181:, and subsequently claimed both the rights to the commercial product and the trademark to the name. In his subsequent attempt to claim the rights to the invention, Dewar instead lost a court case to the company. The manufacturing and performance of the Thermos bottle was significantly improved and refined by the Viennese inventor and merchant Gustav Robert Paalen, who designed various types for domestic use, which he also patented, and distributed widely, through the Thermos Bottle Companies in the United States, Canada and the UK, which bought licences for respective national markets. The American Thermos Bottle Company built up a mass production in
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155:, Dewar made a brass chamber that he enclosed in another chamber to keep the palladium at its desired temperature. He evacuated the air between the two chambers, creating a partial vacuum to keep the temperature of the contents stable. Dewar refused to patent his invention; this allowed others to develop the flask using new materials such as
384:, along with their printed circuit board, in precision voltage-regulating devices used as electrical standards. The flask helped with controlling the Zener temperature over a long time span and was used to reduce variations of the output voltage of the Zener standard owing to temperature fluctuation to within a few parts per million.
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tempering prior to use is advised to maintain and optimize the functioning of the unit. Glass vacuum flasks are usually fitted into a metal base with the cylinder contained in or coated with mesh, aluminum or plastic to aid in handling, protect it from physical damage, and contain fragments should they break.
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hazard, and glass vessels under vacuum, in particular, may shatter unexpectedly. Chips, scratches or cracks can be a starting point for dangerous vessel failure, especially when the vessel temperature changes rapidly (when hot or cold liquid is added). Proper preparation of the Dewar vacuum flask by
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flask surfaces facing the gap but can become problematic if the flask's contents or surroundings are very hot; hence vacuum flasks usually hold contents below the boiling point of water. Most heat transfer occurs through the neck and opening of the flask, where there is no vacuum. Vacuum flasks are
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One notable use was by
Guildline Instruments, of Canada, in their Transvolt, model 9154B, saturated standard cell, which is an electrical voltage standard. Here a silvered vacuum flask was encased in foam insulation and, using a large glass vacuum plug, held the saturated cell. The output of the
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and Albert
Aschenbrenner, discovered that it could be used to keep cold drinks cold and warm drinks warm and invented a more robust flask design, which was suited for everyday use. The Dewar flask design had never been patented but the German men who discovered the commercial use for the product
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In laboratories and industry, vacuum flasks are often used to hold liquefied gases (commonly liquid nitrogen with a boiling point of 77 K) for flash freezing, sample preparation and other processes where creating or maintaining an extreme low temperature is desired. Larger vacuum flasks store
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experiments based on the idea that the shape of the two compartments with the space in between is similar to the way the light hits the eye. The vacuum flask has also been part of experiments using it as the capacitor of different chemicals in order to keep them at a consistent temperature.
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has to be taken into account when engineering a vacuum flask. The outer and inner walls are exposed to different temperatures and will expand at different rates. The vacuum flask can rupture due to the differential in thermal expansion between the outer and inner walls.
185:, which brought prices down and enabled the wide distribution of the product for at-home use. Over time, the company expanded the size, shapes and materials of these consumer products, primarily used for carrying
83:
storage vessel that slows the speed at which its contents change in temperature. It greatly lengthens the time over which its contents remain hotter or cooler than the flask's surroundings by trying to be as
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between the interior and exterior shell. These spacers act as a thermal bridge and partially reduce the insulating properties of the flask around the area where the spacer contacts the interior surface.
361:; in this case the leakage of heat into the extremely cold interior of the bottle results in a slow boiling-off of the liquid so that a narrow unstoppered opening, or a stoppered opening protected by a
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Murhekar MV, Dutta S, Kapoor AN, Bitragunta S, Dodum R, Ghosh P, Swamy KK, Mukhopadhyay K, Ningombam S, Parmar K, Ravishankar D, Singh B, Singh V, Sisodiya R, Subramanian R, Takum T (2013).
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from building up and eventually shattering the flask. The insulation of the vacuum flask results in a very slow "boil" and thus the contents remain liquid for long periods without
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The vacuum flask consists of two vessels, one placed within the other and joined at the neck. The gap between the two vessels is partially evacuated of air, creating a partial-
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tools. Conventional logging tools (rated to 350 °F) are upgraded to high-temperature specifications by installing all sensitive electronic components in a Dewar flask.
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on the go and carrying liquids on camping trips to keep them either hot or cold. Eventually other manufacturers produced similar products for consumer use.
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The industrial Dewar flask is the base for a device used to passively insulate medical shipments. Most vaccines are sensitive to heat and require a
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Extremely large or long vacuum flasks sometimes cannot fully support the inner flask from the neck alone, so additional support is provided by
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system to keep them at stable, near freezing temperatures. The Arktek device uses eight one-litre ice blocks to hold vaccines at under 10
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703:"THERMOS" LIVE For:BOTTLES, JARS, DECANTERS, CARAFES, COFFEEPOTS, TEAPOTS, JUGS, LUNCH KITS, LUNCH BOXES, CARRYING CASES FOR BOTTLES
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and the outer flask contains liquid nitrogen, with one vacuum section in between. The loss of precious helium is limited in this way.
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987:"Frequent exposure to suboptimal temperatures in vaccine cold-chain system in India: results of temperature monitoring in 10 states"
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Vacuum flasks are used domestically to keep contents inside hot or cold for extended periods of time. They are also used for
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machines, rely on the use of double vacuum flasks. These flasks have two vacuum sections. The inner flask contains liquid
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108:. When used to hold cold liquids, this also virtually eliminates condensation on the outside of the flask.
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and is sometimes called a Dewar flask in his honour. While performing experiments in determining the
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This article is about the vacuum-insulated flask. For the flask used in filtration under vacuum, see
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Haynes, John; Scott, Jesse (1948). "A Method for
Silvering a Dewar Flask for Optical Experiments".
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used it extensively in the propellant tanks of the Saturn launch vehicles in the 1960s and 1970s.
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The principle of the vacuum flask makes it ideal for storing certain types of rocket fuel, and
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Baird, Tom, et al. "High-pressure, high-temperature well logging, perforating and testing."
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In the oil and gas industry, Dewar flasks are used to insulate the electronic components in
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are commonly used in tubular vacuum flasks to avoid rupture and maintain vacuum integrity.
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in some countries, including the United States, but the lowercase "thermos" was declared a
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In addition, cryogenic storage dewars are usually pressurized, and they may explode if
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Gustav Robert Paalen, Double Walled Vessel. Patent 27 June 1908, published 13 July 1909
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Cortright, Edgar. "Apollo
Expeditions to the Moon." Official NASA publications. 1975.
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The term "thermos" became a household name for vacuum flasks in general. As of 2023,
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Dewar's design was quickly transformed into a commercial item in 1904 as two German
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Soulen, Robert (March 1996). "James Dewar, His Flask and Other
Achievements".
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643:"Thermos" LIVE For:DOUBLE-WALLED GLASS VESSELS WITH VACUUM BETWEEN THE WALLS
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device was 1.018 volts and was held to within a few parts per million.
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liquids that become gaseous at well below ambient temperature, such as
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vacuum flask, used for maintaining the temperature of fluids such as
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1156:"Double walled vessel with a space for a vacuum between the walls,"
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Samant Y, Lanjewar H, Parker D, Block L, Tomar GS, Stein B (2007).
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The vacuum flask was designed and invented by
Scottish scientist
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The design and shape of the Dewar flask was used as a model for
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879:"A Spectrophotometric Dewar Flask with Integral Light Shield"
801:"History of Cryogenics: A Cryo Central resource from the CSA"
115:. Vacuum flasks are also used for many purposes in industry.
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A thermos designed for food, with a low, with a wide opening
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King-Seeley
Thermos Co. v. Aladdin Industries, Incorporated
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King-Seeley
Thermos Co. v. Aladdin Industries, Incorporated
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or polyethylene plastic. Vacuum flasks are often used as
936:"This Revolutionary Cooler Could Save Millions of Lives"
478: – Main cooling system for the infrared observatory
954:"Gates-backed device extends cold chain to rural areas"
585:"James Dewar, the man who invented the thermos flask"
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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in 1892 as a result of his research in the field of
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1086:(Press release). ARKTEK. 2015-04-26. Archived from
604:"Dewar, James — BRITISH CHEMIST AND PHYSICIST"
299:Other improvements to the vacuum flask include the
803:. Cryogenicsociety.org. 2008-04-18. Archived from
673:"THERMOS" LIVE For:Temperature-Retaining Vessels
1084:"Arktek Awarded Prequalified PQS Status by WHO"
30:"Thermos" redirects here. For the company, see
960:. Archived from the original on July 21, 2013.
208:by court action in the United States in 1963.
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100:which significantly reduces heat transfer by
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284:Several technological applications, such as
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2059:Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) device
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484: – American drinkware manufacturer
2107:Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
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499: – American manufacturing company
376:Vacuum flasks have been used to house
27:Double-walled insulated storage vessel
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715:Folsom, Ralph; Teply, Larry (1980).
476:James Webb Space Telescope sunshield
2102:Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
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2147:Thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA)
1957:Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
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686:"US Registration Number: 229816"
656:"US Registration Number: 176064"
626:"US Registration Number: 67002"
561:. Thermos. 2011. Archived from
437:Vacuum flasks are at risk of
301:vapour-cooled radiation shield
220:1930s "Thermofix" vacuum flask
1:
1162:Sella, Andrea (August 2008).
934:Stinson, Liz (18 June 2013).
271:insulated shipping containers
856:10.1126/science.107.2777.301
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127:Diagram of a vacuum flask
88:as possible. Invented by
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325:Laboratory Dewar flask,
52:The typical design of a
36:Thermos (disambiguation)
2582:19th-century inventions
2137:Melting-point apparatus
1518:Cryogenic storage dewar
788:320 F.Supp 1156
339:cryogenic storage dewar
317:Cryogenic storage dewar
261:and have their opening
2074:Mass spectrometer (MS)
2064:Gas chromatograph (GC)
602:Frank A. J. L. James.
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34:. For other uses, see
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883:Public Health Reports
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1135:5.2/3 (1993): 15-32.
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202:registered trademark
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2398:Personal protective
1307:Meker–Fisher burner
1151:U.S. patent 872,795
848:1948Sci...107..301H
534:1996PhT....49c..32S
345:, used to supply a
236:. Heat transfer by
228:which reduces heat
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2241:Function generator
2224:Bench power supply
2163:Analytical balance
1924:Ostwald viscometer
1919:Graduated cylinder
1658:Inoculation needle
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660:Trademark Search,
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1807:Vacuum (Dewar)
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1478:Test tube rack
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1453:Funnel support
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1367:
1362:
1360:Liquid whistle
1357:
1352:
1346:
1344:
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1341:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1328:
1327:
1325:Vacuum dry box
1322:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1287:Heating mantle
1284:
1279:
1274:
1272:Alcohol burner
1268:
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1263:
1260:
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1215:
1207:
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1186:
1185:External links
1183:
1182:
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1138:
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1124:
1100:
1075:
1026:
997:(12): 906–13.
977:
958:FierceVaccines
945:
926:
889:(3): 276–279.
869:
826:
817:
792:
774:
756:
733:10.2307/795968
707:
677:
647:
617:
606:. Advameg, Inc
594:
591:on 4 May 2014.
576:
565:on 28 May 2013
547:
508:
507:
505:
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500:
494:
485:
482:Tervis Tumbler
479:
473:
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449:are not used.
426:
423:
378:standard cells
312:
309:
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120:
117:
26:
24:
18:Thermos bottle
14:
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2562:Vacuum flasks
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2173:Spiral plater
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2037:Compositional
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1579:Balance brush
1578:
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1555:Weighing dish
1554:
1552:Weighing boat
1551:
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1471:
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1449:
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1444:
1443:Burette clamp
1441:
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1411:
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1303:
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1278:
1277:Bunsen burner
1275:
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1269:
1267:
1261:
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1239:
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1223:
1221:
1216:
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1209:
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1205:
1198:
1197:Vacuum flasks
1193:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1171:
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1157:
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1146:
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1128:
1125:
1114:
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1104:
1101:
1090:on 2016-03-11
1089:
1085:
1079:
1076:
1071:
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1057:
1053:
1049:
1046:(1): 112–21.
1045:
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1018:
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892:
888:
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880:
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870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
842:(2777): 301.
841:
837:
830:
827:
821:
818:
807:on 2018-03-27
806:
802:
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789:
784:
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771:
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633:
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621:
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605:
598:
595:
590:
586:
580:
577:
564:
560:
559:"Our History"
554:
552:
548:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
522:Physics Today
516:
514:
510:
503:
498:
497:Yeti Holdings
495:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
470:Hermetic seal
468:
467:
463:
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459:
454:
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440:
431:
424:
422:
420:
415:
413:
409:
404:
401:
396:
394:
389:
385:
383:
380:and ovenized
379:
374:
372:
371:refrigeration
368:
364:
360:
356:
348:
344:
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328:
323:
318:
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203:
199:
195:
190:
188:
184:
180:
179:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
149:specific heat
146:
142:
133:
125:
118:
116:
114:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
59:
55:
54:Thermos brand
50:
44:
43:BĂĽchner flask
37:
33:
19:
2504:Fire blanket
2442:Eye and hand
2428:Rubber apron
2292:Oscilloscope
2256:Potentiostat
2183:Plate reader
2079:pH indicator
2049:CHN analyzer
2044:AutoAnalyzer
1837:Round-bottom
1806:
1730:Boston round
1593:Filter paper
1548:Refrigerator
1465:Retort stand
1433:Clamp holder
1429:Beaker clamp
1395:Vortex mixer
1390:Stirring rod
1385:Static mixer
1315:Teclu burner
1174:. Retrieved
1167:
1155:
1148:Burger, R.,
1132:
1127:
1116:. Retrieved
1113:ResearchGate
1112:
1103:
1092:. Retrieved
1088:the original
1078:
1043:
1039:
1029:
994:
990:
980:
957:
948:
939:
929:
886:
882:
872:
839:
835:
829:
820:
809:. Retrieved
805:the original
795:
782:
777:
764:
759:
724:
720:
710:
702:
696:. Retrieved
689:
680:
672:
666:. Retrieved
659:
650:
642:
636:. Retrieved
629:
620:
608:. Retrieved
597:
589:the original
579:
567:. Retrieved
563:the original
528:(3): 32–37.
525:
521:
451:
444:
436:
416:
405:
397:
390:
386:
382:Zener diodes
375:
351:
304:
300:
298:
283:
277:
275:
223:
197:
193:
191:
177:
168:glassblowers
165:
138:
110:
76:
73:Dewar bottle
72:
68:
65:vacuum flask
64:
62:
2492:Other items
2418:Face shield
2265:Measurement
2246:Galvanostat
2206:Electronics
2156:Other items
2142:Thermometer
2125:Calorimeter
2054:Colorimeter
1998:Gas syringe
1981:Other items
1909:Eye dropper
1784:Watch glass
1769:Evaporating
1748:Cold finger
1563:Other items
1469:Screw clamp
1461:Pinch clamp
1450:Flask clamp
1400:Wash bottle
1355:Homogenizer
727:(7): 1324.
610:30 December
373:equipment.
183:Norwich, CT
141:James Dewar
90:James Dewar
69:Dewar flask
32:Thermos LLC
2587:Containers
2572:Cryogenics
2556:Categories
2423:Respirator
2364:Test probe
2282:Multimeter
2094:Microscopy
1914:Eudiometer
1878:Separatory
1847:Volumetric
1812:Erlenmeyer
1740:Condensers
1704:Dean–Stark
1653:Wire brush
1613:Microscope
1608:Centrifuge
1583:Cork borer
1538:Petri dish
1513:Agar plate
1500:Containers
1483:Wire gauze
1320:Water bath
1282:Desiccator
1176:2008-08-30
1118:2021-02-11
1094:2016-02-25
811:2012-11-29
698:2023-04-24
668:2023-04-24
638:2023-04-24
504:References
408:cold chain
315:See also:
234:convection
230:conduction
200:remains a
145:cryogenics
106:convection
102:conduction
81:insulating
2514:Fume hood
2459:Glove box
2312:Voltmeter
1697:Apparatus
1686:Glassware
1575:Autoclave
1570:Aspirator
1523:Incubator
1457:Iron ring
1380:Sonicator
1350:Chemostat
1292:Hot plate
439:implosion
263:stoppered
242:silvering
175:named it
161:aluminium
153:palladium
86:adiabatic
2413:Lab coat
2338:Tweezers
2328:Heat gun
2084:pH meter
1993:Bell jar
1873:Dropping
1827:Florence
1817:Fernbach
1779:Syracuse
1638:Scoopula
1588:Crucible
1297:Lab oven
1070:17236617
1021:24347729
966:cite web
864:17791184
569:31 March
464:See also
367:pressure
359:nitrogen
329:, Munich
303:and the
79:) is an
2592:Bottles
2352:General
2272:Ammeter
1972:Thistle
1929:Pipette
1904:Cuvette
1894:Burette
1863:BĂĽchner
1856:Funnels
1842:Schlenk
1822:Fleaker
1802:BĂĽchner
1723:Bottles
1643:Spatula
1633:Stopper
1603:Forceps
1503:Storage
1420:Holders
1340:Shakers
1311:Striker
1259:Heaters
1246:General
1061:1802111
1012:3845272
921:4984895
912:2031665
903:4593845
844:Bibcode
836:Science
530:Bibcode
400:optical
278:spacers
259:plastic
198:THERMOS
194:Thermos
178:Thermos
119:History
77:thermos
2386:Safety
1988:Beaker
1967:Thiele
1952:Cragie
1947:Drying
1868:Hirsch
1832:Retort
1794:Flasks
1762:Dishes
1753:Liebig
1714:Kipp's
1628:Splint
1438:Tripod
1416:Clamps
1412:Stands
1375:Shaker
1337:Mixers
1262:Dryers
1068:
1058:
1019:
1009:
919:
909:
901:
862:
786:,
768:,
751:795968
749:
425:Safety
355:oxygen
294:helium
226:vacuum
212:Design
187:coffee
98:vacuum
94:flasks
58:coffee
2321:Tools
1939:Tubes
1774:Petri
940:WIRED
899:JSTOR
747:JSTOR
265:with
247:metal
157:glass
2003:Vial
1962:Test
1598:File
1302:Kiln
1172:: 75
1066:PMID
1017:PMID
972:link
917:PMID
860:PMID
612:2010
571:2013
393:NASA
357:and
288:and
267:cork
255:foam
196:and
159:and
1056:PMC
1048:doi
1044:122
1007:PMC
999:doi
907:PMC
891:doi
852:doi
840:107
737:hdl
729:doi
538:doi
341:of
290:MRI
286:NMR
257:or
232:or
104:or
75:or
2558::
1166:.
1154:,
1111:.
1064:.
1054:.
1042:.
1038:.
1015:.
1005:.
995:91
993:.
989:.
968:}}
964:{{
956:.
938:.
915:.
905:.
897:.
887:85
885:.
881:.
858:.
850:.
838:.
745:.
735:.
725:89
723:.
719:.
701:.
688:.
671:.
658:.
641:.
628:.
550:^
536:.
526:49
524:.
512:^
414:.
412:°C
337:A
273:.
253:,
249:,
170:,
71:,
63:A
1226:e
1219:t
1212:v
1179:.
1121:.
1097:.
1072:.
1050::
1023:.
1001::
974:)
942:.
923:.
893::
866:.
854::
846::
814:.
753:.
739::
731::
614:.
573:.
544:.
540::
532::
45:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
