Actor - Knowledge (XXG)

963: 47: 1509: 459:(1838–1905) was the most successful of the British actor-managers. Irving was renowned for his Shakespearean roles, and for such innovations as turning out the house lights so that attention could focus more on the stage and less on the audience. His company toured across Britain, as well as Europe and the United States, demonstrating the power of star actors and celebrated roles to attract enthusiastic audiences. His knighthood in 1895 indicated full acceptance into the higher circles of British society. 455:, who formed their own companies and controlled the actors, the productions, and the financing. When successful, they built up a permanent clientele that flocked to their productions. They could enlarge their audience by going on tour across the country, performing a repertoire of well-known plays, such as those by Shakespeare. The newspapers, private clubs, pubs, and coffee shops rang with lively debates evaluating the relative merits of the stars and the productions. 1155: 437: 1175: 1216: 3692: 468: 1062: 364: 261:, and other entertainments were very popular. From the 5th century, Western Europe was plunged into a period of general disorder. Small nomadic bands of actors traveled around Europe throughout the period, performing wherever they could find an audience; there is no evidence that they produced anything but crude scenes. Traditionally, actors were not of high status; therefore, in the 3680: 2087:"Whereas women's parts in plays have hitherto been acted by men in the habits of women ... we do permit and give leave for the time to come that all women's parts be acted by women," Charles II ordained in 1662. According to Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, the first actress to exploit this new freedom was Margaret Hughes, as Desdemona in Othello on December 8, 1660. 3668: 544:. Strasberg's method is based upon the idea that to develop an emotional and cognitive understanding of their roles, actors should use their own experiences to identify personally with their characters. It is based on aspects of Stanislavski's system. Other acting techniques are also based on Stanislavski's ideas, such as those of 1332:(away from the audience) and "Downstage" (towards the audience). Theatre actors need to learn blocking, which is "...where and how an actor moves on the stage during a play". Most scripts specify some blocking. The Director also gives instructions on blocking, such as crossing the stage or picking up and using a prop. 1480:). TV actors need to understand the concept of "frame". "The term frame refers to the area that the camera's lens is capturing." Within the acting industry, there are four types of television roles one could land on a show. Each type varies in prominence, frequency of appearance, and pay. The first is known as a 1331:

To act on stage, actors need to learn the stage directions that appear in the script, such as "Stage Left" and "Stage Right". These directions are based on the actor's point of view as they stand on the stage facing the audience. Actors also have to learn the meaning of the stage directions "Upstage"

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and stylized bodily performance from the actor than does the theater." "The performance of emotion is the most difficult aspect of film acting to master: ...the film actor must rely on subtle facial ticks, quivers, and tiny lifts of the eyebrow to create a believable character." Some theatre stars

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Film actors have to learn to get used to and be comfortable with a camera being in front of them. Film actors need to learn to find and stay on their "mark". This is a position on the floor marked with tape. This position is where the lights and camera focus are optimized. Film actors also need to

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Pioneering film directors in Europe and the United States recognized the different limitations and freedoms of the mediums of stage and screen by the early 1910s. Silent films became less vaudevillian in the mid-1910s, as the differences between stage and screen became apparent. Due to the work of

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in 1917: "The sooner the stage people who have come into pictures get out, the better for the pictures". In other cases, directors such as John Griffith Wray required their actors to deliver larger-than-life expressions for emphasis. As early as 1914, American viewers had begun to make known their

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published their new joint style guide in 2010, it stated "Use for both male and female actors; do not use actress except when in name of award, e.g. Oscar for best actress". The guide's authors stated that "actress comes into the same category as authoress, comedienne, manageress, 'lady doctor',

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began to insist on naturalism in their films. By the mid-1920s many American silent films had adopted a more naturalistic acting style, though not all actors and directors accepted naturalistic, low-key acting straight away; as late as 1927, films featuring expressionistic acting styles, such as

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troupes performed lively improvisational playlets across Europe for centuries. Commedia dell'arte was an actor-centred theatre, requiring little scenery and very few props. Plays were loose frameworks that provided situations, complications, and the outcome of the action, around which the actors

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There seems no doubt that actresses did not perform on the stage till the Restoration, in the earliest years of which Pepys says for the first time he saw an actress upon the stage. Charles II, must have brought the usage from the Continent, where women had long been employed instead of boys or

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reported that "...just 21 of the 100 top-grossing films of 2014 featured a female lead or co-lead, while only 28.1 percent of characters in 100 top-grossing films were female...". "In the U.S., there is an "industry-wide in salaries of all scales. On average, white women earn 78 cents to every

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requires the actor to focus totally on the other actor as though they are real and they only exist in that moment. This is a method that makes the actors in the scene seem more authentic to the audience. It is based on the principle that acting finds its expression in people's response to other

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Radio drama achieved widespread popularity within a decade of its initial development in the 1920s. By the 1940s, it was a leading international popular entertainment. With the advent of television in the 1950s, however, radio drama lost some of its popularity, and in some countries has never

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In contrast to Ancient Greek theatre, Ancient Roman theatre did allow female performers. While the majority of them were seldom employed in speaking roles but rather for dancing, there was a minority of actresses in Rome employed in speaking roles, and also those who achieved wealth, fame and

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The terms "audio drama" or "audio theatre" are sometimes used synonymously with "radio drama" with one possible distinction: audio drama or audio theatre may not necessarily be intended specifically for broadcast on radio. Audio drama, whether newly produced or OTR classics, can be found on

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According to Anton Kaes, a silent film scholar from the University of Wisconsin, American silent cinema began to see a shift in acting techniques between 1913 and 1921, influenced by techniques found in German silent film. This is mainly attributed to the influx of emigrants from the

534:, also known as Stanislavski's method, actors draw upon their own feelings and experiences to convey the "truth" of the character they portray. Actors puts themselves in the mindset of the character, finding things in common to give a more genuine portrayal of the character. 615:, a member of a visiting Italian Commedia dell'arte company, did perform in England as early as 1578, but such foreign guest appearances had been rare exceptions and there had been no professional English actresses in England. This prohibition ended during the reign of 450:

In the 19th century, the negative reputation of actors was largely reversed, and acting became an honored, popular profession and art. The rise of the actor as celebrity provided the transition, as audiences flocked to their favorite "stars". A new role emerged for the

1401:, became known for its innovative direction and acting, conducted to suit the cinema rather than the stage. Griffith realized that theatrical acting did not look good on film and required his actors and actresses to go through weeks of film acting training. 2345:

It would be several decades before the word "actress" appeared – 1700, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, more than a century after the word "actor" was first used to denote a theatrical performer, supplanting the less professional-sounding

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Unlike theater actors, who develop characters for repeat performances, film actors lack continuity, forcing them to come to all scenes (sometimes shot in reverse of the order in which they ultimately appear) with a fully developed character already.

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is a philosophy of acting that integrates the expression of the body, voice, imagination, personalizing, improvisation, external stimuli, and script analysis. It is based on the theories and systems of select classical actors and directors including

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explicitness. At this point, women were allowed for the first time to appear on the English stage, exclusively in female roles. This period saw the introduction of the first professional actresses and the rise of the first celebrity actors.

3704: 2874:: a trade union representing UK artists, including actors, singers, dancers, choreographers, stage managers, theatre directors and designers, variety and circus artists, television and radio presenters, walk-on and supporting artists, 479:

By the early 20th century, the economics of large-scale productions displaced the actor-manager model. It was too hard to find people who combined a genius at acting as well as management, so specialization divided the roles as

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has no policy on the use of "actor" or "actress". An Equity spokesperson said that the union does not believe that there is a consensus on the matter and stated that the "...subject divides the profession". In 2009, the

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depends on dialogue, music and sound effects to help the listener imagine the characters and story: "It is auditory in the physical dimension but equally powerful as a visual force in the psychological dimension."

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In the 2000s, women playing men in live theatre is particularly common in presentations of older plays, such as Shakespearean works with large numbers of male characters in roles where gender is inconsequential.

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refers to a person who acts regardless of gender, where this term "is increasingly preferred", actress remains in general use; actor is increasingly preferred for performers of both sexes as a gender-neutral

1476:"On a television set, there are typically several cameras angled at the set. Actors who are new to on-screen acting can get confused about which camera to look into." TV actors need to learn to use lav mics ( 1407:

has been called film's "first true actress" for her work in the period, as she pioneered new film performing techniques, recognizing the crucial differences between stage and screen acting. Directors such as

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opposition to the stage banned the performance of all plays within London. Puritans viewed the theatre as immoral. The re-opening of the theatres in 1660 signalled a renaissance of English drama. English

130:, only men could become actors, and women's roles were generally played by men or boys. While Ancient Rome did allow female stage performers, only a small minority of them were given speaking parts. The 1756:"The dramatic world can be extended to include the 'author', the 'audience' and even the 'theatre'; but these remain 'possible' surrogates, not the 'actual' referents as such" (Elam 1980, 110). 962: 1828:

For example, until the late 1600s, audiences were opposed to seeing women on stage, because of the belief stage performance reduced them to the status of showgirls and prostitutes. Even

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right to form two London theatre companies to perform "serious" drama, and the letters patent were reissued in 1662 with revisions allowing actresses to perform for the first time.

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were attached to the households of leading aristocrats and performed seasonally in various locations. These became the foundation for the professional players that performed on the

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While women did not begin to perform onstage in England until the second half of the 17th century, they did appear in Italy, Spain and France from the late 16th-century onward.

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The first recorded case of a performing actor occurred in 534 BC (though the changes in the calendar over the years make it hard to determine exactly) when the Greek performer

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times as much money as the top-paid actresses. That means that Hollywood's best-compensated actresses made just 40 cents for every dollar that the best-compensated men made."

316:. The majority of actors in these plays were drawn from the local population. Amateur performers in England were exclusively male, but other countries had female performers. 500:. By catering to tourists, theaters in large cities increasingly favored long runs of highly popular plays, especially musicals. Big name stars became even more essential. 1226: 154:

of 1660, women began to appear onstage in England. In modern times, particularly in pantomime and some operas, women occasionally play the roles of boys or young men.

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emerged. Financially, much larger capital was required to operate out of a major city. The solution was corporate ownership of chains of theatres, such as by the

107:—pertains to the role played, whether based on a real person or fictional character. This can also be considered an "actor's role", which was called this due to 1397:, cinematography became less stage-like, and the then-revolutionary close-up shot allowed subtle and naturalistic acting. In America, D.W. Griffith's company 1276:

dollar a white man makes, while Hispanic women earn 56 cents to a white male's dollar, black women 64 cents and Native American women just 59 cents to that."

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As of 2011, radio drama has a minimal presence on terrestrial radio in the United States. Much of American radio drama is restricted to rebroadcasts or

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of programs from previous decades. However, other nations still have thriving traditions of radio drama. In the United Kingdom, for example, the

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Occasionally, the issue is further complicated, for example, by a woman playing a woman acting as a man—who then pretends to be a woman, such as

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to become the first known person to speak words as a character in a play or story. Before Thespis' act, Grecian stories were only expressed in

2100: 2082: 2524: 1947: 757: 1766: 93: 1007:, whose name is on an acting contract in Rome from 10 October 1564, has been referred to as the first Italian actress known by name, with 1085:'male nurse' and similar obsolete terms that date from a time when professions were largely the preserve of one sex (usually men)." (See 2909: 2423: 588:

became the perhaps first professional actress since Ancient Rome. France and Spain, too, also had female actors in the 16th century. In

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is a range of techniques based on for training actors to achieve better characterizations of the characters they play, as formulated by

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and associated with promiscuity. Despite these prejudices, the 19th century also saw the first female acting "stars", most notably

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being used in the theaters. Interpretation occurs even when the actor is "playing themselves", as in some forms of experimental

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A few modern roles are played by a member of the opposite sex to emphasize the gender fluidity of the role. Edna Turnblad in

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have to learn specific skills. Techniques that work well in one type of acting may not work well in another type of acting.

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analysis of US acting salaries in 2013 determined that the "...men on Forbes' list of top-paid actors for that year made

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frequently presented at court, also contributed to the shaping of public theatre. Since before the reign of Elizabeth I,

277:. In many parts of Europe, traditional beliefs of the region and time meant actors could not receive a Christian burial. 1100: 800: 714: 2884:: an Australian/New Zealand trade union representing everyone in the media, entertainment, sports, and arts industries. 2489: 1789:. See Weimann (1978, 2); see also Csapo and Slater, who offer translations of classical source material using the term 1508: 3031: 2936: 2579: 2270: 1120: 404: 376: 1431:, "including film directors, producers, cameramen, lighting and stage technicians, as well as actors and actresses". 2725:

Shakespeare and the Popular Tradition in the Theater: Studies in the Social Dimension of Dramatic Form and Function.

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period of the 1950s and '60s, when the contributions of women to cultural life in general were being reviewed. When

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period from 1660 to 1710 are collectively called "Restoration comedy". Restoration comedy is notorious for its

38: 2328: 589: 531: 284:, churches in Europe began staging dramatized versions of biblical events. By the middle of the 11th century, 1095:

put it in an interview with the paper: 'An actress can only play a woman. I'm an actor – I can play anything.

3637: 3322: 3051: 2902: 2749: 1706: 1148: 983: 520: 207: 2672: 265:, traveling acting troupes were often viewed with distrust. Early Middle Ages actors were denounced by the 3327: 3056: 2029: 1591:

Thanks to advances in digital recording and Internet distribution, radio drama is experiencing a revival.

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In modern times, women occasionally played the roles of boys or young men. For example, the stage role of

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theatre was an especially popular origin for many American silent film actors. The pervading presence of

3592: 3332: 3225: 3061: 929: 913: 616: 424: 420: 1631: 581: 392: 352: 131: 3516: 3427: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3086: 2868:: a union representing U. S. television and radio actors and broadcasters (on-air journalists, etc.). 1711: 1477: 489: 348: 234: 391:", and the "university drama" that attempted to recreate Athenian tragedy. The Italian tradition of 3280: 3270: 3136: 2865: 1939: 1636: 970: 966: 921: 875: 743: 612: 604: 151: 127: 2436: 2366:(3rd ed.). Evanston, Ill: Northwestern Univ Press. pp. Introduction to the 3rd Edition. 3574: 3450: 3352: 3347: 3076: 3066: 3005: 2895: 1770: 979: 524: 372: 237:

fell into decay through the 4th and 5th centuries, the seat of Roman power was moved eastward to

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Having an actor dress as the opposite sex for comic effect is also a long-standing tradition in

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were initially used interchangeably for female performers, but later, influenced by the French

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role, and the character is often the central focus of the episode or integral to the plot.

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both maintained small companies of professional actors. Beginning in the mid-16th century,

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in part because he enjoyed watching actresses on stage. Specifically, Charles II issued

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is often credited as the first professional actress on the English stage. Previously,

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There were several secular plays staged in the Middle Ages, the earliest of which is

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in a production. The actor performs "in the flesh" in the traditional medium of the

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Renaissance theatre derived from several medieval theatre traditions, such as the

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or published on audio media, such as tape or CD. With no visual component, radio

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Women playing male roles are uncommon in film, with notable exceptions. In 1982,

3684: 3602: 3476: 3357: 3265: 3206: 3193: 3173: 3158: 2814: 1829: 1686: 1626: 1616: 1606: 1561: 1557: 1521: 1461: 1441: 1381: 1361: 1124: 1066: 1016: 991: 945: 819: 815: 577: 123: 103:), literally "one who answers". The actor's interpretation of a role—the art of 2727:

Ed. Robert Schwartz. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

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Improvisation for the Theater: A Handbook of Teaching and Directing Techniques

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After 1660 in England, when women first started to appear on stage, the terms

894: 832:. Cross-dressing for comic effect was a frequently used device in most of the 748: 681:, men traditionally performed all the roles, including female roles, while in 674: 651: 199: 88: 17: 3253: 3153: 2918: 2707: 2493: 2381: 2203: 1779: 1701: 1050: 1041: 941: 770: 697: 689: 246: 2101:

Women, Medicine and Theatre 1500–1750: Literary Mountebanks and Performing

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role is a small speaking role that usually only appears in one episode. A

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Fisk, Deborah Payne (2001). "The Restoration Actress". In Owen, Susan J.

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Within the profession, the re-adoption of the neutral term dates to the

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The development of the theatre and opportunities for acting ceased when

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roles are under contract to appear in multiple episodes of a series. A

1308: 1136: 846: 596: 411: 332: 309: 250: 227: 191: 163: 108: 76: 3667: 1484:—the main actors on the show as part of the permanent cast. Actors in 592:

England, however, women's roles were generally played by men or boys.

2673:"Return With Us to the Thrilling Days Of Yesteryear—Via the Internet" 1794: 1661: 1271: 1109: 856:, respectively) in which they played most scenes dressed as a woman. 669: 396: 301: 254: 104: 98: 790:

and film. Most of Shakespeare's comedies include instances of overt

677:; this convention continues. In some forms of Chinese drama such as 146:

as the first primadonnas and the first well-documented actresses in

1456:"...have made the theater-to-cinema transition quite successfully ( 673:

theatre when women were banned from performing on stage during the

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of Italy, however, allowed professional women to perform early on;

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also rose in popularity after the 13th century. At the end of the

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produces and broadcasts hundreds of new radio plays each year on

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became the commonly used term for women in theater and film. The

2399:"Jennifer Lawrence Speaks Out On Making Less Than Male Co-Stars" 1656: 1312: 242: 171: 80: 3029: 2934: 2891: 2862:: a union representing U. S. theatre actors and stage managers. 2859: 1019:

and the first well-documented actresses in Italy (and Europe).

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people and circumstances. Is it based on Stanislavski's system.

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Theories of Media :: Keywords Glossary :: multimedia

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Formerly, in some societies, only men could become actors. In

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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

1131:, but in the 2000s in a film context, it is generally deemed 1123:, the gender-neutral term "player" was common in film in the 1054:

added. When referring to groups of performers of both sexes,

343:, professional actors began to appear in England and Europe. 2871: 2519:(First ed.). New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. 2050:"BBC - Radio 4 - Woman's Hour -Women Actors in Ancient Rome" 1444:. Screen tests are a filmed audition of part of the script. 1108:

stated that "Actress" remains the common term used in major

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American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA)

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narrative. In honor of Thespis, actors are commonly called

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Female Movie Stars Experience Earnings Plunge After Age 34

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for playing Jude Quinn, a fictionalized representation of

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Greek and Roman Actors: Aspects of an Ancient Profession

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The Boys from Syracuse: The Shuberts' Theatrical Empire

1234: 1186: 2853: 2609:"Auditions for Film: Movie Acting Tips and Techniques" 1938:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1846:

Giacomo Oreglia (2002). Commedia dell'arte. Ordfront.

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regained large audiences. However, recordings of OTR (

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in film was the cause of this outburst from director

296:, plays were produced in 127 towns. These vernacular 202:. This developed and expanded considerably under the 2551:. University of California Press. pp. 344–353. 2437:"How much do Hollywood campaigns for an Oscar cost?" 2039:. Tribecafilminstitute.org. Retrieved on 2016-02-10. 607:

of 1660, women began to appear on stage in England.

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had spread from Russia to Scandinavia to Italy. The

3625: 3583: 3545: 3464: 3426: 3403: 3313: 3224: 3192: 3127: 3105: 3042: 994:, and they also formed their own acting guild, the 822:famously posed as women to escape gangsters in the 3234:Cinematographer / director of photography 2424:Gender wage gap in Hollywood: It's very, very wide 2359: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2141:youths in the representation of female characters. 367:A 1596 sketch of a performance in progress on the 210:was a thriving and diverse art form, ranging from 2755:A Dream of Passion: The Development of the Method 2712:. New Accents Ser. London and New York: Methuen. 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 1992:Sir Henry Irving: A Victorian Actor and His World 1512:Recording a radio play in the Netherlands (1949; 685:women often play all roles, including male ones. 273:, as they were viewed as dangerous, immoral, and 2856:: a union representing U. S. film and TV actors. 1832:'s plays were performed by boys dressed in drag. 1805: 1803: 692:is traditionally played by a woman, as are most 897:). Similarly, in the aforementioned example of 552:, but these are not considered "method acting". 27:Person who portrays a character in a production 2302:The Routledge reader in gender and performance 2156:, pg. 73, (1. publ. ed.). Oxford : Blackwell. 1440:learn how to prepare well and perform well on- 1389:preference for greater naturalness on screen. 807:A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum 667:, or men taking on female roles, were used in 37:"Actress" redirects here. For other uses, see 2903: 2271:"The readers' editor on... Actor or actress?" 1520:Radio drama is a dramatized, purely acoustic 1223:The examples and perspective in this section 292:encouraged the development of comedy. In the 8: 1868:"Boys Becoming Women in Shakespeare's Plays" 2538: 2536: 2468:(7 February 2014). Retrieved on 2016-02-10. 3580: 3189: 3102: 3039: 3026: 2931: 2910: 2896: 2888: 2878:and directors and theatre fight directors. 2689:Csapo, Eric, and William J. Slater. 1994. 2645:. London; New York: Routledge, 1999, p. 8. 2484: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2393: 2391: 1782:) also means, less often, "to answer" the 1717:Presentational and representational acting 1241:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1135:. However, "player" remains in use in the 741:played the mysterious Ismael Retzinsky in 327:in 1276. It contains satirical scenes and 1934:The Cambridge history of American theatre 1360:From 1894 to the late 1920s, movies were 1257:Learn how and when to remove this message 1112:awards given to female recipients (e.g., 844:have each appeared in a hit comedy film ( 767:Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress 753:Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress 2269:Pritchard, Stephen (24 September 2011). 1930:Wilmeth, Don B.; Bigsby, C.W.E. (1998). 3663: 2882:Media Entertainment & Arts Alliance 2123:. The New York Times. 18 October 1885. 1749: 708:" traditionally sung by women, usually 2329:"From actor to actress and back again" 1842: 1840: 2660:dict.cc – Deutsch-Englisch-Wörterbuch 2593:Kaes, Anton (1990). "Silent Cinema". 2426:. Slate.com. Retrieved on 2016-02-10. 2028:Guerrasio, Jason. (19 December 2014) 1861: 1859: 1468:, for instance), others have not..." 182:. The exclusively male actors in the 7: 2422:Woodruff, Betsy. (23 February 2015) 2085:from the original on 22 April 2009. 1588:, and conventional broadcast radio. 335:and other supernatural occurrences. 2198:Can Eddie Redmayne nab Oscar No. 2? 978:recognition for their art, such as 642:, the first occurrence of the term 2671:Newman, Barry (25 February 2010). 2306:. New York: Routledge. p. 8. 1335:Some theater actors need to learn 475:presentation of John Hudson's Wife 25: 2327:Linden, Sheri (18 January 2009). 1979:(Rowman & Littlefield, 1981). 1964:Encyclopedia of the Victorian era 1902:Brockett and Hildy (2003, 15–19). 1151:may be referred to as "players". 3702: 3690: 3678: 3666: 2860:Actors' Equity Association (AEA) 2693:Ann Arbor: The U of Michigan P. 2635:Radio drama. Theory and practice 2154:A companion to restoration drama 2130:from the original on 11 May 2011 1364:. Silent film actors emphasized 1214: 1173: 969:, a Polish-American actress, by 126:, and in England at the time of 646:was in 1608 and is ascribed to 1995:. A&C Black. p. 109. 1129:Motion Picture Production Code 1127:era and the early days of the 1114:Academy Award for Best Actress 758:The Year of Living Dangerously 584:in Italy in the 16th century; 166:stepped onto the stage at the 91:. The analogous Greek term is 1: 2691:The Context of Ancient Drama. 1920:Brockett and Hildy (2003, 86) 1911:Brockett and Hildy (2003, 75) 1423:, were still being released. 419:written and performed in the 249:, scenes or recitations from 2184:Culture and Customs of China 2030:What It Means To Be 'Method' 2019:(Cooper Square Press, 2000). 1977:Theatre in the Age of Irving 1044:is a simple derivation from 186:performed in three types of 1435:The advent of sound in film 1237:, discuss the issue on the 1121:cinema of the United States 1099:" The UK performers' union 814:dressing as a young bride. 395:, as well as the elaborate 356:improvised. The plays used 150:(and in Europe). After the 79:or in modern media such as 71:is a person who portrays a 3766: 3608:Computer-generated imagery 3413:Special effects supervisor 3261:Digital imaging technician 2298:; Holledge, Julie (1998). 1343:, who help them learn the 755:for playing Billy Kwan in 507: 92: 36: 29: 3730:Entertainment occupations 3418:Visual effects supervisor 3038: 3025: 2943: 2930: 2854:Screen Actors Guild (SAG) 2773:Sanford Meisner on Acting 2240:Oxford English Dictionary 1989:Jeffrey Richards (2007). 1812:"narrative, lyric, drama" 1810:Neziroski, Lirim (2003). 1778:(related to our word for 801:A Midsummer Night's Dream 712:. Examples are Hansel in 510:List of acting techniques 321:The Play of the Greenwood 184:theatre of ancient Greece 3338:Utility sound technician 2791:Letters to a Young Actor 2543:Brownlow, Kevin (1968). 2517:American Film: A History 1496:is a larger role than a 498:The Shubert Organization 39:Actress (disambiguation) 3638:Unit still photographer 3323:Director of audiography 3052:Unit production manager 2829:The Technique of Acting 2750:Constantin Stanislavski 2723:Weimann, Robert. 1978. 1818:. University of Chicago 1797:) (1994, 257, 265–267). 1707:Pornographic film actor 1149:improvisational theatre 1147:, etc. Also, actors in 521:Konstantin Stanislavski 471:Playbill cover for the 208:theatre of ancient Rome 3750:Theatrical occupations 3745:Television terminology 3735:Filmmaking occupations 3328:Production sound mixer 3057:Production coordinator 2872:British Actors' Equity 2675:. Wall Street Journal. 2358:Spolin, Viola (1999). 1962:James Eli Adams, ed., 1517: 1345:choreographed sequence 1162: 1069: 1049: 1031: 974: 899:The Marriage of Figaro 765:was nominated for the 725:The Marriage of Figaro 595:When an eighteen-year 564:As the opposite gender 476: 447: 380: 304:, with actors playing 60: 32:Actor (disambiguation) 3598:Visual effects editor 3593:VFX creative director 3062:Production accountant 2817:(1st ed by Atheneum, 2654:Compare the entry to 2613:Ace-your-audition.com 1767:"Definition of actor" 1511: 1478:Lavaliere microphones 1157: 1064: 965: 936:was nominated for an 889:and Chris (played by 603:was lifted after the 590:William Shakespeare's 532:Stanislavski's system 470: 439: 366: 226:, verbally elaborate 49: 3740:Radio people by role 3517:Intimacy coordinator 3087:Production assistant 2710:of Theatre and Drama 2549:The Parade's Gone By 2515:Lewis, John (2008). 2201:, 20 December 2015, 2114:"Women as actresses" 1773:on January 16, 2013. 1712:Practical Aesthetics 1235:improve this section 631:, granting them the 490:Theatrical Syndicate 401:companies of players 241:. Records show that 235:Western Roman Empire 30:For other uses, see 3281:Lighting technician 3137:Production designer 2641:1 July 2014 at the 2335:. Los Angeles Times 1866:JULIET DUSINBERRE. 1119:With regard to the 971:Tadeusz Ajdukiewicz 967:Helena Modrzejewska 882:It's Pat: The Movie 876:Shakespeare in Love 744:Fanny and Alexander 613:Angelica Martinelli 605:English Restoration 379:open-roof playhouse 152:English Restoration 128:William Shakespeare 3575:Technical director 3348:Re-recording mixer 3077:Script coordinator 3067:Assistant director 3006:Executive producer 2704:Elam, Keir. 1980. 2441:Stephenfollows.com 2035:2017-06-23 at the 1632:Commedia dell'arte 1518: 1393:directors such as 1347:of fight actions. 1307:Actors working in 1185:. You can help by 1163: 1070: 975: 930:2007 movie musical 914:1988 original film 582:Commedia dell'arte 525:Michel Saint-Denis 477: 448: 393:Commedia dell'arte 381: 353:Commedia dell'arte 132:commedia dell'arte 61: 3654: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3646: 3645: 3621: 3620: 3512:Acting instructor 3487:Movement director 3276:Best boy electric 3220: 3219: 3123: 3122: 3115:Storyboard artist 3072:Script supervisor 3021: 3020: 2582:. infoplease.com. 2580:"Movies and Film" 2526:978-0-393-97922-0 2443:. 12 January 2015 2405:. 13 October 2015 2121:Notes and Queries 1949:978-0-521-65179-0 1682:Meisner technique 1514:Spaarnestad Photo 1370:facial expression 1267: 1266: 1259: 1203: 1202: 1145:East West Players 1106:Los Angeles Times 1005:Lucrezia Di Siena 773:in the 1960s, in 731:Der Rosenkavalier 715:Hänsel und Gretel 638:According to the 586:Lucrezia Di Siena 556:Meisner technique 496:, and especially 494:Edward Laurillard 486:theatre directors 405:Elizabethan stage 331:material such as 282:Early Middle Ages 263:Early Middle Ages 136:Lucrezia Di Siena 16:(Redirected from 3757: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3695: 3694: 3683: 3682: 3681: 3671: 3670: 3662: 3581: 3385:Music supervisor 3190: 3149:Costume designer 3103: 3092:Location manager 3082:Casting director 3040: 3027: 2963:Supporting actor 2932: 2912: 2905: 2898: 2889: 2876:stunt performers 2677: 2676: 2668: 2662: 2652: 2646: 2630: 2624: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2576: 2563: 2562: 2540: 2531: 2530: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2496:on 26 March 2014 2492:. Archived from 2486: 2469: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2433: 2427: 2420: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2410: 2395: 2386: 2385: 2365: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2342: 2340: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2305: 2296:Goodman, Lizbeth 2292: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2266: 2253: 2252: 2234: 2228: 2213: 2207: 2195:Andrea Mandell, 2193: 2187: 2186:(2002), page 63. 2180: 2174: 2171: 2165: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2137: 2135: 2129: 2118: 2110: 2104: 2098:M.A. Katritzky: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2081:. 23 July 2005. 2071: 2065: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2046: 2040: 2026: 2020: 2013: 2007: 2006: 1986: 1980: 1973: 1967: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1937: 1927: 1921: 1918: 1912: 1909: 1903: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1889: 1883: 1877:. Archived from 1872: 1863: 1854: 1844: 1835: 1834: 1825: 1823: 1807: 1798: 1774: 1769:. Archived from 1763: 1757: 1754: 1722:Supporting actor 1637:Dramatis personæ 1612:Cameo appearance 1543:Internet Archive 1458:Laurence Olivier 1414:Maurice Tourneur 1410:Albert Capellani 1399:Biograph Studios 1298: 1296: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1285: 1262: 1255: 1251: 1248: 1242: 1218: 1217: 1210: 1198: 1195: 1177: 1170: 1141:American Players 1098: 1013:Barbara Flaminia 958:The term actress 922:Broadway musical 918:Harvey Fierstein 829:Some Like It Hot 728:and Octavian in 629:William Davenant 625:Thomas Killigrew 516:Classical acting 440:Henry Irving in 358:stock characters 341:Late Middle Ages 325:Adam de la Halle 300:often contained 294:Late Middle Ages 286:liturgical drama 214:performances of 174:, dance, and in 168:Theatre Dionysus 144:Barbara Flaminia 102: 96: 21: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3756: 3755: 3754: 3715: 3714: 3713: 3703: 3701: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3665: 3657: 3655: 3642: 3617: 3579: 3547:Post-production 3541: 3532:Stunt performer 3460: 3422: 3405:Special effects 3399: 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