665:
1024:
2465:
1389:
1472:
1266:
6137:
2379:
42:
984:, launched in 1963. The name "condensed matter physics" emphasized the commonality of scientific problems encountered by physicists working on solids, liquids, plasmas, and other complex matter, whereas "solid state physics" was often associated with restricted industrial applications of metals and semiconductors. In the 1960s and 70s, some physicists felt the more comprehensive name better fit the funding environment and
6565:
678:
2139:
6589:
1760:, wherein complex assemblies of particles behave in ways dramatically different from their individual constituents. For example, a range of phenomena related to high temperature superconductivity are understood poorly, although the microscopic physics of individual electrons and lattices is well known. Similarly, models of condensed matter systems have been studied where
6601:
6577:
6019:
2002:. In a single-component system, a classical phase transition occurs at a temperature (at a specific pressure) where there is an abrupt change in the order of the system For example, when ice melts and becomes water, the ordered hexagonal crystal structure of ice is modified to a hydrogen bonded, mobile arrangement of water molecules.
2082:
methods successively average out the shortest wavelength fluctuations in stages while retaining their effects into the next stage. Thus, the changes of a physical system as viewed at different size scales can be investigated systematically. The methods, together with powerful computer simulation,
818:
The diversity of systems and phenomena available for study makes condensed matter physics the most active field of contemporary physics: one third of all
American physicists self-identify as condensed matter physicists, and the Division of Condensed Matter Physics is the largest division of the
2075:. However, it can only roughly explain continuous phase transition for ferroelectrics and type I superconductors which involves long range microscopic interactions. For other types of systems that involves short range interactions near the critical point, a better theory is needed.
1667:. It was realized that the high temperature superconductors are examples of strongly correlated materials where the electronâelectron interactions play an important role. A satisfactory theoretical description of high-temperature superconductors is still not known and the field of
1288:
discovered that a voltage developed across conductors which was transverse to both an electric current in the conductor and a magnetic field applied perpendicular to the current. This phenomenon, arising due to the nature of charge carriers in the conductor, came to be termed the
1407:
The
Sommerfeld model and spin models for ferromagnetism illustrated the successful application of quantum mechanics to condensed matter problems in the 1930s. However, there still were several unsolved problems, most notably the description of
5352:
Committee to Assess the
Current Status and Future Direction of High Magnetic Field Science in the United States; Board on Physics and Astronomy; Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences; National Research Council (25 November 2013).
999:
proposed that "The kinetic theory of liquids must accordingly be developed as a generalization and extension of the kinetic theory of solid bodies. As a matter of fact, it would be more correct to unify them under the title of 'condensed
1175:, when he observed the electrical resistivity of mercury to vanish at temperatures below a certain value. The phenomenon completely surprised the best theoretical physicists of the time, and it remained unexplained for several decades.
1179:, in 1922, said regarding contemporary theories of superconductivity that "with our far-reaching ignorance of the quantum mechanics of composite systems we are very far from being able to compose a theory out of these vague ideas."
2546:
quickly before useful computation is completed. This serious problem must be solved before quantum computing may be realized. To solve this problem, several promising approaches are proposed in condensed matter physics, including
2251:
are used to find resonance modes of individual nuclei, thus giving information about the atomic, molecular, and bond structure of their environment. NMR experiments can be made in magnetic fields with strengths up to 60
2304:), which couple the electron or nuclear spin to the local electric and magnetic fields. These methods are suitable to study defects, diffusion, phase transitions and magnetic order. Common experimental methods include
2029:. Understanding the behavior of quantum phase transition is important in the difficult tasks of explaining the properties of rare-earth magnetic insulators, high-temperature superconductors, and other substances.
1686:, i.e. a strongly correlated electron material, it is expected that the existence of a topological Dirac surface state in this material would lead to a topological insulator with strong electronic correlations.
1909:(DFT) which gave realistic descriptions for bulk and surface properties of metals. The density functional theory has been widely used since the 1970s for band structure calculations of variety of solids.
5337:
The magnetic field is not simply a spectroscopic tool but a thermodynamic variable which, along with temperature and pressure, controls the state, the phase transitions and the properties of materials.
1694:
Theoretical condensed matter physics involves the use of theoretical models to understand properties of states of matter. These include models to study the electronic properties of solids, such as the
2296:(NMR), which are very sensitive to the details of the surrounding of nuclei and electrons by means of the hyperfine coupling. Both localized electrons and specific stable or unstable isotopes of the
1148:
moving through a metallic solid. Drude's model described properties of metals in terms of a gas of free electrons, and was the first microscopic model to explain empirical observations such as the
1865:
Calculating electronic properties of metals by solving the many-body wavefunction is often computationally hard, and hence, approximation methods are needed to obtain meaningful predictions. The
831:
and non-quantum physical properties of matter respectively. Both types study a great range of materials, providing many research, funding and employment opportunities. The field overlaps with
1893:
of single particle electron wavefunctions. In general, it is very difficult to solve the
HartreeâFock equation. Only the free electron gas case can be solved exactly. Finally in 1964â65,
6051:
2618:
5748:
Committee on CMMP 2010; Solid State
Sciences Committee; Board on Physics and Astronomy; Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences, National Research Council (21 December 2007).
4072:
756:. More generally, the subject deals with condensed phases of matter: systems of many constituents with strong interactions among them. More exotic condensed phases include the
1565:
proposed a theory explaining the unanticipated precision of the integral plateau. It also implied that the Hall conductance is proportional to a topological invariant, called
1628:. The study of topological properties of the fractional Hall effect remains an active field of research. Decades later, the aforementioned topological band theory advanced by
5840:
Kudernac, Tibor; Ruangsupapichat, Nopporn; Parschau, Manfred; MaciĂĄ, Beatriz; Katsonis, Nathalie; Harutyunyan, Syuzanna R.; Ernst, Karl-Heinz; Feringa, Ben L. (2011-11-01).
709:
5783:
5388:
4534:
4054:
3676:
1777:
4549:
1618:
1559:
2358:
5787:
1293:, but it was not properly explained at the time because the electron was not experimentally discovered until 18 years later. After the advent of quantum mechanics,
2334:
6869:
1798:
The metallic state has historically been an important building block for studying properties of solids. The first theoretical description of metals was given by
6639:
6044:
4113:
901:
3188:
2091:
Experimental condensed matter physics involves the use of experimental probes to try to discover new properties of materials. Such probes include effects of
1308:
Magnetism as a property of matter has been known in China since 4000 BC. However, the first modern studies of magnetism only started with the development of
2364:(PAC). PAC is especially ideal for the study of phase changes at extreme temperatures above 2000 °C due to the temperature independence of the method.
6958:
976:, and so on. Although Anderson and Heine helped popularize the name "condensed matter", it had been used in Europe for some years, most prominently in the
795:. Condensed matter physicists seek to understand the behavior of these phases by experiments to measure various material properties, and by applying the
1432:
wherein low energy properties of interacting fermion systems were given in terms of what are now termed Landau-quasiparticles. Landau also developed a
2890:
6037:
2664:
Both hydrogen and nitrogen have since been liquified; however, ordinary liquid nitrogen and hydrogen do not possess metallic properties. Physicists
4870:
1126:
supplied the theoretical framework which allowed the prediction of critical behavior based on measurements at much higher temperatures. By 1908,
1079:
were not indivisible as Dalton claimed, but had inner structure. Davy further claimed that elements that were then believed to be gases, such as
6837:
3615:
2600:
2515:
scale, and have given rise to the study of nanofabrication. Such molecular machines were developed for example by Nobel laureates in chemistry
2398:
2104:
702:
3505:
664:
5930:
5915:
5767:
5415:
5372:
5261:
5236:
5204:
5179:
5154:
4804:
4329:
4228:
4082:
3889:
3816:
3757:
3646:
3455:
3427:
3393:
3366:
3061:
2288:, as well as the structure of the nearest neighbour atoms, can be investigated in condensed matter with magnetic resonance methods, such as
2078:
Near the critical point, the fluctuations happen over broad range of size scales while the feature of the whole system is scale invariant.
1013:
5684:
2725:
5354:
4021:
3384:
2064:
laws are no longer valid in the region, and novel ideas and methods must be invented to find the new laws that can describe the system.
4929:
2193:
and hence are able to probe atomic length scales, and are used to measure variations in electron charge density and crystal structure.
1968:
states that in a system with broken continuous symmetry, there may exist excitations with arbitrarily low energy, called the
Goldstone
5279:
3531:
2978:
2013:, and the non-thermal control parameter, such as pressure or magnetic field, causes the phase transitions when order is destroyed by
1731:
1023:
928:
which introduced, for the first time, the effect of lattice vibrations on the thermodynamic properties of crystals, in particular the
6581:
6023:
900:
was one of the first institutes to conduct a research program in condensed matter physics. According to the founding director of the
6981:
6632:
6569:
6004:
5989:
5974:
5960:
5945:
5702:
695:
682:
5749:
5431:
Doiron-Leyraud, Nicolas; et al. (2007). "Quantum oscillations and the Fermi surface in an underdoped high-Tc superconductor".
5254:
Photoemission
Spectroscopy on High Temperature Superconductor: A Study of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 by Laser-Based Angle-Resolved Photoemission
5658:
1460:
of superconductivity, based on the discovery that arbitrarily small attraction between two electrons of opposite spin mediated by
977:
3691:
2018:
1869:, developed in the 1920s, was used to estimate system energy and electronic density by treating the local electron density as a
2402:
2289:
2045:
1648:
1400:
1115:
1990:
Phase transition refers to the change of phase of a system, which is brought about by change in an external parameter such as
6785:
5315:
2564:
1582:
1561:.(see figure) The effect was observed to be independent of parameters such as system size and impurities. In 1981, theorist
921:
447:
2264:. High magnetic fields will be useful in experimental testing of the various theoretical predictions such as the quantized
2260:
is another experimental method where high magnetic fields are used to study material properties such as the geometry of the
784:
4580:
3001:
2173:, etc., on constituents of a material. The choice of scattering probe depends on the observation energy scale of interest.
1620:. Laughlin, in 1983, realized that this was a consequence of quasiparticle interaction in the Hall states and formulated a
6605:
6550:
6161:
2637:
2508:
2361:
1437:
6096:
2441:
2383:
102:
6625:
2309:
2124:
1668:
622:
6922:
4245:
4102:
1403:. Today some physicists are working to understand high-temperature superconductivity using the AdS/CFT correspondence.
2968:
2068:
1823:
1776:
as an emergent phenomenon. Emergent properties can also occur at the interface between materials: one example is the
1711:
1526:, Dorda and Pepper in 1980 when they observed the Hall conductance to be integer multiples of a fundamental constant
1208:
1200:
991:
References to "condensed" states can be traced to earlier sources. For example, in the introduction to his 1947 book
4955:
6986:
6753:
6726:
6341:
6250:
4973:
Greiter, Martin (16 March 2005). "Is electromagnetic gauge invariance spontaneously violated in superconductors?".
3227:
3143:
2575:
2480:
Research in condensed matter physics has given rise to several device applications, such as the development of the
2305:
2293:
2244:
1420:, several ideas from quantum field theory were applied to condensed matter problems. These included recognition of
1364:
can occur in one dimension and it is possible in higher-dimensional lattices. Further research such as by Bloch on
1344:
to explain the main properties of ferromagnets. The first attempt at a microscopic description of magnetism was by
1107:
917:
627:
252:
6290:
6265:
2337:
1906:
1793:
1703:
1699:
1361:
820:
517:
192:
6214:
2594:
896:
was added to this list, forming the basis for the more comprehensive specialty of condensed matter physics. The
6460:
6204:
2072:
2006:
1285:
1270:
512:
507:
1886:
1831:
1640:
1149:
597:
4133:
Fisher, Michael E. (1998). "Renormalization group theory: Its basis and formulation in statistical physics".
2083:
contribute greatly to the explanation of the critical phenomena associated with continuous phase transition.
6306:
5724:
2801:
2669:
2414:
2409:, in which ions or atoms can be placed at very low temperatures. Cold atoms in optical lattices are used as
2057:
1851:
1843:
925:
607:
202:
2921:
2464:
2048:. Near the critical point, systems undergo critical behavior, wherein several of their properties such as
1866:
6943:
6805:
5621:
5356:
High
Magnetic Field Science and Its Application in the United States: Current Status and Future Directions
5316:"Report of the IUPAP working group on Facilities for Condensed Matter Physics : High Magnetic Fields"
5093:
4268:
4150:
3984:
3624:
2313:
2265:
2240:
1961:
1936:
1131:
1123:
1031:
1027:
957:
949:
592:
532:
502:
452:
172:
62:
3028:
2476:
molecules. It is hoped that advances in nanoscience will lead to machines working on the molecular scale.
2413:, that is, they act as controllable systems that can model behavior of more complicated systems, such as
2060:
diverge exponentially. These critical phenomena present serious challenges to physicists because normal
2044:. For the latter, the two phases involved do not co-exist at the transition temperature, also called the
6948:
6917:
6780:
6701:
6357:
6336:
6270:
2632:
2623:
2120:
2079:
1761:
1727:
1723:
1679:
1633:
1625:
1512:
1421:
808:
632:
247:
232:
5136:
4879:
2397:
trapping in optical lattices is an experimental tool commonly used in condensed matter physics, and in
1999:
908:
who created the modern field of condensed matter physics starting with his seminal 1905 article on the
1160:
and magnetic properties of metals, and the temperature dependence of resistivity at low temperatures.
6907:
6731:
6691:
6326:
6101:
5853:
5613:
5552:
5501:
5450:
5288:
5085:
5045:
4992:
4833:
4758:
4675:
4620:
4564:
4474:
4409:
4358:
4260:
4191:
4142:
3976:
3918:
3580:
3487:
3323:
3286:
3203:
3119:
2905:
2845:
2776:
2612:
2257:
2220:
1965:
1719:
1164:
909:
879:
222:
112:
5807:
5626:
5098:
4508:
Bednorz, J.G., MĂŒller, K.A. (1986), "Possible high Tc superconductivity in the BaâLaâCuâO system.",
4273:
4155:
3989:
3773:
Lindley, David (2015-05-15). "Focus: LandmarksâAccidental
Discovery Leads to Calibration Standard".
3652:
3629:
3472:
2701:
1818:
and get results in close agreement with the experiments. This classical model was then improved by
1156:, it had one notable problem: it was unable to correctly explain the electronic contribution to the
17:
6882:
6741:
6736:
6721:
6696:
6673:
6649:
6280:
6260:
6245:
6194:
4822:"Disputed discovery: the beginnings of X-ray diffraction in crystals in 1912 and its repercussions"
3184:
2646: â Subdiscipline of condensed matter physics that deals with materials of an intermediate size
2543:
2535:
2520:
2301:
2273:
2182:
2014:
1944:
1815:
1519:
1476:
1429:
1313:
1302:
1298:
1212:
1064:
888:
856:
812:
462:
272:
122:
6588:
4739:
Levin, Michael; Wen, Xiao-Gang (2005). "Colloquium: Photons and electrons as emergent phenomena".
6938:
6815:
6810:
6763:
6427:
6417:
6166:
5885:
5777:
5639:
5603:
5576:
5525:
5474:
5440:
5382:
5111:
5075:
5035:
5008:
4982:
4900:
4821:
4774:
4748:
4699:
4665:
4490:
4464:
4433:
4399:
4048:
4002:
3966:
3853:
3719:
3711:
3670:
3596:
3570:
3339:
3219:
3135:
2947:
2643:
2548:
2422:
2216:
2199:
can also probe atomic length scales and are used to study the scattering off nuclei and electron
2116:
2049:
2026:
1928:
1870:
1621:
1523:
1484:
1373:
1281:
642:
602:
577:
325:
316:
6255:
2219:
is an excellent tool for studying the microscopic properties of a medium, for example, to study
2181:(eV) and is used as a scattering probe to measure variations in material properties such as the
1859:
1682:
in accord with the earlier theoretical predictions. Since samarium hexaboride is an established
1471:
3105:"What's in a Name Change? Solid State Physics, Condensed Matter Physics, and Materials Science"
6953:
6902:
6847:
6827:
6713:
6535:
6500:
6407:
6331:
6000:
5985:
5970:
5956:
5941:
5926:
5911:
5877:
5869:
5763:
5698:
5568:
5517:
5466:
5411:
5403:
5368:
5257:
5232:
5200:
5175:
5150:
4851:
4800:
4691:
4638:
4528:
4425:
4325:
4224:
4078:
3936:
3885:
3833:
3812:
3753:
3642:
3451:
3423:
3389:
3362:
3057:
2974:
2861:
2733:
2673:
2606:
2269:
2224:
2132:
2100:
2061:
1918:
1890:
1855:
1839:
1819:
1781:
1735:
1715:
1629:
1570:
1508:
1500:
1453:
1433:
1409:
1265:
1216:
1192:
1172:
1168:
1103:
1046:
937:
913:
836:
828:
815:
to develop mathematical models and predict the properties of extremely large groups of atoms.
800:
757:
572:
417:
307:
227:
4904:
4717:
4030:
3417:
1588:
1529:
952:, the use of the term "condensed matter" to designate a field of study was coined by him and
6892:
6832:
6758:
6505:
6397:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6219:
6199:
6156:
6121:
6091:
5861:
5755:
5690:
5631:
5560:
5509:
5458:
5360:
5296:
5142:
5103:
5000:
4919:
4841:
4766:
4683:
4628:
4611:
4572:
4517:
4482:
4417:
4366:
4278:
4199:
4160:
3994:
3926:
3879:
3845:
3782:
3703:
3634:
3588:
3495:
3331:
3294:
3211:
3127:
2913:
2853:
2492:
2343:
2186:
1985:
1898:
1773:
1707:
1644:
1574:
1377:
1251:
1227:
1111:
1056:
933:
860:
804:
277:
242:
237:
197:
167:
137:
97:
57:
3539:
3259:
2417:. In particular, they are used to engineer one-, two- and three-dimensional lattices for a
886:, etc., were treated as distinct areas until the 1940s, when they were grouped together as
6912:
6822:
6768:
6668:
6530:
6151:
6068:
3180:
2524:
2496:
2449:
2378:
2373:
2319:
2285:
2248:
2204:
2161:
Several condensed matter experiments involve scattering of an experimental probe, such as
1874:
1756:
Theoretical understanding of condensed matter physics is closely related to the notion of
1683:
1562:
1441:
1396:
1388:
1360:
that collectively acquired magnetization. The Ising model was solved exactly to show that
1341:
1309:
1247:
1223:
1176:
1091:
905:
871:
864:
792:
780:
772:
745:
741:
587:
537:
407:
162:
74:
6485:
4387:
3299:
1118:
to describe the condition where a gas and a liquid were indistinguishable as phases, and
5857:
5617:
5556:
5505:
5454:
5300:
5292:
5089:
5049:
4996:
4837:
4762:
4679:
4624:
4568:
4478:
4413:
4362:
4264:
4195:
4146:
3980:
3922:
3584:
3491:
3327:
3290:
3207:
3123:
2909:
2849:
6842:
6797:
6775:
6663:
6593:
6540:
6422:
6311:
6136:
2833:
2556:
2504:
2500:
2394:
2297:
2236:
2208:
2200:
2096:
2092:
1951:
1940:
1882:
1739:
1496:
1492:
1357:
1231:
1188:
973:
848:
844:
788:
776:
669:
637:
617:
612:
567:
487:
422:
320:
207:
52:
41:
5842:"Electrically driven directional motion of a four-wheeled molecule on a metal surface"
5543:
Greiner, Markus; Fölling, Simon (2008). "Condensed-matter physics: Optical lattices".
5322:
5107:
4452:
3727:
1098:
and went on to liquefy all known gaseous elements, except for nitrogen, hydrogen, and
6975:
6465:
6447:
6432:
6412:
6316:
6285:
6116:
5225:
4778:
4703:
4576:
3857:
3723:
3600:
3274:
3223:
3139:
2677:
2665:
2528:
2481:
2453:
2418:
2261:
2190:
2178:
2174:
2128:
2053:
2010:
1889:
as an improvement over the ThomasâFermi model. The
HartreeâFock method accounted for
1878:
1827:
1504:
1317:
1255:
1204:
1199:
and other physicists. Pauli realized that the free electrons in metal must obey the
1157:
1076:
996:
929:
542:
348:
329:
311:
212:
132:
5643:
5529:
5115:
5012:
4494:
4023:
Phases of Matter and Phase Transitions; From Mean Field Theory to Critical Phenomena
2626: â Property of an object or substance to transmit light with minimal scattering
6877:
6402:
6224:
6126:
5889:
5580:
5478:
4687:
4656:
Dzero, V.; K. Sun; V. Galitski; P. Coleman (2010). "Topological Kondo Insulators".
4437:
4006:
3343:
2946:
Cardona, Manuel (31 August 2005). "Einstein as the Father of Solid State Physics".
2857:
2253:
2138:
2112:
2022:
1842:
pattern of crystals, and concluded that crystals get their structure from periodic
1835:
1488:
1445:
1417:
1413:
1345:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1243:
1052:
953:
936:
makes a similar priority case for Einstein in his work on the synthetic history of
796:
562:
552:
522:
482:
477:
457:
302:
282:
142:
4956:"Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Particle Physics: a Case of Cross Fertilization"
4421:
3253:
1055:, in the first decades of the nineteenth century. Davy observed that of the forty
5995:
Lillian Hoddeson, Ernest Braun, JĂŒrgen Teichmann and Spencer Weart, eds. (1992).
4319:
3638:
3077:
3051:
1479:: Components of the Hall resistivity as a function of the external magnetic field
6522:
6240:
6209:
6189:
2588:
2571:
2516:
2426:
2108:
1991:
1902:
1894:
1847:
1806:, which explained electrical and thermal properties by describing a metal as an
1803:
1695:
1578:
1566:
1483:
The study of phase transitions and the critical behavior of observables, termed
1465:
1449:
1353:
1349:
1333:
1325:
1290:
1242:
were first used in 1930 to predict the properties of new materials, and in 1947
1239:
1196:
1153:
1127:
1119:
1072:
840:
824:
768:
764:
647:
582:
557:
527:
472:
467:
399:
4486:
4371:
4346:
2243:
that control the state, phase transitions and properties of material systems.
2215:
annihilation can be used as an indirect measurement of local electron density.
1730:
of electronic structure and mathematical tools to understand phenomena such as
1087:
could be liquefied under the right conditions and would then behave as metals.
1071:
and high electrical and thermal conductivity. This indicated that the atoms in
6897:
6887:
6437:
6275:
6111:
5841:
5635:
5004:
4846:
4770:
4282:
4164:
3998:
3592:
3131:
2917:
2552:
2484:
2445:
2156:
1948:
1799:
1457:
1425:
1424:
modes of solids and the important notion of a quasiparticle. Soviet physicist
1316:
and others in the nineteenth century, which included classifying materials as
1294:
1259:
1215:
and made it better to explain the heat capacity. Two years later, Bloch used
1141:
875:
852:
492:
334:
127:
5873:
5694:
4345:
Thouless, D. J.; Kohmoto, M.; Nightingale, M. P.; den Nijs, M. (1982-08-09).
6748:
6617:
6495:
6321:
6106:
5513:
2754:
2512:
2473:
1807:
1757:
1751:
1365:
1274:
1068:
961:
897:
883:
832:
761:
753:
547:
497:
370:
217:
117:
6029:
5881:
5572:
5521:
5470:
4855:
4695:
4642:
4429:
3940:
2865:
2256:. Higher magnetic fields can improve the quality of NMR measurement data.
6018:
5751:
Condensed-Matter and Materials Physics: The Science of the World Around Us
5170:
Malcolm F. Collins Professor of Physics McMaster University (1989-03-02).
3215:
2067:
The simplest theory that can describe continuous phase transitions is the
1332:
studied the dependence of magnetization on temperature and discovered the
5997:
Out of the Crystal Maze: Chapters from the History of Solid State Physics
5608:
5080:
4987:
4753:
4404:
4286:
3971:
3786:
3419:
Out of the Crystal Maze: Chapters from The History of Solid State Physics
3104:
2597: â Equation relating transport coefficients to correlation functions
2527:. Feringa and his team developed multiple molecular machines such as the
2433:
2387:
2212:
1995:
1811:
1769:
1675:
1356:
that described magnetic materials as consisting of a periodic lattice of
1145:
1134:
were successfully able to liquefy hydrogen and the then newly discovered
1095:
1084:
1080:
985:
107:
5865:
5462:
2952:
1163:
In 1911, three years after helium was first liquefied, Onnes working at
6545:
6512:
6490:
6470:
5040:
4521:
3849:
3715:
3623:. International Tables for Crystallography. Vol. A. pp. 2â5.
2196:
2170:
2143:
1932:
1369:
1049:
859:
of condensed matter shares important concepts and methods with that of
729:
that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of
726:
427:
412:
375:
366:
361:
4924:
4204:
4179:
3500:
1706:. Theoretical models have also been developed to study the physics of
6852:
6480:
6475:
6081:
3335:
2437:
2203:
and magnetization (as neutrons have spin but no charge). Coulomb and
2166:
2021:. Here, the different quantum phases of the system refer to distinct
1973:
1765:
1664:
1569:, whose relevance for the band structure of solids was formulated by
1461:
1393:
1135:
1099:
1035:
893:
738:
730:
380:
356:
87:
5564:
5197:
Experimental methods in Condensed Matter Physics at Low Temperatures
4633:
4606:
4347:"Quantized Hall Conductance in a Two-Dimensional Periodic Potential"
3931:
3906:
3707:
2726:"Condensed Matter Physics Jobs: Careers in Condensed Matter Physics"
1436:
for continuous phase transitions, which described ordered phases as
972:
in 1967, as they felt it better included their interest in liquids,
5759:
5404:"Nuclear Magnetic Resonance in Solids at very high magnetic fields"
5364:
3957:
Coleman, Piers (2003). "Many-Body Physics: Unfinished Revolution".
2559:
orientation of magnetic materials, and the topological non-Abelian
1826:
of electrons and was able to explain the anomalous behavior of the
1632:
and collaborators was further expanded leading to the discovery of
6455:
6076:
5445:
4670:
4469:
3575:
3448:
Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century
3314:
Rowlinson, J. S. (1969). "Thomas Andrews and the Critical Point".
2560:
2539:
2488:
2463:
2421:
with pre-specified parameters, and to study phase transitions for
2377:
2162:
2137:
1969:
1780:, where two band-insulators are joined to create conductivity and
1585:
where the conductance was now a rational multiple of the constant
1470:
1387:
1264:
1060:
1022:
734:
385:
82:
5321:. International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. Archived from
5146:
3561:
Schmalian, Joerg (2010). "Failed theories of superconductivity".
1234:, and tables of crystal structures were the basis for the series
5594:
Jaksch, D.; Zoller, P. (2005). "The cold atom Hubbard toolbox".
1955:
749:
6621:
6033:
5808:"A Perspective of Frontiers in Modern Condensed Matter Physics"
3275:"Metallic Hydrogen: The Most Powerful Rocket Fuel Yet to Exist"
2891:"An essay on condensed matter physics in the twentieth century"
1834:. In 1912, The structure of crystalline solids was studied by
6086:
4246:"Theory of the edge states in fractional quantum Hall effects"
1674:
In 2012, several groups released preprints which suggest that
1376:
led to developing new magnetic materials with applications to
1045:
One of the first studies of condensed states of matter was by
92:
5314:
Committee on Facilities for Condensed Matter Physics (2004).
2615: â Using nucleus properties to probe material properties
1301:
and laid the foundation for a theoretical explanation of the
1219:
to describe the motion of an electron in a periodic lattice.
1144:
in 1900 proposed the first theoretical model for a classical
5277:
Siegel, R. W. (1980). "Positron Annihilation Spectroscopy".
3614:
Aroyo, Mois, I.; MĂŒller, Ulrich; Wondratschek, Hans (2006).
1444:
to distinguish between ordered phases. Eventually in 1956,
5492:
Buluta, Iulia; Nori, Franco (2009). "Quantum Simulators".
2970:
Einstein and the Quantum: The Quest of the Valiant Swabian
1972:. For example, in crystalline solids, these correspond to
1927:, where the relevant laws of physics possess some form of
1663:, which is superconducting at temperatures as high as 39
1094:, then an assistant in Davy's lab, successfully liquefied
4178:
Avron, Joseph E.; Osadchy, Daniel; Seiler, Ruedi (2003).
3907:"Collaborative physics: string theory finds a bench mate"
2390:
atoms. The blue and white areas represent higher density.
5659:"3 Researchers Based in U.S. Win Nobel Prize in Physics"
3802:
3800:
3798:
3796:
892:. Around the 1960s, the study of physical properties of
2628:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2619:
Comparison of software for molecular mechanics modeling
1947:, and more exotic states such as the ground state of a
1464:
in the lattice can give rise to a bound state called a
5347:
5345:
4221:
Topological Quantum Numbers in Nonrelativistic Physics
3189:"Richard Feynman and the History of Superconductivity"
2401:. The method involves using optical lasers to form an
2312:(NQR), implanted radioactive probes as in the case of
1976:, which are quantized versions of lattice vibrations.
1336:
phase transition in ferromagnetic materials. In 1906,
760:
phase exhibited by certain materials at extremely low
5066:
Vojta, Matthias (2003). "Quantum phase transitions".
5026:
Leutwyler, H. (1997). "Phonons as Goldstone bosons".
4790:
4788:
2570:
Condensed matter physics also has important uses for
2346:
2322:
1591:
1532:
1207:
in 1926. Shortly after, Sommerfeld incorporated the
4905:"Fourteen Easy Lessons in Density Functional Theory"
3692:"On a New Action of the Magnet on Electric Currents"
6931:
6868:
6796:
6712:
6684:
6656:
6521:
6446:
6390:
6350:
6299:
6233:
6182:
6175:
6144:
6067:
5218:
5216:
5138:
Condensed-Matter Physics, Physics Through the 1990s
2235:In experimental condensed matter physics, external
1222:The mathematics of crystal structures developed by
956:, when they changed the name of their group at the
5801:
5799:
5797:
5224:
4128:
4126:
3532:"Introduction to the History of Superconductivity"
2444:, a novel state of matter originally predicted by
2352:
2328:
1612:
1553:
1230:and others was used to classify crystals by their
2827:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2781:University of Colorado Boulder Physics Department
2538:, information is represented by quantum bits, or
3450:(Reprint ed.). Princeton University Press.
3411:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3255:The collected works of Sir Humphry Davy: Vol. II
2834:"Essay: Fifty Years of Condensed Matter Physics"
2503:and several phenomena studied in the context of
1778:lanthanum aluminate-strontium titanate interface
1726:. Modern theoretical studies involve the use of
932:. Deputy Director of the Yale Quantum Institute
4548:Quintanilla, Jorge; Hooley, Chris (June 2009).
4180:"A Topological Look at the Quantum Hall Effect"
4096:
4094:
3952:
3950:
3538:. American Institute of Physics. Archived from
2676:exists at sufficiently high pressures (over 25
1203:. Using this idea, he developed the theory of
4894:
4892:
3471:van Delft, Dirk; Kes, Peter (September 2010).
2973:(First ed.). Princeton University Press.
1487:, was a major field of interest in the 1960s.
1440:. The theory also introduced the notion of an
6633:
6045:
2578:, which is widely used in medical diagnosis.
2452:, wherein a large number of atoms occupy one
2131:and measuring transport via thermal and heat
2111:. Commonly used experimental methods include
902:Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research
703:
8:
5782:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5410:. Science and Technology. World Scientific.
5387:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5061:
5059:
4533:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4053:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3675:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3441:
3439:
3175:
3173:
3171:
2640: â Properties underlying modern physics
2591: â Subfield of condensed matter physics
5955:, Cambridge University Press; 1st edition,
5921:Girvin, Steven M.; Yang, Kun (2019-02-28).
4878:. Sung Kyun Kwan University. Archived from
4318:Girvin, Steven M.; Yang, Kun (2019-02-28).
4029:. The University of Chicago. Archived from
3258:. Smith Elder & Co., Cornhill. p.
1573:and collaborators. Shortly after, in 1982,
1305:which was discovered half a century later.
1114:from a liquid to a gas and coined the term
904:, physics professor Manuel Cardona, it was
6640:
6626:
6618:
6179:
6135:
6052:
6038:
6030:
5786:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5131:
5129:
5127:
5125:
4912:International Journal of Quantum Chemistry
4795:Neil W. Ashcroft; N. David Mermin (1976).
4066:
4064:
2574:, for example, the experimental method of
2436:atoms cooled down to a temperature of 170
2189:. X-rays have energies of the order of 10
2142:Image of X-ray diffraction pattern from a
1838:and Paul Knipping, when they observed the
1671:continues to be an active research topic.
1328:based on their response to magnetization.
710:
696:
40:
29:
5965:Alexander Altland and Ben Simons (2006).
5951:P. M. Chaikin and T. C. Lubensky (2000).
5908:Basic Notions Of Condensed Matter Physics
5625:
5607:
5444:
5256:. Springer Science & Business Media.
5097:
5079:
5039:
4986:
4923:
4845:
4752:
4669:
4632:
4468:
4403:
4370:
4272:
4253:International Journal of Modern Physics C
4203:
4154:
3988:
3970:
3930:
3750:Quantum Mechanics: Nonrelativistic Theory
3628:
3574:
3499:
3298:
3273:Silvera, Isaac F.; Cole, John W. (2010).
3053:Basic Notions Of Condensed Matter Physics
2951:
2806:Iowa College of Liberal Arts and Sciences
2345:
2321:
1850:provided a wave function solution to the
1602:
1596:
1590:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1262:, heralding a revolution in electronics.
1187:Drude's classical model was augmented by
5982:Condensed Matter Physics, second edition
5223:Chaikin, P. M.; Lubensky, T. C. (1995).
4451:Hasan, M. Z.; Kane, C. L. (2010-11-08).
2802:"Condensed Matter and Materials Physics"
2511:can be used to control processes at the
2032:Two classes of phase transitions occur:
1515:in the context of quantum field theory.
4386:Kane, C. L.; Mele, E. J. (2005-11-23).
3748:Landau, L. D.; Lifshitz, E. M. (1977).
3357:Atkins, Peter; de Paula, Julio (2009).
2693:
2657:
2440:was used to experimentally realize the
1814:. He was able to derive the empirical
1718:and the use of mathematical methods of
1236:International Tables of Crystallography
870:A variety of topics in physics such as
32:
6838:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
5953:Principles of Condensed Matter Physics
5775:
5380:
5227:Principles of condensed matter physics
4526:
4388:"Quantum Spin Hall Effect in Graphene"
4046:
3832:Chatterjee, Sabyasachi (August 2004).
3668:
2680:), but this has not yet been observed.
2603: â Correlators of field operators
2399:atomic, molecular, and optical physics
5402:Moulton, W. G.; Reyes, A. P. (2006).
4313:
4311:
4309:
4307:
3027:Anderson, Philip W. (November 2011).
2884:
2882:
2755:"History of Condensed Matter Physics"
2127:; study of thermal response, such as
7:
6576:
4607:"Hopes surface for exotic insulator"
4453:"Colloquium: Topological insulators"
3473:"The discovery of superconductivity"
2967:Stone, A. Douglas (6 October 2013).
2531:, molecular windmill and many more.
2247:(NMR) is a method by which external
1939:. Other examples include magnetized
1931:that is broken. A common example is
1846:of atoms. In 1928, Swiss physicist
1511:in 1972, under the formalism of the
1014:Timeline of condensed matter physics
924:, and later his 1907 article on the
18:Theoretical condensed matter physics
6600:
5301:10.1146/annurev.ms.10.080180.002141
5141:. National Research Council. 1986.
4954:Nambu, Yoichiro (8 December 2008).
3809:The Theory of Magnetism Made Simple
3385:Introduction to Solid State Physics
2601:Green's function (many-body theory)
5906:Anderson, Philip W. (2018-03-09).
5280:Annual Review of Materials Science
4219:David J Thouless (12 March 1998).
4101:von Klitzing, Klaus (9 Dec 1985).
3050:Anderson, Philip W. (2018-03-09).
2706:Yale University Physics Department
2211:as scattering probes. Similarly,
2207:measurements can be made by using
1732:high-temperature superconductivity
1152:. However, despite the success of
1059:known at the time, twenty-six had
25:
5938:Introduction to Many-Body Physics
5686:Introduction to Many-Body Physics
5657:Glanz, James (October 10, 2001).
4074:Introduction to Many Body Physics
3881:Differential Models of Hysteresis
2702:"Condensed Matter Physics Theory"
1438:spontaneous breakdown of symmetry
6599:
6587:
6575:
6564:
6563:
6017:
5174:. Oxford University Press, USA.
4550:"The strong-correlations puzzle"
4119:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3149:from the original on 2022-10-09.
2019:Heisenberg uncertainty principle
1297:in 1930 developed the theory of
823:. These include solid state and
677:
676:
663:
6959:Timeline of physics discoveries
5923:Modern Condensed Matter Physics
5252:Wentao Zhang (22 August 2012).
4935:from the original on 2022-10-09
4321:Modern Condensed Matter Physics
3834:"Heisenberg and Ferromagnetism"
3696:American Journal of Mathematics
3511:from the original on 2022-10-09
2672:predicted in 1935 that a state
2386:observed in a gas of ultracold
2290:electron paramagnetic resonance
2280:Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
2071:, which works in the so-called
1649:high temperature superconductor
1401:high-temperature superconductor
5969:, Cambridge University Press,
5940:, Cambridge University Press,
5925:. Cambridge University Press.
5231:. Cambridge University Press.
5195:Richardson, Robert C. (1988).
5068:Reports on Progress in Physics
4688:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.106408
4510:Z. Physik B - Condensed Matter
4324:. Cambridge University Press.
4077:. Cambridge University Press.
3359:Elements of Physical Chemistry
3300:10.1088/1742-6596/215/1/012194
3029:"In Focus: More and Different"
2858:10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.250001
2565:fractional quantum Hall effect
2225:nonlinear optical spectroscopy
1923:Some states of matter exhibit
1583:fractional quantum Hall effect
1507:. These ideas were unified by
922:photoluminescence spectroscopy
1:
6162:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
5967:Condensed Matter Field Theory
4720:. National Science Foundation
4605:Eugenie Samuel Reich (2012).
4422:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.226801
2638:Symmetry in quantum mechanics
2609: â Research of materials
2509:scanning-tunneling microscopy
2362:perturbed angular correlation
2177:has energy on the scale of 1
2009:, the temperature is set to
1669:strongly correlated materials
5754:. National Academies Press.
5359:. National Academies Press.
5172:Magnetic Critical Scattering
3639:10.1107/97809553602060000537
2310:nuclear quadrupole resonance
2125:inelastic neutron scattering
6923:Quantum information science
5999:, Oxford University Press,
5406:. In Herlach, Fritz (ed.).
5108:10.1088/0034-4885/66/12/R01
4103:"The Quantized Hall Effect"
3422:. Oxford University Press.
3361:. Oxford University Press.
3080:Physics of Condensed Matter
3033:World Scientific Newsletter
2757:. American Physical Society
1958:phase rotational symmetry.
1788:Electronic theory of solids
1240:Band structure calculations
1238:, first published in 1935.
1183:Advent of quantum mechanics
982:Physics of Condensed Matter
916:which opened the fields of
898:Bell Telephone Laboratories
7003:
6754:Classical electromagnetism
6342:Spin gapless semiconductor
6251:Nearly free electron model
5980:Michael P. Marder (2010).
4577:10.1088/2058-7058/22/06/38
4487:10.1103/RevModPhys.82.3045
4372:10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.405
4020:Kadanoff, Leo, P. (2009).
3878:Visintin, Augusto (1994).
3416:Hoddeson, Lillian (1992).
3164:. Oxford University Press.
3103:Martin, Joseph D. (2015).
2777:"Condensed Matter Physics"
2576:magnetic resonance imaging
2371:
2300:become the probe of these
2294:nuclear magnetic resonance
2245:Nuclear magnetic resonance
2154:
1983:
1916:
1791:
1749:
1340:introduced the concept of
1102:. Shortly after, in 1869,
1011:
970:Theory of Condensed Matter
918:photoelectron spectroscopy
253:Spin gapless semiconductor
6559:
6291:Density functional theory
6266:electronic band structure
6133:
5636:10.1016/j.aop.2004.09.010
5005:10.1016/j.aop.2005.03.008
4847:10.1107/S0108767311039985
4771:10.1103/RevModPhys.77.871
4741:Reviews of Modern Physics
4718:"Understanding Emergence"
4457:Reviews of Modern Physics
4283:10.1142/S0217979292000840
4165:10.1103/RevModPhys.70.653
4135:Reviews of Modern Physics
3999:10.1007/s00023-003-0943-9
3593:10.1142/S0217984910025280
3388:. John Wiley & Sons.
3162:Kinetic Theory of Liquids
3132:10.1007/s00016-014-0151-7
2918:10.1103/RevModPhys.71.S59
2898:Reviews of Modern Physics
2832:Cohen, Marvin L. (2008).
2007:quantum phase transitions
1935:, which break continuous
1907:density functional theory
1887:HartreeâFock wavefunction
1810:of then-newly discovered
1794:Electronic band structure
1704:density functional theory
1362:spontaneous magnetization
993:Kinetic Theory of Liquids
847:, and relates closely to
821:American Physical Society
785:BoseâEinstein condensates
193:Electronic band structure
6982:Condensed matter physics
6860:Condensed matter physics
6461:Bogoliubov quasiparticle
6205:Quantum spin Hall effect
6097:BoseâEinstein condensate
6061:Condensed matter physics
6024:Condensed matter physics
5695:10.1017/CBO9781139020916
4826:Acta Crystallographica A
4820:Eckert, Michael (2011).
3563:Modern Physics Letters B
3382:Kittel, Charles (1996).
3252:Davy, John, ed. (1839).
2442:BoseâEinstein condensate
2384:BoseâEinstein condensate
2231:External magnetic fields
2073:mean-field approximation
1885:developed the so-called
1678:has the properties of a
1456:developed the so-called
1384:Modern many-body physics
1286:Johns Hopkins University
1271:point-contact transistor
723:Condensed matter physics
103:BoseâEinstein condensate
34:Condensed matter physics
5984:, John Wiley and Sons,
5936:Coleman, Piers (2015).
5806:Yeh, Nai-Chang (2008).
5683:Coleman, Piers (2015).
5514:10.1126/science.1177838
4869:Han, Jung Hoon (2010).
4658:Physical Review Letters
4392:Physical Review Letters
4351:Physical Review Letters
4244:Wen, Xiao-Gang (1992).
4071:Coleman, Piers (2016).
3807:Mattis, Daniel (2006).
3617:Historical introduction
2838:Physical Review Letters
2670:Hillard Bell Huntington
2468:Computer simulation of
2272:, and the half-integer
2241:thermodynamic variables
2058:magnetic susceptibility
2034:first-order transitions
1613:{\displaystyle e^{2}/h}
1554:{\displaystyle e^{2}/h}
1499:developed the ideas of
1269:A replica of the first
948:According to physicist
926:specific heat of solids
6944:Nobel Prize in Physics
6806:Relativistic mechanics
3959:Annales Henri Poincaré
3905:Merali, Zeeya (2011).
3196:Physics in Perspective
3112:Physics in Perspective
3008:. Princeton University
2477:
2391:
2354:
2353:{\displaystyle \beta }
2338:Mössbauer spectroscopy
2330:
2314:muon spin spectroscopy
2302:hyperfine interactions
2266:magnetoelectric effect
2147:
2115:, with probes such as
2069:GinzburgâLandau theory
2042:continuous transitions
1937:translational symmetry
1873:. Later in the 1930s,
1824:FermiâDirac statistics
1762:collective excitations
1712:GinzburgâLandau theory
1634:topological insulators
1614:
1555:
1480:
1428:used the idea for the
1404:
1277:
1209:FermiâDirac statistics
1201:FermiâDirac statistics
1132:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
1124:Johannes van der Waals
1042:
1032:Johannes van der Waals
1028:Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
988:politics of the time.
958:Cavendish Laboratories
950:Philip Warren Anderson
827:physicists, who study
6949:Philosophy of physics
6337:Topological insulator
6271:Anderson localization
3446:Kragh, Helge (2002).
3216:10.1007/s000160050035
3006:Department of Physics
2633:Orbital magnetization
2624:Transparent materials
2467:
2381:
2355:
2331:
2221:forbidden transitions
2155:Further information:
2141:
2080:Renormalization group
2017:originating from the
1871:variational parameter
1822:who incorporated the
1772:, thereby describing
1728:numerical computation
1724:renormalization group
1680:topological insulator
1647:discovered the first
1626:Laughlin wavefunction
1615:
1556:
1513:renormalization group
1474:
1422:collective excitation
1391:
1268:
1026:
1012:Further information:
809:statistical mechanics
248:Topological insulator
6908:Mathematical physics
6215:AharonovâBohm effect
6102:Fermionic condensate
6026:at Wikimedia Commons
5408:High Magnetic Fields
4799:. Saunders College.
4223:. World Scientific.
3811:. World Scientific.
3787:10.1103/Physics.8.46
3690:Hall, Edwin (1879).
3536:Moments of Discovery
3160:Frenkel, J. (1947).
2613:Nuclear spectroscopy
2595:GreenâKubo relations
2403:interference pattern
2344:
2329:{\displaystyle \mu }
2320:
2258:Quantum oscillations
2105:transport properties
2015:quantum fluctuations
1966:quantum field theory
1858:potential, known as
1852:Schrödinger equation
1720:quantum field theory
1624:solution, named the
1589:
1530:
1254:developed the first
1165:University of Leiden
910:photoelectric effect
266:Electronic phenomena
113:Fermionic condensate
6883:Atmospheric physics
6722:Classical mechanics
6650:branches of physics
6606:Physics WikiProject
6281:tight binding model
6261:Fermi liquid theory
6246:Free electron model
6195:Quantum Hall effect
6176:Electrons in solids
5866:10.1038/nature10587
5858:2011Natur.479..208K
5618:2005AnPhy.315...52J
5557:2008Natur.453..736G
5506:2009Sci...326..108B
5463:10.1038/nature05872
5455:2007Natur.447..565D
5293:1980AnRMS..10..393S
5090:2003RPPh...66.2069V
5050:1996hep.ph....9466L
4997:2005AnPhy.319..217G
4901:Ruzsinszky, Adrienn
4872:Solid State Physics
4838:2012AcCrA..68...30E
4797:Solid state physics
4763:2005RvMP...77..871L
4680:2010PhRvL.104j6408D
4625:2012Natur.492..165S
4586:on 6 September 2012
4569:2009PhyW...22f..32Q
4479:2010RvMP...82.3045H
4414:2005PhRvL..95v6801K
4363:1982PhRvL..49..405T
4265:1992IJMPB...6.1711W
4196:2003PhT....56h..38A
4147:1998RvMP...70..653F
3981:2003AnHP....4..559C
3923:2011Natur.478..302M
3585:2010MPLB...24.2679S
3530:Slichter, Charles.
3492:2010PhT....63i..38V
3328:1969Natur.224..541R
3291:2010JPhCS.215a2194S
3233:on 17 November 2015
3208:2000PhP.....2...30G
3124:2015PhP....17....3M
2910:1999RvMPS..71...59K
2850:2008PhRvL.101y0001C
2536:quantum computation
2521:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
2274:quantum Hall effect
2183:dielectric constant
1962:Goldstone's theorem
1945:rotational symmetry
1891:exchange statistics
1867:ThomasâFermi theory
1832:WiedemannâFranz law
1816:Wiedemann-Franz law
1676:samarium hexaboride
1520:quantum Hall effect
1477:quantum Hall effect
1430:Fermi liquid theory
1303:quantum Hall effect
1299:Landau quantization
1213:free electron model
1150:WiedemannâFranz law
1063:properties such as
889:solid-state physics
857:theoretical physics
273:Quantum Hall effect
6939:History of physics
6167:Critical phenomena
5725:"Condensed Matter"
5689:. Cambridge Core.
5663:The New York Times
5199:. Addison-Wesley.
4522:10.1007/BF01303701
3850:10.1007/BF02837578
3752:. Pergamon Press.
3279:Journal of Physics
2730:Physics Today Jobs
2644:Mesoscopic physics
2549:Josephson junction
2507:. Methods such as
2478:
2432:In 1995, a gas of
2415:frustrated magnets
2411:quantum simulators
2405:, which acts as a
2392:
2350:
2326:
2217:Laser spectroscopy
2148:
2101:response functions
2050:correlation length
2027:Hamiltonian matrix
1933:crystalline solids
1736:topological phases
1716:critical exponents
1622:variational method
1610:
1551:
1524:Klaus von Klitzing
1522:was discovered by
1501:critical exponents
1485:critical phenomena
1481:
1405:
1374:antiferromagnetism
1282:Edwin Herbert Hall
1278:
1043:
966:Solid state theory
744:, that arise from
670:Physics portal
6987:Materials science
6967:
6966:
6954:Physics education
6903:Materials science
6870:Interdisciplinary
6828:Quantum mechanics
6615:
6614:
6501:Exciton-polariton
6386:
6385:
6358:Thermoelectricity
6022:Media related to
5931:978-1-108-57347-4
5916:978-0-429-97374-1
5852:(7372): 208â211.
5769:978-0-309-13409-5
5596:Annals of Physics
5551:(7196): 736â738.
5439:(7144): 565â568.
5417:978-981-277-488-0
5374:978-0-309-28634-3
5263:978-3-642-32472-7
5238:978-0-521-43224-5
5206:978-0-201-15002-5
5181:978-0-19-536440-8
5156:978-0-309-03577-4
5074:(12): 2069â2110.
5034:(1997): 275â286.
4981:(2005): 217â249.
4975:Annals of Physics
4925:10.1002/qua.22829
4918:(15): 2801â2807.
4899:Perdew, John P.;
4806:978-0-03-049346-1
4331:978-1-108-57347-4
4259:(10): 1711â1762.
4230:978-981-4498-03-6
4205:10.1063/1.1611351
4084:978-0-521-86488-6
3917:(7369): 302â304.
3891:978-3-540-54793-8
3818:978-981-238-671-7
3759:978-0-7506-3539-4
3648:978-1-4020-2355-2
3569:(27): 2679â2691.
3501:10.1063/1.3490499
3457:978-0-691-09552-3
3429:978-0-19-505329-6
3395:978-0-471-11181-8
3368:978-1-4292-1813-9
3185:Goodstein, Judith
3063:978-0-429-97374-1
3002:"Philip Anderson"
2927:on 25 August 2013
2889:Kohn, W. (1999).
2674:metallic hydrogen
2607:Materials science
2555:qubits using the
2542:. The qubits may
2423:antiferromagnetic
2368:Cold atomic gases
2270:magnetic monopole
2000:molar composition
1925:symmetry breaking
1919:Symmetry breaking
1913:Symmetry breaking
1840:X-ray diffraction
1830:of metals in the
1820:Arnold Sommerfeld
1802:in 1900 with the
1782:superconductivity
1708:phase transitions
1630:David J. Thouless
1571:David J. Thouless
1509:Kenneth G. Wilson
1454:Robert Schrieffer
1434:mean-field theory
1410:superconductivity
1217:quantum mechanics
1193:Arnold Sommerfeld
1169:superconductivity
1057:chemical elements
1041:at Leiden in 1908
1019:Classical physics
938:quantum mechanics
914:photoluminescence
837:materials science
801:quantum mechanics
773:antiferromagnetic
733:, especially the
720:
719:
418:Granular material
186:Electronic phases
27:Branch of physics
16:(Redirected from
6994:
6893:Chemical physics
6833:Particle physics
6759:Classical optics
6642:
6635:
6628:
6619:
6603:
6602:
6591:
6579:
6578:
6567:
6566:
6506:Phonon polariton
6398:Amorphous magnet
6378:Electrostriction
6373:Flexoelectricity
6368:Ferroelectricity
6363:Piezoelectricity
6220:Josephson effect
6200:Spin Hall effect
6180:
6157:Phase transition
6139:
6122:Luttinger liquid
6069:States of matter
6054:
6047:
6040:
6031:
6021:
5894:
5893:
5837:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5826:
5812:
5803:
5792:
5791:
5781:
5773:
5745:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5729:Physics Pantheon
5721:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5669:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5629:
5611:
5609:cond-mat/0410614
5591:
5585:
5584:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5500:(5949): 108â11.
5489:
5483:
5482:
5448:
5428:
5422:
5421:
5399:
5393:
5392:
5386:
5378:
5349:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5333:
5327:
5320:
5311:
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5304:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5230:
5220:
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5192:
5186:
5185:
5167:
5161:
5160:
5133:
5120:
5119:
5101:
5083:
5081:cond-mat/0309604
5063:
5054:
5053:
5043:
5028:Helv. Phys. Acta
5023:
5017:
5016:
4990:
4988:cond-mat/0503400
4970:
4964:
4963:
4951:
4945:
4944:
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4940:
4934:
4927:
4909:
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4886:
4884:
4877:
4866:
4860:
4859:
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4817:
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4810:
4792:
4783:
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4756:
4754:cond-mat/0407140
4736:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4673:
4653:
4647:
4646:
4636:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4585:
4579:. Archived from
4554:
4545:
4539:
4538:
4532:
4524:
4505:
4499:
4498:
4472:
4463:(4): 3045â3067.
4448:
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4405:cond-mat/0411737
4383:
4377:
4376:
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4342:
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4315:
4302:
4301:
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4297:
4291:
4285:. Archived from
4276:
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4235:
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4216:
4210:
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3972:cond-mat/0307004
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3804:
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3790:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3726:. Archived from
3687:
3681:
3680:
3674:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3657:
3651:. Archived from
3632:
3622:
3611:
3605:
3604:
3578:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3547:
3527:
3521:
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3510:
3503:
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3468:
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3461:
3443:
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3433:
3413:
3400:
3399:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3336:10.1038/224541a0
3311:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3270:
3264:
3263:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3226:. Archived from
3193:
3181:Goodstein, David
3177:
3166:
3165:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3109:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3047:
3041:
3040:
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3015:
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2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2987:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2926:
2920:. Archived from
2895:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2829:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2773:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2732:. Archived from
2722:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2698:
2681:
2662:
2629:
2493:magnetic storage
2359:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2335:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2187:refractive index
1986:Phase transition
1980:Phase transition
1899:Pierre Hohenberg
1774:electromagnetism
1740:gauge symmetries
1645:Johannes Bednorz
1619:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1560:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1541:
1378:magnetic storage
1342:magnetic domains
1252:William Shockley
1228:Yevgraf Fyodorov
1112:phase transition
1003:
934:A. Douglas Stone
861:particle physics
813:physics theories
805:electromagnetism
789:ultracold atomic
781:crystal lattices
725:is the field of
712:
705:
698:
685:
680:
679:
672:
668:
667:
278:Spin Hall effect
168:Phase transition
138:Luttinger liquid
75:States of matter
58:Phase transition
44:
30:
21:
7002:
7001:
6997:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6991:
6972:
6971:
6968:
6963:
6927:
6913:Medical physics
6864:
6823:Nuclear physics
6792:
6786:Non-equilibrium
6708:
6680:
6652:
6646:
6616:
6611:
6555:
6536:Granular matter
6531:Amorphous solid
6517:
6442:
6428:Antiferromagnet
6418:Superparamagnet
6391:Magnetic phases
6382:
6346:
6295:
6256:Bloch's theorem
6229:
6171:
6152:Order parameter
6145:Phase phenomena
6140:
6131:
6063:
6058:
6014:
5903:
5901:Further reading
5898:
5897:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5824:
5822:
5810:
5805:
5804:
5795:
5774:
5770:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5733:
5731:
5723:
5722:
5718:
5709:
5707:
5705:
5682:
5681:
5677:
5667:
5665:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5627:10.1.1.305.9031
5593:
5592:
5588:
5565:10.1038/453736a
5542:
5541:
5537:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5430:
5429:
5425:
5418:
5401:
5400:
5396:
5379:
5375:
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5350:
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5329:
5325:
5318:
5313:
5312:
5308:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5251:
5250:
5246:
5239:
5222:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5182:
5169:
5168:
5164:
5157:
5135:
5134:
5123:
5099:10.1.1.305.3880
5065:
5064:
5057:
5025:
5024:
5020:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4907:
4898:
4897:
4890:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4867:
4863:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4807:
4794:
4793:
4786:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4723:
4721:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4634:10.1038/492165a
4604:
4603:
4599:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4552:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4525:
4507:
4506:
4502:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4317:
4316:
4305:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4274:10.1.1.455.2763
4248:
4243:
4242:
4238:
4231:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4156:10.1.1.129.3194
4132:
4131:
4124:
4116:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4070:
4069:
4062:
4045:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4018:
4014:
3990:10.1.1.242.6214
3956:
3955:
3948:
3932:10.1038/478302a
3904:
3903:
3899:
3892:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3860:
3831:
3830:
3826:
3819:
3806:
3805:
3794:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3760:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3733:
3731:
3708:10.2307/2369245
3689:
3688:
3684:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3655:
3649:
3630:10.1.1.471.4170
3620:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3545:
3543:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3475:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3458:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3415:
3414:
3403:
3396:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3369:
3356:
3355:
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3313:
3312:
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3271:
3267:
3251:
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3246:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3169:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3146:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2953:physics/0508237
2945:
2944:
2940:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2893:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2831:
2830:
2819:
2810:
2808:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2786:
2784:
2783:. 26 April 2016
2775:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2758:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2739:
2737:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2710:
2708:
2700:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2684:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2627:
2584:
2525:Fraser Stoddart
2497:liquid crystals
2462:
2450:Albert Einstein
2376:
2374:Optical lattice
2370:
2342:
2341:
2318:
2317:
2286:local structure
2282:
2249:magnetic fields
2237:magnetic fields
2233:
2205:Mott scattering
2159:
2153:
2097:magnetic fields
2089:
1988:
1982:
1921:
1915:
1875:Douglas Hartree
1860:Bloch's theorem
1796:
1790:
1754:
1748:
1692:
1684:Kondo insulator
1662:
1658:
1654:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1563:Robert Laughlin
1533:
1528:
1527:
1442:order parameter
1386:
1310:electrodynamics
1284:working at the
1248:Walter Brattain
1224:Auguste Bravais
1185:
1177:Albert Einstein
1092:Michael Faraday
1021:
1016:
1010:
1001:
978:Springer-Verlag
946:
906:Albert Einstein
872:crystallography
865:nuclear physics
793:liquid crystals
758:superconducting
748:forces between
746:electromagnetic
716:
675:
662:
661:
654:
653:
652:
442:
434:
433:
432:
408:Amorphous solid
402:
392:
391:
390:
369:
351:
341:
340:
339:
328:
326:Antiferromagnet
319:
317:Superparamagnet
310:
297:
296:Magnetic phases
289:
288:
287:
267:
259:
258:
257:
187:
179:
178:
177:
163:Order parameter
157:
156:Phase phenomena
149:
148:
147:
77:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7000:
6998:
6990:
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6984:
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6935:
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6928:
6926:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6905:
6900:
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6890:
6885:
6880:
6874:
6872:
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6865:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6856:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6813:
6802:
6800:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6776:Thermodynamics
6773:
6772:
6771:
6766:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6745:
6744:
6739:
6734:
6729:
6718:
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6710:
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6707:
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6676:
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6658:
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6653:
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6644:
6637:
6630:
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6612:
6610:
6609:
6597:
6594:Physics Portal
6585:
6573:
6560:
6557:
6556:
6554:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6541:Liquid crystal
6538:
6533:
6527:
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6509:
6508:
6503:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6452:
6450:
6448:Quasiparticles
6444:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6408:Superdiamagnet
6405:
6400:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6354:
6352:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6332:Superconductor
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6312:Mott insulator
6309:
6303:
6301:
6297:
6296:
6294:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
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6230:
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6119:
6114:
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6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6073:
6071:
6065:
6064:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6049:
6042:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6013:
6012:External links
6010:
6009:
6008:
5993:
5978:
5963:
5949:
5934:
5919:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5832:
5815:AAPPS Bulletin
5793:
5768:
5760:10.17226/11967
5740:
5716:
5703:
5675:
5649:
5586:
5535:
5484:
5423:
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5394:
5373:
5365:10.17226/18355
5341:
5306:
5269:
5262:
5244:
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5212:
5205:
5187:
5180:
5162:
5155:
5121:
5055:
5041:hep-ph/9609466
5018:
4965:
4960:Nobelprize.org
4946:
4888:
4885:on 2013-05-20.
4861:
4812:
4805:
4784:
4747:(3): 871â879.
4731:
4709:
4664:(10): 106408.
4648:
4597:
4540:
4516:(2): 189â193,
4500:
4443:
4398:(22): 226801.
4378:
4357:(6): 405â408.
4337:
4330:
4303:
4292:on 22 May 2005
4236:
4229:
4211:
4170:
4141:(2): 653â681.
4122:
4110:Nobelprize.org
4090:
4083:
4060:
4012:
3965:(2): 559â580.
3946:
3897:
3890:
3870:
3824:
3817:
3792:
3765:
3758:
3740:
3682:
3647:
3606:
3553:
3542:on 15 May 2012
3522:
3463:
3456:
3435:
3428:
3401:
3394:
3374:
3367:
3349:
3322:(8): 541â543.
3306:
3265:
3244:
3167:
3152:
3095:
3069:
3062:
3042:
3019:
2993:
2980:978-0691139685
2979:
2959:
2938:
2904:(2): S59âS77.
2878:
2844:(25): 250001.
2817:
2793:
2768:
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2630:
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2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2505:nanotechnology
2501:optical fibres
2461:
2458:
2395:Ultracold atom
2372:Main article:
2369:
2366:
2349:
2325:
2281:
2278:
2232:
2229:
2223:in media with
2209:electron beams
2152:
2149:
2121:infrared light
2088:
2085:
2046:critical point
1984:Main article:
1981:
1978:
1954:, that breaks
1952:superconductor
1943:, which break
1917:Main article:
1914:
1911:
1792:Main article:
1789:
1786:
1750:Main article:
1747:
1744:
1710:, such as the
1700:band structure
1691:
1688:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1550:
1546:
1540:
1536:
1497:Michael Fisher
1493:Benjamin Widom
1385:
1382:
1232:symmetry group
1189:Wolfgang Pauli
1184:
1181:
1138:respectively.
1116:critical point
1108:Thomas Andrews
1020:
1017:
1009:
1006:
974:nuclear matter
945:
942:
849:atomic physics
845:nanotechnology
783:of atoms, the
718:
717:
715:
714:
707:
700:
692:
689:
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686:
673:
656:
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475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
444:
443:
440:
439:
436:
435:
431:
430:
425:
423:Liquid crystal
420:
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410:
404:
403:
398:
397:
394:
393:
389:
388:
383:
378:
373:
364:
359:
353:
352:
349:Quasiparticles
347:
346:
343:
342:
338:
337:
332:
323:
314:
308:Superdiamagnet
305:
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295:
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291:
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256:
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250:
245:
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235:
233:Thermoelectric
230:
228:Superconductor
225:
220:
215:
210:
208:Mott insulator
205:
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195:
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185:
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95:
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85:
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60:
55:
49:
46:
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37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6999:
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6955:
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6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6930:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6918:Ocean physics
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6871:
6867:
6861:
6858:
6854:
6853:Modern optics
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6826:
6824:
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6730:
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6725:
6724:
6723:
6720:
6719:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6703:
6702:Computational
6700:
6699:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6683:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6670:
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6520:
6514:
6511:
6507:
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6502:
6499:
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6497:
6494:
6492:
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6429:
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6409:
6406:
6404:
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6399:
6396:
6395:
6393:
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6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6349:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6317:Semiconductor
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6304:
6302:
6298:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6286:Hubbard model
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6257:
6254:
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6110:
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6105:
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6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6055:
6050:
6048:
6043:
6041:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6025:
6020:
6016:
6015:
6011:
6006:
6005:0-19-505329-X
6002:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5990:0-470-61798-5
5987:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5975:0-521-84508-4
5972:
5968:
5964:
5962:
5961:0-521-79450-1
5958:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5946:0-521-86488-7
5943:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5913:
5910:. CRC Press.
5909:
5905:
5904:
5900:
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5836:
5833:
5820:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5800:
5798:
5794:
5789:
5785:
5779:
5771:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5752:
5744:
5741:
5730:
5726:
5720:
5717:
5706:
5704:9780521864886
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5687:
5679:
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5664:
5660:
5653:
5650:
5645:
5641:
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5628:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5601:
5597:
5590:
5587:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5539:
5536:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5488:
5485:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5427:
5424:
5419:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5398:
5395:
5390:
5384:
5376:
5370:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5348:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5328:on 2014-02-22
5324:
5317:
5310:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5281:
5273:
5270:
5265:
5259:
5255:
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5245:
5240:
5234:
5229:
5228:
5219:
5217:
5213:
5208:
5202:
5198:
5191:
5188:
5183:
5177:
5173:
5166:
5163:
5158:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5139:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5062:
5060:
5056:
5051:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5022:
5019:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4969:
4966:
4961:
4957:
4950:
4947:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4906:
4902:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4881:
4874:
4873:
4865:
4862:
4857:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4816:
4813:
4808:
4802:
4798:
4791:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4735:
4732:
4719:
4713:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4697:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4652:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4619:(7428): 165.
4618:
4614:
4613:
4608:
4601:
4598:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4557:Physics World
4551:
4544:
4541:
4536:
4530:
4523:
4519:
4515:
4511:
4504:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4488:
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4480:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4447:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4382:
4379:
4373:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4341:
4338:
4333:
4327:
4323:
4322:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4237:
4232:
4226:
4222:
4215:
4212:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4184:Physics Today
4181:
4174:
4171:
4166:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4115:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4067:
4065:
4061:
4056:
4050:
4036:on 2015-12-31
4032:
4025:
4024:
4016:
4013:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3874:
3871:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3776:
3769:
3766:
3761:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3741:
3730:on 2007-02-08
3729:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3702:(3): 287â92.
3701:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3658:on 2008-10-03
3654:
3650:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3619:
3618:
3610:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3557:
3554:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3523:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3480:Physics Today
3474:
3467:
3464:
3459:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3412:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3378:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3310:
3307:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3285:(1): 012194.
3284:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3245:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3163:
3156:
3153:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3083:
3081:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3056:. CRC Press.
3055:
3054:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3023:
3020:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2963:
2960:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2939:
2923:
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2907:
2903:
2899:
2892:
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2883:
2879:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2826:
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2822:
2818:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2736:on 2009-03-27
2735:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2707:
2703:
2697:
2694:
2687:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2666:Eugene Wigner
2661:
2658:
2651:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
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2608:
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2599:
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2573:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2529:molecular car
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:semiconductor
2475:
2471:
2466:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2454:quantum state
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2419:Hubbard model
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2367:
2365:
2363:
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2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2262:Fermi surface
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2179:electron volt
2176:
2175:Visible light
2172:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2129:specific heat
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:specific heat
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2023:ground states
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:absolute zero
2008:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1905:proposed the
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:Vladimir Fock
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1828:specific heat
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
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1763:
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1697:
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1677:
1672:
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1650:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1607:
1603:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1581:observed the
1580:
1576:
1575:Horst Störmer
1572:
1568:
1564:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1534:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1505:widom scaling
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
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1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1390:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1318:ferromagnetic
1315:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1256:semiconductor
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1205:paramagnetism
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1158:specific heat
1155:
1154:Drude's model
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:atomic theory
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1015:
1007:
1005:
998:
997:Yakov Frenkel
994:
989:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
943:
941:
939:
935:
931:
930:specific heat
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
890:
885:
881:
877:
873:
868:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
797:physical laws
794:
791:systems, and
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:ferromagnetic
766:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
713:
708:
706:
701:
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694:
693:
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690:
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671:
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641:
639:
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611:
609:
606:
604:
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591:
589:
586:
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571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
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529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
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496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
448:Van der Waals
446:
445:
438:
437:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
405:
401:
396:
395:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
350:
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331:
327:
324:
322:
318:
315:
313:
309:
306:
304:
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300:
293:
292:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
270:
263:
262:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
243:Ferroelectric
241:
239:
238:Piezoelectric
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
213:Semiconductor
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
183:
182:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
153:
152:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
133:Superfluidity
131:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
94:
91:
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80:
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71:
70:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
50:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
31:
19:
6969:
6878:Astrophysics
6859:
6692:Experimental
6604:
6592:
6580:
6568:
6486:Pines' demon
6225:Kondo effect
6127:Time crystal
6060:
5996:
5981:
5966:
5952:
5937:
5922:
5907:
5849:
5845:
5835:
5823:. Retrieved
5818:
5814:
5750:
5743:
5732:. Retrieved
5728:
5719:
5708:. Retrieved
5685:
5678:
5666:. Retrieved
5662:
5652:
5602:(1): 52â79.
5599:
5595:
5589:
5548:
5544:
5538:
5497:
5493:
5487:
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5426:
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5397:
5355:
5336:
5330:. Retrieved
5323:the original
5309:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5253:
5247:
5226:
5196:
5190:
5171:
5165:
5147:10.17226/626
5137:
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5067:
5031:
5027:
5021:
4978:
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4968:
4959:
4949:
4937:. Retrieved
4915:
4911:
4880:the original
4871:
4864:
4832:(1): 30â39.
4829:
4825:
4815:
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4740:
4734:
4722:. Retrieved
4712:
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4657:
4651:
4616:
4610:
4600:
4588:. Retrieved
4581:the original
4560:
4556:
4543:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4460:
4456:
4446:
4395:
4391:
4381:
4354:
4350:
4340:
4320:
4294:. Retrieved
4287:the original
4256:
4252:
4239:
4220:
4214:
4190:(8): 38â42.
4187:
4183:
4173:
4138:
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4073:
4038:. Retrieved
4031:the original
4022:
4015:
3962:
3958:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3884:. Springer.
3880:
3873:
3861:. Retrieved
3844:(8): 57â66.
3841:
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3778:
3774:
3768:
3749:
3743:
3732:. Retrieved
3728:the original
3699:
3695:
3685:
3660:. Retrieved
3653:the original
3616:
3609:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3544:. Retrieved
3540:the original
3535:
3525:
3513:. Retrieved
3486:(9): 38â43.
3483:
3479:
3466:
3447:
3418:
3383:
3377:
3358:
3352:
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3268:
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3247:
3235:. Retrieved
3228:the original
3199:
3195:
3161:
3155:
3115:
3111:
3098:
3086:. Retrieved
3079:
3072:
3052:
3045:
3036:
3032:
3022:
3010:. Retrieved
3005:
2996:
2984:. Retrieved
2969:
2962:
2941:
2929:. Retrieved
2922:the original
2901:
2897:
2869:. Retrieved
2841:
2837:
2809:. Retrieved
2805:
2796:
2785:. Retrieved
2780:
2771:
2759:. Retrieved
2749:
2738:. Retrieved
2734:the original
2729:
2720:
2709:. Retrieved
2705:
2696:
2660:
2569:
2533:
2491:technology,
2479:
2469:
2460:Applications
2431:
2410:
2406:
2393:
2283:
2234:
2195:
2160:
2113:spectroscopy
2099:, measuring
2090:
2087:Experimental
2077:
2066:
2041:
2038:second-order
2037:
2033:
2031:
2004:
1989:
1960:
1941:ferromagnets
1924:
1922:
1864:
1836:Max von Laue
1797:
1764:behave like
1755:
1693:
1673:
1638:
1567:Chern number
1517:
1489:Leo Kadanoff
1482:
1446:John Bardeen
1418:World War II
1414:Kondo effect
1406:
1352:through the
1346:Wilhelm Lenz
1338:Pierre Weiss
1330:Pierre Curie
1322:paramagnetic
1312:by Faraday,
1307:
1279:
1244:John Bardeen
1235:
1221:
1186:
1162:
1140:
1110:studied the
1089:
1053:Humphry Davy
1044:
1038:
992:
990:
981:
969:
965:
954:Volker Heine
947:
887:
869:
817:
811:, and other
765:temperatures
722:
721:
578:von Klitzing
283:Kondo effect
143:Time crystal
123:Fermi liquid
33:
6781:Statistical
6697:Theoretical
6674:Engineering
6523:Soft matter
6423:Ferromagnet
6241:Drude model
6210:Berry phase
6190:Hall effect
5287:: 393â425.
3118:(1): 3â32.
2589:Soft matter
2572:biomedicine
2517:Ben Feringa
2427:spin liquid
2109:thermometry
2062:macroscopic
1992:temperature
1903:Lu Jeu Sham
1895:Walter Kohn
1883:John Slater
1848:Felix Bloch
1804:Drude model
1696:Drude model
1690:Theoretical
1641:Karl MĂŒller
1579:Daniel Tsui
1466:Cooper pair
1450:Leon Cooper
1354:Ising model
1350:Ernst Ising
1334:Curie point
1326:diamagnetic
1291:Hall effect
1197:Felix Bloch
1167:discovered
1128:James Dewar
1073:John Dalton
1039:liquefactor
841:engineering
825:soft matter
400:Soft matter
321:Ferromagnet
6976:Categories
6898:Geophysics
6888:Biophysics
6732:Analytical
6685:Approaches
6438:Spin glass
6433:Metamagnet
6413:Paramagnet
6300:Conduction
6276:BCS theory
6117:Superfluid
6112:Supersolid
5734:2023-11-30
5710:2020-04-20
5332:2016-02-07
4040:2012-06-14
3734:2008-02-28
3662:2017-10-24
2811:2023-11-30
2787:2023-11-30
2740:2010-11-01
2711:2023-11-30
2688:References
2553:spintronic
2485:transistor
2446:S. N. Bose
2429:ordering.
2382:The first
2292:(EPR) and
2165:, optical
2157:Scattering
2151:Scattering
2133:conduction
1800:Paul Drude
1458:BCS theory
1426:Lev Landau
1397:levitating
1366:spin waves
1295:Lev Landau
1260:transistor
1142:Paul Drude
1122:physicist
880:elasticity
876:metallurgy
853:biophysics
775:phases of
543:Louis NĂ©el
533:Schrieffer
441:Scientists
335:Spin glass
330:Metamagnet
312:Paramagnet
128:Supersolid
6848:Molecular
6749:Acoustics
6742:Continuum
6737:Celestial
6727:Newtonian
6714:Classical
6657:Divisions
6496:Polariton
6403:Diamagnet
6351:Couplings
6327:Conductor
6322:Semimetal
6307:Insulator
6183:Phenomena
6107:Fermi gas
5874:1476-4687
5778:cite book
5622:CiteSeerX
5446:0801.1281
5383:cite book
5094:CiteSeerX
4779:117563047
4704:119270507
4671:0912.3750
4563:(6): 32.
4470:1002.3895
4269:CiteSeerX
4151:CiteSeerX
4049:cite book
3985:CiteSeerX
3858:123099296
3838:Resonance
3724:107500183
3671:cite book
3625:CiteSeerX
3601:119220454
3576:1008.0447
3224:118288008
3202:(1): 30.
3140:117809375
2513:nanometer
2474:fullerene
2470:nanogears
2348:β
2324:μ
1812:electrons
1808:ideal gas
1770:electrons
1758:emergence
1752:Emergence
1746:Emergence
1639:In 1986,
1380:devices.
1280:In 1879,
1275:Bell labs
1211:into the
1090:In 1823,
1069:ductility
1034:with the
962:Cambridge
944:Etymology
884:magnetism
833:chemistry
787:found in
762:cryogenic
754:electrons
643:Wetterich
623:Abrikosov
538:Josephson
508:Van Vleck
498:Luttinger
371:Polariton
303:Diamagnet
223:Conductor
218:Semimetal
203:Insulator
118:Fermi gas
6570:Category
6551:Colloids
5882:22071765
5644:12352119
5573:18528388
5530:17187000
5522:19797653
5471:17538614
5116:15806867
5013:55104377
4930:Archived
4903:(2010).
4856:22186281
4724:30 March
4696:20366446
4643:23235853
4529:citation
4495:16066223
4430:16384250
4114:Archived
3941:22012369
3506:Archived
3187:(2000).
3144:Archived
3088:20 April
3012:27 March
2931:27 March
2871:31 March
2866:19113681
2761:27 March
2582:See also
2567:states.
2551:qubits,
2544:decohere
2472:made of
2434:rubidium
2388:rubidium
2360:NMR and
2268:, image
2213:positron
2197:Neutrons
2171:neutrons
2093:electric
1996:pressure
1929:symmetry
1856:periodic
1844:lattices
1722:and the
1702:and the
1416:. After
1412:and the
1399:above a
1146:electron
1106:chemist
1096:chlorine
1085:hydrogen
1081:nitrogen
1061:metallic
986:Cold War
980:journal
683:Category
628:Ginzburg
603:Laughlin
563:Kadanoff
518:Shockley
503:Anderson
458:von Laue
108:Bose gas
6932:Related
6816:General
6811:Special
6669:Applied
6582:Commons
6546:Polymer
6513:Polaron
6491:Plasmon
6471:Exciton
5890:6175720
5854:Bibcode
5825:19 June
5614:Bibcode
5581:4572899
5553:Bibcode
5502:Bibcode
5494:Science
5479:4397560
5451:Bibcode
5289:Bibcode
5086:Bibcode
5046:Bibcode
4993:Bibcode
4834:Bibcode
4759:Bibcode
4676:Bibcode
4621:Bibcode
4590:14 June
4565:Bibcode
4475:Bibcode
4438:6080059
4410:Bibcode
4359:Bibcode
4296:14 June
4261:Bibcode
4192:Bibcode
4143:Bibcode
4007:8171617
3977:Bibcode
3919:Bibcode
3863:13 June
3775:Physics
3716:2369245
3581:Bibcode
3546:13 June
3515:7 April
3488:Bibcode
3344:4168392
3324:Bibcode
3287:Bibcode
3237:7 April
3204:Bibcode
3120:Bibcode
2906:Bibcode
2846:Bibcode
2407:lattice
2239:act as
2167:photons
2146:crystal
2144:protein
2025:of the
1974:phonons
1854:with a
1766:photons
1462:phonons
1314:Maxwell
1258:-based
1173:mercury
1050:chemist
1047:English
1008:History
964:, from
894:liquids
829:quantum
727:physics
633:Leggett
608:Störmer
593:Bednorz
553:Giaever
523:Bardeen
513:Hubbard
488:Peierls
478:Onsager
428:Polymer
413:Colloid
376:Polaron
367:Plasmon
362:Exciton
6843:Atomic
6798:Modern
6648:Major
6481:Phonon
6476:Magnon
6234:Theory
6092:Plasma
6082:Liquid
6003:
5988:
5973:
5959:
5944:
5929:
5914:
5888:
5880:
5872:
5846:Nature
5766:
5701:
5668:23 May
5642:
5624:
5579:
5571:
5545:Nature
5528:
5520:
5477:
5469:
5433:Nature
5414:
5371:
5260:
5235:
5203:
5178:
5153:
5114:
5096:
5011:
4939:13 May
4854:
4803:
4777:
4702:
4694:
4641:
4612:Nature
4493:
4436:
4428:
4328:
4271:
4227:
4153:
4081:
4005:
3987:
3939:
3911:Nature
3888:
3856:
3815:
3781:: 46.
3756:
3722:
3714:
3645:
3627:
3599:
3454:
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