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and roof structures over 100 ft. tall. Because axial destratification fans can achieve destratification with low CFMs, it is imperative that the air leaving the nozzle achieve an air speed at the floor of between 0.2 and 0.5 m/s. The result of this level of air movement is the integration of conditioned air from the ceiling with air at the floor level. Failing to impact the floor will result in destratification of medial layers of air but not achieve destratification at the floor. Since the area around the thermostat will not be destratified in this instance, it is hypothesized that there will be little or no cost savings, as the thermostat will continue to overheat or overcool the room.
140:
back down to floor level, until temperature equalisation is achieved. With regards to cooling destratification systems ensure the cooled air supplied is circulated fully and distributed evenly throughout internal environments, eliminating hot and cold spots and satisfying thermostats for longer periods of time. As a result, destratification technology has great potential for carbon emission reductions due to the reduced energy requirement, and is in turn capable of cutting costs for businesses, sometimes by up to 50%. This is supported by
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64:
temperature at the thermostat, which tends to be lower than the overall heat energy present in the room. The study also showed that energy waste due to stratification was present at ceiling heights ranging from 20 ft. to 40 ft, and higher ceilings caused higher energy waste, even at the same ΔT. Since ΔT tends to be higher in taller ceilings, the effect of stratification is compounded, causing substantial energy waste in high-ceiling buildings.
51:
that influence the level of thermal stratification include heat generated by people and processes present in the building, insulation of the space from outside weather conditions, solar gain, specification of the HVAC system, location of supply and return ducts, and vertical air movement inside the space, usually supplied by destratification fans.
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By incorporating thermal destratification technology into buildings, energy requirements are reduced as heating systems are no longer over-delivering in order to constantly replace the heat that rises away from the floor area, by redistributing the already heated air from the unoccupied ceiling space
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Because of their size, HVLS fans are normally installed in new construction, rather than retrofits, as the roof structure may have to be redesigned to accommodate the increased weight and size. It's not uncommon to require the relocation of lights, due to strobing as large fan blades pass under them,
102:
Axial destratification fans are self-contained units that are installed in an array at the ceiling with the goal of blowing conditioned air in the ceiling down to the floor, where people live and work. Because axial fans are designed to blow air straight down at the floor, they can be used in ceiling
152:
Destratification naturally increases air movement at the floor, reducing "hot spots" and "cold spots" in a room. It can be used in typically cold areas, like grocery store freezer cases, to warm patrons shopping nearby. In addition, air movement from destratification fans can be used to help meet
50:
In a stratified building, temperature differentials of up to 1.5°C per vertical foot is common, and the higher a building's ceiling, the more extreme this temperature differential can be. In extreme cases, temperature differentials of 10°C have been found over a height of 1 meter. Other variables
46:
Destratification is the reverse of the natural process of thermal stratification, which is the layering of differing (typically increasing) air temperatures from floor to ceiling. Stratification is caused by hot air rising up to the ceiling or roof space because it is lighter than the surrounding
72:
Since stratification and the costs associated with it are linear, the definition of destratification will differ based on opinion and use case. Full destratification, or a 0° ΔT from floor to ceiling, is unlikely to occur in any building. Since the costs of stratification decrease linearly as ΔT
119:, HVLS fans are run forward, blowing air at the floor. When used for destratification in the winter, the fans are run in reverse, blowing air towards ceiling which then circulates around the room. The height at which HVLS fans can be effective is limited compared to axial destratification fans.
63:
In a study conducted by the
Building Scientific Research Information Association, the wasted energy due to stratification increased consistently based on temperature differential from floor to ceiling (ΔT). The study indicates that stratified buildings tend to overheat or overcool based on the
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Reducing thermal stratification can be accomplished by controlling the variables that are associated with increased stratification. Since many of the variables, including ceiling height, people and processes, solar gain, and outside weather conditions cannot be controlled, the most common
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90:(heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) system. One of the cheapest, most effective, and easiest to install technologies are destratification fans, including both axial destratification fans and
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approaches 5.4°F, and no study has yet looked at the effects of stratification below 5.4°F, it is not uncommon to consider any space with a ΔT below 5°F to be destratified. In the United States,
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Standard 55 prescribes 3°C as the limit for the vertical air temperature difference between head and ankle levels, but has no standard recommending an ideal ΔT between floor and ceiling.
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131:(HVAC) industry and in heating and cooling for buildings and it has been found that "stratification is the single biggest waste of energy in buildings today."
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and sprinkler systems, which typically require unobstructed access to the floor to meet fire code. When used in the summer to encourage
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An experiment in a room with a 21 ft. ceiling yielded a savings of 23.5% with the use of axial destratification fans.
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which recommends destratification in buildings as one of its top three methods to reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
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cooler air. Conversely, cool air falls to the floor as it is heavier than the surrounding warmer air.
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is the process of mixing the internal air in a building to eliminate stratified layers and achieve
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TECHNOLOGY EVALUATION OF THERMAL DESTRATIFIERS AND OTHER VENTILATION TECHNOLOGIES
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195:"Thermal Destratification in Buildings: The missing piece to the HVAC puzzle"
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ASHRAE Standard 62.1 by increasing the amount of air movement at the floor.
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Standard 55-2004 -- Thermal
Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy (
200:. Energy Services and Technology Association. January 2013. Archived from
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This method has the most benefits through its application in the
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Method of stirring a confined fluid to achieve equal temperatures
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TEMPERATURE PROFILES AND WINTER DESTRATIFICATION ENERGY SAVINGS
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55:
can be used to predict the level of stratification in a space.
372:// Joel C. Hughes, Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center
171:"Destratification Systems - Energy Reduction Technologies"
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IMPRESS METAL PACKAGING DESTRATIFICATION CASE STUDY
259:"Cold Weather Destratification Energy Evaluation"
23:Destratification fans installed in UK Supermarket
86:technologies used are related to the building's
402:
8:
1792:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1169:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
418:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
409:
395:
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129:heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1603:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
18:
162:
1476:Programmable communicating thermostat
264:. Enbridge. June 2017. Archived from
220:"Wasted Energy Due to Stratification"
7:
1598:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
297:. Environmental Technology Centre,
42:Thermal stratification in buildings
1459:Minimum efficiency reporting value
14:
1501:Standard temperature and pressure
1214:Packaged terminal air conditioner
750:Passive daytime radiative cooling
479:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
110:High-volume low-speed (HVLS) fans
59:Effects of thermal stratification
570:Absorption-compression heat pump
1465:Normal temperature and pressure
845:Vapor-compression refrigeration
135:For reducing energy consumption
320:"Case study - Lush Retail Ltd"
94:(high-volume low-speed) fans.
68:Definition of destratification
1:
1613:Testing, adjusting, balancing
1557:Building information modeling
1552:Building services engineering
1129:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
657:Demand controlled ventilation
605:Building insulation materials
81:Destratification technologies
1174:High-pressure cut-off switch
725:Ice storage air conditioning
646:Dedicated outdoor air system
123:Benefits of destratification
53:Computational fluid dynamics
34:equalization throughout the
1517:Thermostatic radiator valve
1319:Thermostatic radiator valve
830:Underfloor air distribution
765:Radiant heating and cooling
683:Energy recovery ventilation
595:Automobile air conditioning
459:Domestic energy consumption
98:Axial destratification fans
1818:
1666:Institute of Refrigeration
1547:Architectural technologist
1019:Electrostatic precipitator
345:"Energy efficient heating"
1719:Volatile organic compound
1578:Environmental engineering
1542:Architectural engineering
1344:Ultra-low particulate air
929:Automatic balancing valve
857:Variable refrigerant flow
709:Heat recovery ventilation
652:Deep water source cooling
1766:Template:Home automation
1588:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
1284:Solar-assisted heat pump
884:Air conditioner inverter
663:Displacement ventilation
554:Vapour pressure of water
539:Thermal destratification
299:University of Nottingham
28:Thermal destratification
1761:World Refrigeration Day
1608:Refrigerant reclamation
1537:Architectural acoustics
1481:Programmable thermostat
1413:Clean air delivery rate
1309:Thermal expansion valve
1224:Pressurisation ductwork
1134:Ground source heat pump
575:Absorption refrigerator
1751:Glossary of HVAC terms
1713:Sick building syndrome
1593:Mechanical engineering
1304:Smoke exhaust ductwork
735:Mixed-mode ventilation
247:. Atlanta, GA: ASHRAE.
24:
1771:Template:Solar energy
1449:Intelligent buildings
1408:Carbon dioxide sensor
795:Room air distribution
615:Central solar heating
291:"Mansfield Anodisers"
22:
1802:Building engineering
1573:Duct leakage testing
1563:Deep energy retrofit
1507:Thermographic camera
1444:Infrared thermometer
919:Air source heat pump
868:Water heat recycling
434:Air changes per hour
1439:HVAC control system
1429:Home energy monitor
1403:Building automation
1189:Inverter compressor
851:Variable air volume
760:Passive ventilation
730:Kitchen ventilation
630:Constant air volume
600:Autonomous building
271:on 24 February 2018
117:evaporative cooling
1702:Indoor air quality
1646:ASTM International
1583:Hydronic balancing
1360:Wood-burning stove
1239:Radiator reflector
1024:Evaporative cooler
835:Underfloor heating
820:Thermal insulation
25:
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1695:Health and safety
1274:Scroll compressor
1229:Process duct work
984:Convection heater
979:Condensing boiler
909:Air-mixing plenum
805:Solar combisystem
641:Cross ventilation
444:Building envelope
175:Airius Europe Ltd
36:building envelope
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1797:Building biology
1741:Building science
1496:Smart thermostat
1491:Room temperature
1074:Fireplace insert
780:Radon mitigation
678:Electric heating
673:District heating
668:District cooling
585:Air conditioning
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1184:Infrared heater
1114:Gasoline heater
1054:Fan filter unit
969:Condensate pump
954:Centrifugal fan
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745:Passive cooling
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610:Central heating
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364:External links
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347:. Carbon trust
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207:on 2015-07-01.
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994:Cooling tower
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840:Vapor barrier
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815:Solar heating
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810:Solar cooling
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785:Refrigeration
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755:Passive house
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625:Chilled water
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524:Sensible heat
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504:Noise control
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484:Heat transfer
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1746:Fireproofing
1530:and services
1526:Professions,
1424:Gas detector
1324:Trickle vent
1299:Smoke damper
1294:Smoke canopy
1289:Space heater
1219:Plenum space
1154:Heating film
1034:Exhaust hood
1004:Dehumidifier
944:Blast damper
939:Barrier pipe
914:Air purifier
825:Thermosiphon
704:Free cooling
620:Chilled beam
544:Thermal mass
538:
529:Stack effect
514:Particulates
494:Infiltration
425:Fundamental
349:. Retrieved
339:
327:. Retrieved
323:
314:
302:. Retrieved
295:Case studies
294:
285:
273:. Retrieved
266:the original
253:
240:
235:
223:. Retrieved
213:
202:the original
189:
178:. Retrieved
174:
165:
151:
138:
126:
113:
105:
101:
84:
71:
62:
49:
45:
27:
26:
1756:Warm Spaces
1398:Blower door
1376:and control
1374:Measurement
1355:Windcatcher
1329:Trombe wall
1269:Sail switch
1249:Refrigerant
1244:Recuperator
1119:Grease duct
1079:Freeze stat
1064:Fire damper
934:Back boiler
904:Air ionizer
899:Air handler
863:Ventilation
715:Hybrid heat
580:Air barrier
499:Latent heat
351:19 February
304:19 February
275:23 February
225:23 February
148:For comfort
32:temperature
1786:Categories
1512:Thermostat
1434:Humidistat
1365:Zone valve
1334:TurboSwing
1209:Oil heater
1179:Humidifier
1109:Gas heater
1059:Fan heater
1029:Evaporator
1014:Economizer
989:Compressor
894:Air filter
877:Components
694:Forced-air
590:Antifreeze
563:Technology
509:Outgassing
449:Convection
383:March 2017
180:2016-05-17
157:References
1622:Industry
1471:OpenTherm
1149:Heat pump
1144:Heat pipe
1094:Fume hood
1069:Fireplace
974:Condenser
924:Attic fan
720:Hydronics
245:Approved)
1729:See also
1454:LonWorks
1388:Aquastat
1254:Register
1234:Radiator
889:Air door
689:Firestop
489:Humidity
464:Enthalpy
454:Dilution
439:Bake-out
427:concepts
329:29 March
1528:trades,
1099:Furnace
964:Chiller
636:Coolant
218:BSRIA.
1681:SMACNA
1641:ASHRAE
1461:(MERV)
1415:(CADR)
1393:BACnet
1346:(ULPA)
1199:Louver
1124:Grille
999:Damper
949:Boiler
847:(VCRS)
648:(DOAS)
324:Airius
75:ASHRAE
1721:(VOC)
1715:(SBS)
1704:(IAQ)
1661:CIBSE
1656:BSRIA
1559:(BIM)
1503:(STP)
1467:(NTP)
1089:Freon
859:(VRF)
853:(VAV)
711:(HRV)
685:(ERV)
659:(DCV)
632:(CAV)
269:(PDF)
262:(PDF)
205:(PDF)
198:(PDF)
1676:LEED
1636:AMCA
1631:AHRI
1164:HEPA
1084:Flue
1009:Duct
353:2014
331:2017
306:2014
277:2018
243:ANSI
227:2018
92:HVLS
88:HVAC
1686:UMC
1671:IIR
1651:BRE
1044:Fan
1788::
322:.
293:.
173:.
38:.
410:e
403:t
396:v
355:.
333:.
308:.
279:.
229:.
183:.
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