181:, and subsequently claimed both the rights to the commercial product and the trademark to the name. In his subsequent attempt to claim the rights to the invention, Dewar instead lost a court case to the company. The manufacturing and performance of the Thermos bottle was significantly improved and refined by the Viennese inventor and merchant Gustav Robert Paalen, who designed various types for domestic use, which he also patented, and distributed widely, through the Thermos Bottle Companies in the United States, Canada and the UK, which bought licences for respective national markets. The American Thermos Bottle Company built up a mass production in
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155:, Dewar made a brass chamber that he enclosed in another chamber to keep the palladium at its desired temperature. He evacuated the air between the two chambers, creating a partial vacuum to keep the temperature of the contents stable. Dewar refused to patent his invention; this allowed others to develop the flask using new materials such as
384:, along with their printed circuit board, in precision voltage-regulating devices used as electrical standards. The flask helped with controlling the Zener temperature over a long time span and was used to reduce variations of the output voltage of the Zener standard owing to temperature fluctuation to within a few parts per million.
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tempering prior to use is advised to maintain and optimize the functioning of the unit. Glass vacuum flasks are usually fitted into a metal base with the cylinder contained in or coated with mesh, aluminum or plastic to aid in handling, protect it from physical damage, and contain fragments should they break.
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hazard, and glass vessels under vacuum, in particular, may shatter unexpectedly. Chips, scratches or cracks can be a starting point for dangerous vessel failure, especially when the vessel temperature changes rapidly (when hot or cold liquid is added). Proper preparation of the Dewar vacuum flask by
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flask surfaces facing the gap but can become problematic if the flask's contents or surroundings are very hot; hence vacuum flasks usually hold contents below the boiling point of water. Most heat transfer occurs through the neck and opening of the flask, where there is no vacuum. Vacuum flasks are
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One notable use was by
Guildline Instruments, of Canada, in their Transvolt, model 9154B, saturated standard cell, which is an electrical voltage standard. Here a silvered vacuum flask was encased in foam insulation and, using a large glass vacuum plug, held the saturated cell. The output of the
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and Albert
Aschenbrenner, discovered that it could be used to keep cold drinks cold and warm drinks warm and invented a more robust flask design, which was suited for everyday use. The Dewar flask design had never been patented but the German men who discovered the commercial use for the product
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In laboratories and industry, vacuum flasks are often used to hold liquefied gases (commonly liquid nitrogen with a boiling point of 77 K) for flash freezing, sample preparation and other processes where creating or maintaining an extreme low temperature is desired. Larger vacuum flasks store
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experiments based on the idea that the shape of the two compartments with the space in between is similar to the way the light hits the eye. The vacuum flask has also been part of experiments using it as the capacitor of different chemicals in order to keep them at a consistent temperature.
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has to be taken into account when engineering a vacuum flask. The outer and inner walls are exposed to different temperatures and will expand at different rates. The vacuum flask can rupture due to the differential in thermal expansion between the outer and inner walls.
185:, which brought prices down and enabled the wide distribution of the product for at-home use. Over time, the company expanded the size, shapes and materials of these consumer products, primarily used for carrying
83:
storage vessel that slows the speed at which its contents change in temperature. It greatly lengthens the time over which its contents remain hotter or cooler than the flask's surroundings by trying to be as
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between the interior and exterior shell. These spacers act as a thermal bridge and partially reduce the insulating properties of the flask around the area where the spacer contacts the interior surface.
361:; in this case the leakage of heat into the extremely cold interior of the bottle results in a slow boiling-off of the liquid so that a narrow unstoppered opening, or a stoppered opening protected by a
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Murhekar MV, Dutta S, Kapoor AN, Bitragunta S, Dodum R, Ghosh P, Swamy KK, Mukhopadhyay K, Ningombam S, Parmar K, Ravishankar D, Singh B, Singh V, Sisodiya R, Subramanian R, Takum T (2013).
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from building up and eventually shattering the flask. The insulation of the vacuum flask results in a very slow "boil" and thus the contents remain liquid for long periods without
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The vacuum flask consists of two vessels, one placed within the other and joined at the neck. The gap between the two vessels is partially evacuated of air, creating a partial-
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tools. Conventional logging tools (rated to 350 °F) are upgraded to high-temperature specifications by installing all sensitive electronic components in a Dewar flask.
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on the go and carrying liquids on camping trips to keep them either hot or cold. Eventually other manufacturers produced similar products for consumer use.
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The industrial Dewar flask is the base for a device used to passively insulate medical shipments. Most vaccines are sensitive to heat and require a
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Extremely large or long vacuum flasks sometimes cannot fully support the inner flask from the neck alone, so additional support is provided by
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system to keep them at stable, near freezing temperatures. The Arktek device uses eight one-litre ice blocks to hold vaccines at under 10
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1203:
703:"THERMOS" LIVE For:BOTTLES, JARS, DECANTERS, CARAFES, COFFEEPOTS, TEAPOTS, JUGS, LUNCH KITS, LUNCH BOXES, CARRYING CASES FOR BOTTLES
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and the outer flask contains liquid nitrogen, with one vacuum section in between. The loss of precious helium is limited in this way.
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973:"Frequent exposure to suboptimal temperatures in vaccine cold-chain system in India: results of temperature monitoring in 10 states"
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96:, placed one within the other and joined at the neck. The gap between the two flasks is partially evacuated of air, creating a near-
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Vacuum flasks are used domestically to keep contents inside hot or cold for extended periods of time. They are also used for
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machines, rely on the use of double vacuum flasks. These flasks have two vacuum sections. The inner flask contains liquid
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1095:"Thermal Management of Downhole Oil and Gas Logging Sensors for HTHP Applications Using Nanoporous Materials"
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108:. When used to hold cold liquids, this also virtually eliminates condensation on the outside of the flask.
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and is sometimes called a Dewar flask in his honour. While performing experiments in determining the
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This article is about the vacuum-insulated flask. For the flask used in filtration under vacuum, see
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Haynes, John; Scott, Jesse (1948). "A Method for
Silvering a Dewar Flask for Optical Experiments".
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used it extensively in the propellant tanks of the Saturn launch vehicles in the 1960s and 1970s.
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The principle of the vacuum flask makes it ideal for storing certain types of rocket fuel, and
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Baird, Tom, et al. "High-pressure, high-temperature well logging, perforating and testing."
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In the oil and gas industry, Dewar flasks are used to insulate the electronic components in
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are commonly used in tubular vacuum flasks to avoid rupture and maintain vacuum integrity.
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in some countries, including the United States, but the lowercase "thermos" was declared a
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In addition, cryogenic storage dewars are usually pressurized, and they may explode if
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Gustav Robert Paalen, Double Walled Vessel. Patent 27 June 1908, published 13 July 1909
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Cortright, Edgar. "Apollo
Expeditions to the Moon." Official NASA publications. 1975.
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The term "thermos" became a household name for vacuum flasks in general. As of 2023,
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Dewar's design was quickly transformed into a commercial item in 1904 as two German
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Soulen, Robert (March 1996). "James Dewar, His Flask and Other
Achievements".
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643:"Thermos" LIVE For:DOUBLE-WALLED GLASS VESSELS WITH VACUUM BETWEEN THE WALLS
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device was 1.018 volts and was held to within a few parts per million.
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liquids that become gaseous at well below ambient temperature, such as
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vacuum flask, used for maintaining the temperature of fluids such as
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790: (United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit 1970-12-30).
772: (United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit 1963-07-11).
1142:"Double walled vessel with a space for a vacuum between the walls,"
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Samant Y, Lanjewar H, Parker D, Block L, Tomar GS, Stein B (2007).
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The vacuum flask was designed and invented by
Scottish scientist
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The design and shape of the Dewar flask was used as a model for
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879:"A Spectrophotometric Dewar Flask with Integral Light Shield"
801:"History of Cryogenics: A Cryo Central resource from the CSA"
115:. Vacuum flasks are also used for many purposes in industry.
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A thermos designed for food, with a low, with a wide opening
783:
King-Seeley
Thermos Co. v. Aladdin Industries, Incorporated
765:
King-Seeley
Thermos Co. v. Aladdin Industries, Incorporated
307:, both of which help to reduce evaporation from the flask.
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or polyethylene plastic. Vacuum flasks are often used as
936:"This Revolutionary Cooler Could Save Millions of Lives"
478: – Main cooling system for the infrared observatory
954:"Gates-backed device extends cold chain to rural areas"
585:"James Dewar, the man who invented the thermos flask"
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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in 1892 as a result of his research in the field of
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1072:(Press release). ARKTEK. 2015-04-26. Archived from
604:"Dewar, James — BRITISH CHEMIST AND PHYSICIST"
299:Other improvements to the vacuum flask include the
803:. Cryogenicsociety.org. 2008-04-18. Archived from
673:"THERMOS" LIVE For:Temperature-Retaining Vessels
1070:"Arktek Awarded Prequalified PQS Status by WHO"
30:"Thermos" redirects here. For the company, see
208:by court action in the United States in 1963.
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100:which significantly reduces heat transfer by
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284:Several technological applications, such as
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587:. BBC History. 2 April 2013. Archived from
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662:United States Patent and Trademark Office
632:United States Patent and Trademark Office
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2045:Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) device
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484: – American drinkware manufacturer
2093:Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
499: – American manufacturing company
376:Vacuum flasks have been used to house
27:Double-walled insulated storage vessel
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715:Folsom, Ralph; Teply, Larry (1980).
476:James Webb Space Telescope sunshield
2088:Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
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2133:Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA)
1943:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
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686:"US Registration Number: 229816"
656:"US Registration Number: 176064"
626:"US Registration Number: 67002"
561:. Thermos. 2011. Archived from
437:Vacuum flasks are at risk of
301:vapour-cooled radiation shield
220:1930s "Thermofix" vacuum flask
1:
1148:Sella, Andrea (August 2008).
934:Stinson, Liz (18 June 2013).
271:insulated shipping containers
856:10.1126/science.107.2777.301
717:"Trademarked generic words"
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127:Diagram of a vacuum flask
88:as possible. Invented by
877:Elliot, Willard (1970).
325:Laboratory Dewar flask,
52:The typical design of a
36:Thermos (disambiguation)
2568:19th-century inventions
2123:Melting-point apparatus
1504:Cryogenic storage dewar
788:320 F.Supp 1156
339:cryogenic storage dewar
317:Cryogenic storage dewar
261:and have their opening
2060:Mass spectrometer (MS)
2050:Gas chromatograph (GC)
602:Frank A. J. L. James.
490: – cooking method
447:pressure relief valves
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34:. For other uses, see
2435:Acid-resistant gloves
2116:differential scanning
1026:Public Health Reports
989:10.2471/BLT.13.119974
883:Public Health Reports
770:321 F.2nd 577
472: – Airtight seal
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311:Research and industry
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2012:Analytical chemistry
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1220:Laboratory equipment
1185:at Wikimedia Commons
1121:5.2/3 (1993): 15-32.
721:The Yale Law Journal
240:may be minimized by
202:registered trademark
2563:Scottish inventions
2384:Personal protective
1293:Meker–Fisher burner
1137:U.S. patent 872,795
848:1948Sci...107..301H
534:1996PhT....49c..32S
345:, used to supply a
236:. Heat transfer by
228:which reduces heat
2553:1892 introductions
2227:Function generator
2210:Bench power supply
2149:Analytical balance
1910:Ostwald viscometer
1905:Graduated cylinder
1644:Inoculation needle
742:20.500.13051/15969
690:Trademark Search,
660:Trademark Search,
630:Trademark Search,
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1144:December 3, 1907.
453:Thermal expansion
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1311:Vacuum dry box
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1273:Heating mantle
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1172:
1171:External links
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983:(12): 906–13.
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958:FierceVaccines
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889:(3): 276–279.
869:
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756:
733:10.2307/795968
707:
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647:
617:
606:. Advameg, Inc
594:
591:on 4 May 2014.
576:
565:on 28 May 2013
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482:Tervis Tumbler
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1565:Balance brush
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1541:Weighing dish
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1538:Weighing boat
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1429:Burette clamp
1427:
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1263:Bunsen burner
1261:
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1255:
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1183:Vacuum flasks
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1132:
1128:
1120:
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1096:
1090:
1087:
1076:on 2016-03-11
1075:
1071:
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1057:
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1039:
1035:
1032:(1): 112–21.
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865:
861:
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849:
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842:(2777): 301.
841:
837:
830:
827:
821:
818:
807:on 2018-03-27
806:
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621:
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590:
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577:
564:
560:
559:"Our History"
554:
552:
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535:
531:
527:
523:
522:Physics Today
516:
514:
510:
503:
498:
497:Yeti Holdings
495:
489:
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483:
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477:
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471:
470:Hermetic seal
468:
467:
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415:
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396:
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389:
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383:
380:and ovenized
379:
374:
372:
371:refrigeration
368:
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154:
150:
149:specific heat
146:
142:
133:
125:
118:
116:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
59:
55:
54:Thermos brand
50:
44:
43:BĂĽchner flask
37:
33:
19:
2490:Fire blanket
2428:Eye and hand
2414:Rubber apron
2278:Oscilloscope
2242:Potentiostat
2169:Plate reader
2065:pH indicator
2035:CHN analyzer
2030:AutoAnalyzer
1823:Round-bottom
1792:
1716:Boston round
1579:Filter paper
1534:Refrigerator
1451:Retort stand
1419:Clamp holder
1415:Beaker clamp
1381:Vortex mixer
1376:Stirring rod
1371:Static mixer
1301:Teclu burner
1160:. Retrieved
1153:
1141:
1134:Burger, R.,
1118:
1113:
1102:. Retrieved
1099:ResearchGate
1098:
1089:
1078:. Retrieved
1074:the original
1064:
1029:
1025:
1015:
980:
976:
966:
957:
948:
939:
929:
886:
882:
872:
839:
835:
829:
820:
809:. Retrieved
805:the original
795:
782:
777:
764:
759:
724:
720:
710:
702:
696:. Retrieved
689:
680:
672:
666:. Retrieved
659:
650:
642:
636:. Retrieved
629:
620:
608:. Retrieved
597:
589:the original
579:
567:. Retrieved
563:the original
528:(3): 32–37.
525:
521:
451:
444:
436:
416:
405:
397:
390:
386:
382:Zener diodes
375:
351:
304:
300:
298:
283:
277:
275:
223:
197:
193:
191:
177:
168:glassblowers
165:
138:
110:
76:
73:Dewar bottle
72:
68:
65:vacuum flask
64:
62:
2478:Other items
2404:Face shield
2251:Measurement
2232:Galvanostat
2192:Electronics
2142:Other items
2128:Thermometer
2111:Calorimeter
2040:Colorimeter
1984:Gas syringe
1967:Other items
1895:Eye dropper
1770:Watch glass
1755:Evaporating
1734:Cold finger
1549:Other items
1455:Screw clamp
1447:Pinch clamp
1436:Flask clamp
1386:Wash bottle
1341:Homogenizer
727:(7): 1324.
610:30 December
373:equipment.
183:Norwich, CT
141:James Dewar
90:James Dewar
69:Dewar flask
32:Thermos LLC
2573:Containers
2558:Cryogenics
2542:Categories
2409:Respirator
2350:Test probe
2268:Multimeter
2080:Microscopy
1900:Eudiometer
1864:Separatory
1833:Volumetric
1798:Erlenmeyer
1726:Condensers
1690:Dean–Stark
1639:Wire brush
1599:Microscope
1594:Centrifuge
1569:Cork borer
1524:Petri dish
1499:Agar plate
1486:Containers
1469:Wire gauze
1306:Water bath
1268:Desiccator
1162:2008-08-30
1104:2021-02-11
1080:2016-02-25
811:2012-11-29
698:2023-04-24
668:2023-04-24
638:2023-04-24
504:References
408:cold chain
315:See also:
234:convection
230:conduction
200:remains a
145:cryogenics
106:convection
102:conduction
81:insulating
2500:Fume hood
2445:Glove box
2298:Voltmeter
1683:Apparatus
1672:Glassware
1561:Autoclave
1556:Aspirator
1509:Incubator
1443:Iron ring
1366:Sonicator
1336:Chemostat
1278:Hot plate
439:implosion
263:stoppered
242:silvering
175:named it
161:aluminium
153:palladium
86:adiabatic
2399:Lab coat
2324:Tweezers
2314:Heat gun
2070:pH meter
1979:Bell jar
1859:Dropping
1813:Florence
1803:Fernbach
1765:Syracuse
1624:Scoopula
1574:Crucible
1283:Lab oven
1056:17236617
1007:24347729
864:17791184
569:31 March
464:See also
367:pressure
359:nitrogen
329:, Munich
303:and the
79:) is an
2578:Bottles
2338:General
2258:Ammeter
1958:Thistle
1915:Pipette
1890:Cuvette
1880:Burette
1849:BĂĽchner
1842:Funnels
1828:Schlenk
1808:Fleaker
1788:BĂĽchner
1709:Bottles
1629:Spatula
1619:Stopper
1589:Forceps
1489:Storage
1406:Holders
1326:Shakers
1297:Striker
1245:Heaters
1232:General
1047:1802111
998:3845272
921:4984895
912:2031665
903:4593845
844:Bibcode
836:Science
530:Bibcode
400:optical
278:spacers
259:plastic
198:THERMOS
194:Thermos
178:Thermos
119:History
77:thermos
18:Thermos
2372:Safety
1974:Beaker
1953:Thiele
1938:Cragie
1933:Drying
1854:Hirsch
1818:Retort
1780:Flasks
1748:Dishes
1739:Liebig
1700:Kipp's
1614:Splint
1424:Tripod
1402:Clamps
1398:Stands
1361:Shaker
1323:Mixers
1248:Dryers
1054:
1044:
1005:
995:
919:
909:
901:
862:
786:,
768:,
751:795968
749:
425:Safety
355:oxygen
294:helium
226:vacuum
212:Design
187:coffee
98:vacuum
94:flasks
58:coffee
2307:Tools
1925:Tubes
1760:Petri
940:WIRED
899:JSTOR
747:JSTOR
265:with
247:metal
157:glass
1989:Vial
1948:Test
1584:File
1288:Kiln
1158:: 75
1052:PMID
1003:PMID
917:PMID
860:PMID
612:2010
571:2013
393:NASA
357:and
288:and
267:cork
255:foam
196:and
159:and
1042:PMC
1034:doi
1030:122
993:PMC
985:doi
907:PMC
891:doi
852:doi
840:107
737:hdl
729:doi
538:doi
341:of
290:MRI
286:NMR
257:or
232:or
104:or
75:or
2544::
1152:.
1140:,
1097:.
1050:.
1040:.
1028:.
1024:.
1001:.
991:.
981:91
979:.
975:.
956:.
938:.
915:.
905:.
897:.
887:85
885:.
881:.
858:.
850:.
838:.
745:.
735:.
725:89
723:.
719:.
701:.
688:.
671:.
658:.
641:.
628:.
550:^
536:.
526:49
524:.
512:^
414:.
412:°C
337:A
273:.
253:,
249:,
170:,
71:,
63:A
1212:e
1205:t
1198:v
1165:.
1107:.
1083:.
1058:.
1036::
1009:.
987::
960:.
942:.
923:.
893::
866:.
854::
846::
814:.
753:.
739::
731::
614:.
573:.
544:.
540::
532::
45:.
38:.
20:)
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