1547:(also known as a "4-way" or "change-over" valve). During cooling, the indoor coil is an evaporator removing heat from the indoor air and transferring it to the outdoor coil where it is rejected to the outdoor air. During heating, the outdoor coil becomes the evaporator and heat is removed from the outdoor air and transferred to the indoor air through the indoor coil. The reversing valve, controlled by the thermostat, causes the change-over from heat to cool. Residential heat pump thermostats generally have an "O" terminal to energize the reversing valve in cooling. Some residential and many commercial heat pump thermostats use a "B" terminal to energize the reversing valve in heating. The heating capacity of a heat pump decreases as outdoor temperatures fall. At some outdoor temperature (called the balance point) the ability of the refrigeration system to transfer heat into the building falls below the heating needs of the building. A typical heat pump is fitted with electric heating elements to supplement the refrigeration heat when the outdoor temperature is below this balance point. Operation of the supplemental heat is controlled by a second stage heating contact in the heat pump thermostat. During heating, the outdoor coil is operating at a temperature below the outdoor temperature and condensation on the coil may take place. This condensation may then freeze onto the coil, reducing its heat transfer capacity. Heat pumps therefore have a provision for occasional defrost of the outdoor coil. This is done by reversing the cycle to the cooling mode, shutting off the outdoor fan, and energizing the electric heating elements. The electric heat in defrost mode is needed to keep the system from blowing cold air inside the building. The elements are then used in the "reheat" function. Although the thermostat may indicate the system is in defrost and electric heat is activated, the defrost function is not controlled by the thermostat. Since the heat pump has electric heat elements for supplemental and reheats, the heat pump thermostat provides for use of the electric heat elements should the refrigeration system fail. This function is normally activated by an "E" terminal on the thermostat. When in emergency heat, the thermostat makes no attempt to operate the compressor or outdoor fan.
836:, contactors, and sequencers using inherently safe voltage and current levels. Built into the thermostat is a provision for enhanced temperature control using anticipation. A heat anticipator generates a small amount of additional heat to the sensing element while the heating appliance is operating. This opens the heating contacts slightly early to prevent the space temperature from greatly overshooting the thermostat setting. A mechanical heat anticipator is generally adjustable and should be set to the current flowing in the heating control circuit when the system is operating. A cooling anticipator generates a small amount of additional heat to the sensing element while the cooling appliance is not operating. This causes the contacts to energize the cooling equipment slightly early, preventing the space temperature from climbing excessively. Cooling anticipators are generally non-adjustable.
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anticipation depending on the outdoor temperature. Thermostat enhancements include outdoor temperature display, programmability, and system fault indication. While such 24 volt thermostats are incapable of operating a furnace when the mains power fails, most such furnaces require mains power for heated air fans (and often also hot-surface or electronic spark ignition) rendering moot the functionality of the thermostat. In other circumstances such as piloted wall and "gravity" (fanless) floor and central heaters the low voltage system described previously may be capable of remaining functional when electrical power is unavailable.
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most appropriate for a single zone system, where living rooms and bedrooms are operated as a single zone. If the hallway may be closed by doors from the regulated spaces then these should be left open when the system is in use. If the thermostat is too close to the source controlled then the system will tend to "short a cycle", and numerous starts and stops can be annoying and in some cases shorten equipment life. A multiple zoned system can save considerable energy by regulating individual spaces, allowing unused rooms to vary in temperature by turning off the heating and cooling.
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the temperature will be 21 Ā°C (69.8 Ā°F), where a conventional thermostat would just start working at that time. The algorithms decide at what time the system should be activated in order to reach the desired temperature at the desired time. Other thermostat used for process/industrial control where on/off control is not suitable the PID control can also makes sure that the temperature is very stable (for instance, by reducing overshoots by fine tuning PID constants for set value (SV) or maintaining temperature in a band by deploying hysteresis control.)
813:
fireplaces. Their poor efficiency is acceptable in water heaters, since most of the energy "wasted" on the pilot still represents a direct heat gain for the water tank. The
Millivolt system also makes it unnecessary for a special electrical circuit to be run to the water heater or furnace; these systems are often completely self-sufficient and can run without any external electrical power supply. For tankless "on demand" water heaters, pilot ignition is preferable because it is faster than hot-surface ignition and more reliable than spark ignition.
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at the original setpoint, substantial energy consumption can be saved. On the other hand, compared with turning off the system completely, it avoids room temperature drifting too much from the comfort zone, thus reducing the time of possible discomfort when the space is again occupied. New thermostats are mostly programmable and include an internal clock that allows this setback feature to be easily incorporated.
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HVAC systems take a long time, usually one to several hours, to cool down or warm up the space from near outdoor conditions in summer or winter. Thus, it is a common practice to set setback temperatures when the space is not occupied (night and/or holidays). On the one hand, compared with maintaining
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Another consideration is the time delay of the controlled system. To improve the control performance of the system, thermostats can include an "anticipator", which stops heating/cooling slightly earlier than reaching the setpoint, as the system will continue to produce heat for a short while. Turning
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to achieve smoother operation. There are also modern thermostats featuring adaptive algorithms to further improve the inertia prone system behaviour. For instance, setting those up so that the temperature in the morning at 7 a.m. should be 21 Ā°C (69.8 Ā°F), makes sure that at that time
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thermostat is a thermostat that controls a heating or cooling system via a series of air-filled control tubes. This "control air" system responds to the pressure changes (due to temperature) in the control tube to activate heating or cooling when required. The control air typically is maintained on
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This type of device is generally considered obsolete as pilot lights can waste a surprising amount of gas (in the same way a dripping faucet can waste a large amount of water over an extended period), and are also no longer used on stoves, but are still to be found in many gas water heaters and gas
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A thermostat exerts control by switching heating or cooling devices on or off, or by regulating the flow of a heat transfer fluid as needed, to maintain the correct temperature. A thermostat can often be the main control unit for a heating or cooling system, in applications ranging from ambient air
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The thermostat should not be located on an outside wall or where it could be exposed to direct sunlight at any time during the day. It should be located away from the room's cooling or heating vents or device, yet exposed to general airflow from the room(s) to be regulated. An open hallway may be
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A thermostat, when set to "cool", will only turn on when the ambient temperature of the surrounding room is above the set temperature. Thus, if the controlled space has a temperature normally above the desired setting when the heating/cooling system is off, it would be wise to keep the thermostat
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Water and steam based central heating systems have traditionally had overall control by wall-mounted bi-metallic strip thermostats. These sense the air temperature using the differential expansion of two metals to actuate an on/off switch. Typically the central system would be switched on when the
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Thermostats are sometimes used to regulate gas ovens. It consists of a gas-filled bulb connected to the control unit by a slender copper tube. The bulb is normally located at the top of the oven. The tube ends in a chamber sealed by a diaphragm. As the thermostat heats up, the gas expands applying
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Some automobile passenger heating systems have a thermostatically controlled valve to regulate the water flow and temperature to an adjustable level. In older vehicles the thermostat controls the application of engine vacuum to actuators that control water valves and flappers to direct the flow of
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in order to prevent excessively rapid cycling of the equipment around the setpoint. As a consequence, conventional thermostats cannot control temperatures very precisely. Instead, there are oscillations of a certain magnitude, usually 1-2 Ā°C. Such control is in general inaccurate, inefficient and
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The pneumatic thermostat was invented by Warren
Johnson in 1895 soon after he invented the electric thermostat. In 2009, Harry Sim was awarded a patent for a pneumatic-to-digital interface that allows pneumatically controlled buildings to be integrated with building automation systems to provide
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On many automobile engines, including all
Chrysler Group and General Motors products, the thermostat does not restrict flow to the heater core. The passenger side tank of the radiator is used as a bypass to the thermostat, flowing through the heater core. This prevents formation of steam pockets
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models), effectively controlling the heater like a lamp dimmer, and gradually increasing and decreasing heating to ensure an extremely constant room temperature (continuous control rather than relying on the averaging effects of hysteresis). Systems which include a fan (electric furnaces, wall
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Electromechanical thermostats use resistance elements as anticipators. Most electronic thermostats use either thermistor devices or integrated logic elements for the anticipation function. In some electronic thermostats, the thermistor anticipator may be located outdoors, providing a variable
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which consists of two thermal expansion curves; extension (motion) vs. temperature increase, and contraction (motion) vs. temperature decrease. The spread between the up and down curves visually illustrate the valve's hysteresis; there is always hysteresis within wax driven valves due to the
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when the operating temperature is exceeded. The operating temperature is determined by the composition of the wax. Once the operating temperature is reached, the thermostat progressively increases or decreases its opening in response to temperature changes, dynamically balancing the coolant
431:(1778ā1857), a Scottish chemist. The textile mills of the time needed a constant and steady temperature to operate optimally, so Ure designed the bimetallic thermostat, which would bend as one of the metals expanded in response to the increased temperature and cut off the energy supply.
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With zoned systems (some residential, many commercial systems — several thermostats controlling different "zones" in the building), the thermostat will cause small electric motors to open valves or dampers and start the furnace or boiler if it is not already running.
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between solids and liquids. Hysteresis can be controlled with specialized blended mixes of hydrocarbons; tight hysteresis is what most desire, however some applications require broader ranges. Wax pellet driven valves are used in anti scald, freeze protection, over-temp purge,
660:. A principal use of the bi-metallic thermostat today is in individual electric convection heaters, where control is on/off, based on the local air temperature and the setpoint desired by the user. These are also used on air-conditioners, where local control is required.
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which is a combination of many stacked thermocouples, heated by the pilot light. The thermopile produces sufficient electrical power to drive a low-power gas valve, which under control of one or more thermostat switches, in turn controls the input of fuel to the burner.
328:". Bimetallic sensors can include a physical "anticipator", which has a thin wire touched on the thermostat. When current passes the wire, a small amount of heat is generated and transferred to the bimetallic coil. Electronic thermostats have an electronic equivalent.
622:(although usually operable up to 20 psi). Pneumatic thermostats typically provide output/ branch/ post-restrictor (for single-pipe operation) pressures of 3-15 psi which is piped to the end device (valve/ damper actuator/ pneumatic-electric switch, etc.).
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device, as it seeks to reduce the error between the desired and measured temperatures. Sometimes a thermostat combines both the sensing and control action elements of a controlled system, such as in an automotive thermostat. The word thermostat is derived from the
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832:) control circuits. The source of the 24 volt AC power is a control transformer installed as part of the heating/cooling equipment. The advantage of the low voltage control system is the ability to operate multiple electromechanical switching devices such as
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Early technologies included mercury thermometers with electrodes inserted directly through the glass, so that when a certain (fixed) temperature was reached the contacts would be closed by the mercury. These were accurate to within a degree of temperature.
1510:): One wire, usually red, supplies 24 volts AC power to the thermostat, while the other three supply control signals from the thermostat, usually white for heat, yellow for cooling, and green to turn on the blower fan. The power is supplied by a
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on the end of the bimetal coil. The weight of the mercury on the end of the coil tends to keep it there, also preventing short heating cycles. However, this type of thermostat is banned in many countries due to its highly and permanently
714:, electric attic fans, electric furnaces, electric baseboard heaters, and household appliances such as refrigerators, coffee pots and hair dryers. The power through the thermostat is provided by the heating device and may range from
235:. In scientific literature, these devices are often broadly classified as thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs). Thermostatically controlled loads comprise roughly 50% of the overall electricity demand in the United States.
1233:, using a low voltage thermostat on a line voltage circuit will result at least in the failure of the thermostat and possibly a fire. Line voltage thermostats are sometimes used in other applications, such as the control of
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Generally rare today (though grains such as corn, wheat, and barley, or pellets made of wood, bark, or cardboard are increasing in popularity); similar to gas, except rather than opening a valve, the furnace will start a
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Domestic water and steam based central heating systems have traditionally been controlled by bi-metallic strip thermostats, and this is dealt with later in this article. Purely mechanical control has been localised
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With non-zoned (typical residential, one thermostat for the whole house) systems, when the thermostat's R (or Rh) and W terminals are connected, the furnace will go through its start-up procedure and produce heat.
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in common North
American construction, and is used to control the heating system either directly (electric baseboard heaters and some electric furnaces) or indirectly (all gas, oil and forced hot water systems).
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Some programmable thermostats are available to control line-voltage systems. Baseboard heaters will especially benefit from a programmable thermostat which is capable of continuous control (as are at least some
315:" as the controlled system either operates at full capacity once the setpoint is reached, or keeps completely off. Although it is the simplest program to implement, such control method requires to include some
1514:, and when the thermostat makes contact between the 24 volt power and one or two of the other wires, a relay back at the heating/cooling unit activates the corresponding heat/fan/cool function of the unit(s).
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set to "cool", despite what the temperature is outside. On the other hand, if the temperature of the controlled area falls below the desired degree, then it is advisable to turn the thermostat to "heat".
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Any leading number stands for number of contact sets, like "1NO", "1NC" for one contact set with two terminals. "1CO" will also have one contact set, even if it is a switch-over with three terminals.
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686:"CO" stands for "change over". This serves both as "NO" and "NC". May be used to start a fan when it is becoming hot, but also (on the opposite terminal), to start a heater when it is becoming cold.
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There are no standards for wiring color codes, but convention has settled on the following terminal codes and colors. In all cases, the manufacturer's instructions should be considered definitive.
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heater or a direct-wired electric furnace. If a line voltage thermostat is used, system power (in the United States, 120 or 240 volts) is directly switched by the thermostat. With switching
683:"NC" stands for "normally closed". This is the same as "OOR" ("open on rise"). May be used to start a heater when it is becoming cold, and to stop the heater when it has become warm enough.
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before the thermostat opens, and allows the heater to function before the thermostat opens. Another benefit is that there is still some flow through the radiator if the thermostat fails.
543:. This type of thermostat operates using a sealed chamber containing a wax pellet that melts and expands at a set temperature. The expansion of the chamber operates a rod which opens a
680:"NO" stands for "normally open". This is the same as "COR" ("close on rise"). May be used to start a fan when it is becoming hot, and to stop the fan when it has become cold enough.
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high-level mechanical wear, but for components like compressors, it still has a significant cost advantage compared with more advanced ones allowing continuously variable capacity.
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wound into a coil. The center of the coil is attached to a rotating post attached to lever (1). As the coil gets colder the moving end — carrying (4) — moves
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1581:. However, these thermostats are often used to detect the temperature in the zone, even though their controls are disabled. This function is often referred to as "lockout".
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uses a wax pellet to control the mixing of hot and cold water. A common application is to permit operation of an electric water heater at a temperature hot enough to kill
1821:
2359:
1389:, which will typically provide a 30% energy savings if left with their default programs; adjustments to these defaults may increase or reduce energy savings. The
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742:. This is moved to the right for a higher temperature. The round indicator pin in the center of the second slot shows through a numbered slot in the outer case.
1237:(fan powered from line voltage blowing through a coil of tubing which is either heated or cooled by a larger system) units in large systems using centralized
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bacteria (above 60 Ā°C, 140 Ā°F), while the output of the valve produces water that is cool enough to not immediately scald (49 Ā°C, 120 Ā°F).
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controller is preferred. However, they are nowadays mainly adopted for industrial purposes, for example, for semiconductor manufacturing factories or museums.
304:, converting a temperature change into mechanical displacement, to actuate control of the heating or cooling sources. Electronic thermostats, instead, use a
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control to automotive coolant control. Thermostats are used in any device or system that heats or cools to a setpoint temperature. Examples include building
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Purely mechanical thermostats are used to regulate dampers in some rooftop turbine vents, reducing building heat loss in cool or cold periods.
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676:. A thermostat is considered to be activated by thermal energy, thus ānormalā refers to the state in which temperature is below the setpoint.
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It has been reported that many thermostats in office buildings are non-functional dummy devices, installed to give tenants' employees an
441:, patented a bi-metal room thermostat in 1883, and two years later sought a patent for the first multi-zone thermostatic control system.
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is a refrigeration based appliance which reverses refrigerant flow between the indoor and outdoor coils. This is done by energizing a
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Not shown in the illustration is a separate bimetal thermometer on the outer case to show the actual temperature at the thermostat.
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765:. It is connected electrically by a second wire of the pair to the thermocouple and the heater's electrically operated gas valve.
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or other semiconductor sensor, processing temperature change as electronic signals, to control the heating or cooling equipment.
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unit. Units with relays will operate millivolt systems, but often make an audible "click" noise when switching on or off.
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710:-fired heater via an electric gas valve. Similar mechanisms may also be used to control oil furnaces, boilers, boiler
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Thermostats are used in any device or system that heats or cools to a setpoint temperature. Examples include building
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2008:
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Start draft inducer fan/blower (if the furnace is relatively recent) to create a column of air flowing up the chimney
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Similar to gas, except rather than opening a valve, the furnace will start an oil pump to inject oil into the burner
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temperature drops below the setpoint on the thermostat, and switched off when it rises above, with a few degrees of
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1951 article on the basics of the automatic furnace thermostatsāthis reference has good drawings and illustrations.
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One of the first industrial uses of the thermostat was in the regulation of the temperature in poultry incubators.
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Lux
Products WIN100 Heating & Cooling Programmable Outlet Thermostat shown with control door closed and open.
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HVAC systems with the ability to modulate their output can be combined with thermostats that have a built-in
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recirculation flow and coolant flow to the radiator to maintain the engine temperature in the optimum range.
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1705:"An introduction to the assessment of line-voltage thermostat performance for electric heating applications"
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must be installed to operate it, although some so-called "power stealing" digital thermostats (operated for
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As illustrated in the use of the thermostat above, all of the power for the control system is provided by a
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This article is about the temperature regulating device. For the French cooking oven temperature scale, see
1666:"Evaluation of energy-saving potential for optimal time response of HVAC control system in smart buildings"
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The illustration is the interior of a common two wire heat-only household thermostat, used to regulate a
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AudelHVAC Fundamentals: Volume 2: Heating System
Components, Gas and Oil Burners, and Automatic Controls
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Homod, Raad Z.; Gaeid, Khalaf S.; Dawood, Suroor M.; Hatami, Alireza; Sahari, Khairul S. (August 2020).
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The majority of modern heating/cooling/heat pump thermostats operate on low voltage (typically 24 volts
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article provides basic information on the operation, selection and installation of such a thermostat.
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Transactions of the
American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Part II: Applications and Industry
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come to the centrally-located thermostat from the main heating/cooling unit (usually located in a
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Electrical potentials at and below 24 volts are classed as "Safety Extra-Low
Voltage" under most
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Possibly the earliest recorded examples of thermostatic control were built by a Dutch innovator,
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off exactly at the setpoint will cause actual temperature to exceed the desired range, known as "
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Perhaps the most common example of purely mechanical thermostat technology in use today is the
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Flexible wire. The left side is connected via one wire of a pair to the heater control valve.
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to measure temperatures and actuate control operations. Mechanical thermostats commonly use
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Next
Generation Lux Products TX9600TS Universal 7-Day Programmable Touch Screen Thermostat.
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The blower fan or circulator pump will be started, and a large electromechanical relay or
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to prevent excessive switching. Bi-metallic sensing is now being superseded by electronic
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820:- those that offer simple "millivolt" or "two-wire" modes - will control these systems.
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available at the thermostat, caution must be taken when selecting a replacement device.
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1880:(First ed.). Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press (published May 1, 2012).
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Example datasheet of current art thermostat, exhibiting lockout functionality :
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is at proper operating temperature before starting main blower fan or circulator pump
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Line voltage thermostats are most commonly used for electric space heaters such as a
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This covers only devices which both sense and control using purely mechanical means.
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and performs actions so that the system's temperature is maintained near a desired
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1951:
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NorCENergy
Consultants, LLC, October 10, 1980 - Technology & Engineering, p. 22
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Most digital thermostats in common residential use in North America and Europe are
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screen showing the current temperature, and the current setting. Most also have a
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before the contacts will open. As an alternative, some thermostats instead use a
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3614:
3533:
3297:
3039:
2988:
2894:
2879:
2662:
2624:
2301:
1511:
1327:) use the common 24-volt AC circuits as a power source, but will not operate on
1304:
758:
Moving contact attached to the bimetal coil. Thence, to the heater's controller.
707:
442:
189:
161:
44:
3410:
1704:
698:
643:
4468:
4399:
4368:
4243:
4213:
4143:
4093:
4063:
4048:
4023:
3928:
3728:
3624:
3543:
3483:
3369:
3359:
3292:
3166:
3136:
3103:
3078:
3073:
3050:
2922:
2902:
2780:
2642:
2619:
2505:
2407:
2402:
2397:
1480:
1339:, and time-of-day and even day-of-week settings for the temperature, used for
1328:
1308:
805:
772:
711:
653:
579:
566:
428:
417:
373:
316:
305:
2205:
2182:"Thermostat strategies impact on energy consumption in residential buildings"
1728:
1720:
4505:
4183:
4178:
4128:
4103:
3958:
3754:
3398:
3332:
3176:
3171:
3161:
3088:
2968:
2802:
2797:
2722:
2647:
1606:
1540:
1250:
1222:
788:
nature if broken. When replacing these thermostats they must be regarded as
614:
578:
A wax pellet driven valve can be analyzed through graphing the wax pellet's
497:
482:
438:
153:
141:
775:
to prevent short heating cycles, as the temperature must be raised several
519:
17:
2016:
4488:
4422:
3923:
3723:
3523:
3498:
3473:
3354:
3302:
3282:
3260:
3146:
3141:
3029:
3018:
2947:
2717:
1503:
771:. This ensures a good contact when the contact closes. It also provides
478:
421:
31:
2337:
2157:"Room Sensor and Thermostat: Mounting and Maintenance Application Guide"
2079:
531:
cooling system thermostat, used to maintain the engine near its optimum
3998:
3670:
3214:
3151:
2973:
2958:
2812:
2769:
2417:
1916:
1340:
1242:
726:
605:
pressure to the diaphragm which reduces the flow of gas to the burner.
536:
496:
air. In modern vehicles, the vacuum actuators may be operated by small
361:
265:
204:
2131:"Summary of Research Findings From the Programmable Thermostat Market"
445:(1849ā1905) invented the electric thermostat and patented it in 1886.
4675:
4427:
4233:
3983:
3287:
2978:
2942:
2907:
2467:
2439:
2412:
2387:
1640:"Easy Home Heating: Get Started with the Danfoss Wireless Thermostat"
1499:
1487:
1238:
1230:
768:
673:
657:
297:
1771:
1245:, or to control circulation pumps in hydronic heating applications.
2297:
How the Sun Affects a Thermostat (Energy2D: Online Java Simulation)
4690:
4123:
3364:
3275:
3034:
2807:
2600:
2462:
2457:
1525:
1507:
1494:
on constantly or only when heating and cooling are running. Four
1442:
1367:
1336:
1286:
1275:
1267:
833:
785:
739:
697:
669:
642:
544:
518:
474:
175:
167:
148:
140:
1822:"Thermostat Maker Deploys Climate Control Against Climate Change"
1331:
powered "millivolt" circuits used in some furnaces. Each has an
1319:(resistance temperature detector). Typically one or more regular
4198:
4118:
3307:
2690:
2636:
2537:
2490:
2428:
1495:
1371:
866:
24 volt (Return line to appliance; often strapped to Rh and Rc)
719:
715:
277:
224:
216:
3425:
2341:
1909:"Dr-Fix-It Explains a Common Pneumatic Comfort Control Circuit"
456:
for eggs, which was taken up for use on poultry farms in 1879.
389:
These may then control the heating or cooling apparatus using:
2302:"How Wax Pellet Thermostatic Valves Function" An Illustration
38:
1772:"Tierie, Gerrit. Cornelis Drebbel. Amsterdam: HJ Paris, 1932"
1006:
Temperature Sensor (Usually outdoors on a Heat Pump System)
596:, automotive, and aerospace applications among many others.
2270:
http://cgproducts.johnsoncontrols.com/MET_PDF/12011079.pdf
1471:
Most programmable thermostats will control these systems.
1254:
heaters, etc.) must typically use simple on/off controls.
427:
Modern thermostatic control was developed in the 1830s by
2249:""Dummy" Thermostats Cool Down Tempers, Not Temperatures"
1873:
Barns of New York: Rural Architecture of the Empire State
145:
PECO T8532 Thermostat with 365 Day Programmable Calendar
3387:
160:
thermostat, one of which is in the collection of the
1628:
U.S. Dept. Energy, Washington, DC, Tech. Rep., 2001.
416:
thermostat to regulate the temperature of a chicken
4763:
4729:
4656:
4560:
4408:
3911:
3597:
3459:
3323:
3223:
3190:
3122:
3059:
2987:
2893:
2825:
2671:
2599:
2504:
2386:
2375:
2180:Moon, Jin Woo; Han, Seung-Hoon (February 1, 2011).
1952:"Pneumatic-to-digital devices, systems and methods"
1490:for heat/off/cool, and another on/auto to turn the
668:This follows the same nomenclature as described in
180:
A Honeywell electronic thermostat in a retail store
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1870:
1577:. These dummy thermostats are in effect a type of
1194:Clock power (usually two terminals) or Cool relay
412:(1572ā1633), about 1620 in England. He invented a
188:is a regulating device component which senses the
1421:Wait (if furnace is relatively recent) until the
1402:Ignition sequences in modern conventional systems
357:Common sensor technologies in use today include:
1039:2nd stage/emergency heating or indicator lights
452:, a British engineer, designed the first modern
32:Gas Mark Ā§ Other cooking temperature scales
27:Component which maintains a setpoint temperature
1997:when supplied through an isolation transformer.
2221:"Employees Only Think They Control Thermostat"
1939:Mechanical Engineering: A Century of Progress,
3437:
2353:
1802:. Troy, Michigan: BNP Media. November 6, 2001
761:Fixed contact screw. This is adjusted by the
331:When higher control precision is required, a
8:
1459:to drive coal/grain/pellets into the firebox
1362:Digital thermostats use either a relay or a
634:Electrical and analog electronic thermostats
2314:"Diagrams of Wax Motors i.e. "Wax Pellets""
1415:Heat ignitor or start spark-ignition system
1083:Pipe Sensor for two pipe heat/cool systems
1061:User programmable (usually for humidifier)
4204:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
3453:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
3444:
3430:
3422:
2383:
2360:
2346:
2338:
2106:"Temperature Controllers Using Hysteresis"
1970:"Thermostats: Everything You Need to Know"
1479:Depending on what is being controlled, a
1283:' Model TX9000TS Touch Screen Thermostat.
500:under the control of a central computer.
311:Conventional thermostats are example of "
223:, as well as kitchen equipment including
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
4638:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
1091:
845:
3394:
2290:"How A Thermostat Tends Your Furnance"
1850:. Johnsoncontrols.com. November 7, 2007
1617:
1210:Fan power source for "Auto" connection
1089:Older, mostly deprecated designations:
984:Energize to Heat (Heat Pump) or Common
1848:"Johnson Controls Inc. | History"
1626:Residential energy consumption survey,
1475:Combination heating/cooling regulation
1017:Outdoor Anticipator Reset, Thermistor
4511:Programmable communicating thermostat
1796:"An Early History Of Comfort Heating"
1486:thermostat generally has an external
1418:Open gas valve to ignite main burners
1028:Emergency Heat (Heat Pump) or Common
888:24 volt COOL load (Return line Cool)
877:24 volt HEAT load (Return line Heat)
594:solar thermal energy or solar thermal
7:
4633:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
2792:Three-dimensional integrated circuit
2219:Sandberg, Jared (January 15, 2003).
899:24 volt Common connection to relays
647:Bimetallic thermostat for buildings.
420:. This is one of the first recorded
67:adding citations to reliable sources
2573:Programmable unijunction transistor
2247:Katrina C. Arabe (April 11, 2003).
2067:Honeywell smart response technology
1624:Energy Information Administration,
556:Shower and other hot water controls
296:Thermostats use different types of
4494:Minimum efficiency reporting value
2474:Multi-gate field-effect transistor
1968:Salazar, Diet (October 21, 2019).
1370:to act as a switch to control the
664:Contact configuration nomenclature
25:
4536:Standard temperature and pressure
4249:Packaged terminal air conditioner
3785:Passive daytime radiative cooling
3514:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
2452:Insulated-gate bipolar transistor
674:Switch Ā§ Contact terminology
489:(TRV) are now being widely used.
364:mechanical or electrical sensors.
3605:Absorption-compression heat pump
3409:
3397:
2696:Heterostructure barrier varactor
2423:Chemical field-effect transistor
2326:"Animation of Bimetallic Switch"
1307:temperature and instead rely on
940:Blue/Orange/Purple/Yellow/White
639:Bimetallic switching thermostats
43:
4500:Normal temperature and pressure
3880:Vapor-compression refrigeration
2744:Mixed-signal integrated circuit
2080:"Smart PID temperature control"
2042:"Thermostat signals and wiring"
1638:thermostathub (June 26, 2023).
978:Varies/Blue/Black/Brown/Orange
725:Due to the variety of possible
54:needs additional citations for
1753:, John Wiley & Sons, 2004
1682:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115255
1397:Thermostats and HVAC operation
1351:, or the ability to work with
1272:Residential digital thermostat
1258:Digital electronic thermostats
1130:Cool fan relay or Fault light
702:Millivolt thermostat mechanism
485:the individual flow. However,
481:bi-metallic thermostats which
1:
4648:Testing, adjusting, balancing
4592:Building information modeling
4587:Building services engineering
4164:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
3692:Demand controlled ventilation
3640:Building insulation materials
2198:10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.09.024
2009:"Thermostat Wire Color Codes"
1915:. RTWEB. 2005. Archived from
1824:. America.gov. Archived from
1347:. Some advanced models have
970:Energize to Cool (Heat Pump)
284:, and medical and scientific
4209:High-pressure cut-off switch
3760:Ice storage air conditioning
3681:Dedicated outdoor air system
2775:Silicon controlled rectifier
2637:Organic light-emitting diode
2527:Diffused junction transistor
2284:Professional Reference Guide
487:thermostatic radiator valves
276:, kitchen equipment such as
4552:Thermostatic radiator valve
4354:Thermostatic radiator valve
3865:Underfloor air distribution
3800:Radiant heating and cooling
3718:Energy recovery ventilation
3630:Automobile air conditioning
3494:Domestic energy consumption
2579:Static induction transistor
2516:Bipolar junction transistor
2468:MOS field-effect transistor
2440:Fin field-effect transistor
995:Emergency Heat (Heat Pump)
694:Simple two wire thermostats
238:A thermostat operates as a
231:and medical and scientific
4863:
4701:Institute of Refrigeration
4582:Architectural technologist
4054:Electrostatic precipitator
2786:Static induction thyristor
1261:
1170:Heat pump reversing valve
992:Varies/Blue/Pink/Gray/Tan
535:by regulating the flow of
529:internal combustion engine
512:
346:
255:, "standing, stationary".
29:
4754:Volatile organic compound
4613:Environmental engineering
4577:Architectural engineering
4379:Ultra-low particulate air
3964:Automatic balancing valve
3892:Variable refrigerant flow
3744:Heat recovery ventilation
3687:Deep water source cooling
2955:(Hexode, Heptode, Octode)
2707:Hybrid integrated circuit
2550:Light-emitting transistor
1869:Falk, Cynthia G. (2012).
1506:, or occasionally in the
562:thermostatic mixing valve
393:Direct mechanical control
4801:Template:Home automation
4623:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
4319:Solar-assisted heat pump
3919:Air conditioner inverter
3698:Displacement ventilation
3589:Vapour pressure of water
3574:Thermal destratification
3002:Backward-wave oscillator
2712:Light emitting capacitor
2568:Point-contact transistor
2538:Junction Gate FET (JFET)
2331:August 26, 2017, at the
1721:10.1109/TAI.1962.6371813
1387:programmable thermostats
1217:Line-voltage thermostats
1122:Not heat to close valve
921:2nd Stage / Backup Heat
818:programmable thermostats
670:Relay Ā§ Terminology
515:Wax thermostatic element
292:Construction and control
4847:17th-century inventions
4796:World Refrigeration Day
4643:Refrigerant reclamation
4572:Architectural acoustics
4516:Programmable thermostat
4448:Clean air delivery rate
4344:Thermal expansion valve
4259:Pressurisation ductwork
4169:Ground source heat pump
3610:Absorption refrigerator
3013:Crossed-field amplifier
2532:Field-effect transistor
2307:August 7, 2017, at the
2226:The Wall Street Journal
1391:programmable thermostat
1264:Programmable thermostat
1178:24 volt auxiliary heat
4786:Glossary of HVAC terms
4748:Sick building syndrome
4628:Mechanical engineering
4339:Smoke exhaust ductwork
3770:Mixed-mode ventilation
3182:Voltage-regulator tube
2749:MOS integrated circuit
2614:Constant-current diode
2590:Unijunction transistor
2319:July 15, 2017, at the
1593:(and Wi-Fi thermostat)
1536:
1317:resistance thermometer
1292:
1284:
1273:
896:Black/Blue/Brown/Cyan
703:
648:
628:direct digital control
618:"mains" at 15-18
524:
460:Mechanical thermostats
181:
173:
165:
146:
4806:Template:Solar energy
4484:Intelligent buildings
4443:Carbon dioxide sensor
3830:Room air distribution
3650:Central solar heating
3251:Electrolytic detector
3024:Inductive output tube
2840:Low-dropout regulator
2755:Organic semiconductor
2686:Printed circuit board
2522:Darlington transistor
2369:Electronic components
2019:on September 23, 2015
1703:Roots, W. K. (1962).
1534:
1451:Coal, grain or pellet
1313:semiconductor devices
1290:
1279:
1271:
1154:Heat Pump compressor
800:Millivolt thermostats
701:
646:
609:Pneumatic thermostats
533:operating temperature
523:Car engine thermostat
522:
378:semiconductor devices
368:Expanding wax pellets
313:bang-bang controllers
240:"closed loop" control
179:
171:
156:'s "The Round" model
152:
144:
4608:Duct leakage testing
4598:Deep energy retrofit
4542:Thermographic camera
4479:Infrared thermometer
3954:Air source heat pump
3903:Water heat recycling
3469:Air changes per hour
3069:Beam deflection tube
2738:Metal-oxide varistor
2631:Light-emitting diode
2485:Thin-film transistor
2446:Floating-gate MOSFET
2186:Energy and Buildings
2086:. September 19, 2016
1937:Fehring, T.H., ed.,
1749:James E. Brumbaugh,
1613:Notes and references
1522:Heat pump regulation
1364:semiconductor device
1299:thermostats have no
964:Varies/Orange/Black
626:similar benefits as
63:improve this article
4842:American inventions
4832:Temperature control
4474:HVAC control system
4464:Home energy monitor
4438:Building automation
4224:Inverter compressor
3886:Variable air volume
3795:Passive ventilation
3765:Kitchen ventilation
3665:Constant air volume
3635:Autonomous building
3045:Traveling-wave tube
2845:Switching regulator
2681:Printed electronics
2658:Step recovery diode
2435:Depletion-load NMOS
2040:Transtronics, Inc.
1919:on December 6, 2017
1575:illusion of control
1560:Setback temperature
1551:Thermostat location
1357:building automation
1345:energy conservation
1229:often exceeding 40
1202:Transformer common
918:Varies/White/Black
824:24-volt thermostats
422:feedback-controlled
251:, "hot" and ĻĻĪ±ĻĻĻ
4737:Indoor air quality
4681:ASTM International
4618:Hydronic balancing
4395:Wood-burning stove
4274:Radiator reflector
4059:Evaporative cooler
3870:Underfloor heating
3855:Thermal insulation
3350:Crystal oscillator
3210:Variable capacitor
2885:Switched capacitor
2827:Voltage regulators
2701:Integrated circuit
2585:Tetrode transistor
2563:Pentode transistor
2556:Organic LET (OLET)
2543:Organic FET (OFET)
1974:Engineer Warehouse
1537:
1293:
1285:
1274:
1162:Heat Pump defrost
1114:24 volt HEAT load
1106:24 volt ac supply
704:
649:
525:
396:Electrical signals
182:
174:
166:
147:
4814:
4813:
4730:Health and safety
4309:Scroll compressor
4264:Process duct work
4019:Convection heater
4014:Condensing boiler
3944:Air-mixing plenum
3840:Solar combisystem
3676:Cross ventilation
3479:Building envelope
3385:
3384:
3345:Ceramic resonator
3157:Mercury-arc valve
3109:Video camera tube
3061:Cathode-ray tubes
2821:
2820:
2429:Complementary MOS
2046:wiki.xtronics.com
1887:978-0-8014-7780-5
1828:on April 18, 2009
1800:The NEWS Magazine
1597:Automatic control
1569:Dummy thermostats
1535:Thermostat design
1532:
1445:will turn on the
1325:energy harvesting
1214:
1213:
1087:
1086:
1072:Combined Y and G
1003:Brown/Black/Blue
738:Setpoint control
539:to an air-cooled
435:Warren S. Johnson
399:Pneumatic signals
302:bimetallic strips
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
4854:
4837:Dutch inventions
4776:Building science
4531:Smart thermostat
4526:Room temperature
4109:Fireplace insert
3815:Radon mitigation
3713:Electric heating
3708:District heating
3703:District cooling
3620:Air conditioning
3446:
3439:
3432:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3402:
3401:
3393:
3239:electrical power
3124:Gas-filled tubes
3008:Cavity magnetron
2835:Linear regulator
2384:
2362:
2355:
2348:
2339:
2272:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2135:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2015:. Archived from
2004:
1998:
1995:electrical codes
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1948:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1879:
1876:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1768:
1762:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1635:
1629:
1622:
1591:Smart thermostat
1533:
1484:air conditioning
1447:heating elements
1092:
1014:Varies/Tan/Gray
846:
746:Bimetallic strip
585:phase transition
437:(1847ā1911), of
410:Cornelis Drebbel
274:air conditioners
213:air conditioners
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4856:
4855:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4817:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4771:ASHRAE Handbook
4759:
4743:Passive smoking
4725:
4658:
4652:
4564:
4562:
4556:
4410:
4404:
4385:Whole-house fan
4299:Run-around coil
4294:Reversing valve
4239:Mechanical room
4229:Kerosene heater
4219:Infrared heater
4149:Gasoline heater
4089:Fan filter unit
4004:Condensate pump
3989:Centrifugal fan
3907:
3810:Radiant heating
3805:Radiant cooling
3780:Passive cooling
3775:Microgeneration
3645:Central heating
3593:
3569:Thermal comfort
3461:
3455:
3450:
3420:
3408:
3396:
3388:
3386:
3381:
3319:
3234:audio and video
3219:
3186:
3118:
3055:
2983:
2964:Photomultiplier
2889:
2817:
2765:Quantum circuit
2673:
2667:
2609:Avalanche diode
2595:
2507:
2500:
2389:
2378:
2371:
2366:
2333:Wayback Machine
2321:Wayback Machine
2309:Wayback Machine
2280:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2114:
2112:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2022:
2020:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1936:
1932:
1922:
1920:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1748:
1744:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1587:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1545:reversing valve
1526:
1524:
1477:
1404:
1399:
1353:home automation
1266:
1260:
1219:
1186:Auxiliary heat
1138:Heat fan relay
982:Reversing valve
968:Reversing valve
943:2nd Stage Cool
826:
802:
696:
666:
641:
636:
611:
602:
576:
558:
517:
511:
506:
470:
462:
450:Charles Hearson
406:
351:
345:
294:
270:central heating
261:
209:central heating
194:physical system
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4860:
4858:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4819:
4818:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4757:
4751:
4745:
4740:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4662:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4568:
4566:
4558:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4521:Psychrometrics
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4418:Air flow meter
4414:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4194:Heating system
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4174:Heat exchanger
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4139:Gas compressor
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4074:Expansion tank
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3994:Ceramic heater
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3889:
3883:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3835:Solar air heat
3832:
3827:
3825:Renewable heat
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3741:
3736:
3734:Forced-air gas
3731:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3684:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3584:Thermodynamics
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3554:Psychrometrics
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3509:Gas compressor
3506:
3504:Fluid dynamics
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3426:
3419:
3418:
3406:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3372:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3313:Wollaston wire
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3094:Selectron tube
3091:
3086:
3084:Magic eye tube
3081:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3016:
3010:
3005:
2998:
2996:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2831:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2778:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2741:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2653:Schottky diode
2650:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2582:
2576:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2381:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2294:
2286:
2279:
2278:External links
2276:
2274:
2273:
2261:
2239:
2211:
2192:(2): 338ā346.
2172:
2155:KMC Controls.
2147:
2122:
2097:
2071:
2058:
2032:
1999:
1986:
1960:
1943:
1930:
1900:
1886:
1861:
1839:
1813:
1787:
1763:
1742:
1715:(3): 176ā183.
1695:
1670:Applied Energy
1656:
1644:Thermostat Hub
1630:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1602:On-off control
1599:
1594:
1586:
1583:
1579:placebo button
1570:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1523:
1520:
1476:
1473:
1461:
1460:
1452:
1449:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:heat exchanger
1419:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1379:PID controller
1259:
1256:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:Terminal code
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1050:Service Light
1048:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1001:
997:
996:
993:
990:
986:
985:
979:
976:
972:
971:
965:
962:
958:
957:
952:
949:
945:
944:
941:
938:
934:
933:
930:
927:
923:
922:
919:
916:
912:
911:
908:
905:
901:
900:
897:
894:
890:
889:
886:
883:
879:
878:
875:
872:
868:
867:
864:
861:
857:
856:
853:
850:
849:Terminal code
825:
822:
801:
798:
794:
793:
790:chemical waste
781:mercury switch
766:
759:
756:
753:
743:
695:
692:
688:
687:
684:
681:
665:
662:
640:
637:
635:
632:
610:
607:
601:
598:
575:
572:
557:
554:
513:Main article:
510:
507:
505:
502:
469:
466:
461:
458:
405:
402:
401:
400:
397:
394:
387:
386:
380:
370:
365:
349:Thermal cutoff
344:
341:
293:
290:
260:
257:
137:
136:
51:
49:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4859:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4762:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4659:organizations
4655:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4603:Duct cleaning
4601:
4599:
4596:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4559:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4454:Control valve
4452:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4374:Turning vanes
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:Thermal wheel
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4314:Solar chimney
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4084:Fan coil unit
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4029:Cooling tower
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3875:Vapor barrier
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3850:Solar heating
3848:
3846:
3845:Solar cooling
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3820:Refrigeration
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3790:Passive house
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3660:Chilled water
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3559:Sensible heat
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3539:Noise control
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3519:Heat transfer
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3458:
3454:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3435:
3433:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3376:
3375:mercury relay
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3314:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3198:Potentiometer
3196:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3115:
3114:Williams tube
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:Fleming valve
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:Photodetector
2758:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2728:Memtransistor
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2670:
2664:
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2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
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2557:
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2553:
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2548:
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2536:
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2533:
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2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:Semiconductor
2374:
2370:
2363:
2358:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2250:
2243:
2240:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2158:
2151:
2148:
2136:. Energy Star
2132:
2126:
2123:
2111:
2110:panasonic.com
2107:
2101:
2098:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2059:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2018:
2014:
2013:dr-fix-it.com
2010:
2007:Sawyer, Doc.
2003:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1918:
1914:
1913:dr-fix-it.com
1910:
1904:
1901:
1889:
1883:
1875:
1874:
1865:
1862:
1849:
1843:
1840:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1743:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
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1699:
1696:
1691:
1687:
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1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1645:
1641:
1634:
1631:
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1621:
1618:
1612:
1608:
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1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1566:
1559:
1557:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1458:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1349:touch screens
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1270:
1265:
1257:
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1252:
1246:
1244:
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1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1216:
1209:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1069:Yellow/Green
1068:
1065:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1025:Varies/Black
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1002:
999:
998:
994:
991:
988:
987:
983:
980:
977:
974:
973:
969:
966:
963:
960:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
946:
942:
939:
936:
935:
931:
928:
925:
924:
920:
917:
914:
913:
909:
906:
903:
902:
898:
895:
892:
891:
887:
884:
881:
880:
876:
873:
870:
869:
865:
862:
859:
858:
854:
851:
848:
847:
844:
841:
837:
835:
831:
823:
821:
819:
814:
810:
807:
799:
797:
791:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
767:
764:
760:
757:
754:
751:
747:
744:
741:
737:
736:
735:
734:
732:
728:
721:
717:
713:
709:
700:
693:
691:
685:
682:
679:
678:
677:
675:
671:
663:
661:
659:
655:
645:
638:
633:
631:
629:
623:
621:
616:
608:
606:
600:Gas expansion
599:
597:
595:
590:
586:
581:
573:
571:
569:
568:
563:
555:
553:
549:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
521:
516:
508:
503:
501:
499:
493:
490:
488:
484:
480:
477:or hot-water
476:
467:
465:
459:
457:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
411:
403:
398:
395:
392:
391:
390:
385:
384:thermocouples
381:
379:
375:
371:
369:
366:
363:
360:
359:
358:
355:
350:
342:
340:
338:
334:
329:
327:
321:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
291:
289:
287:
283:
282:refrigerators
279:
275:
271:
267:
258:
256:
254:
250:
247:words ĪøĪµĻĪ¼ĻĻ
246:
241:
236:
234:
230:
229:refrigerators
226:
222:
221:water heaters
218:
214:
210:
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
178:
170:
163:
159:
155:
151:
143:
133:
130:
122:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: ā
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4781:Fireproofing
4565:and services
4561:Professions,
4546:
4459:Gas detector
4359:Trickle vent
4334:Smoke damper
4329:Smoke canopy
4324:Space heater
4254:Plenum space
4189:Heating film
4069:Exhaust hood
4039:Dehumidifier
3979:Blast damper
3974:Barrier pipe
3949:Air purifier
3860:Thermosiphon
3739:Free cooling
3655:Chilled beam
3579:Thermal mass
3564:Stack effect
3549:Particulates
3529:Infiltration
3460:Fundamental
3132:Cold cathode
3099:Storage tube
2989:Vacuum tubes
2938:Neutron tube
2913:Beam tetrode
2895:Vacuum tubes
2480:Power MOSFET
2289:
2264:
2254:February 13,
2252:. Retrieved
2242:
2232:September 2,
2230:. Retrieved
2224:
2214:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2150:
2138:. Retrieved
2125:
2113:. Retrieved
2109:
2100:
2088:. Retrieved
2084:smartpid.com
2083:
2074:
2066:
2061:
2049:. Retrieved
2045:
2035:
2021:. Retrieved
2017:the original
2012:
2002:
1989:
1977:. Retrieved
1973:
1963:
1946:
1938:
1933:
1921:. Retrieved
1917:the original
1912:
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1872:
1864:
1852:. Retrieved
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1826:the original
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1799:
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1766:
1750:
1745:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1643:
1633:
1625:
1620:
1572:
1563:
1554:
1538:
1516:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1384:
1376:
1361:
1301:moving parts
1294:
1281:Lux Products
1247:
1220:
1098:Description
1088:
855:Description
842:
838:
827:
815:
811:
803:
795:
763:manufacturer
724:
705:
689:
667:
650:
624:
612:
603:
589:phase change
577:
565:
559:
550:
526:
494:
491:
471:
463:
447:
433:
426:
407:
388:
356:
352:
343:Sensor types
330:
322:
310:
295:
262:
252:
248:
237:
202:
185:
183:
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
78:"Thermostat"
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
4791:Warm Spaces
4433:Blower door
4411:and control
4409:Measurement
4390:Windcatcher
4364:Trombe wall
4304:Sail switch
4284:Refrigerant
4279:Recuperator
4154:Grease duct
4114:Freeze stat
4099:Fire damper
3969:Back boiler
3939:Air ionizer
3934:Air handler
3898:Ventilation
3750:Hybrid heat
3615:Air barrier
3534:Latent heat
3416:Electronics
3298:Transformer
3040:Sutton tube
2880:Charge pump
2733:Memory cell
2663:Zener diode
2625:Laser diode
2508:transistors
2390:transistors
2115:October 10,
2090:October 10,
1923:November 2,
1893:November 2,
1878:(paperback)
1806:November 2,
1761:pp. 109-119
1649:October 23,
1512:transformer
1309:thermistors
1146:Heat valve
712:zone valves
443:Albert Butz
382:Electrical
374:thermistors
372:Electronic
190:temperature
162:Smithsonian
18:Thermostats
4821:Categories
4547:Thermostat
4469:Humidistat
4400:Zone valve
4369:TurboSwing
4244:Oil heater
4214:Humidifier
4144:Gas heater
4094:Fan heater
4064:Evaporator
4049:Economizer
4024:Compressor
3929:Air filter
3912:Components
3729:Forced-air
3625:Antifreeze
3598:Technology
3544:Outgassing
3484:Convection
3370:reed relay
3360:Parametron
3293:Thermistor
3271:resettable
3230:Connector
3191:Adjustable
3167:Nixie tube
3137:Crossatron
3104:Trochotron
3079:Iconoscope
3074:Charactron
3051:X-ray tube
2923:Compactron
2903:Acorn tube
2860:Buckāboost
2781:Solaristor
2643:Photodiode
2620:Gunn diode
2616:(CLD, CRD)
2398:Transistor
1854:October 3,
1832:October 3,
1759:0764542079
1676:: 115255.
1492:blower fan
1481:forced-air
1329:thermopile
1315:such as a
1262:See also:
1119:6 / blank
806:thermopile
773:hysteresis
716:millivolts
654:hysteresis
580:hysteresis
567:Legionella
509:Automotive
504:Wax pellet
429:Andrew Ure
362:Bimetallic
347:See also:
317:hysteresis
306:thermistor
286:incubators
233:incubators
186:thermostat
119:March 2009
89:newspapers
4657:Industry
4506:OpenTherm
4184:Heat pump
4179:Heat pipe
4129:Fume hood
4104:Fireplace
4009:Condenser
3959:Attic fan
3755:Hydronics
3333:Capacitor
3177:Trigatron
3172:Thyratron
3162:Neon lamp
3089:Monoscope
2969:Phototube
2953:Pentagrid
2918:Barretter
2803:Trancitor
2798:Thyristor
2723:Memristor
2648:PIN diode
2425:(ChemFET)
2206:0378-7788
2165:April 12,
2140:March 12,
1979:March 12,
1729:0097-2185
1690:219769422
1607:OpenTherm
1541:heat pump
1359:systems.
1321:batteries
1311:or other
1251:Honeywell
1223:baseboard
750:clockwise
615:pneumatic
498:solenoids
483:regulated
454:incubator
439:Wisconsin
424:devices.
418:incubator
326:overshoot
219:systems,
154:Honeywell
4827:Switches
4764:See also
4489:LonWorks
4423:Aquastat
4289:Register
4269:Radiator
3924:Air door
3724:Firestop
3524:Humidity
3499:Enthalpy
3489:Dilution
3474:Bake-out
3462:concepts
3355:Inductor
3325:Reactive
3303:Varistor
3283:Resistor
3261:Antifuse
3147:Ignitron
3142:Dekatron
3030:Klystron
3019:Gyrotron
2948:Nuvistor
2865:Split-pi
2751:(MOS IC)
2718:Memistor
2476:(MuGFET)
2470:(MOSFET)
2442:(FinFET)
2329:Archived
2317:Archived
2305:Archived
2051:March 7,
2023:March 7,
1737:51647958
1585:See also
1504:basement
1438:Electric
1366:such as
1243:chillers
1235:fan-coil
731:currents
727:voltages
574:Analysis
541:radiator
479:radiator
259:Overview
198:setpoint
4563:trades,
4134:Furnace
3999:Chiller
3671:Coolant
3390:Portals
3256:Ferrite
3224:Passive
3215:Varicap
3203:digital
3152:Krytron
2974:Tetrode
2959:Pentode
2813:Varicap
2794:(3D IC)
2770:RF CMOS
2674:devices
2448:(FGMOS)
2379:devices
1341:comfort
1305:measure
1297:digital
1239:boilers
1231:amperes
1227:current
1080:Varies
1058:Varies
1047:Varies
1036:Varies
929:Yellow
926:Y / Y1
904:W / W1
777:degrees
718:to 240
658:sensors
630:(DDC).
537:coolant
468:Bimetal
414:mercury
404:History
298:sensors
266:heating
249:thermos
205:heating
103:scholar
4716:SMACNA
4676:ASHRAE
4496:(MERV)
4450:(CADR)
4428:BACnet
4381:(ULPA)
4234:Louver
4159:Grille
4034:Damper
3984:Boiler
3882:(VCRS)
3683:(DOAS)
3404:Energy
3288:Switch
2979:Triode
2943:Nonode
2908:Audion
2788:(SITh)
2672:Other
2639:(OLED)
2601:Diodes
2552:(LET)
2534:(FET)
2506:Other
2454:(IGBT)
2431:(CMOS)
2418:BioFET
2413:BiCMOS
2204:
1884:
1780:May 3,
1757:
1735:
1727:
1688:
1500:closet
1488:switch
1295:Newer
1111:4 / M
1103:5 / V
1000:S1/S2
951:Green
907:White
852:Color
834:relays
769:Magnet
272:, and
253:statos
105:
98:
91:
84:
76:
4756:(VOC)
4750:(SBS)
4739:(IAQ)
4696:CIBSE
4691:BSRIA
4594:(BIM)
4538:(STP)
4502:(NTP)
4124:Freon
3894:(VRF)
3888:(VAV)
3746:(HRV)
3720:(ERV)
3694:(DCV)
3667:(CAV)
3365:Relay
3338:types
3276:eFUSE
3047:(TWT)
3035:Maser
3026:(IOT)
3015:(CFA)
3004:(BWO)
2928:Diode
2875:SEPIC
2855:Boost
2808:TRIAC
2777:(SCR)
2740:(MOV)
2714:(LEC)
2633:(LED)
2592:(UJT)
2581:(SIT)
2575:(PUT)
2518:(BJT)
2487:(TFT)
2463:LDMOS
2458:ISFET
2160:(PDF)
2134:(PDF)
1955:(PDF)
1775:(PDF)
1733:S2CID
1686:S2CID
1508:attic
1496:wires
1457:screw
1443:TRIAC
1368:triac
1337:clock
932:Cool
910:Heat
816:Some
786:toxic
740:lever
720:volts
545:valve
475:steam
278:ovens
245:Greek
225:ovens
192:of a
110:JSTOR
96:books
4711:LEED
4671:AMCA
4666:AHRI
4199:HEPA
4119:Flue
4044:Duct
3308:Wire
3266:Fuse
2850:Buck
2703:(IC)
2691:DIAC
2627:(LD)
2496:UMOS
2491:VMOS
2408:PMOS
2403:NMOS
2388:MOS
2256:2010
2234:2009
2202:ISSN
2167:2021
2142:2021
2117:2018
2092:2018
2053:2015
2025:2015
1981:2021
1925:2014
1895:2014
1882:ISBN
1856:2009
1834:2009
1808:2014
1782:2013
1755:ISBN
1725:ISSN
1651:2023
1539:The
1372:HVAC
1343:and
1241:and
885:Red
874:Red
863:Red
729:and
672:and
376:and
280:and
227:and
217:HVAC
82:news
4721:UMC
4706:IIR
4686:BRE
4079:Fan
2870:Äuk
2194:doi
1717:doi
1678:doi
1674:271
1432:Oil
1407:Gas
1355:or
1333:LCD
1303:to
1175:VR
1077:PS
1033:X2
955:Fan
937:Y2
915:W2
882:Rc
871:Rh
708:gas
620:psi
587:or
337:MPC
335:or
333:PID
158:T87
65:by
4823::
3244:RF
2993:RF
2223:.
2200:.
2190:43
2188:.
2184:.
2108:.
2082:.
2044:.
2011:.
1972:.
1911:.
1798:.
1731:.
1723:.
1713:81
1711:.
1707:.
1684:.
1672:.
1668:.
1642:.
1502:,
1207:Z
1199:T
1191:C
1183:Y
1167:R
1159:P
1151:M
1143:H
1135:G
1127:F
1066:K
1055:U
1044:L
1022:X
1011:T
989:E
975:B
961:O
948:G
893:C
860:R
830:AC
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