1351:
1096:
1031:Structure and content
513:Zoroastrian cosmology
463:Zoroastrians in India
219:Scripture and worship
2740:Heidelberg Catechism
2198:Encyclopædia Iranica
2178:Encyclopædia Iranica
2144:Encyclopedia Iranica
2128:Boyce, Mary (1984),
1707:49.11 vs. 50.9), or
1695:paitī ... paitiientī
1546:All material in the
1415:Zoroastrian calendar
1258:, which is the only
763:. In that context,
606:religious literature
468:Zoroastrians in Iran
334:Accounts and legends
2843:(Roman Catholicism)
2799:Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya
2762:(Roman Catholicism)
2756:(Roman Catholicism)
2734:Augsburg Confession
2705:(Roman Catholicism)
2693:(Roman Catholicism)
2616:Nag Hammadi library
2526:(Egyptian religion)
2456:Religion portal
2235:"Zend-Avesta"
641:texts are the five
532:Religion portal
384:History and culture
2806:Liber AL vel Legis
2630:(Greek polytheism)
2612:(Roman polytheism)
2395:Dana-i Menog Khrat
2390:Frahang-i Oim-evak
2385:Frahang-i Pahlavig
2355:Book of Arda Viraf
2225:forms part of the
1764:- 'Arachosia' and
1374:
1306:breach of contract
1146:Yasna Haptanghaiti
1099:
771:commentaries (the
351:Book of Arda Viraf
281:Cypress of Kashmar
2868:Zoroastrian texts
2850:
2849:
2828:The Satanic Bible
2722:Guru Granth Sahib
2469:
2468:
2219:James Darmesteter
2217:: translation by
2063:, pp. 59–61.
2051:, pp. 56–63.
1991:, pp. 53–54.
1979:, pp. 52–53.
1964:, pp. 51–52.
1952:, pp. 50–51.
1776:as found in e.g.
1760:as found in e.g.
1684:, pp. 29–30.
1659:with the date of
1587:Avestan geography
1039:According to the
566:
565:
92:
91:
39:Avesta (locality)
16:(Redirected from
2875:
2703:Summa Theologica
2691:Ambrosian Hymnal
2496:
2489:
2482:
2473:
2454:
2453:
2426:Dasatir-i-Asmani
2375:Letter of Tansar
2365:Dadestan-i Denig
2279:
2272:
2265:
2256:
2245:
2237:
2201:
2191:
2181:
2167:
2157:
2147:
2133:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1974:
1965:
1959:
1953:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1875:
1869:
1850:
1844:
1831:
1830:
1818:
1802:
1787:
1781:
1750:
1744:
1741:*ratū š́iiaoθanā
1737:ratūš š́iiaoθanā
1699:paiti ... aiienī
1691:
1685:
1682:Schlerath (1987)
1678:
1672:
1620:
1453:es, abbreviated
1322:
1314:moral relativism
1296:. The remaining
1149:("seven-chapter
1010:
1009:
953:Aramaic alphabet
915:224–242 CE, and
603:
602:
599:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
558:
551:
544:
530:
529:
266:Adur Burzen-Mihr
117:
94:
56:
44:
21:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2823:(Scientologist)
2813:Book of Shadows
2765:
2760:Roman Catechism
2742:(Protestantism)
2736:(Protestantism)
2708:
2651:
2580:Samaritan Torah
2510:
2503:Religious texts
2500:
2470:
2465:
2448:
2440:
2404:
2337:
2289:
2283:
2253:
2232:
2210:
2205:
2195:
2185:
2171:
2161:
2151:
2137:
2132:, Manchester UP
2127:
2123:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2039:, pp. 7ff.
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1956:
1948:
1944:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1893:
1878:
1870:
1853:
1845:
1834:
1821:Hintze, Almut.
1820:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1805:
1788:
1784:
1751:
1747:
1692:
1688:
1679:
1675:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1577:
1544:
1531:
1497:
1491:
1447:
1407:
1346:
1340:
1320:
1274:is a dualistic
1236:
1230:
1192:
1186:
1091:
1085:
1033:
957:Pahlavi scripts
860:3A) or another
816:Sasanian Empire
812:
577:
573:
562:
524:
519:
518:
517:
502:
494:
493:
492:
457:
449:
448:
447:
406:
405:
385:
377:
376:
375:
361:Story of Sanjan
335:
327:
326:
325:
220:
212:
211:
210:
175:
174:Divine entities
167:
166:
165:
125:
63:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2881:
2879:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2855:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2810:
2802:
2796:
2788:
2782:
2779:Book of Mormon
2775:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2661:
2659:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2649:
2646:Divine Liturgy
2643:
2642:(Neoplatonism)
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2596:(Christianity)
2591:
2590:
2589:
2583:
2582:(Samaritanism)
2565:
2559:
2545:
2539:
2533:
2527:
2520:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2476:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2436:Qissa-i Sanjan
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2349:
2343:Middle Persian
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2303:Khordeh Avesta
2299:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2259:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2230:
2211:
2209:
2208:External links
2206:
2204:
2203:
2193:
2183:
2169:
2159:
2149:
2135:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2116:
2104:
2089:
2077:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1981:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1923:
1911:
1909:, p. 239.
1899:
1876:
1851:
1832:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1782:
1745:
1686:
1673:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1596:
1593:Avestan period
1590:
1584:
1576:
1573:
1543:
1540:
1530:
1523:
1493:Main article:
1490:
1483:
1446:
1439:
1406:
1400:
1342:Main article:
1339:
1332:
1232:Main article:
1229:
1223:
1188:Main article:
1185:
1179:
1087:Main article:
1084:
1078:
1032:
1029:
1017:British Museum
973:Zoroastrianism
846:to his patron
811:
810:Historiography
808:
751:Middle Persian
740:Khordeh Avesta
735:Khordeh Avesta
700:s. Unlike the
682:s), while the
610:Zoroastrianism
564:
563:
561:
560:
553:
546:
538:
535:
534:
521:
520:
516:
515:
510:
504:
503:
501:Related topics
500:
499:
496:
495:
491:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
459:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
446:
445:
440:
435:
434:
433:
428:
418:
413:
407:
404:
403:
398:
393:
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
378:
374:
373:
368:
366:Chinvat Bridge
363:
358:
356:Book of Jamasp
353:
348:
343:
337:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
324:
323:
318:
313:
311:Khordeh Avesta
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
251:Airyaman ishya
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
209:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
183:
181:Amesha Spentas
177:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
163:
158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
127:
126:
124:Primary topics
123:
122:
119:
118:
110:
109:
107:Zoroastrianism
103:
102:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
77:Zoroastrianism
74:
70:
69:
65:
64:
57:
49:
48:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2880:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2793:
2792:Kitáb-i-Aqdas
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2750:(Anglicanism)
2749:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2730:(Lutheranism)
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2609:Metamorphoses
2606:
2603:
2602:Bhagavad Gita
2600:
2595:
2594:New Testament
2592:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2544:(Zoroastrian)
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2524:Pyramid Texts
2522:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2492:
2490:
2485:
2483:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:Menog-i Khrad
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2102:, p. 56.
2101:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2087:, p. 61.
2086:
2081:
2078:
2075:, p. 58.
2074:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2038:
2037:Hoffmann 1958
2033:
2030:
2027:, p. 57.
2026:
2021:
2018:
2015:, p. 55.
2014:
2009:
2006:
2003:, p. 54.
2002:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1943:
1939:(1/4): 31–50.
1938:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1627:Vendidad Sade
1624:
1619:
1616:
1609:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1444:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1337:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1286:. The second
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:creation myth
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:Vī-Daēvō-Dāta
1245:
1241:
1235:
1228:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1139:himself. The
1138:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1002:
1000:
994:
990:
986:
982:
979:travelled to
978:
974:
969:
965:
962:
961:Karl Hoffmann
958:
954:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
854:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:Pahlavi books
831:
829:
823:
821:
817:
809:
807:
805:
804:
799:
798:reconstructed
795:
791:
787:
784:
780:
776:
775:
770:
766:
762:
759:
755:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
736:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:
689:
685:
681:
680:
675:
671:
670:
665:
664:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
631:
627:group is the
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
601:
571:
559:
554:
552:
547:
545:
540:
539:
537:
536:
533:
528:
523:
522:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
498:
497:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
453:
452:
444:
441:
439:
436:
432:
429:
427:
424:
423:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
388:
381:
380:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
338:
331:
330:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
276:Adur Gushnasp
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
223:
216:
215:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
178:
171:
170:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
121:
120:
116:
112:
111:
108:
104:
100:
96:
95:
88:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
66:
61:
55:
50:
45:
40:
33:
19:
2826:
2818:
2804:
2790:
2754:Roman Missal
2745:
2714:Early modern
2673:(Sanamahism)
2618:(Gnosticism)
2607:
2586:Deuterocanon
2553:
2549:Tao Te Ching
2547:
2541:
2431:The Rivayats
2421:Jamasp Namag
2239:
2197:
2187:
2177:
2163:
2153:
2143:
2129:
2114:, p. x.
2107:
2100:Humbach 1991
2085:Humbach 1991
2080:
2073:Humbach 1991
2068:
2061:Humbach 1991
2056:
2049:Humbach 1991
2044:
2032:
2025:Humbach 1991
2020:
2013:Humbach 1991
2008:
2001:Humbach 1991
1996:
1989:Humbach 1991
1984:
1977:Humbach 1991
1962:Humbach 1991
1957:
1950:Humbach 1991
1945:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1919:Cantera 2015
1914:
1907:Kellens 1987
1902:
1897:, p. 2.
1874:, p. 3.
1849:, p. 1.
1826:
1816:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1676:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1569:Hadokht Nask
1568:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:
1534:
1532:
1526:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1500:
1498:
1486:
1478:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1335:
1327:
1325:
1317:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1271:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1226:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1200:vîspe ratavo
1199:
1195:
1193:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1100:
1081:
1074:bibliography
1068:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1052:Ahuna Vairya
1050:
1046:
1040:
1038:
1034:
996:
970:
966:
949:
944:
936:
932:
928:
920:
912:
900:
898:
893:
881:
877:
873:
869:
857:
851:
839:
832:
830:and Avesta.
824:
819:
813:
801:
793:
789:
785:
778:
772:
764:
760:
758:Book Pahlavi
753:
746:
744:
739:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
691:
687:
683:
677:
673:
667:
661:
659:
654:
650:
638:
634:
628:
618:
569:
567:
371:Frashokereti
316:The Rivayats
271:Adur Farnbag
256:Fire Temples
246:Yenghe hatam
241:Ahuna Vairya
230:
206:Angra Mainyu
2809:(Thelemite)
2801:(Ahmadiyya)
2781:(Mormonism)
2667:(Hinduism)
2286:Zoroastrian
2223:L. H. Mills
2121:Works cited
1780:- 'strong'.
1567:"; and the
1561:Pursishniha
1557:Ehrbadistan
1553:Nirangistan
1268:Ahura Mazda
1177:still are.
993:Rasmus Rask
905:high priest
786:upa-stavaka
728:texts, the
724:texts, the
401:Khurramites
151:Persia/Iran
136:Zarathustra
131:Ahura Mazda
68:Information
2857:Categories
2835:Geniocracy
2831:(Satanist)
2787:(Tenrikyo)
2636:(Hinduism)
2634:Upanishads
2604:(Hinduism)
2576:(Judaism)
2564:(Buddhist)
2532:(Hinduism)
2360:Bundahishn
2288:literature
2215:avesta.org
2112:Boyce 1984
1895:Boyce 1984
1872:Boyce 1984
1847:Boyce 1984
1827:Iranica 20
1789:e.g. YAv.
1725:ahiiā yāsā
1605:References
1509:s) of the
1471:the Waters
1284:Flood myth
1280:Fimbulvetr
1076:, below).
909:Ardashir I
769:exegetical
761:ʾp(y)stʾkʼ
625:liturgical
421:Initiation
236:Ashem Vohu
146:Vohu Manah
2841:Catechism
2837:(Raelian)
2820:Dianetics
2785:Ofudesaki
2624:(Judaism)
2562:Tripiṭaka
2538:(Jainism)
2516:Antiquity
1809:Citations
1778:aojōŋhant
1542:Fragments
1535:Afrinagan
1527:Afrinagan
1499:The five
1449:The five
1353:Faravahar
1045:, the 21
955:-derived
941:Khosrow I
925:Shapur II
890:Vologases
848:Vishtaspa
844:Zoroaster
803:Lobgesang
745:The term
647:Zoroaster
456:Adherents
416:Festivals
396:Mazdakism
391:Zurvanism
346:Bundahišn
156:Faravahar
2815:(Wiccan)
2795:(Baha'i)
2687:(Shinto)
2657:Medieval
2628:Theogony
2558:(Taoist)
2555:Zhuangzi
2461:Category
2328:Chihrdad
2318:Vendidad
2313:Visperad
2174:"Avesta"
1797:for Ir.
1762:haraxati
1735:(43.1),
1729:gat̰.tōi
1719:(48.1),
1717:*at̰.āiš
1644:Vendidad
1638:Visperad
1575:See also
1565:Tahmuras
1382:s (from
1371:Vendidad
1358:Fravashi
1328:Vendidad
1318:Vendidad
1310:Vendidad
1252:Vendidad
1244:Vidēvdāt
1240:Vendidad
1234:Vendidad
1227:Vendidad
1219:Visperad
1208:Visparad
1196:Visperad
1190:Visperad
1183:Visperad
1167:Fravashi
1001:Language
989:Sanskrit
917:Shapur I
886:Parthian
862:Kayanian
710:Vendidad
706:Visperad
688:Vendidad
684:Vendidad
674:Visperad
669:Visperad
666:and the
663:Vendidad
438:Marriage
411:Calendar
301:Visperad
296:Vendidad
201:Fravashi
99:a series
97:Part of
83:Language
73:Religion
2699:(Islam)
2681:(Islam)
2665:Puranas
2640:Enneads
2416:Sad-dar
2380:Denkard
2347:Pahlavi
2295:Avestan
1743:(33.1).
1721:ahiiāsā
1581:Avestan
1559:); the
1519:Nyayesh
1479:Nyayesh
1473:and to
1451:Nyayesh
1443:Nyayesh
1417:). The
1302:Fargard
1298:fargard
1288:fargard
1272:fargard
1264:Fargard
1163:Yazatas
1042:Denkard
1025:Navsari
901:Denkard
853:Denkard
828:Rigveda
794:abestāg
779:abestāg
765:abestāg
754:abestāg
722:Nyayesh
621:dialect
614:Avestan
341:Dēnkard
321:Ab-Zohr
186:Yazatas
161:Avestan
87:Avestan
62:, 1858.
2863:Avesta
2771:Modern
2724:(Sikh)
2697:Hadith
2685:Kojiki
2622:Talmud
2574:Tanakh
2542:Avesta
2536:Agamas
2323:Gathas
1766:sāxan-
1733:*gatōi
1709:sandhi
1669:source
1548:Avesta
1477:. The
1463:Mithra
1431:yazata
1427:Siroza
1423:Siroza
1419:Siroza
1411:Siroza
1404:Siroza
1369:s and
1206:. The
1198:(from
1175:Gathas
1165:, the
1159:Gathas
1141:Gathas
1132:Gathas
1126:Kushti
1117:Ha-iti
1107:yazišn
1105:(from
1021:Mumbai
907:under
747:Avesta
730:Siroza
712:, the
698:yazata
693:Yashts
679:yazata
672:. The
643:Gathas
570:Avesta
483:Iranis
473:Parsis
443:Burial
431:Sedreh
426:Kushti
306:Yashts
286:Gathas
231:Avesta
196:Daevas
191:Ahuras
60:Berlin
47:Avesta
2679:Quran
2568:Bible
2530:Vedas
2409:Other
2333:Yasht
2308:Yasna
1772:>
1756:>
1713:adāiš
1632:Yasna
1610:Notes
1396:Yasht
1392:Yasht
1388:yasht
1384:yešti
1379:Yasht
1367:Yasht
1363:Yasna
1344:Yasht
1336:Yasht
1321:'
1212:kardo
1204:Yasna
1171:Yasna
1155:Yasna
1151:Yasna
1112:yajña
1103:Yasna
1089:Yasna
1082:Yasna
985:Parsi
981:India
947:4G).
896:4C).
880:7–9,
866:Daray
718:Yasht
714:Yasht
702:Yasna
655:Yasna
651:Yasna
639:Yasna
635:Yasna
630:Yasna
291:Yasna
2671:Puya
2552:and
2507:List
2221:and
1739:for
1731:for
1723:for
1715:for
1697:vs.
1641:and
1533:The
1525:The
1521:es.
1485:The
1475:Fire
1467:Moon
1461:and
1441:The
1409:The
1402:The
1376:The
1334:The
1293:Yima
1260:nask
1256:nask
1242:(or
1238:The
1225:The
1217:The
1194:The
1181:The
1101:The
1080:The
1069:nask
1062:nask
1057:nask
1047:nask
999:Zend
935:4F,
899:The
840:nask
774:zand
708:and
568:The
141:Asha
1799:-ah
1795:-ə̄
1515:Gāh
1511:day
1506:gāh
1501:gāh
1495:Gāh
1487:Gah
1459:Sun
1455:Ny.
1119:or
937:AVN
878:AVN
726:Gah
608:of
2859::
2238:.
2176:,
2142:,
2092:^
1969:^
1937:51
1935:.
1879:^
1854:^
1835:^
1825:.
1791:-ō
1774:ŋh
1770:hw
1754:hw
1727:,
1704:Y.
1665:K1
1661:K1
1657:K1
1653:K1
1649:K1
1623:K1
1513:.
1445:es
1365:,
1121:Ha
945:Dk
933:Dk
929:r.
927:,
921:Dk
913:r.
911:,
894:Dk
882:Dk
874:Dk
870:Dk
864:,
858:Dk
820:K1
756:,
704:,
101:on
2509:)
2505:(
2495:e
2488:t
2481:v
2345:/
2278:e
2271:t
2264:v
2202:.
2192:.
2182:.
2168:.
2158:.
2148:.
2134:.
1921:.
1829:.
1758:x
1701:(
1529:s
1489:s
1338:s
943:(
868:(
850:(
834:"
783:*
600:/
597:ə
594:t
591:s
588:ɛ
585:v
582:ˈ
579:ə
576:/
572:(
557:e
550:t
543:v
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
