927:
emergence of enzymes. Dehydrated conditions would favor phosphorylation of organic compounds and condensation of phosphate to polyphosphate. Another problem is that solar ultraviolet radiation and frequent impacts would have inhibited habitability of early cellular life at hot springs, although biological macromolecules might have undergone selection during exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation and would have been catalyzed by photocatalytic silica minerals and metal sulfides. Carbonaceous meteors during the Late Heavy
Bombardment would not have caused cratering on Earth as they would produce fragments upon atmospheric entry. The meteors are estimated to have been 40 to 80 meters in diameter however larger impactors would produce larger craters. Metabolic pathways have not yet been demonstrated at these environments, but the development of proton gradients might have been generated by redox reactions coupled to meteoric quinones or protocell growth. Metabolic reactions in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and reverse Krebs cycle have been produced in acidic conditions and thermophilic temperatures in the presence of metals which is consistent with observations of RNA mostly stable at acidic pH.
918:'s imagined "warm little pond". If life did not emerge at deep sea hydrothermal vents, rather at terrestrial pools, extraterrestrial quinones transported to the environment would generate redox reactions conducive to proton gradients. Without continuous wet-dry cycling to maintain stability of primitive proteins for membrane transport and other biological macromolecules, they would go through hydrolysis in an aquatic environment. Scientists discovered a 3.48 billion year old geyserite that seemingly preserved fossilized microbial life, stromatolites, and biosignatures. Researchers propose pyrophosphite to have been used by early cellular life for energy storage and it might have been a precursor to pyrophosphate. Phosphites, which are present at hot springs, would have bonded together into pyrophosphite within hot springs through wet-dry cycling. Like alkaline hydrothermal vents, the Hakuba Happo hot spring goes through serpentinization, suggesting methanogenic microbial life possibly originated in similar habitats.
901:" (hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor), hot springs similar to terrestrial hydrothermal fields at Kamchatka produce fluids having suitable pH and temperature for early cells and biochemical reactions. Dissolved organic compounds were found in hot springs at Kamchatka . Metal sulfides and silica minerals in these environments would act as photocatalysts. They experience cycles of wetting and drying which promote the formation of biopolymers which are then encapsulated in vesicles after rehydration. Solar UV exposure to the environment promotes synthesis to monomeric biomolecules. The ionic composition and concentration of hot springs (K, B, Zn, P, O, S, C, Mn, N, and H) are identical to the cytoplasm of modern cells and possibly to those of the
1256:
constitute the outflow of marine groundwater, flowing through localised fractures and karstic rock-volumes. This is the case of springs occurring along the south-easternmost portion of the Apulia region (Southern Italy) where few sulphurous and warm waters (22–33 °C (72–91 °F)) outflow in partially submerged caves located along the
Adriatic coast, thus supplying the historical spas of Santa Cesarea Terme. These springs are known from ancient times (Aristotele in III Century BC) and the physical-chemical features of their thermal waters resulted to be partly influenced by the sea level variations.
38:
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1248:, the thirty natural hot springs of Chaudes-Aigues have temperatures ranging from 45 °C (113 °F) to more than 80 °C (176 °F). The hottest one, the "Source du Par", has a temperature of 82 °C (180 °F). The hot waters running under the village have provided heat for the houses and for the church since the 14th Century. Chaudes-Aigues (Cantal, France) is a
277:
the surface, reducing pressure in the cistern. This allows some of the water in the cistern to flash into steam, which forces more water out of the hot spring. This leads to a runaway condition in which a sizable amount of water and steam are forcibly ejected from the hot spring as the cistern is emptied. The cistern then refills with cooler water, and the cycle repeats.
926:
A problem with the hot spring hypothesis for an origin of life is that phosphate has low solubility in water. Pyrophosphite could have been present within protocells, however all modern life forms use pyrophosphate for energy storage. Kee suggests that pyrophosphate could have been utilized after the
768:
that thrives at high temperatures, between 45 and 80 °C (113 and 176 °F). Further from the vent, where the water has had time to cool and precipitate part of its mineral load, conditions favor organisms adapted to less extreme conditions. This produces a succession of microbial communities
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The customs and practices observed differ depending on the hot spring. It is common practice that bathers should wash before entering the water so as not to contaminate the water (with/without soap). In many countries, like Japan, it is required to enter the hot spring with no clothes on, including
909:
Recent experimental studies at hot springs support this hypothesis. They show that fatty acids self-assemble into membranous structures and encapsulate synthesized biomolecules during exposure to UV light and multiple wet-dry cycles at slightly alkaline or acidic hot springs, which would not happen
276:
the water in the cistern, raising its temperature above the normal boiling point. The water will not immediately boil, because the weight of the water column above the cistern pressurizes the cistern and suppresses boiling. However, as the superheated water expands, some of the water will emerge at
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Carbonate aquifers in foreland tectonic settings can host important thermal springs although located in areas commonly not characterised by regional high heat flow values. In these cases, when thermal springs are located close or along the coastlines, the subaerial and/or submarine thermal springs
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complex in
Australia had a peak total flow of more than 23,000 liters/second in 1915, giving the average spring in the complex an output of more than 325 liters/second. This has been reduced now to a peak total flow of 17,370 liters/second so the average spring has a peak output of
905:
or early cellular life according to phylogenomic analysis. For these reasons, it has been hypothesized that hot springs may be the place of origin of life on Earth. The evolutionary implications of the hypothesis imply a direct evolutionary pathway to land plants. Where continuous exposure to
511:
Some hot springs produce fluids that are intermediate in chemistry between these extremes. For example, mixed acid-sulfate-chloride hot springs are intermediate between acid sulfate and alkaline chloride springs and may form by mixing of acid sulfate and alkaline chloride fluids. They deposit
208:
is heated by these shallow magma bodies and rises to the surface to emerge at a hot spring. However, even in areas that do not experience volcanic activity, the temperature of rocks within the earth increases with depth. The rate of temperature increase with depth is known as the
280:
Geysers require both a natural cistern and an abundant source of cooler water to refill the cistern after each eruption of the geyser. If the water supply is less abundant, so that the water is boiled as fast as it can accumulate and only reaches the surface in the form of
786:, that oxidize sulfide and hydrogen to obtain energy for their life processes. Further from the vent, where water temperatures have dropped below 60 °C (140 °F), the surface is covered with microbial mats 1 centimetre (0.39 in) thick that are dominated by
2914:
Suda, Konomi; Ueno, Yuichiro; Yoshizaki, Motoko; Nakamura, Hitomi; Kurokawa, Ken; Nishiyama, Eri; Yoshino, Koji; Hongoh, Yuichi; Kawachi, Kenichi; Omori, Soichi; Yamada, Keita; Yoshida, Naohiro; Maruyama, Shigenori (2014-01-15).
224:
of naturally radioactive elements. An estimated 45 to 90 percent of the heat escaping from the Earth originates from radioactive decay of elements mainly located in the mantle. The major heat-producing isotopes in the Earth are
1942:
Drake, Bryan D.; Campbell, Kathleen A.; Rowland, Julie V.; Guido, Diego M.; Browne, Patrick R.L.; Rae, Andrew (August 2014). "Evolution of a dynamic paleo-hydrothermal system at
Mangatete, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand".
1035:(increased production of urine) from sitting in hot water, which increased excretion of lead; better food and isolation from lead sources; and increased intake of calcium and iron. Significant improvement in patients with
4047:
Santaloia, F.; Zuffianò, L. E.; Palladino, G.; Limoni, P. P.; Liotta, D.; Minissale, A.; Brogi, A.; Polemio, M. (2016-11-01). "Coastal thermal springs in a foreland setting: The Santa
Cesarea Terme system (Italy)".
112:
Humans have made use of hot springs for bathing, relaxation, or medical therapy for thousands of years. However, some are hot enough that immersion can be harmful, leading to scalding and, potentially, death.
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in Japan are the highest flow hot spring complex in Japan. Together the Beppu hot springs produce about 1,592 liters/second, or corresponding to an average hot spring flow of 0.56 liters/second.
172:" is defined as a spring with water temperature less than a hot spring by many sources, although Pentecost et al. (2003) suggest that the phrase "warm spring" is not useful and should be avoided. The US
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has a flow rate of 5,000 U.S. gal/min (0.32 m/s) of 87 °F (31 °C) spring water. The Plunge, built in 1890, is the world's largest natural warm water indoor swimming pool.
3714:
Yasuo Sugita; Teruhiko Fujii; Itsurou
Hayashi; Takachika Aoki; Toshirou Yokoyama; Minoru Morimatsu; Toshihide Fukuma; Yoshiaki Takamiya (May 1999). "Primary amebic meningoencephalitis due to
554:
There are many claims in the literature about the flow rates of hot springs. There are many more high flow non-thermal springs than geothermal springs. Springs with high flow rates include:
830:
during photosynthesis. Still further from the vent, where temperatures drop below 45 °C (113 °F), conditions are favorable for a complex community of microorganisms that includes
438:). This process is slow enough that geyserite is not all deposited immediately around the vent, but tends to build up a low, broad platform for some distance around the spring opening.
2131:
Parenteau, M. N.; Cady, S. L. (2010-02-01). "Microbial biosignatures in iron-mineralized phototrophic mats at
Chocolate Pots Hot Springs, Yellowstone National Park, United States".
3479:
Takeshita, Rafaela S. C.; Bercovitch, Fred B.; Kinoshita, Kodzue; Huffman, Michael A. (May 2018). "Beneficial effect of hot spring bathing on stress levels in
Japanese macaques".
1678:
Leet states that there are two types of thermal springs; hot springs and warm springs. Note that by this definition, "thermal spring" is not synonymous with the term "hot spring".
4365:
996:(ca. 460 BCE), hot springs were credited with healing power. The popularity of hot springs has fluctuated over the centuries since, but they are now popular around the world.
621:) are tapped by 86 wells, from which 333 liters/second are pumped for 14 hours per day. This corresponds to a peak average flow rate of 3.89 liters/second per well.
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Iron-rich springs are characterized by the presence of microbial communities that produce clumps of oxidized iron from iron in the hydrothermal fluids feeding the spring.
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in the hottest parts of the vent. Acid sulfate hot springs show a somewhat different succession of microorganisms, dominated by acid-tolerant algae (such as members of
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988:) have been in use in Japan for at least two thousand years, traditionally for cleanliness and relaxation, but increasingly for their therapeutic value. In the
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sunlight leads to the development of photosynthetic properties and later colonize on land and life at hydrothermal vents is suggested to be a later adaptation.
606:, which has a flow rate of 150 liters/second. The Tamagawa Hot Spring feeds a 3 m (9.8 ft) wide stream with a temperature of 98 °C (208 °F).
538:
Hot springs range in flow rate from the tiniest "seeps" to veritable rivers of hot water. Sometimes there is enough pressure that the water shoots upward in a
3667:
Shinji
Izumiyama; Kenji Yagita; Reiko Furushima-Shimogawara; Tokiko Asakura; Tatsuya Karasudani; Takuro Endo (July 2003). "Occurrence and Distribution of
3237:"Chemiosmotic energy for primitive cellular life: Proton gradients are generated across lipid membranes by redox reactions coupled to meteoritic quinones"
2442:"Coupled Phases and Combinatorial Selection in Fluctuating Hydrothermal Pools: A Scenario to Guide Experimental Approaches to the Origin of Cellular Life"
1047:(in which a patient does not know if they are receiving the therapy). As a result, the therapeutic effectiveness of hot spring therapy remains uncertain.
4136:
D. Chandrasekharam; M.C. Antu (August 1995). "Geochemistry of
Tattapani thermal springs, Himachal Pradesh, India—field and experimental investigations".
1537:
4358:
4596:
4964:
3522:
Serbulea, Mihaela; Payyappallimana, Unnikrishnan (November 2012). "Onsen (hot springs) in Japan—Transforming terrain into healing landscapes".
213:. If water percolates deeply enough into the crust, it will be heated as it comes into contact with hot rock. This generally takes place along
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272:, magma may be present at shallow depths. If a hot spring is connected to a large natural cistern close to such a magma body, the magma may
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2917:"Origin of methane in serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal systems: The CH4–H2–H2O hydrogen isotope systematics of the Hakuba Happo hot spring"
1780:
772:
For example, in a bicarbonate hot spring, the community of organisms immediately around the vent is dominated by filamentous thermophilic
89:
Hot spring water often contains large amounts of dissolved minerals. The chemistry of hot springs ranges from acid sulfate springs with a
3365:
Muchowska, Kamila B.; Varma, Sreejith J.; Chevallot-Beroux, Elodie; Lethuillier-Karl, Lucas; Li, Guang; Moran, Joseph (October 2, 2017).
2209:
694:, Australia might have had a flow of 158 liters/second in the late 19th century, but now has a flow of about 5 liters/second.
2096:
Cox, Alysia; Shock, Everett L.; Havig, Jeff R. (January 2011). "The transition to microbial photosynthesis in hot spring ecosystems".
2564:
Van Kranendonk, Martin J.; Baumgartner, Raphael; Djokic, Tara; Ota, Tsutomu; Steller, Luke; Garbe, Ulf; Nakamura, Eizo (2021-01-01).
1713:
1043:
have been reported in studies of spa therapy, but these studies have methodological problems, such as the obvious impracticality of
4101:
Ravi Shanker; J.L. Thussu; J.M. Prasad (1987). "Geothermal studies at Tattapani hot spring area, Sarguja district, central India".
1503:
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There are hot springs in many places and on all continents of the world. Countries that are renowned for their hot springs include
105:. Some springs also contain abundant dissolved iron. The minerals brought to the surface in hot springs often feed communities of
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161:
a type of thermal spring whose water temperature is usually 6 to 8 °C (11 to 14 °F) or more above mean air temperature.
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at saltwater conditions as the high concentrations of ionic solutes there would inhibit the formation of membranous structures.
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has 4,762 hot springs, with a total flow of 4,437 liters/second, so the average hot spring flow is 0.93 liters/second.
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Alkali chloride hot springs show a similar succession of communities of organisms, with various thermophilic bacteria and
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as one moves away from the vent, which in some respects resembles the successive stages in the evolution of early life.
31:
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There are another three large hot springs (Mengeruda, Wae Bana and Piga) 18 km (11 mi) north east of Bajawa,
176:
Geophysical Data Center defines a "warm spring" as a spring with water between 20 and 50 °C (68 and 122 °F).
5565:
2389:
Mulkidjanian, Armen Y.; Bychkov, Andrew Yu.; Dibrova, Daria V.; Galperin, Michael Y.; Koonin, Eugene V. (2012-04-03).
1198:
1091:
848:, and grazing insects and protozoans. As temperatures drop close to those of the surroundings, higher plants appear.
109:, microorganisms adapted to extreme conditions, and it is possible that life on Earth had its origin in hot springs.
2183:
Conference Proceedings. Spring-fed Wetlands: Important Scientific and Cultural Resources of the Intermountain Region
37:
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Djokic, Tara; Van Kranendonk, Martin J.; Campbell, Kathleen A.; Walter, Malcolm R.; Ward, Colin R. (2017-05-09).
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Patel, Bhavesh H.; Percivalle, Claudia; Ritson, Dougal J.; Duffy, Colm D.; Sutherland, John D. (March 16, 2015).
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Hot springs often host communities of microorganisms adapted to life in hot, mineral-laden water. These include
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in Japan produce 1,028 liters/second, which gives the average hot spring a flow of 3.39 liters/second.
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2566:"Elements for the Origin of Life on Land: A Deep-Time Perspective from the Pilbara Craton of Western Australia"
935:
2764:"Amphiphilic Compounds Assemble into Membranous Vesicles in Hydrothermal Hot Spring Water but Not in Seawater"
1612:
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1259:
One of the potential geothermal energy reservoirs in India is the Tattapani thermal springs of Madhya Pradesh.
1059:. People have been seriously scalded and even killed by accidentally or intentionally entering these springs.
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Alkaline chloride hot springs are fed by hydrothermal fluids that form when groundwater containing dissolved
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468:. The pH of the fluids is thereby lowered to values as low as 0.8. The acid reacts with rock to alter it to
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863:, and diatoms. Iron-rich hot springs contain communities of photosynthetic organisms that oxidize reduced (
418:). The solubility of silica depends strongly upon temperature, so upon cooling, the silica is deposited as
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1027:. However, the scientific basis for therapeutic bathing in hot springs is uncertain. Hot bath therapy for
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Widely renowned since a chemistry professor's report in 1918 classified them as one of the world's most
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Hot springs are a dependable source of water that provides a rich chemical environment. This includes
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was common and reportedly highly successful in the 18th and 19th centuries, and may have been due to
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The springs in Europe with the highest temperatures are located in France, in a small village named
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There is no universally accepted definition of a hot spring. For example, one can find the phrase
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2069:"Rocks, structure, and geologic history of Steamboat Springs thermal area, Washoe County, Nevada"
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Skok, J. R.; Mustard, J. F.; Ehlmann, B. L.; Milliken, R. E.; Murchie, S. L. (December 2010).
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3876:"Gonococcus infection probably acquired from bathing in a natural thermal pool: a case report"
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2969:"Factoring Origin of Life Hypotheses into the Search for Life in the Solar System and Beyond"
2011:
White, Donald E.; Brannock, W.W.; Murata, K.J. (August 1956). "Silica in hot-spring waters".
1113:
was reported to have very likely been acquired from bathing in a hot spring according to one
505:, so that bicarbonate hot springs tend to form high-relief structures around their openings.
245:, but in volcanic areas, the heat is carried to the surface more rapidly by bodies of magma.
241:. In areas with no volcanic activity, this heat flows through the crust by a slow process of
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Varma, Sreejith J.; Muchowska, Kamila B.; Chatelain, Paul; Moran, Joseph (April 23, 2018).
3091:
Pearce, Ben K. D.; Pudritz, Ralph E.; Semenov, Dmitry A.; Henning, Thomas K. (2017-10-24).
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4165:"Silica deposits in the Nili Patera caldera on the Syrtis Major volcanic complex on Mars"
3960:"A Guide to Japan's Onsen Etiquette for First Timers (Hint: You're Gonna be in the Buff)"
3650:
334:) to a depth of 3,000 feet (910 m) and is heated by the normal geothermal gradient.
217:, where shattered rock beds provide easy paths for water to circulate to greater depths.
4180:
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2501:"Common origins of RNA, protein and lipid precursors in a cyanosulfidic protometabolism"
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2281:
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salts reacts with silicate rocks at high temperature. These springs have nearly neutral
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Pentecost, Allan (2003-11-01). "Cyanobacteria associated with hot spring travertines".
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Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2006. definition of hot spring
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by making use of hot springs to protect themselves from cold stress. Hot spring baths (
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1121:, organic matter-containing waters thought to facilitate the survival of the pathogen.
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3302:"Native iron reduces CO2 to intermediates and end-products of the acetyl-CoA pathway"
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1964:
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A thermal spring is defined as a spring that brings warm or hot water to the surface.
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swimwear. Often there are different facilities or times for men and women, but mixed
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898:
804:
787:
753:
454:
396:, each of which defines an end member of a range of possible hot spring chemistries.
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onto the surface of the Earth. The groundwater is heated either by shallow bodies of
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1911:"The warm springs of Georgia, their geologic relations and origin, a summary report"
1736:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, England, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 136–7.
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a natural spring of water whose temperature is greater than 21 °C (70 °F)
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3827:"An outbreak of legionellosis in a new facility of hot spring Bath in Hiuga City"
3170:"Membrane growth can generate a transmembrane pH gradient in fatty acid vesicles"
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do exist. In some countries, if it is a public hot spring, swimwear is required.
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989:
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783:
761:
736:
238:
234:
230:
205:
71:
3892:
3260:
2940:
2152:
992:
of Greece (ca. 1000 BCE), baths were primarily for hygiene, but by the time of
5547:
5227:
5111:
5051:
5009:
4881:
4718:
4527:
4517:
4434:
4343:
4010:
3492:
3390:
3325:
3060:
3035:
2317:"Exploring the Kamchatka Geothermal Region in the Context of Life's Beginning"
1514:
1485:
1166:
1114:
1098:
1079:
845:
691:
502:
364:
than cold water, the water that issues from hot springs often has a very high
309:
151:
4196:
4087:
3901:
3852:
3398:
3333:
3268:
3203:
3136:
3069:
3002:
2948:
2854:
2730:
2663:
2532:
2350:
914:
and Bruce Damer note that these hypothesized prebiotic environments resemble
17:
5517:
5466:
5436:
5405:
5335:
5247:
5004:
4891:
4876:
4816:
4763:
4758:
4658:
4581:
4571:
4469:
3655:
3194:
3127:
2823:"Earliest signs of life on land preserved in ca. 3.5 Ga hot spring deposits"
2762:
Milshteyn, Daniel; Damer, Bruce; Havig, Jeff; Deamer, David (May 10, 2018).
2407:
1515:
American Heritage dictionary, fourth edition (2000) definition of hot spring
1230:
875:
836:
745:
723:
716:
419:
358:
3919:
3860:
3772:
Miyamoto H, Jitsurong S, Shiota R, Maruta K, Yoshida S, Yabuuchi E (1997).
3739:
3692:
3543:
3500:
3465:
3416:
3351:
3286:
3221:
3154:
3020:
2872:
2807:
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2550:
2485:
2426:
2368:
1758:
1419:
3985:
3803:
3626:"This Is What Happens When You Fall Into One Of Yellowstone's Hot Springs"
2655:
2589:
1832:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–13.
1401:
5187:
5154:
4831:
4673:
4640:
4164:
3447:
2993:
2721:
1249:
1245:
1102:
1072:
1032:
1005:
975:
773:
681:
661:
543:
400:
286:
4215:
Hot Springs and Hot Pools of the Southwest: Jayson Loam's Original Guide
4078:
2846:
2788:
2466:
2341:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2042:
1434:"Hot Springs/Geothermal Features - Geology (U.S. National Park Service)"
878:
chemical species that microorganisms can oxidize as a source of energy.
5497:
5446:
4974:
4969:
4951:
4931:
4836:
4773:
4708:
4645:
3093:"Origin of the RNA world: The fate of nucleobases in warm little ponds"
2524:
1973:
1270:
1267:
1174:
1013:
1009:
864:
852:
841:
778:
701:
625:
528:
373:
369:
365:
350:
294:
2697:"Where Did Life Begin? Testing Ideas in Prebiotic Analogue Conditions"
1851:
1849:
632:" (having a flow in excess of 2,800 L/s (99 cu ft/s)).
479:
Bicarbonate hot springs are fed by hydrothermal fluids that form when
5292:
5164:
4989:
4984:
4936:
4926:
4896:
4821:
4576:
4507:
4479:
4378:
1210:
1206:
1190:
1075:
1020:
974:
Hot springs have been enjoyed by humans for thousands of years. Even
868:
827:
823:
712:
610:
539:
532:
512:
geyserite, but in smaller quantities than alkaline chloride springs.
408:
377:
265:
94:
4188:
2289:
1561:
726:
that together produce more than 450 liters/second of hot water.
196:. This takes place in two ways. In areas of high volcanic activity,
3109:
2081:
2068:
1927:
1910:
27:
Spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater
5390:
5375:
5330:
5074:
5047:
4994:
4861:
4856:
4826:
4811:
4620:
4390:
4374:
4329:
A scholarly paper with a map of over 20 geothermal areas in Uganda
1182:
1162:
1142:
984:
979:
960:
952:
943:
934:
860:
740:
671:
579:
572:
566:
519:
361:
341:
282:
247:
197:
145:
75:
36:
1570:
provides a critical discussion of the definition of a hot spring.
326:) falling on the nearby mountains, which penetrates a particular
256:
from the decay of U and Th are now the major contributors to the
5420:
5385:
4941:
4901:
4866:
2391:"Origin of first cells at terrestrial, anoxic geothermal fields"
1808:"Radioactive potassium may be major heat source in Earth's core"
1688:
1281:, are thought to be the remains of an extinct hot spring system.
1278:
1194:
1178:
708:
636:
has a flow of more than 21,000 L/s (740 cu ft/s).
441:
Acid sulfate hot springs are fed by hydrothermal fluids rich in
423:
290:
264:
A hot spring that periodically jets water and steam is called a
189:
173:
4347:
3874:
Goodyear-Smith, Felicity; Schabetsberger, Robert (2021-09-17).
3600:"Man severely burned after falling into Yellowstone hot spring"
3235:
Milshteyn, Daniel; Cooper, George; Deamer, David (2019-08-28).
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1984:
164:
a spring with water temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F)
5340:
4781:
4333:
2186:
4297:"Geothermal Resources of the Great Artesian Basin, Australia"
1344:"Hydrothermal systems: doorways to early biosphere evolution"
1252:
known since the Roman Empire for the treatment of rheumatism.
1078:, lives in warm unsalted waters worldwide and causes a fatal
1012:
value attributed to some hot springs, they are often popular
719:
that collectively produce more than 453.6 liters/second.
4334:
List of 100 thermal hot springs and hot pools in New Zealand
4274:
Clay Thompson (2003). "Tonopah: It's Water Under The Bush".
1094:- The organisms enter through the eyes or via an open wound.
3774:"Molecular determination of infection source of a sporadic
3555:
3553:
1486:
Columbia Encyclopedia, sixth edition, article on hot spring
404:
93:
as low as 0.8, to alkaline chloride springs saturated with
90:
1217:, but there are hot springs in many other places as well:
322:
there). Here the groundwater originates as rain and snow (
2054:
1475:
Miriam-Webster Online dictionary definition of hot spring
1090:
also can spread through hot springs, according to the US
957:
Winter bathing at Tsuru-no-yu roten-buro in Nyūtō, Akita
2891:"Meteorites could have been source of life's batteries"
1855:
1376:
Des Marais, David J.; Walter, Malcolm R. (2019-12-01).
1055:
Hot springs in volcanic areas are often at or near the
965:
Sai Ngam hot springs in Mae Hong Son province, Thailand
135:
a spring with water temperatures above its surroundings
1708:(2nd ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
1613:
Ultralingua Online Dictionary definition of hot spring
1062:
Some hot springs microbiota are infectious to humans:
501:
is rapidly lost and carbonate minerals precipitate as
200:(molten rock) may be present at shallow depths in the
3367:"Metals promote sequences of the reverse Krebs cycle"
2251:
2249:
2247:
1893:
1781:"Radioactive decay accounts for half of Earth's heat"
1652:(6th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
1531:
1529:
1244:. Located at the heart of the French volcanic region
978:
are known to have extended their northern range into
2067:
White, D.E.; Thompson, G.A.; Sandberg, C.H. (1964).
5490:
5429:
5311:
5173:
5145:
5046:
5018:
4950:
4772:
4639:
4556:
4478:
4389:
2179:"Desert Springs of Great Australian Arterial Basin"
1117:, with the near-body temperature, slightly acidic,
650:
about 4,000 U.S. gal/min (0.25 m/s).
380:. The overall chemistry of hot springs varies from
4233:
3034:Kitadai, Norio; Maruyama, Shigenori (2018-07-01).
1915:United States Geological Survey Water Supply Paper
30:"Hot springs" redirects here. For other uses, see
2632:"The Hot Spring Hypothesis for an Origin of Life"
1706:Volcanoes in the sea : the geology of Hawaii
1233:have become among the most visited on earth. The
598:The highest flow rate hot spring in Japan is the
1998:
1759:"Probing Question: What heats the earth's core?"
1704:; Abbott, Agatin T.; Peterson, Frank L. (1983).
4257:Hot springs of Western Canada: a complete guide
3174:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3168:Chen, Irene A.; Szostak, Jack W. (2004-05-25).
3097:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2395:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1830:Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology
1536:Allan Pentecost; B. Jones; R.W. Renaut (2003).
3036:"Origins of building blocks of life: A review"
2440:Damer, Bruce; Deamer, David (March 15, 2015).
1945:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1378:"Terrestrial Hot Spring Systems: Introduction"
138:a natural spring with water temperature above
4359:
2302:
711:region 8 km (5.0 mi) south west of
8:
4236:Hot Springs & Hot Pools Of The Northwest
4036:Welcome Argentina: Turismo en Argentina 2009
3559:
1828:Philpotts, Anthony R.; Ague, Jay J. (2009).
707:There are at least three hot springs in the
300:An example of a non-volcanic warm spring is
2315:Kompanichenko, Vladimir N. (May 16, 2019).
1237:is another famous hot springs in Argentina.
4366:
4352:
4344:
4290:Thermal Springs List for the United States
2630:Damer, Bruce; Deamer, David (2020-04-01).
184:Water issuing from a hot spring is heated
4077:
3909:
3891:
3842:
3793:
3455:
3406:
3341:
3276:
3211:
3193:
3144:
3126:
3108:
3059:
3010:
2992:
2862:
2797:
2787:
2738:
2720:
2671:
2540:
2475:
2465:
2416:
2406:
2358:
2340:
2080:
2073:U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper
1972:
1926:
1875:. National Park Service. 10 February 2020
1409:
628:, there are 33 recognized "magnitude one
2967:Longo, Alex; Damer, Bruce (2020-04-27).
497:
486:
464:
460:
448:
433:
429:
414:
353:, an example of a bicarbonate hot spring
142:(normally about 37 °C (99 °F))
97:, to bicarbonate springs saturated with
78:(molten rock) or by circulation through
4965:International scale of river difficulty
3778:case associated with a hot spring bath"
2230:(11th ed.). Pearson. p. 136.
1334:
822:, though green sulfur bacteria produce
664:, Italy with around 500 liters a second
4017:. Blackhawk Network, Inc. 19 July 2016
3844:10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.78.90
2255:
1458:"MSN Encarta definition of hot spring"
3671:Species in Thermal Waters in Japan".
2962:
2960:
2958:
2884:
2882:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
1856:Macdonald, Abbott & Peterson 1983
1105:have been spread through hot springs.
818:. These organisms are all capable of
704:has a flow of 180 liters/second.
684:has a flow of 143 liters/second.
674:has a flow of 130 liters/second.
494:. When the fluids reach the surface,
289:. If the water is mixed with mud and
7:
3825:Eiko Yabauuchi; Kunio Agata (2004).
3579:. National Park Service. 8 June 2021
1602:Wordnet 2.0 definition of hot spring
1082:should the organisms enter the nose.
942:enjoying an open air hot spring or "
368:content, containing everything from
3958:Cheung, Jeanne (16 February 2018).
3624:Andrews, Robin (30 December 2016).
2921:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2889:Marshall, Michael (April 2, 2013).
2695:Deamer, David (February 10, 2021).
1580:Infoplease definition of hot spring
357:Because heated water can hold more
268:. In active volcanic zones such as
3795:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01190.x
3685:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2003.tb00614.x
2270:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
1691:Geophysical Data Center definition
1635:Lookwayup definition of hot spring
1624:Rhymezone definition of hot spring
1504:Wordsmyth definition of hot spring
1262:The silica-rich deposits found in
25:
4259:. West Vancouver: Gordon Soules.
4070:10.1016/j.geothermics.2016.06.013
3986:"Spa Etiquette & Information"
3536:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.06.020
1869:"Hot Springs/Geothermal Features"
1779:Johnston, Hamish (19 July 2011).
531:: the highest flow hot spring in
3732:10.1046/j.1440-1827.1999.00893.x
3436:Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
3432:"A brief history of spa therapy"
3430:van Tubergen, A (1 March 2002).
1965:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2014.06.010
1016:destinations, and locations for
5122:Flooded grasslands and savannas
3880:Journal of Medical Case Reports
3761:CDC description of acanthamoeba
2228:Brock Biology of Microorganisms
2226:Madigan MT, Martino JM (2006).
2013:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
609:The most famous hot springs of
220:Much of the heat is created by
4310:(2). June 2002. Archived from
3933:Fahr-Becker, Gabriele (2001).
3598:Almasy, Steve (15 June 2017).
3371:Nature Ecology & Evolution
3306:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1806:Sanders, Robert (2003-12-10).
888:Abiogenesis § Hot springs
1:
4339:List of hot springs worldwide
4232:Marjorie Gersh-Young (2008).
4213:Marjorie Gersh-Young (2011).
3718:: An autopsy case in Japan".
2118:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.11.022
2075:. Professional Paper. 458-B.
563:about 250 liters/second.
490:) and groundwater react with
453:), which is oxidized to form
67:produced by the emergence of
5288:Universal Soil Loss Equation
5238:Hydrological transport model
5132:Storm Water Management Model
4150:10.1016/0375-6505(95)00005-B
4123:10.1016/0375-6505(87)90079-4
2033:10.1016/0016-7037(56)90010-2
1999:Des Marais & Walter 2019
258:earth's internal heat budget
32:Hot Springs (disambiguation)
1732:; Schubert, G (2002). "4".
1092:Centers for Disease Control
882:Significance to abiogenesis
571:"Blood Pond" hot spring in
476:, and a residue of silica.
44:and Midway Geyser Basin in
5648:
4792:Antecedent drainage stream
3893:10.1186/s13256-021-03043-6
3261:10.1038/s41598-019-48328-5
2941:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.11.001
2153:10.2110/palo.2008.p08-133r
1894:National Park Service 2020
1154:
1045:placebo-controlled studies
885:
734:
29:
5556:
5528:River valley civilization
5411:Riparian-zone restoration
3577:Yellowstone National Park
3493:10.1007/s10329-018-0655-x
3391:10.1038/s41559-017-0311-7
3326:10.1038/s41559-018-0542-2
3061:10.1016/j.gsf.2017.07.007
2303:Parenteau & Cady 2010
1909:; Crickmay, G.W. (1937).
1757:Anuta, Joe (2006-03-30).
1308:Earliest known life forms
655:Hot Springs, South Dakota
645:Yellowstone National Park
578:The 2,850 hot springs of
270:Yellowstone National Park
46:Yellowstone National Park
5591:Countries without rivers
5566:Rivers by discharge rate
5278:Runoff model (reservoir)
5243:Infiltration (hydrology)
4255:G. J Woodsworth (1999).
3937:. Könemann. p. 24.
844:and other single-celled
82:to hot rock deep in the
5263:River Continuum Concept
5028:Agricultural wastewater
4240:. Aqua Thermal Access.
4217:. Aqua Thermal Access.
3964:Marriot Bonvoy Traveler
3720:Pathology International
3195:10.1073/pnas.0308045101
3128:10.1073/pnas.1710339114
2933:2014E&PSL.386..112S
2408:10.1073/pnas.1117774109
1538:"What is a hot spring?"
634:Silver Springs, Florida
585:The 303 hot springs of
407:but are saturated with
5586:River name etymologies
5513:Hydraulic civilization
5371:Floodplain restoration
5147:Point source pollution
4922:Sedimentary structures
3966:. Marriot Internal Inc
1787:. Institute of Physics
1293:Deep Creek Hot Springs
1152:
1041:ankylosing spondylitis
966:
958:
950:
764:, which are a type of
757:
617:("New Hot Springs" in
576:
535:
354:
261:
154:
140:human body temperature
48:
42:Grand Prismatic Spring
5198:Discharge (hydrology)
5160:Industrial wastewater
4641:Sedimentary processes
2827:Nature Communications
2656:10.1089/ast.2019.2045
2590:10.1089/ast.2019.2107
1402:10.1089/ast.2018.1976
1342:Farmer, J.D. (2000).
1227:Rio Hondo Hot Springs
1146:
1110:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
964:
956:
938:
893:Hot spring hypothesis
810:green sulfur bacteria
744:
570:
550:High-flow hot springs
523:
345:
316:Franklin D. Roosevelt
302:Warm Springs, Georgia
251:
150:Hot water springs in
149:
129:any spring heated by
40:
5303:Volumetric flow rate
4887:Riffle-pool sequence
3831:Kansenshogaku Zasshi
3776:Legionella pneumonia
3673:J Eukaryot Microbiol
3448:10.1136/ard.61.3.273
3040:Geoscience Frontiers
2994:10.3390/life10050052
2722:10.3390/life11020134
1702:Macdonald, Gordon A.
1646:Don L. Leet (1982).
1225:mineral waters, the
1037:rheumatoid arthritis
1004:Because of both the
867:) iron to oxidized (
304:(frequented for its
5622:Springs (hydrology)
5477:Whitewater kayaking
5472:Whitewater canoeing
5273:Runoff curve number
5117:Flood pulse concept
4181:2010NatGe...3..838S
4115:1987Geoth..16...61S
4062:2016Geoth..64..344S
3383:2017NatEE...1.1716M
3318:2018NatEE...2.1019V
3253:2019NatSR...912447M
3186:2004PNAS..101.7965C
3119:2017PNAS..11411327P
3103:(43): 11327–11332.
3052:2018GeoFr...9.1117K
2985:2020Life...10...52L
2847:10.1038/ncomms15263
2839:2017NatCo...815263D
2789:10.3390/life8020011
2780:2018Life....8...11M
2713:2021Life...11..134D
2648:2020AsBio..20..429D
2582:2021AsBio..21...39V
2517:2015NatCh...7..301P
2467:10.3390/life5010872
2458:2015Life....5..872D
2342:10.3390/life9020041
2333:2019Life....9...41K
2282:2003CaJES..40.1447P
2145:2010Palai..25...97P
2110:2011ChGeo.280..344C
2025:1956GeCoA..10...27W
1957:2014JVGR..282...19D
1554:2003CaJES..40.1443P
1394:2019AsBio..19.1419D
1157:List of hot springs
600:Tamagawa Hot Spring
211:geothermal gradient
131:geothermal activity
69:geothermally heated
57:hydrothermal spring
5503:Aquatic toxicology
5416:Stream restoration
5381:Infiltration basin
5233:Hydrological model
4749:Sediment transport
4572:Estavelle/Inversac
4450:Subterranean river
4292:—1,661 hot springs
4011:"Nudity Spa Guide"
3782:Microbiol. Immunol
3524:Health & Place
3241:Scientific Reports
2525:10.1038/nchem.2202
2212:2013-04-17 at the
1810:. UC Berkeley News
1520:2007-03-10 at the
1491:2007-02-11 at the
1303:Hydrothermal vents
1153:
967:
959:
951:
897:In contrast with "
758:
660:The hot spring of
577:
536:
355:
347:Hammam Maskhoutine
320:Little White House
293:, the result is a
285:, the result is a
262:
243:thermal conduction
192:produced from the
168:The related term "
155:
152:Rio Quente, Brazil
103:carbonate minerals
49:
5599:
5598:
5576:Whitewater rivers
5482:Whitewater slalom
5313:River engineering
5213:Groundwater model
5174:River measurement
5102:Flood forecasting
4917:Sedimentary basin
4774:Fluvial landforms
4679:Bed material load
4455:River bifurcation
4266:978-0-919574-03-8
4247:978-1-890880-08-8
4224:978-1-890880-07-1
4169:Nature Geoscience
3944:978-3-8290-4829-3
3716:Naegleria fowleri
3560:van Tubergen 2002
3377:(11): 1716–1721.
3180:(21): 7965–7970.
2276:(11): 1447–1457.
2237:978-0-13-196893-6
2207:Terme di Saturnia
2055:Drake et al. 2014
1839:978-0-521-88006-0
1743:978-0-521-66624-4
1659:978-0-13-669706-0
1542:Can. J. Earth Sci
1388:(12): 1419–1432.
1323:Valley of Geysers
1313:List of spa towns
1298:Hotspot (geology)
1151:springs in the US
1068:Naegleria fowleri
688:Elizabeth Springs
560:Dalhousie Springs
382:alkaline chloride
61:geothermal spring
16:(Redirected from
5639:
5632:Geothermal areas
5561:Rivers by length
5396:River morphology
5298:Wetted perimeter
5203:Drainage density
4714:Headward erosion
4543:Perennial stream
4415:Blackwater river
4368:
4361:
4354:
4345:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4316:
4301:
4279:
4276:Arizona Republic
4270:
4251:
4239:
4228:
4201:
4200:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4081:
4044:
4038:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3971:
3955:
3949:
3948:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3913:
3895:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3846:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3797:
3769:
3763:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3664:
3658:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3621:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3569:
3563:
3557:
3548:
3547:
3530:(6): 1366–1373.
3519:
3513:
3512:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3410:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3312:(6): 1019–1024.
3297:
3291:
3290:
3280:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3215:
3197:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3148:
3130:
3112:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3063:
3046:(4): 1117–1153.
3031:
3025:
3024:
3014:
2996:
2964:
2953:
2952:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2886:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2801:
2791:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2742:
2724:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2627:
2610:
2609:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2544:
2505:Nature Chemistry
2496:
2490:
2489:
2479:
2469:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2420:
2410:
2386:
2373:
2372:
2362:
2344:
2312:
2306:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2242:
2241:
2223:
2217:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2185:. Archived from
2171:
2165:
2164:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2104:(3–4): 344–351.
2098:Chemical Geology
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2037:
2036:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1785:PhysicsWorld.com
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1698:
1692:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1671:
1662:. Archived from
1649:Physical Geology
1643:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1569:
1564:. Archived from
1533:
1524:
1512:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1483:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1460:. Archived from
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1444:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1413:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1348:
1339:
1147:Distribution of
1008:and the claimed
1000:Therapeutic uses
698:Deildartunguhver
678:Glenwood Springs
668:Lava Hot Springs
653:Evans Plunge in
641:Excelsior Geyser
604:Akita Prefecture
525:Deildartunguhver
500:
489:
467:
452:
443:hydrogen sulfide
437:
417:
332:Hollis Quartzite
318:, who built the
188:, that is, with
21:
5647:
5646:
5642:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5627:Bodies of water
5602:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5571:Drainage basins
5552:
5486:
5425:
5401:Retention basin
5361:Erosion control
5356:Detention basin
5307:
5223:Hjulström curve
5175:
5169:
5141:
5085:Non-water flood
5042:
5014:
4960:Helicoidal flow
4946:
4847:Fluvial terrace
4842:Floating island
4768:
4643:
4635:
4626:Rhythmic spring
4560:
4552:
4533:Stream gradient
4474:
4460:River ecosystem
4425:Channel pattern
4393:
4385:
4372:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4299:
4295:
4286:
4273:
4267:
4254:
4248:
4231:
4225:
4212:
4209:
4207:Further reading
4204:
4189:10.1038/ngeo990
4175:(12): 838–841.
4162:
4161:
4157:
4135:
4134:
4130:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4046:
4045:
4041:
4034:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3945:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3873:
3872:
3868:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3759:
3755:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3648:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3582:
3580:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3558:
3551:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3478:
3477:
3473:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3364:
3363:
3359:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3167:
3166:
3162:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3033:
3032:
3028:
2966:
2965:
2956:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2899:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2880:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2629:
2628:
2613:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2401:(14): E821-30.
2388:
2387:
2376:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2290:10.1139/e03-075
2267:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2245:
2238:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2214:Wayback Machine
2205:
2201:
2192:
2190:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2053:
2040:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1982:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1847:
1840:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1813:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1790:
1788:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1764:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1682:
1669:
1667:
1660:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1633:
1629:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1562:10.1139/e03-083
1535:
1534:
1527:
1522:Wayback Machine
1513:
1509:
1502:
1498:
1493:Wayback Machine
1484:
1480:
1473:
1469:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1442:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1360:
1358:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1288:
1159:
1141:
1128:
1053:
1023:for those with
1002:
972:
933:
924:
895:
890:
884:
857:Cyanidiophyceae
748:growing in the
739:
733:
593:Ōita Prefecture
552:
518:
499:
495:
492:carbonate rocks
488:
484:
466:
462:
458:
450:
446:
435:
431:
427:
416:
412:
340:
254:radiogenic heat
182:
180:Sources of heat
119:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5645:
5643:
5635:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5604:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5494:
5492:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5462:Stone skipping
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5378:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5346:Drop structure
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5326:Balancing lake
5323:
5317:
5315:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5253:Playfair's law
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5208:Exner equation
5205:
5200:
5195:
5193:Bradshaw model
5190:
5185:
5179:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5151:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5080:Urban flooding
5072:
5067:
5065:Crevasse splay
5062:
5060:100-year flood
5056:
5054:
5044:
5043:
5041:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5024:
5022:
5020:Surface runoff
5016:
5015:
5013:
5012:
5007:
5002:
5000:Stream capture
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4956:
4954:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4912:Rock-cut basin
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4778:
4776:
4770:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4754:Suspended load
4751:
4746:
4744:Secondary flow
4741:
4736:
4734:Retrogradation
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4699:Dissolved load
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4648:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4631:Spring horizon
4628:
4623:
4618:
4616:Mineral spring
4613:
4612:
4611:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4597:list in the US
4594:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4568:
4566:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4523:Stream channel
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4445:Drainage basin
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4405:Alluvial river
4401:
4399:
4387:
4386:
4373:
4371:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4348:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4293:
4285:
4284:External links
4282:
4281:
4280:
4278:. p. B12.
4271:
4265:
4252:
4246:
4229:
4223:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4155:
4128:
4093:
4039:
4028:
4002:
3977:
3950:
3943:
3925:
3866:
3817:
3788:(3): 197–202.
3764:
3753:
3706:
3659:
3642:
3616:
3590:
3564:
3549:
3514:
3487:(3): 215–225.
3471:
3442:(3): 273–275.
3422:
3357:
3292:
3227:
3160:
3083:
3026:
2954:
2906:
2878:
2813:
2754:
2687:
2642:(4): 429–452.
2611:
2556:
2511:(4): 301–307.
2491:
2452:(1): 872–887.
2432:
2374:
2307:
2295:
2260:
2243:
2236:
2218:
2199:
2166:
2123:
2088:
2082:10.3133/pp458B
2059:
2038:
2019:(1–2): 27–59.
2003:
1980:
1934:
1928:10.3133/wsp819
1898:
1886:
1860:
1845:
1838:
1820:
1798:
1771:
1749:
1742:
1721:
1714:
1693:
1680:
1658:
1638:
1627:
1616:
1605:
1594:
1583:
1572:
1568:on 2007-03-11.
1548:(11): 1443–6.
1525:
1507:
1496:
1478:
1467:
1464:on 2009-01-22.
1449:
1425:
1368:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1318:Mineral spring
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1260:
1257:
1253:
1242:Chaudes-Aigues
1238:
1155:Main article:
1140:
1137:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1106:
1095:
1083:
1052:
1049:
1029:lead poisoning
1018:rehabilitation
1001:
998:
971:
968:
932:
929:
923:
920:
916:Charles Darwin
894:
891:
886:Main article:
883:
880:
820:photosynthesis
732:
729:
728:
727:
720:
705:
695:
685:
675:
665:
658:
651:
637:
622:
607:
596:
590:
583:
564:
551:
548:
517:
514:
481:carbon dioxide
474:oxide minerals
339:
336:
324:meteoric water
313:U.S. President
194:Earth's mantle
181:
178:
166:
165:
162:
159:
144:
143:
136:
133:
118:
115:
99:carbon dioxide
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5644:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5607:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5543:Surface water
5541:
5539:
5538:Sacred waters
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5523:Riparian zone
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5508:Body of water
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5493:
5489:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5457:Riverboarding
5455:
5453:
5452:River surfing
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5432:
5428:
5422:
5419:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5379:
5377:
5374:
5372:
5369:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5359:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5310:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5176:and modelling
5172:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5138:
5137:Return period
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5097:Flood control
5095:
5093:
5092:Flood barrier
5090:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5017:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4765:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4724:Palaeochannel
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4684:Granular flow
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4430:Channel types
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4410:Braided river
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4364:
4362:
4357:
4355:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4317:on 2014-08-22
4313:
4309:
4305:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4262:
4258:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4238:
4237:
4230:
4226:
4220:
4216:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4156:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4132:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4094:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4029:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4003:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3965:
3961:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3870:
3867:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3821:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3757:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3726:(5): 468–70.
3725:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3653:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3631:
3627:
3620:
3617:
3605:
3601:
3594:
3591:
3578:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3518:
3515:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3426:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3231:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2910:
2907:
2896:
2895:New Scientist
2892:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2239:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2189:on 2008-10-06
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2139:(2): 97–111.
2138:
2134:
2127:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2060:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1821:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1772:
1761:. physorg.com
1760:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1717:
1715:0-8248-0832-0
1711:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1690:
1684:
1681:
1676:
1666:on 2010-10-02
1665:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1450:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1369:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:United States
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1057:boiling point
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
999:
997:
995:
991:
987:
986:
981:
977:
969:
963:
955:
949:
945:
941:
937:
930:
928:
921:
919:
917:
913:
907:
904:
900:
899:black smokers
892:
889:
881:
879:
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
849:
847:
843:
839:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:
811:
807:
806:
805:Synechococcus
801:
800:
795:
794:
789:
788:cyanobacteria
785:
781:
780:
775:
770:
767:
763:
756:, New Zealand
755:
754:Orakei Korako
751:
750:Map of Africa
747:
743:
738:
730:
725:
721:
718:
714:
710:
706:
703:
699:
696:
693:
689:
686:
683:
679:
676:
673:
669:
666:
663:
659:
656:
652:
649:
646:
642:
638:
635:
631:
627:
623:
620:
616:
612:
608:
605:
601:
597:
594:
591:
588:
584:
581:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
556:
555:
549:
547:
545:
541:
534:
530:
526:
522:
515:
513:
509:
506:
504:
493:
482:
477:
475:
471:
470:clay minerals
456:
455:sulfuric acid
444:
439:
425:
421:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
360:
352:
348:
344:
337:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
314:
311:
307:
303:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
278:
275:
271:
267:
259:
255:
250:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
218:
216:
212:
207:
203:
202:Earth's crust
199:
195:
191:
187:
179:
177:
175:
171:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
148:
141:
137:
134:
132:
128:
127:
126:
124:
116:
114:
110:
108:
107:extremophiles
104:
100:
96:
92:
87:
85:
84:Earth's crust
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
18:Thermal water
5581:Flash floods
5533:River cruise
5430:River sports
5283:Stream gauge
5268:Rouse number
5258:Relief ratio
5107:Flood-meadow
5038:Urban runoff
4952:Fluvial flow
4937:River valley
4907:River island
4872:Meander scar
4787:Alluvial fan
4729:Progradation
4604:Karst spring
4586:
4548:Winterbourne
4503:Chalk stream
4465:River source
4440:Distributary
4319:. Retrieved
4312:the original
4307:
4304:GHC Bulletin
4303:
4275:
4256:
4235:
4214:
4172:
4168:
4158:
4144:(4): 553–9.
4141:
4137:
4131:
4109:(1): 61–76.
4106:
4102:
4096:
4079:11586/167990
4053:
4049:
4042:
4031:
4019:. Retrieved
4014:
4005:
3993:. Retrieved
3989:
3980:
3968:. Retrieved
3963:
3953:
3934:
3928:
3883:
3879:
3869:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3767:
3756:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3709:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3649:
3645:
3633:. Retrieved
3629:
3619:
3607:. Retrieved
3603:
3593:
3581:. Retrieved
3576:
3567:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3439:
3435:
3425:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3309:
3305:
3295:
3247:(1): 12447.
3244:
3240:
3230:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3043:
3039:
3029:
2976:
2972:
2924:
2920:
2909:
2898:. Retrieved
2894:
2833:(1): 15263.
2830:
2826:
2816:
2771:
2767:
2757:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2639:
2636:Astrobiology
2635:
2576:(1): 39–59.
2573:
2570:Astrobiology
2569:
2559:
2508:
2504:
2494:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2398:
2394:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2298:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2227:
2221:
2202:
2191:. Retrieved
2187:the original
2182:
2175:W. F. Ponder
2169:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2072:
2062:
2016:
2012:
2006:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1918:
1914:
1907:Hewett, D.F.
1901:
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
1872:
1863:
1829:
1823:
1812:. Retrieved
1801:
1789:. Retrieved
1784:
1774:
1763:. Retrieved
1752:
1733:
1730:Turcotte, DL
1724:
1705:
1696:
1683:
1674:
1668:. Retrieved
1664:the original
1648:
1641:
1630:
1619:
1608:
1597:
1586:
1575:
1566:the original
1545:
1541:
1510:
1499:
1481:
1470:
1462:the original
1452:
1441:. Retrieved
1437:
1428:
1385:
1382:Astrobiology
1381:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1354:
1350:
1337:
1275:Syrtis Major
1235:Cacheuta Spa
1229:in northern
1223:electrolytic
1160:
1132:
1129:
1108:
1097:
1087:Acanthamoeba
1085:
1066:
1061:
1054:
1025:disabilities
1003:
983:
973:
925:
912:David Deamer
908:
896:
873:
850:
835:
831:
826:rather than
815:Chloroflexus
813:
803:
799:Oscillatoria
797:
791:
777:
771:
766:extremophile
762:thermophiles
759:
749:
615:Caldas Novas
553:
537:
510:
507:
478:
440:
422:, a form of
398:
393:
389:
386:acid sulfate
385:
381:
356:
299:
279:
263:
227:potassium-40
219:
186:geothermally
183:
169:
167:
122:
120:
111:
88:
60:
56:
52:
50:
5612:Hot springs
5442:Fly fishing
5366:Fish ladder
5351:Daylighting
5070:Flash flood
5033:First flush
4980:Plunge pool
4704:Downcutting
4689:Debris flow
4664:Aggradation
4538:Stream pool
4138:Geothermics
4103:Geothermics
4056:: 344–361.
4050:Geothermics
3837:(2): 90–8.
2927:: 112–125.
2256:Farmer 2000
1974:11336/31453
1734:Geodynamics
1438:www.nps.gov
1264:Nili Patera
1203:South Korea
1187:New Zealand
1051:Precautions
994:Hippocrates
990:Homeric Age
922:Limitations
784:Aquificales
737:Thermophile
690:in western
390:bicarbonate
308:effects by
306:therapeutic
239:thorium-232
235:uranium-235
231:uranium-238
206:Groundwater
170:warm spring
125:defined as
117:Definitions
72:groundwater
5606:Categories
5548:Wild river
5228:Hydrograph
5218:Hack's law
5183:Baer's law
5127:Inundation
5112:Floodplain
5052:stormwater
5010:Whitewater
4882:Oxbow lake
4719:Knickpoint
4694:Deposition
4587:Hot spring
4528:Streamflow
4518:Stream bed
4435:Confluence
4321:2006-11-02
4015:Spa Finder
3886:(1): 458.
3110:1710.00434
2900:2022-11-01
2707:(2): 134.
2193:2013-04-06
1814:2007-02-28
1765:2007-09-19
1670:2006-11-03
1443:2021-02-11
1330:References
1213:, and the
1167:Costa Rica
1149:geothermal
1115:case study
1099:Legionella
1080:meningitis
931:Human uses
846:eukaryotes
790:, such as
782:and other
776:, such as
752:hot pool,
746:Algal mats
735:See also:
731:Ecosystems
692:Queensland
643:Crater in
619:Portuguese
516:Flow rates
503:travertine
310:paraplegic
123:hot spring
53:hot spring
5518:Limnology
5467:Triathlon
5437:Canyoning
5406:Revetment
5336:Check dam
5248:Main stem
5005:Waterfall
4892:Point bar
4877:Mouth bar
4817:Billabong
4764:Water gap
4759:Wash load
4739:Saltation
4659:Anabranch
4582:Holy well
4470:Tributary
4197:1752-0894
4088:0375-6505
3902:1752-1947
3853:0387-5911
3679:: 514–5.
3669:Naegleria
3656:eMedicine
3651:Naegleria
3399:2397-334X
3334:2397-334X
3269:2045-2322
3204:0027-8424
3137:0027-8424
3078:102659869
3070:1674-9871
3003:2075-1729
2979:(5): 52.
2949:0012-821X
2855:2041-1723
2774:(2): 11.
2731:2075-1729
2664:1531-1074
2606:230783184
2533:1755-4349
2351:2075-1729
2327:(2): 41.
2216:, website
2161:128592574
1951:: 19–35.
1351:GSA Today
1231:Argentina
1126:Etiquette
837:Calothrix
832:Spirulina
793:Spirulina
724:Indonesia
717:Indonesia
426:(opal-A:
420:geyserite
394:iron-rich
376:and even
359:dissolved
338:Chemistry
328:formation
274:superheat
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