632:-produced material on which the original measurements had been made had much lower traces of plutonium-240. Its inclusion in reactor-bred plutonium appeared unavoidable. This meant that the spontaneous fission rate of the reactor plutonium was so high that it would be highly likely that it would predetonate and blow itself apart during the initial formation of a critical mass. The distance required to accelerate the plutonium to speeds where predetonation would be less likely would mandate a gun barrel too long for any existing or planned bomber. The only way to use plutonium in a workable bomb was implosion—a far more difficult engineering task.
537:
314:
454:
402:. His group conducted full-scale tests with their selections. Fixing the physical size of the bomb proved important when it came to selecting a suitable aircraft to carry it. The E-8 group estimated the muzzle velocity of the gun at around 3,000 feet per second (910 m/s), close to the maximum achievable in 1944, and calculated that the pressure in the barrel would be up to 75,000 pounds per square inch (520,000 kPa).
44:
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Thin Man was 17 feet (5.2 m) long, with 38-inch (97 cm) wide tail and nose assemblies, and a 23-inch (58 cm) midsection. The length was necessary for the plutonium "bullet" to achieve adequate speed before reaching the "target". Weight was approximately 8,000 pounds (3,600 kg) for
215:
to investigate implosion. Implosion-type bombs were determined to be significantly more efficient in terms of explosive yield per unit mass of fissile material in the bomb, because compressed fissile materials react more rapidly and therefore more completely. But it was decided that the plutonium
562:
to the test range and fell onto the bomb bay doors, severely damaging the test aircraft. The modified glider tow-hook mechanisms used to suspend the bomb in the bomb bay had caused all four malfunctions, due to the great weight of the bombs. They were replaced with
British Type G single-point
553:
starting in August 1943. The bombs would spin sideways after being dropped and broke up when they hit the ground. Twenty-four drops were carried out in March 1944 before they were discontinued so that improvements could be made to Thin Man. The bombs failed to release immediately, frustrating
387:. These were readily and easily obtained, while full-scale Thin Man tubes took months to produce. It was not possible to conduct tests with plutonium, as it was not yet available. Indeed, the actual physical characteristics of the metal were little more than educated guesses at this time.
505:
could be modified to carry it by removing part of the bulkhead under the main wing spar and some oxygen tanks located between its two bomb bays. This modification was carried out on the 58th production example off the Boeing
Wichita production line, AAF Serial No. 42-6259.
523:, the director of the Manhattan Project, suggested the use of the Lancaster for trials since the B-29, although in production, was still scarce. Again, Arnold rejected the suggestion, as he had invested much time and money in the B-29's development.
540:
An early scale model created for testing the ballistics of the "Thin Man" gun-type atomic bomb. These early tests used 14/23 scale models made from a standard 500 lb gravity bomb, a 14" diameter pipe, and a box tail. The results were extremely
378:
for the Navy, ran the division and handled liaison with other agencies. As the head of the E-6 Projectile, Target, and Source Group, Critchfield calculated critical masses, and instituted a system of live testing with scale models using
216:
gun-type bomb would receive the bulk of the research effort, since it was the project with the least amount of uncertainty involved. It was assumed that the uranium gun-type bomb could be more easily adapted from it.
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606:, who in turn assembled a special committee consisting of Lawrence, Compton, Oppenheimer, and McMillan to examine the issue. The committee concluded that any problems could be overcome by requiring higher purity.
2803:
599:, who acknowledged that their scientists at Berkeley and Chicago respectively knew about the problem, but could offer no ready solution. Conant informed the director of the Manhattan Project,
305:(Fat Man) on a secret tour of the United States. Air Forces personnel used the code names over the phone to make it sound as though they were modifying a plane for Roosevelt and Churchill.
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257:, a former student of Oppenheimer's, who worked on the Manhattan Project. He chose them based on their design shapes; the Thin Man would be a very long device, and the name came from the
2915:
1278:
996:. The History of Air Force Participation in the Atomic Energy Program, 1943–1953. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Air Force, Air University Historical Liaison Office. Archived from
635:
The impracticability of a gun-type bomb using plutonium was agreed at a meeting held on 17 July 1944. All gun-type work in the
Manhattan Project was directed at the
405:
Although the weapon's designers thought that simply bringing a critical mass together would be sufficient, Serber suggested that the design should also include an
2756:
639:
enriched uranium gun design, and almost all of the research at the Los Alamos
Laboratory was re-oriented around the problems of implosion for the Fat Man bomb.
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and his P-5 Group at Los Alamos on the reactor-produced plutonium from X-10 Graphite
Reactor showed that the plutonium contained impurities in the form of the
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uranium gun-type design came later and was named only to contrast with the Thin Man. Los Alamos's Thin Man and Fat Man code names were adopted by the
558:
tests. In what turned out to be the last test flight of the series on 16 March 1944, a Thin Man was prematurely released while the B-29 was still
516:, rejected the suggestion, preferring an American type, specifically the B-29. Prior to dropping trials of the Thin Man and Fat Man dummy bombs,
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1239:
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988:
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Hirschfelder headed the E-8 Interior
Ballistics Group. His group performed mathematical calculations, but he also had to identify a suitable
374:
These four created and tested all the elements of the Thin Man design between April 1943 and August 1944. Parsons, who had developed the
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the final weapon model. There were no aircraft in the USAAF inventory that could carry a Thin Man without being modified, and in 1943,
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as the only aircraft that could carry the Thin Man internally owing to its 33-foot-long (10 m) bomb bay. However, the
American
203:
Oppenheimer reviewed his options in early 1943, and he gave priority to the gun-type weapon, but as a hedge against the threat of
591:
had "concluded that plutonium might not be a practical fissionable material for weapons because of impurities." Conant consulted
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2176:
485:", the plutonium "bullet" would need to be accelerated to a speed of at least 3,000 feet per second (910 m/s)—or else the
1629:
337:
To work on the plutonium gun design, Oppenheimer assembled a team at the Los Alamos
Laboratory that included senior engineer
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193:
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1998:
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The great length of the Thin Man bomb led to aerodynamic instabilities. Subscale models of the bomb were dropped from a
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406:
365:
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2169:
2124:
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461:
The "Thin Man" design was an early nuclear weapon design proposed before plutonium had been successfully bred in a
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2751:
2746:
2119:
1050:. Swords of Armageddon: US Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945. Sunnyvale, California: Chukelea Publications.
1018:
The
Silverplate Bombers: A History and Registry of the Enola Gay and Other B-29s Configured to Carry Atomic Bombs
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arrived and took over the
Ordnance and Engineering Division and direct management of the Thin Man project.
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353:, which Oppenheimer believed would be required by the Thin Man to achieve the high muzzle velocities that
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148:-bred plutonium was too high for use in a gun-type design due to the high concentration of the isotope
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attachments and Type F releases as used on the Lancaster to carry the 12,000-pound (5,400 kg)
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reaction would begin before the assembly was complete, blowing the device apart prematurely.
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Critical Assembly: A Technical History of Los Alamos During the Oppenheimer Years, 1943–1945
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would be brought together by firing a "bullet" into a "target". The alternative idea of an
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2018:
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claims that the original gun-type design, Thin Man, was named after the series of
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method, which involved shooting one sub-critical piece into another. To avoid
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A prototype of the "Thin Man" gun being tested at Anchor Ranch, at Los Alamos.
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taking over control of wartime atomic research in what became known as the
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by the same name. The Fat Man would be round and fat and was named after
140:. Its development was abandoned in 1944 after it was discovered that the
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The gun-type and implosion-type designs were code-named "Thin Man" and "
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173:
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509:
Although Ramsey had suggested the Lancaster, the chief of the USAAF,
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in July, at which physicists discussed nuclear bomb design issues. A
2161:
1230:
Peace & War: Reminiscences of a Life on the Frontiers of Science
1823:
535:
452:
361:. Oppenheimer led the design effort himself until June 1943, when
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The feasibility of a plutonium bomb had been questioned in 1942.
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200:, but it attracted scant consideration, being far more complex.
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nuclear bomb that the United States was developing during the
808:
806:
425:. Oppenheimer requested that it also be manufactured in the
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initiator was chosen because polonium 210 has a 140-day
1020:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company.
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437:, or when they became available, the reactors at the
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1138:Newman, Grant (August 2020). "Mission Improbable".
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71:
63:
53:
34:
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1113:Lancaster: The Second World War's Greatest Bomber
253:" respectively. These code names were created by
2936:Abandoned military projects of the United States
357:would require; Hirschfelder had been working on
473:, could be assembled into a critical mass by a
2916:World War II aerial bombs of the United States
2177:
1272:
301:(Thin Man) and United Kingdom Prime Minister
8:
693:
2184:
2170:
2162:
2025:
1666:
1304:
1279:
1265:
1257:
31:
872:
317:"Thin Man" plutonium gun test casings at
245:that were popular in the 1930s and 1940s.
1166:. New York: William Morrow and Company.
1088:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
908:
884:
812:
289:(USAAF). A cover story was devised that
2885:
1234:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1076:; Henriksen, Paul W.; Meade, Roger A.;
971:
932:
920:
647:
1048:Volume V: US Nuclear Weapons Histories
860:
848:
836:
824:
785:
717:
469:. It was assumed that plutonium, like
27:Nuclear weapon (development abandoned)
990:Vol. I, Project Silverplate 1943–1946
705:
48:"Thin Man" plutonium gun test casings
7:
349:. Critchfield had been working with
184:design was chosen, in which two sub-
1647:Tactical Atomic Demolition Munition
128:" was the code name for a proposed
2926:Nuclear bombs of the United States
2649:Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1641:Special Atomic Demolition Munition
1200:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
333:" casings can be seen behind them.
207:, he created the E-5 Group at the
25:
1635:Medium Atomic Demolition Munition
2921:History of the Manhattan Project
2888:
2865:
2864:
1142:. No. 568. pp. 50–59.
42:
609:In April 1944, experiments by
583:, the director of the British
1:
1288:United States nuclear devices
1197:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
1016:Campbell, Richard H. (2005).
549:at the US Navy test range at
287:United States Army Air Forces
194:implosion-type nuclear weapon
2809:Oppenheimer security hearing
1999:Reliable Replacement Warhead
1226:; Crease, Robert P. (1998).
2952:
744:, pp. 83–84, 111–112.
579:heard on 14 November from
223:
2862:
2752:Bismuth phosphate process
2747:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
2199:
503:Boeing B-29 Superfortress
107:
64:Place of origin
41:
694:Serber & Crease 1998
620:. This has a far higher
465:from the irradiation of
369:William Sterling Parsons
226:Little Boy § Naming
2829:S-1 Executive Committee
2777:Einstein–Szilard letter
1115:. London: John Murray.
1111:McKinstry, Leo (2009).
319:Wendover Army Air Field
2931:Gun-type nuclear bombs
2271:Salt Wells Pilot Plant
1078:Westfall, Catherine L.
542:
497:suggested the British
458:
439:Hanford Engineer Works
431:Clinton Engineer Works
341:and senior physicists
334:
293:was about modifying a
246:
160:In 1942, prior to the
103:38 inches (97 cm)
2849:X-10 Graphite Reactor
2804:Nobel Prize laureates
2674:509th Composite Group
539:
456:
427:X-10 Graphite Reactor
316:
297:for use by President
241:based on the work of
233:
224:Further information:
209:Los Alamos Laboratory
81:Los Alamos Laboratory
18:Thin Man nuclear bomb
2757:British contribution
2659:Operation Peppermint
2654:Operation Crossroads
2513:Maria Goeppert Mayer
960:Hoddeson et al. 1993
945:Hoddeson et al. 1993
897:Hoddeson et al. 1993
839:, pp. 107, 119.
798:Hoddeson et al. 1993
771:Hoddeson et al. 1993
759:Hoddeson et al. 1993
742:Hoddeson et al. 1993
730:Hoddeson et al. 1993
682:Hoddeson et al. 1993
670:Hoddeson et al. 1993
655:Hoddeson et al. 1993
604:Leslie R. Groves Jr.
435:Oak Ridge, Tennessee
178:Berkeley, California
172:held conferences in
95:17 feet (5.2 m)
2518:George Kistiakowsky
2473:Charles Critchfield
1162:The Road to Trinity
1156:Nichols, Kenneth D.
1003:on 22 February 2014
987:Bowen, Lee (1959).
974:, pp. 138–139.
962:, pp. 240–244.
800:, pp. 119–123.
773:, pp. 112–114.
761:, pp. 126–128.
622:spontaneous fission
547:Grumman TBF Avenger
359:internal ballistics
347:Joseph Hirschfelder
343:Charles Critchfield
142:spontaneous fission
2895:Nuclear technology
2583:Henry DeWolf Smyth
2362:Robert Oppenheimer
2317:Priscilla Duffield
863:, p. 479-480.
551:Dahlgren, Virginia
543:
511:Lieutenant General
459:
423:Port Hope, Ontario
363:United States Navy
335:
299:Franklin Roosevelt
278:The Maltese Falcon
273:Sydney Greenstreet
247:
170:Robert Oppenheimer
162:United States Army
72:Production history
2876:
2875:
2798:Los Alamos Primer
2787:Interim Committee
2742:African Americans
2694:The Great Artiste
2553:Isidor Isaac Rabi
2548:Norman Ramsey Jr.
2347:Franklin Matthias
2286:Heavy water sites
2193:Manhattan Project
2159:
2158:
2088:
2087:
2013:
2012:
1656:
1655:
1610:Atomic demolition
1241:978-0-231-10546-0
1140:Aeroplane Monthly
1122:978-0-7195-2363-2
1074:Hoddeson, Lillian
1057:978-0-9791915-0-3
935:, pp. 64–65.
815:, pp. 76–77.
732:, pp. 83–84.
657:, pp. 42–44.
601:Brigadier General
518:Brigadier General
355:critical assembly
327:Manhattan Project
303:Winston Churchill
196:was suggested by
166:Manhattan Project
138:Manhattan Project
122:
121:
16:(Redirected from
2943:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2884:
2868:
2867:
2819:Quebec Agreement
2603:John von Neumann
2543:George B. Pegram
2352:Dorothy McKibbin
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911:, pp. 8–10.
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443:Washington State
275:'s character in
269:series of movies
261:detective novel
259:Dashiell Hammett
243:Dashiell Hammett
213:Seth Neddermeyer
46:
37:
32:
21:
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2824:RaLa Experiment
2730:
2699:
2664:Project Alberta
2632:
2628:Chien-Shiung Wu
2558:James Rainwater
2493:Richard Feynman
2483:John R. Dunning
2458:Norris Bradbury
2421:
2407:Stafford Warren
2377:William Purnell
2357:Kenneth Nichols
2337:Ernest Lawrence
2312:James B. Conant
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611:Emilio G. Segrè
593:Ernest Lawrence
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514:Henry H. Arnold
463:nuclear reactor
451:
323:Project Alberta
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186:critical masses
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156:Early decisions
146:nuclear reactor
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2735:Related topics
2732:
2731:
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2718:
2713:
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2700:
2698:
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2600:
2598:Stanisław Ulam
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2533:Edwin McMillan
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2478:Harry Daghlian
2475:
2470:
2468:John Cockcroft
2465:
2463:James Chadwick
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2344:
2342:James Marshall
2339:
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2329:
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2322:Thomas Farrell
2319:
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2309:
2307:Arthur Compton
2304:
2298:
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2295:Administrators
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2135:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2093:Primary stages
2090:
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2082:
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2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
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1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
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1302:
1292:
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1286:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1240:
1224:Serber, Robert
1220:
1206:
1187:
1186:
1172:
1152:
1135:
1121:
1108:
1094:
1070:
1056:
1040:
1026:
1013:
982:
979:
977:
976:
964:
949:
947:, p. 228.
937:
925:
913:
901:
899:, p. 380.
889:
877:
875:, p. 495.
873:McKinstry 2009
865:
853:
841:
829:
827:, p. 478.
817:
802:
790:
788:, p. 106.
775:
763:
746:
734:
722:
720:, p. 481.
710:
698:
696:, p. 104.
686:
674:
659:
646:
644:
641:
597:Arthur Compton
589:James Chadwick
587:project, that
572:
569:
533:
530:
528:
525:
499:Avro Lancaster
450:
449:Specifications
447:
376:proximity fuze
339:Edwin McMillan
310:
307:
221:
218:
198:Richard Tolman
157:
154:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
87:Specifications
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
58:Nuclear weapon
55:
51:
50:
47:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2948:
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2805:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2795:
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2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2782:Franck Report
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
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2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:Alsos Mission
2642:
2641:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:Robert Wilson
2616:
2614:
2613:Eugene Wigner
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2593:Edward Teller
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2568:Glenn Seaborg
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2538:Mark Oliphant
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2528:Willard Libby
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
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2504:
2501:
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2464:
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2459:
2456:
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2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Robert Bacher
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2417:Roscoe Wilson
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
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2360:
2358:
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2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2332:John Lansdale
2330:
2328:
2327:Leslie Groves
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2302:Vannevar Bush
2300:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2284:
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2279:
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2167:
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2142:
2139:
2138:
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2132:
2126:
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2118:
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2098:
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2064:
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2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
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1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1670:Gravity bombs
1668:
1665:
1663:
1662:Thermonuclear
1659:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
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1613:
1607:
1600:
1597:
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1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
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1571:
1569:
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1561:
1559:
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1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1507:
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1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
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1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
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1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1309:Gravity bombs
1306:
1303:
1301:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1207:0-671-44133-7
1203:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1173:0-688-06910-X
1169:
1164:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1095:0-521-44132-3
1091:
1086:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1044:Hansen, Chuck
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1027:0-7864-2139-8
1023:
1019:
1014:
999:
992:
991:
985:
984:
980:
973:
968:
965:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
941:
938:
934:
929:
926:
923:, p. 64.
922:
917:
914:
910:
909:Campbell 2005
905:
902:
898:
893:
890:
887:, p. 42.
886:
885:Campbell 2005
881:
878:
874:
869:
866:
862:
857:
854:
851:, p. 52.
850:
845:
842:
838:
833:
830:
826:
821:
818:
814:
813:Campbell 2005
809:
807:
803:
799:
794:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
767:
764:
760:
755:
753:
751:
747:
743:
738:
735:
731:
726:
723:
719:
714:
711:
708:, p. 96.
707:
702:
699:
695:
690:
687:
684:, p. 87.
683:
678:
675:
672:, p. 55.
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
651:
648:
642:
640:
638:
633:
631:
627:
626:plutonium-239
623:
619:
618:plutonium-240
616:
612:
607:
605:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
581:Wallace Akers
578:
571:Predetonation
570:
568:
566:
561:
557:
552:
548:
538:
531:
527:Design issues
526:
524:
522:
521:Leslie Groves
519:
515:
512:
507:
504:
500:
496:
495:Norman Ramsey
490:
488:
484:
480:
479:predetonation
476:
472:
468:
464:
455:
448:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
377:
372:
370:
367:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
332:
328:
324:
321:, as part of
320:
315:
308:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
279:
274:
270:
266:
265:
260:
256:
255:Robert Serber
252:
244:
240:
236:
235:Robert Serber
232:
227:
219:
217:
214:
210:
206:
205:predetonation
201:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
155:
153:
151:
150:plutonium-240
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
118:
115:
111:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
82:
79:
75:
70:
67:United States
66:
62:
59:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
2854:Y-12 Project
2839:Smyth Report
2834:S-50 Project
2796:
2792:K-25 Project
2725:
2721:Pumpkin bomb
2692:
2685:
2678:
2608:John Wheeler
2578:Louis Slotin
2573:Emilio Segrè
2523:George Koval
2503:James Franck
2488:Enrico Fermi
2433:Luis Alvarez
2392:Paul Tibbets
2367:Deak Parsons
2134:Experimental
1322:
1229:
1195:
1161:
1139:
1112:
1083:
1047:
1017:
1005:. Retrieved
998:the original
989:
972:Nichols 1987
967:
940:
933:Nichols 1987
928:
921:Nichols 1987
916:
904:
892:
880:
868:
856:
844:
832:
820:
793:
766:
737:
725:
713:
701:
689:
677:
650:
634:
608:
577:James Conant
574:
565:Tallboy bomb
559:
544:
532:Aerodynamics
508:
491:
460:
411:polonium-210
404:
389:
381:20 mm cannon
373:
336:
276:
264:The Thin Man
262:
248:
202:
176:in June and
159:
125:
123:
29:
2669:Silverplate
2623:Leona Woods
2588:Leo Szilard
2563:Bruno Rossi
2508:Klaus Fuchs
2412:Ed Westcott
2402:Harold Urey
1781:Depth bombs
1515:Depth bombs
861:Rhodes 1986
849:Newman 2020
837:Hansen 1995
825:Rhodes 1986
786:Hansen 1995
718:Rhodes 1986
585:Tube Alloys
556:calibration
471:uranium-235
467:uranium-238
385:3-inch guns
309:Development
295:Pullman car
291:Silverplate
2911:Code names
2905:Categories
2772:Demon core
2716:Little Boy
2637:Operations
2453:Niels Bohr
2443:Hans Bethe
2426:Scientists
2372:Boris Pash
2251:Los Alamos
1317:Little Boy
1298:(including
981:References
706:Bowen 1959
637:Little Boy
624:rate than
283:Little Boy
239:noir films
2814:Plutonium
2680:Enola Gay
2498:Val Fitch
2448:Aage Bohr
2397:Bud Uanna
2266:Oak Ridge
2066:Artillery
2021:radiation
1612:munitions
1546:Artillery
1148:0143-7240
1131:520736950
1066:231585284
630:cyclotron
419:half life
415:beryllium
407:initiator
190:plutonium
130:plutonium
117:Plutonium
36:Thin Man
2870:Category
2726:Thin Man
2687:Bockscar
2281:Wendover
2261:New York
2256:Montreal
2246:Inyokern
2221:Berkeley
2202:Timeline
2151:RACER IV
2125:Starling
2029:Warheads
2019:Enhanced
1797:Warheads
1404:Warheads
1331:(Mark 3)
1325:(Mark 2)
1323:Thin Man
1319:(Mark 1)
1300:boosted)
1250:37631186
1216:13793436
1194:(1986).
1182:15223648
1158:(1987).
1104:26764320
1080:(1993).
1046:(1995).
1036:58554961
560:en route
475:gun-type
182:gun-type
144:rate of
134:gun-type
132:-fueled
126:Thin Man
100:Diameter
77:Designer
2844:Uranium
2711:Fat Man
2704:Weapons
2276:Trinity
2241:Hanford
2226:Chicago
2146:Sausage
2120:Kinglet
1732:Mark 39
1727:Mark 36
1717:Mark 27
1712:Mark 26
1707:Mark 24
1697:Mark 21
1692:Mark 17
1682:Mark 15
1677:Mark 14
1620:XM1 ADM
1522:Mark 90
1385:Mark 20
1380:Mark 18
1375:Mark 13
1370:Mark 12
1365:Mark 11
1360:Mark 10
1329:Fat Man
1296:Fission
1007:28 July
615:isotope
487:fission
429:at the
396:igniter
366:Captain
331:Fat Man
325:in the
251:Fat Man
174:Chicago
113:Filling
2881:Portal
2236:Dayton
2230:Site A
2141:Gadget
2115:Tsetse
2110:Python
1649:(TADM)
1643:(SADM)
1637:(MADM)
1625:T2 ADM
1532:Mk 105
1527:Mk 101
1390:Mk 105
1355:Mark 8
1350:Mark 7
1345:Mark 6
1340:Mark 5
1335:Mark 4
1248:
1238:
1214:
1204:
1180:
1170:
1146:
1129:
1119:
1102:
1092:
1064:
1054:
1034:
1024:
628:. The
483:fizzle
400:primer
398:, and
392:powder
351:sabots
281:. The
220:Naming
211:under
92:Length
2209:Sites
2100:Robin
2001:(RRW)
1844:XW-46
1824:XW-35
1501:W76-2
1486:XW-51
1001:(PDF)
994:(PDF)
643:Notes
541:poor.
2216:Ames
2105:Swan
1819:TX29
1747:TX46
1702:TX22
1687:TX16
1246:OCLC
1236:ISBN
1212:OCLC
1202:ISBN
1178:OCLC
1168:ISBN
1144:ISSN
1127:OCLC
1117:ISBN
1100:OCLC
1090:ISBN
1062:OCLC
1052:ISBN
1032:OCLC
1022:ISBN
1009:2013
595:and
481:or "
409:. A
383:and
345:and
267:and
54:Type
2079:W82
2073:W79
2056:W70
2051:W66
2046:W65
2041:W64
2036:W63
2005:W93
1994:W91
1989:W89
1984:W88
1979:W87
1974:W86
1969:W85
1964:W84
1959:W80
1954:W78
1949:W76
1944:W73
1939:W71
1934:W70
1929:W69
1924:W68
1919:W67
1914:W64
1909:W63
1904:W62
1899:W61
1894:W60
1889:W59
1884:W58
1879:W56
1874:W55
1869:W53
1864:W52
1859:W50
1854:W49
1849:W47
1839:W41
1834:W39
1829:W38
1814:W28
1809:W27
1804:W15
1788:B90
1772:B90
1767:B83
1762:B77
1757:B61
1752:B53
1742:B43
1737:B41
1722:B28
1599:W82
1593:W79
1588:W75
1583:W74
1578:W54
1573:W48
1568:W33
1563:W23
1558:W19
1537:B57
1506:W81
1496:W72
1491:W54
1481:W45
1476:W44
1471:W42
1466:W40
1461:W37
1456:W34
1451:W31
1446:W30
1441:W25
1436:W13
1431:W12
1395:B57
441:in
433:in
329:. "
188:of
2907::
2081:-0
2075:-0
2058:-3
1630:T4
1601:-1
1595:-1
1553:W9
1426:W8
1421:W7
1416:W5
1411:W4
1244:.
1210:.
1176:.
1125:.
1098:.
1060:.
1030:.
952:^
805:^
778:^
749:^
662:^
567:.
445:.
394:,
168:,
152:.
2883::
2232:)
2228:(
2185:e
2178:t
2171:v
1280:e
1273:t
1266:v
1252:.
1218:.
1184:.
1150:.
1133:.
1106:.
1068:.
1038:.
1011:.
413:-
124:"
20:)
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