190:
31:
79:
123:
Thermocouples operate by measuring the temperature differential from their junction point to the point in which the thermocouple output voltage is measured. Once a closed circuit is made up of more than one metal and there is a difference in temperature between junctions and points of transition from
82:
Picture of a heat flux sensor that utilizes a thermopile construction to directly measure heat flux. Model shown is the FluxTeq PHFS-01 heat flux sensor. Voltage output is passively induced from the thermopile proportional to the heat flux through the sensor or similarly the temperature difference
127:
Thermocouples can be connected in series as thermocouple pairs with a junction located on either side of a thermal resistance layer. The output from the thermocouple pair will be a voltage directly proportional to the temperature difference across the thermal resistance layer and also to the heat
175:
Thermopile, composed of multiple thermocouples in series. If both the right and left junctions are the same temperature, voltages cancel out to zero. However, if there is a temperature difference between sides the resulting total output voltage is equal to the sum of junction voltage
142:
proportional to a local temperature difference or temperature gradient. The amount of voltage and power are very small and they are measured in milli-watts and milli-volts using controlled devices that are specifically designed for such purpose.
172:
338:
There are also the so-called thermopile sensors, which are power meters based on the principle that the optical or laser power is converted to heat and the resulting increase in temperature is measured by a thermopile.
167:
and gas burner safety controls. The output of a thermopile is usually in the range of tens or hundreds of millivolts. As well as increasing the signal level, the device may be used to provide spatial temperature
83:
across the thin-film substrate and number of thermocouple junction pairs. This voltage output from the sensor's thermopile is initially calibrated in order to relate it to heat flux.
314:
34:
Diagram of a differential temperature thermopile with two sets of thermocouple pairs connected in series. The two top thermocouple junctions are at temperature
70:, across the thermal resistance layer and number of thermocouple junction pairs. The thermopile voltage output is also directly proportional to the heat flux,
327:
Thermopiles are also used to generate electrical energy from, for instance, heat from electrical components, solar wind, radioactive materials,
281:
307:
286:
131:
Thermopiles can be constructed with a single thermocouple pair, composed of two thermocouple junctions, or multiple thermocouple pairs.
605:
436:
395:
128:
flux through the thermal resistance layer. Adding more thermocouple pairs in series increases the magnitude of the voltage output.
452:
Mukherjee, Rahul; Basu, Joydeep; Mandal, Pradip; Guha, Prasanta Kumar (2017). "A review of micromachined thermal accelerometers".
547:
595:
411:
639:
300:
151:
Thermopiles are used to provide an output in response to temperature as part of a temperature measuring device, such as the
124:
one metal to another, a current is produced as if generated by a difference of potential between the hot and cold junction.
24:
644:
115:, i.e., generating a voltage when its dissimilar metals (thermocouples) are exposed to a temperature difference.
354:
328:
276:
256:
335:(electric current transferring heat energy) as the process transfers heat from the hot to the cold junctions.
271:
357:, high-performance materials that can be used to construct a compact thermopile that delivers high power
204:
189:
159:
to measure the temperature profile inside the sealed cavity of the sensor. They are also used widely in
112:
30:
526:
471:
233:
152:
225:
108:
78:
487:
461:
601:
432:
391:
104:
96:
573:
479:
383:
160:
475:
624:
387:
348:
332:
92:
633:
551:
491:
238:
164:
156:
261:
100:
135:
20:
483:
351:, the physical effect responsible for the generation of voltage in a thermopile
505:
597:
Thermoelectric Energy
Conversion: Basic Concepts and Device Applications
171:
155:
widely used by medical professionals to measure body temperature, or in
139:
466:
170:
41:
while the two bottom thermocouple junctions are at temperature
506:"Glossary of Meteorological Terms (T) - NovaLynx Corporation"
52:, is directly proportional to the temperature differential,
594:
Pineda, Diana Davila; Rezaniakolaei, Alireza (2017-08-22).
16:
Device that converts thermal energy into electrical energy
625:
TPA81 Thermopile detector Array
Technical Specification
331:
or combustion. The process is also an example of the
454:Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering
111:. Such a device works on the principle of the
413:Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia: A New Edition
308:
8:
427:Montgomery, Ross; McDowall, Robert (2008).
416:. D. Appleton, A. J. Johnson. p. 116.
315:
301:
188:
179:
48:. The output voltage from the thermopile,
465:
378:"Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy",
77:
29:
382:, Elsevier, 2016, pp. xiii–xviii,
367:
182:
134:Thermopiles do not respond to absolute
74:, through the thermal resistance layer.
600:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
91:is an electronic device that converts
380:Advances in Solar Heating and Cooling
282:Radioisotope thermoelectric generator
7:
429:Fundamentals of HVAC Control Systems
373:
371:
287:Automotive thermoelectric generator
431:. Atlanta: Elsevier. p. 161.
388:10.1016/b978-0-08-100301-5.09002-0
14:
410:Adams, Charles Kendall (1895).
1:
99:. It is composed of several
661:
18:
574:"Capgo - Sensor Glossary"
138:, but generate an output
484:10.1088/1361-6439/aa964d
355:Thermoelectric materials
277:Thermoelectric generator
257:Thermoelectric materials
19:Not to be confused with
272:Thermoelectric cooling
177:
157:thermal accelerometers
107:or, less commonly, in
84:
75:
640:Electrical components
205:Thermoelectric effect
183:Thermoelectric effect
174:
153:infrared thermometers
113:thermoelectric effect
103:connected usually in
81:
33:
234:Ettingshausen effect
476:2017JMiMi..27l3002M
226:Seebeck coefficient
178:
85:
76:
645:Thermoelectricity
325:
324:
161:heat flux sensors
97:electrical energy
652:
612:
611:
591:
585:
584:
582:
580:
570:
564:
563:
561:
559:
550:. Archived from
544:
538:
537:
535:
533:
523:
517:
516:
514:
512:
502:
496:
495:
469:
449:
443:
442:
424:
418:
417:
407:
401:
400:
375:
317:
310:
303:
228:
221:
216:
211:
192:
180:
660:
659:
655:
654:
653:
651:
650:
649:
630:
629:
621:
616:
615:
608:
593:
592:
588:
578:
576:
572:
571:
567:
557:
555:
554:on 3 March 2016
546:
545:
541:
531:
529:
525:
524:
520:
510:
508:
504:
503:
499:
451:
450:
446:
439:
426:
425:
421:
409:
408:
404:
398:
377:
376:
369:
364:
345:
329:laser radiation
321:
292:
291:
252:
244:
243:
224:
219:
214:
209:
200:
149:
121:
68:
61:
46:
39:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
658:
656:
648:
647:
642:
632:
631:
628:
627:
620:
619:External links
617:
614:
613:
606:
586:
565:
539:
518:
497:
460:(12): 123002.
444:
437:
419:
402:
396:
366:
365:
363:
360:
359:
358:
352:
349:Seebeck effect
344:
341:
333:Peltier effect
323:
322:
320:
319:
312:
305:
297:
294:
293:
290:
289:
284:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
236:
231:
230:
229:
222:
220:Thomson effect
217:
215:Peltier effect
212:
210:Seebeck effect
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
185:
184:
176:differentials.
165:pyrheliometers
148:
145:
120:
117:
93:thermal energy
66:
59:
44:
37:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
657:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
635:
626:
623:
622:
618:
609:
607:9783527698134
603:
599:
598:
590:
587:
575:
569:
566:
553:
549:
543:
540:
528:
522:
519:
507:
501:
498:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
468:
463:
459:
455:
448:
445:
440:
438:9780080552330
434:
430:
423:
420:
415:
414:
406:
403:
399:
397:9780081003015
393:
389:
385:
381:
374:
372:
368:
361:
356:
353:
350:
347:
346:
342:
340:
336:
334:
330:
318:
313:
311:
306:
304:
299:
298:
296:
295:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
248:
247:
240:
239:Nernst effect
237:
235:
232:
227:
223:
218:
213:
208:
207:
206:
203:
202:
196:
195:
191:
187:
186:
181:
173:
169:
166:
162:
158:
154:
146:
144:
141:
137:
132:
129:
125:
118:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
101:thermocouples
98:
94:
90:
80:
73:
69:
62:
55:
51:
47:
40:
32:
26:
22:
596:
589:
577:. Retrieved
568:
556:. Retrieved
552:the original
542:
530:. Retrieved
521:
509:. Retrieved
500:
457:
453:
447:
428:
422:
412:
405:
379:
337:
326:
266:
262:Thermocouple
251:Applications
150:
147:Applications
133:
130:
126:
122:
88:
86:
71:
64:
57:
53:
49:
42:
35:
579:17 November
558:17 November
532:17 November
511:17 November
136:temperature
25:Thermopylae
21:Thermophile
634:Categories
548:"Glossary"
527:"Glossary"
467:1801.07297
362:References
267:Thermopile
199:Principles
168:averaging.
89:thermopile
492:116232359
119:Operation
343:See also
109:parallel
472:Bibcode
140:voltage
604:
490:
435:
394:
105:series
488:S2CID
462:arXiv
95:into
602:ISBN
581:2016
560:2016
534:2016
513:2016
433:ISBN
392:ISBN
163:and
480:doi
384:doi
56:or
23:or
636::
486:.
478:.
470:.
458:27
456:.
390:,
370:^
87:A
72:q"
63:-
54:ΔT
50:ΔV
610:.
583:.
562:.
536:.
515:.
494:.
482::
474::
464::
441:.
386::
316:e
309:t
302:v
67:2
65:T
60:1
58:T
45:2
43:T
38:1
36:T
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
