140:
792:
281:. Sometimes the underlying cause of hypertension cannot be determined, resulting in a diagnosis of idiopathic hypertension. Regardless of the cause, someone may have very high hypertension without any initial symptoms. Uncontrolled hypertension will eventually cause damage to the heart, kidneys and eyes. Lifestyle changes, including reducing dietary salt, increasing exercise and losing weight can help to reduce blood pressure.
825:. Inhibition of sodium-chloride symporter increases availability of sodium and chloride in urine. When the urine reaches the collecting duct, the increase in sodium and chloride availability activates Na+/K+-ATPase, which increases the absorption of sodium and excretion of potassium into the urine. Long term administration of thiazide diuretics reduces total body blood volume. This activates the
883:
51:
644:(low blood calcium) can be caused by a variety of conditions that reduce dietary calcium absorption, increase calcium excretion or both. Positive calcium balance occurs when calcium excretion is decreased and intake remains constant so that calcium is retained within the body. Higher levels of retained calcium are associated with increased
989:, under the trade name Diuril in 1958. The research leading to the discovery of chlorothiazide, leading to "the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension" was recognized by a special Public Health Award from the Lasker Foundation in 1975.
945:
to maintain intracellular Na level, facilitating Ca to leave the epithelial cells into the renal interstitium. Thus, intracellular Ca concentration is decreased, which allows more Ca from the lumen of the tubules to enter epithelial cells via apical Ca-selective channels (TRPV5). In other words, less
688:
gene that participated in the study. Inactivation of the CLCN5 gene causes Dent's disease Type 1. The rare nature of Dent's disease makes it difficult to coordinate large controlled studies, so most evidence for thiazide use is with too few patients to make broad recommendations possible. Long-term
284:
Thiazides and thiazide-like diuretics have been in constant use since their introduction in 1958. Decades as a cornerstone of hypertension treatment show how well these drugs perform for most patients. Low-dose thiazides are tolerated as well as the other classes of medications for hypertension,
236:. Thiazide diuretics inhibit this receptor, causing the body to release NaCl and water into the lumen, thereby increasing the amount of urine produced each day. An example of a molecule that is chemically a thiazide but not used as a diuretic is
334:. Thiazides are a recommended treatment for hypertension in Europe (ESC/ESH). Thiazides should be considered as initial treatment if the patient has a high risk of developing heart failure. Thiazides have also been replaced by
1664:
Martins MC, Meyers AM, Whalley NA, Margolius LP, Buys ME (1996). "Indapamide (Natrilix): the agent of choice in the treatment of recurrent renal calculi associated with idiopathic hypercalciuria".
220:
are referred to as thiazides despite not having the thiazide chemical structure. When used this way, "thiazide" refers to a drug which acts at the thiazide receptor. The thiazide receptor is a
2965:
6588:
6539:
6613:
5304:
5149:
1505:
83:
1709:
Aung K, Htay T. Thiazide diuretics and the risk of hip fracture. Cochrane
Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD005185. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005185.pub2.
1945:
6356:
1414:"2014 evidence-based guideline for the management of high blood pressure in adults: report from the panel members appointed to the Eighth Joint National Committee (JNC 8)"
756:
since they compete for the same transporter, and therefore raise the levels of uric acid in the blood. Hence, they are prescribed with caution in patients with gout or
3536:
311:
regarding the use of thiazides vary by geographic region. Guidelines in the United States recommend thiazides as a first-line treatment for hypertension (JNC VIII). A
567:
538:
506:
477:
448:
419:
390:
1453:
2958:
1721:"Thiazide diuretics directly induce osteoblast differentiation and mineralized nodule formation by interacting with a sodium chloride co-transporter in bone"
672:
that results in electrolyte imbalance with repeated episodes of kidney stones. A case study of two brothers with the condition, two years of treatment with
617:(high urine calcium levels). Thiazides increase the uptake of calcium in the distal tubules, to moderately reduce urinary calcium. Thiazides combined with
1536:
1477:
National
Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guideline on the management of primary hypertension in adults (CG127) accessed 5/3/2012 at
2951:
212:
Thiazide organic molecules are bi-cyclic structures that contain adjacent sulfur and nitrogen atoms on one ring. Confusion sometimes occurs because
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2383:
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and sodium can slow or even reverse the formation of calcium-containing kidney stones. High-dose therapy with the thiazide-like diuretic
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2315:
1512:
6257:
3562:
949:
Thiazides are also thought to increase the reabsorption of Ca by a mechanism involving the reabsorption of sodium and calcium in the
941:. By lowering the sodium concentration in the tubule epithelial cells, thiazides indirectly increase the activity of the basolateral
918:. The term "thiazide" is also often used for drugs with a similar action that do not have the thiazide chemical structure, such as
4183:
2635:
1949:
4527:
2733:
829:, stimulates the secretion of aldosterone, thus activating Na+/K+-ATPase, increasing excretion of potassium in urine. Therefore,
2267:
1479:
5218:
5038:
3522:
2895:
2812:
2781:
2762:
981:
The thiazide diuretics were developed by scientists Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and
Frederick C. Novello of
3401:
3262:
669:
581:
5785:
5515:
3378:
1083:"2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension"
328:
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112:
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801:– Thiazide diuretics reduce potassium concentration in blood through two indirect mechanisms: inhibition of
791:
763:
Chronic administration of thiazides is associated with the increase of insulin resistance which can lead to
320:
294:
260:(swelling) caused by water overload as well as certain conditions related to unbalanced calcium metabolism.
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James PA, Oparil S, Carter BL, Cushman WC, Dennison-Himmelfarb C, Handler J, et al. (February 2014).
931:
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Illustration of the mechanism of action of thiazide diuretics in the distal convoluted tubule of nephrons.
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1720:
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1503:
Guide to management of hypertension 2008. National Heart
Foundation Australia. 2008. accessed online at
302:
206:
5645:
4100:
3971:
2061:"Mechanisms for blood pressure lowering and metabolic effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics"
1719:
Dvorak MM, De
Joussineau C, Carter DH, Pisitkun T, Knepper MA, Gamba G, et al. (September 2007).
139:
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Thiazides can decrease placental perfusion and adversely affect the fetus, so should be avoided in
698:
673:
426:
397:
6490:
5111:
3856:
3801:
3796:
3761:
1207:"6 Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Methylisothiazolinone and Methylchloroisothiazolinone"
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Scheinman SJ, Asplin J, Ploutz-Snyder RJ, Why SV, Goodyer P, Blowey D, et al. (2002-12-01).
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reduced the incidence of kidney stones and improved kidney function. The thiazide-like diuretic
6174:
5296:
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5261:
5231:
4649:
4559:
3991:
3896:
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1600:
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in response to sodium depletion. Some of this response is due to augmentation of the action of
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for high blood pressure. Low-dose thiazides are more effective at treating hypertension than
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3000:
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and can decrease the flow of breast milk. Thiazides have been associated with significant
950:
822:
818:
735:
681:
552:
523:
491:
462:
433:
404:
375:
338:
in
Australia due to the association between thaizide use and increased risk of developing
229:
225:
1971:
1641:"THIAZIDE DIURETICS FOR STONE PREVENTION | Kidney Stone Evaluation And Treatment Program"
656:
differentiation and bone mineral formation, further slowing the course of osteoporosis.
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6431:
6022:
5922:
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730:
689:
thiazide use may not be advisable due to the risk of significant adverse side effects.
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55:
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3252:
3163:
2991:
2974:
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2557:
2499:
2437:
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1677:
1552:"New insights into the paradoxical effect of thiazides in diabetes insipidus therapy"
1483:
1240:
1131:
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1004:
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335:
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194:
88:
2011:
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in some nursing infants and should be administered to nursing mothers with caution.
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2417:
1617:
970:
966:
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814:
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5305:
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1159:
185:) refers to both a class of sulfur-containing organic molecules and a class of
6460:
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6383:
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6304:
6299:
6279:
6100:
6089:
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2597:
2582:
2577:
2519:
2442:
2432:
2422:
2402:
2392:
2161:
Drugs in
Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk
1988:
1480:"CG127 - Hypertension - National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence"
1223:
1206:
927:
923:
653:
626:
545:
217:
41:
1997:
1928:
1906:
1844:
1795:
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1430:
1290:
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6342:
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6215:
6146:
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6037:
6012:
6002:
5927:
5877:
5822:
5798:
5725:
5635:
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5625:
5585:
5580:
5570:
5555:
5414:
5286:
5266:
5246:
5236:
5194:
5174:
5091:
4886:
4801:
4791:
4771:
4709:
4694:
4684:
4644:
4629:
4599:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4500:
4441:
4391:
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4376:
4361:
4351:
4331:
4321:
4301:
4276:
3906:
3871:
3851:
3816:
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3771:
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3439:
3313:
3303:
3247:
3214:
3107:
3087:
3077:
3034:
3029:
2802:
2683:
2643:
2592:
2587:
2567:
2504:
2427:
2397:
2244:
2227:
1786:
1769:
1058:
1041:
946:
Ca in the cell increases the driving force for reabsorption from the lumen.
778:
771:
753:
50:
6357:
2212:
2203:
2186:
2094:
1852:
1803:
1754:
1736:
1585:
1439:
1398:
1349:
1308:
1171:
1109:
2253:
1693:
1067:
580:
Thiazides can be used to paradoxically decrease urine flow in people with
6151:
5957:
5952:
5912:
5827:
5675:
5550:
5488:
4871:
4836:
4741:
4356:
4286:
4256:
4216:
4110:
3901:
3861:
3841:
3514:
3427:
3328:
3318:
3112:
2864:
2747:
2742:
2648:
2607:
2484:
2474:
2465:
2412:
2324:
1946:"Hydrochlorothiazide, HCTZ (Microzide) Contraindications and Precautions"
1914:
899:
746:
186:
17:
985:
in the 1950s, and led to the marketing of the first drug of this class,
319:
specifically recommended that low-dose thiazides be used as the initial
205:
beginning in 1958. In most countries, thiazides are the least expensive
6220:
6042:
5842:
5367:
4766:
4704:
4366:
4346:
4042:
3913:
2841:
2228:"Chlorothiazide. How the thiazides evolved as antihypertensive therapy"
1042:"Chlorothiazide. How the thiazides evolved as antihypertensive therapy"
810:
622:
278:
2076:
131:
6046:
5159:
4831:
4751:
4634:
4624:
4406:
4175:
1972:"Drug-Induced Glucose Alterations Part 2: Drug-Induced Hyperglycemia"
911:
895:
202:
2185:
American
Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs (September 2001).
4786:
4639:
2293:
881:
790:
685:
257:
138:
76:
652:. By a poorly understood mechanism, thiazides directly stimulate
6284:
4987:
4949:
4732:
2752:
1819:"Responsiveness of Hypercalciuria to Thiazide in Dent's Disease"
725:
5310:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
5155:
Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel
3518:
2947:
2297:
903:
890:
Thiazide diuretics control hypertension in part by inhibiting
795:
Overview of nephron function and where thiazide diuretics act.
6526:
5016:
937:
Thiazide diuretics also increase calcium reabsorption at the
5434:
2158:
Gerald G. Briggs, Roger K. Freeman, Sumner J. Yaffe (2011).
1893:
Trump DL, Hochberg MC (April 1976). "Bromide intoxication".
277:(high blood pressure), including advancing age, smoking and
162:
6362:
Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
5329:
1324:"Fifty years of thiazide diuretic therapy for hypertension"
174:
168:
165:
6258:
3563:
193:. The thiazide drug class was discovered and developed at
4528:
5219:
5039:
2187:"Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk"
2012:"Hypertension in Pregnancy - Gynecology and Obstetrics"
1035:
1033:
5516:
555:
526:
494:
465:
436:
407:
378:
197:
in the 1950s. The first approved drug of this class,
171:
2164:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 257–.
2028:
1768:
Velasco N, Jayawardene SA, Burgess HK (2001-07-01).
177:
6549:
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6517:
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6444:
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6270:
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5208:
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3191:
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3016:
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2888:
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2724:
2662:
2634:
2620:
2543:
2451:
2374:
2351:
2336:
2025:Dowd FJ, Johnson B, Mariotti A (3 September 2016).
252:Thiazide diuretics are primarily used to treat the
159:
125:
111:
106:
94:
82:
68:
63:
34:
2135:Harrison's Principals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 2
2110:Harrison's Principals of Internal Medicine, Vol. 2
561:
532:
500:
471:
442:
413:
384:
6551:
6125:
146:, the parent structure of this class of molecules
6189:
6589:Transient receptor potential channel modulators
1874:NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders)
664:Thiazides may be used to treat the symptoms of
621:, increased water intake and decreased dietary
6614:World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances
3406:
2031:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 324–326.
1770:"Dent's disease: can we slow its progression?"
697:Bromine intoxication can be treated by giving
6531:Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels
5021:Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel
3530:
2959:
2309:
1823:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
1725:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
1211:Journal of the American College of Toxicology
684:in seven of the eight males with inactivated
8:
5439:Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel
3339:Non-selective α-adrenergic receptor blockers
5337:Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel
1369:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1363:Wright JM, Musini VM, Gill R (April 2018).
1271:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1265:Musini VM, Gill R, Wright JM (2018-04-18).
584:. Thiazides may also be useful in treating
6521:
6448:
6366:
6267:
6263:Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel
6253:
6198:
6134:
5525:
5511:
5443:
5341:
5025:
4555:4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)
4537:
4523:
3572:
3568:Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels
3558:
3537:
3523:
3515:
3374:
3287:
3202:
3195:
3013:
3006:
2966:
2952:
2944:
2631:
2348:
2316:
2302:
2294:
1970:Rehman A, Setter SM, Vue MH (2011-11-01).
49:
2243:
2202:
2084:
2059:Duarte JD, Cooper-DeHoff RM (June 2010).
1987:
1834:
1785:
1744:
1616:
1567:
1429:
1388:
1339:
1298:
1222:
1192:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1057:
1023:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
1007:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
722:Allergy to sulphur-containing medications
633:(high urine calcium with unknown cause).
554:
525:
493:
464:
435:
406:
377:
305:, and heart failure due to hypertension.
4533:Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels
930:. These agents are more properly termed
648:and fewer fractures in individuals with
344:
5227:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
5047:Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel
2268:"Drugs@FDA: FDA Approved Drug Products"
2137:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 3109.
2112:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 2285.
997:
1535:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1528:
831:ACE inhibitor and thiazide combination
31:
5521:Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels
1940:
1938:
1864:
1862:
1705:
1703:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
7:
5456:12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
1158:Akbari P, Khorasani-Zadeh A (2019),
1153:
1151:
201:, was marketed under the trade name
4550:3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)
1774:Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation
1556:Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation
1365:"First-line drugs for hypertension"
1267:"First-line drugs for hypertension"
914:by blocking the thiazide-sensitive
588:(low blood sodium) in infants with
189:based on the chemical structure of
1836:10.1097/01.ASN.0000036869.82685.F6
1601:"Diuretics for diabetes insipidus"
1322:Moser M, Feig PU (November 2009).
774:, while conserving blood calcium.
752:Thiazides reduce the clearance of
301:reduce the risk of death, stroke,
25:
6556:Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels
6130:Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel
1895:The Johns Hopkins Medical Journal
605:Thiazides are useful in treating
6194:Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel
2282:"The Lasker Foundation - Awards"
1678:10.1046/j.1464-410X.1996.00633.x
1102:10.1097/00004872-200311000-00002
701:saline with either thiazides or
297:. In general, the thiazides and
155:
3402:Endothelin receptor antagonists
3263:Tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitors
2896:Hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene
2763:Vasopressin receptor inhibitors
833:is used to prevent hypokalemia.
770:Thiazides cause loss of blood
4012:Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)
3411:Tooltip Pulmonary hypertension
3379:Serotonin receptor antagonists
2133:Longo DL, et al. (2012).
2108:Longo DL, et al. (2012).
1381:10.1002/14651858.CD001841.pub3
1341:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.342
1283:10.1002/14651858.CD001841.pub3
1081:Whitworth JA (November 2003).
582:nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
1:
6585:Receptor/signaling modulators
3987:Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)
3296:-Adrenergic receptor blockers
3065:Adrenergic release inhibitors
3022:-Adrenergic receptor agonists
1328:Archives of Internal Medicine
329:angiotensin-converting enzyme
3207:Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
713:Contraindications include:
309:Clinical practice guidelines
1618:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.07.029
1040:Beyer KH (September 1993).
238:methylchloroisothiazolinone
222:sodium-chloride transporter
27:Class of chemical compounds
6635:
5548:Antiarrhythmics (class I):
2065:Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther
1666:British Journal of Urology
670:X-linked genetic condition
631:idiopathic hypercalcinuria
590:central diabetes insipidus
256:(high blood pressure) and
6578:
6058:Tricyclic antidepressants
5067:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
3475:
2904:
1989:10.2337/diaspect.24.4.234
1645:kidneystones.uchicago.edu
1605:The Journal of Pediatrics
1550:Magaldi AJ (2000-12-01).
1224:10.3109/10915819209141993
1217:(1): 75–128. 1992-01-01.
1166:, StatPearls Publishing,
908:distal convoluted tubules
803:sodium-chloride symporter
512:
364:
273:There are many causes of
130:
101:sodium-chloride symporter
58:, the first thiazide drug
48:
39:
1431:10.1001/jama.2013.284427
1194:Medical Subject Headings
1025:Medical Subject Headings
1009:Medical Subject Headings
827:renin–angiotensin system
807:distal convoluted tubule
340:diabetes mellitus type 2
295:calcium channel blockers
234:distal convoluted tubule
5671:Eslicarbazepine acetate
2664:Aldosterone antagonists
2245:10.1161/01.hyp.22.3.388
1599:Welch TR (2015-09-01).
1090:Journal of Hypertension
1059:10.1161/01.hyp.22.3.388
932:thiazide-like diuretics
659:
513:Thiazide-like Diuretic
321:pharmacological therapy
299:thiazide-like diuretics
214:thiazide-like diuretics
5415:Rottlerin (mallotoxin)
3546:Ion channel modulators
2977:(and closely related)
2204:10.1542/peds.108.3.776
1737:10.1681/ASN.2007030348
1569:10.1093/ndt/15.12.1903
887:
796:
563:
534:
502:
473:
444:
415:
386:
317:Cochrane Collaboration
207:antihypertensive drugs
147:
3772:Ryodipine (riodipine)
3156:nicotinic antagonists
1787:10.1093/ndt/16.7.1512
885:
794:
629:can be used to treat
564:
535:
503:
474:
445:
416:
387:
142:
5761:Valproate semisodium
4292:Carboxyamidotriazole
4227:Gabapentin enacarbil
4207:Arbaclofen placarbil
3123:Imidazoline receptor
2889:Combination products
2694:Potassium canrenoate
1334:(20). JAMA: 1851–6.
1160:"Thiazide Diuretics"
965:Thiazides pass into
646:bone mineral density
562:{\displaystyle <}
553:
533:{\displaystyle <}
524:
501:{\displaystyle <}
492:
472:{\displaystyle <}
463:
443:{\displaystyle <}
434:
414:{\displaystyle <}
405:
385:{\displaystyle <}
376:
240:, often found as an
6412:1,10-Phenanthroline
4969:Spooky toxin (SsTx)
3954:Tetrahydropalmatine
2856:mercurial diuretics
2510:Hydrochlorothiazide
2480:Bendroflumethiazide
1929:"Medication Update"
955:parathyroid hormone
878:Mechanism of action
872:Metabolic alkalosis
813:and stimulation of
674:hydrochlorothiazide
427:Bendroflumethiazide
398:Hydrochlorothiazide
327:and are similar to
6422:7,8-Benzoquinoline
6417:4,7-Phenanthroline
6407:1,7-Phenanthroline
5783:Local anesthetics:
5315:ML-297 (VU0456810)
4822:Diallyl trisulfide
4817:Dextropropoxyphene
4720:Tetraethylammonium
4427:Pinaverium bromide
4197:4-Methylpregabalin
3502:Never to phase III
2931:Never to phase III
2535:Trichlormethiazide
2515:Hydroflumethiazide
1021:Thiazide+Diuretics
888:
797:
576:Diabetes insipidus
559:
530:
498:
485:Trichlormethiazide
469:
440:
411:
382:
365:Thiazide Diuretic
351:Generic Drug Name
148:
6596:
6595:
6574:
6573:
6513:
6512:
6509:
6508:
6471:Meclofenamic acid
6440:
6439:
6351:
6350:
6243:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6183:
6182:
6119:
6118:
5993:RG7893 (GDC-0287)
5756:Valproate pivoxil
5646:Acetylpheneturide
5501:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5428:
5427:
5400:Meclofenamic acid
5363:Ethanol (alcohol)
5323:
5322:
5272:Minoxidil sulfate
5010:
5009:
4513:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4412:Otilonium bromide
4337:Ethanol (alcohol)
4101:ω-Conotoxin MVIIC
3837:Phenylalkylamines
3512:
3511:
3471:
3470:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3279:
3278:
3187:
3186:
3152:Ganglion-blocking
2979:antihypertensives
2941:
2940:
2824:Lithium carbonate
2726:Osmotic diuretics
2720:
2719:
2622:Potassium-sparing
2616:
2615:
2226:Beyer KH (1993).
2171:978-1-60831-708-0
2144:978-0-07-174887-2
2119:978-0-07-174887-2
2077:10.1586/erc.10.27
2038:978-0-323-44595-5
1976:Diabetes Spectrum
1829:(12): 2938–2944.
1562:(12): 1903–1905.
1190:thiazide+receptor
1136:meshb.nlm.nih.gov
709:Contraindications
619:potassium citrate
613:that result from
573:
572:
313:systematic review
137:
136:
96:Biological target
64:Class identifiers
16:(Redirected from
6626:
6557:
6553:
6532:
6528:
6522:
6449:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6254:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6135:
6131:
6127:
5746:Sodium valproate
5661:Chlorphenacemide
5643:Anticonvulsants:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5461:Arachidonic acid
5444:
5440:
5436:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5311:
5307:
5228:
5224:
5180:Dextromethorphan
5156:
5152:
5048:
5044:
5026:
5022:
5018:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4524:
4496:L-type-selective
4307:Dimeditiapramine
4269:Others/unsorted:
4051:T-type-selective
4038:R-type-selective
4020:P-type-selective
3972:ω-Conotoxin GVIA
3962:N-type-selective
3592:Dihydropyridines
3586:L-type-selective
3573:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3516:
3412:
3408:
3375:
3288:
3203:
3196:
3014:
3007:
3001:vasoconstriction
2968:
2961:
2954:
2945:
2632:
2525:Methyclothiazide
2495:Cyclopenthiazide
2349:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2264:
2258:
2257:
2247:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1948:. Archived from
1942:
1933:
1932:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1838:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1789:
1780:(7): 1512–1513.
1765:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1716:
1710:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1620:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1571:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1534:
1526:
1524:
1523:
1517:
1511:. Archived from
1510:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1482:. Archived from
1475:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1456:. Archived from
1450:
1444:
1443:
1433:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1392:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1302:
1262:
1245:
1244:
1226:
1203:
1197:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1087:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1037:
1028:
1018:
1012:
1002:
943:Na/Ca antiporter
568:
566:
565:
560:
539:
537:
536:
531:
507:
505:
504:
499:
478:
476:
475:
470:
456:Methyclothiazide
449:
447:
446:
441:
420:
418:
417:
412:
391:
389:
388:
383:
345:
332:(ACE) inhibitors
191:benzothiadiazine
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
167:
164:
161:
144:Benzothiadiazine
121:
53:
32:
21:
6634:
6633:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6599:
6598:
6597:
6592:
6570:
6555:
6545:
6530:
6505:
6501:Trifluoperazine
6496:Tolfenamic acid
6466:Flufenamic acid
6436:
6393:
6361:
6347:
6329:
6295:Flufenamic acid
6290:Ethacrynic acid
6262:
6235:
6193:
6179:
6161:
6129:
6115:
6062:
5893:Metabutoxycaine
5858:Diphenhydramine
5848:Cyclomethycaine
5813:Levobupivacaine
5520:
5493:
5475:
5438:
5424:
5420:Tolfenamic acid
5395:Flufenamic acid
5390:
5372:
5358:
5336:
5333:
5319:
5309:
5226:
5223:
5204:
5154:
5046:
5043:
5020:
5006:
4991:
4973:
4953:
4862:Norpropoxyphene
4739:11.1)-specific:
4738:
4532:
4505:
4481:
4437:Rhynchophylline
4187:
3567:
3548:
3543:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3492:Clinical trials
3467:
3410:
3396:
3351:
3333:
3295:
3275:
3257:
3225:VMAT inhibitors
3219:
3183:
3146:
3117:
3059:
3021:
2999:
2994:
2986:
2972:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2921:Clinical trials
2900:
2884:
2830:
2765:
2757:
2716:
2658:
2612:
2539:
2466:Calcium-sparing
2464:
2447:
2370:
2340:
2332:
2322:
2291:
2289:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2225:
2224:
2220:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2172:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1878:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1860:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1647:
1639:
1638:
1634:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1527:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1506:"Archived copy"
1504:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1487:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1463:
1461:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1375:(4): CD001841.
1362:
1361:
1357:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1277:(4): CD001841.
1264:
1263:
1248:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1174:
1157:
1156:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1096:(11): 1983–92.
1085:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1039:
1038:
1031:
1019:
1015:
1003:
999:
995:
979:
963:
951:proximal tubule
916:Na-Cl symporter
880:
823:collecting duct
817:that activates
787:
785:Adverse effects
736:Lithium therapy
711:
695:
682:calcium oxalate
662:
639:
603:
598:
596:Calcium balance
578:
551:
550:
522:
521:
490:
489:
461:
460:
432:
431:
403:
402:
374:
373:
271:
266:
250:
158:
154:
117:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6632:
6630:
6622:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6601:
6600:
6594:
6593:
6579:
6576:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6560:
6558:
6547:
6546:
6544:
6543:
6535:
6533:
6519:
6515:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6476:Mefenamic acid
6473:
6468:
6463:
6457:
6455:
6446:
6442:
6441:
6438:
6437:
6435:
6434:
6432:Phenanthridine
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6403:
6401:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6375:
6373:
6364:
6353:
6352:
6349:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6339:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6276:
6274:
6265:
6251:
6245:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6207:
6205:
6196:
6185:
6184:
6181:
6180:
6178:
6177:
6171:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6143:
6141:
6132:
6121:
6120:
6117:
6116:
6114:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6080:Atracotoxins (
6078:
6072:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6061:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6040:
6035:
6026:
6025:
6023:Zetekitoxin AB
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
5996:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5923:Proxymetacaine
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5833:Chloroprocaine
5830:
5825:
5820:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5544:
5543:
5534:
5532:
5523:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5485:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5452:
5450:
5441:
5430:
5429:
5426:
5425:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5388:
5382:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5356:
5350:
5348:
5339:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5269:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5221:
5214:
5212:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5145:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5107:Glyclopyramide
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5062:Chlorpropamide
5059:
5054:
5041:
5034:
5032:
5023:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5004:
4999:
4989:
4983:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4807:Clarithromycin
4804:
4799:
4797:Chlorpromazine
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4736:
4728:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4535:
4521:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4506:
4504:
4503:
4491:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4417:Paramethadione
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4192:gabapentinoids
4185:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:Non-selective:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4046:
4045:
4033:
4032:
4030:ω-Agatoxin IVB
4027:
4025:ω-Agatoxin IVA
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3982:Huwentoxin XVI
3979:
3974:
3969:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3934:Cyproheptadine
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3692:Levniguldipine
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3632:Dexniguldipine
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3519:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3489:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3443:
3416:
3414:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3372:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3343:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3243:Methoserpidine
3240:
3235:
3229:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3200:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3026:
3024:
3019:
3011:
3004:
2992:Sympatholytics
2988:
2987:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2963:
2956:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2918:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2852:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2819:Demeclocycline
2808:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2777:
2775:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2679:Spironolactone
2668:
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2640:
2638:
2629:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2545:Thiazide-likes
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2490:Chlorothiazide
2487:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2408:Etacrynic acid
2405:
2400:
2395:
2389:
2387:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2360:
2346:
2343:etacrynic acid
2334:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2298:
2288:
2287:
2273:
2259:
2218:
2177:
2170:
2150:
2143:
2125:
2118:
2100:
2071:(6): 793–802.
2051:
2037:
2017:
2003:
1982:(4): 234–238.
1962:
1934:
1920:
1901:(4): 119–123.
1885:
1870:"Dent Disease"
1858:
1809:
1760:
1731:(9): 2509–16.
1711:
1699:
1672:(2): 176–180.
1656:
1632:
1611:(3): 503–505.
1591:
1542:
1496:
1470:
1454:"escardio.org"
1445:
1404:
1355:
1314:
1246:
1198:
1182:
1147:
1132:"MeSH Browser"
1123:
1073:
1029:
1013:
996:
994:
991:
987:chlorothiazide
978:
975:
962:
959:
920:chlorthalidone
879:
876:
875:
874:
869:
864:
862:Hypomagnesemia
859:
854:
849:
844:
842:Hyperlipidemia
839:
834:
786:
783:
750:
749:
743:
738:
733:
731:Kidney failure
728:
723:
720:
710:
707:
703:Loop diuretics
694:
691:
680:reduced urine
666:Dent's disease
661:
660:Dent's disease
658:
638:
635:
615:hypercalciuria
611:bladder stones
602:
601:Urinary stones
599:
597:
594:
577:
574:
571:
570:
558:
548:
542:
541:
529:
519:
517:Chlorthalidone
514:
510:
509:
497:
487:
481:
480:
468:
458:
452:
451:
439:
429:
423:
422:
410:
400:
394:
393:
381:
371:
369:Chlorothiazide
366:
362:
361:
352:
349:
336:ACE inhibitors
287:ACE inhibitors
270:
267:
265:
262:
249:
246:
244:in cosmetics.
199:chlorothiazide
135:
134:
128:
127:
123:
122:
115:
109:
108:
107:External links
104:
103:
98:
92:
91:
86:
80:
79:
70:
66:
65:
61:
60:
56:Chlorothiazide
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6631:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6606:
6604:
6591:
6590:
6586:
6583:
6577:
6566:
6562:
6561:
6559:
6554:
6548:
6541:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6529:
6523:
6520:
6516:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6486:Niflumic acid
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6467:
6464:
6462:
6459:
6458:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6447:
6443:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6404:
6402:
6400:
6396:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6379:Glibenclamide
6377:
6376:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6365:
6360:
6354:
6344:
6341:
6340:
6338:
6336:
6332:
6326:
6325:Niflumic acid
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6310:Glibenclamide
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6266:
6261:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6246:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6204:
6200:
6197:
6192:
6186:
6176:
6173:
6172:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6140:
6136:
6133:
6128:
6122:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6106:Grayanotoxins
6104:
6102:
6099:
6097:
6096:Batrachotoxin
6094:
6091:
6087:
6083:
6082:ω-Atracotoxin
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6048:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6033:Buprenorphine
6031:
6028:
6027:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5998:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5942:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5788:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5766:Valproic acid
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5732:
5729:
5727:
5724:
5722:
5719:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5711:Oxitriptyline
5709:
5707:
5706:Oxcarbazepine
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5696:Licarbazepine
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5651:Carbamazepine
5649:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5539:
5538:Antianginals:
5536:
5535:
5533:
5531:
5527:
5524:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5472:
5471:Norfluoxetine
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5454:
5453:
5451:
5449:
5445:
5442:
5437:
5431:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5405:Niflumic acid
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5379:
5375:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5340:
5335:
5326:
5316:
5313:
5308:
5302:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5257:Levcromakalim
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5233:
5230:
5225:
5216:
5215:
5213:
5211:
5207:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5176:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5153:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5052:Acetohexamide
5050:
5045:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4980:
4976:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4947:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4897:Roxithromycin
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4734:
4730:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4590:Charybdotoxin
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4536:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4472:Trimethadione
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4312:Diproteverine
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4189:
4181:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4171:Ruthenium red
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4146:Levetiracetam
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:ω-Agatoxin TK
4094:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4066:Niflumic acid
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3687:Levamlodipine
3685:
3683:
3682:Lercanidipine
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3566:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3535:
3533:
3528:
3526:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3366:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3253:Syrosingopine
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3164:Hexamethonium
3162:
3161:
3159:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2975:Sympatholytic
2969:
2964:
2962:
2957:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2861:Chlormerodrin
2858:
2857:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2833:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2673:Spirolactones
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2558:Chlortalidone
2556:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2500:Cyclothiazide
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2438:Tienilic acid
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2366:Acetazolamide
2364:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2353:CA inhibitors
2350:
2347:
2344:
2339:
2335:
2330:
2326:
2319:
2314:
2312:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2238:(3): 388–91.
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2197:(3): 776–89.
2196:
2192:
2188:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2055:
2052:
2040:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1963:
1952:on 2010-10-09
1951:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1657:
1646:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1532:
1518:on 2013-05-15
1514:
1507:
1500:
1497:
1486:on 2012-01-31
1485:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1460:on 2008-05-17
1459:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1424:(5): 507–20.
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1052:(3): 388–91.
1051:
1047:
1043:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1001:
998:
992:
990:
988:
984:
983:Merck and Co.
976:
974:
972:
968:
961:Breastfeeding
960:
958:
956:
952:
947:
944:
940:
939:distal tubule
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
884:
877:
873:
870:
868:
867:Hypocalciuria
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
852:Hypercalcemia
850:
848:
847:Hyperuricemia
845:
843:
840:
838:
837:Hyperglycemia
835:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:Na+/K+-ATPase
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:
789:
788:
784:
782:
780:
775:
773:
768:
766:
765:hyperglycemia
761:
759:
758:hyperuricemia
755:
748:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
714:
708:
706:
704:
700:
692:
690:
687:
683:
679:
678:chlortalidone
675:
671:
667:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
636:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:kidney stones
600:
595:
593:
591:
587:
583:
575:
556:
549:
547:
544:
543:
527:
520:
518:
515:
511:
495:
488:
486:
483:
482:
466:
459:
457:
454:
453:
437:
430:
428:
425:
424:
408:
401:
399:
396:
395:
379:
372:
370:
367:
363:
360:
357:
353:
350:
347:
346:
343:
341:
337:
333:
330:
326:
325:beta blockers
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
291:beta blockers
288:
282:
280:
276:
268:
264:Water balance
263:
261:
259:
255:
247:
245:
243:
242:antimicrobial
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
195:Merck and Co.
192:
188:
182:
152:
145:
141:
133:
129:
124:
120:
116:
114:
110:
105:
102:
99:
97:
93:
90:
87:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
6619:Nephrotoxins
6581:
6580:
6491:Talniflumate
6029:
6018:Tetrodotoxin
6008:Neosaxitoxin
5999:
5944:
5918:Propoxycaine
5853:Dimethocaine
5786:
5782:
5751:Valnoctamide
5681:Fosphenytoin
5642:
5616:Procainamide
5606:Pilsicainide
5561:Disopyramide
5547:
5537:
5385:
5353:
5303:
5217:
5185:Ethosuximide
5170:Cloperastine
5148:
5117:Metahexamide
5112:Glycyclamide
5072:Glibornuride
5037:
4986:
4948:
4927:Thioridazine
4882:Promethazine
4867:Orphenadrine
4857:Ketoconazole
4842:Erythromycin
4731:
4494:
4422:Phensuximide
4402:Ochratoxin A
4342:Ethosuximide
4268:
4190:-selective (
4182:
4092:
4049:
4036:
4018:
3967:ω-Conotoxins
3960:
3910:
3892:Norverapamil
3857:Dexverapamil
3835:
3809:derivatives:
3805:
3802:Vatanidipine
3797:Trombodipine
3762:Palonidipine
3747:Nitrendipine
3702:Mepirodipine
3607:Azelnidipine
3590:
3584:
3445:
3424:Aprocitentan
3419:
3347:Phentolamine
3233:Bietaserpine
3179:Trimethaphan
3169:Mecamylamine
3103:Guanethidine
3083:Debrisoquine
2997:α-adrenergic
2995:(antagonize
2854:
2811:
2780:
2704:Nonsteroidal
2702:
2671:
2636:ESC blockers
2603:Quinethazone
2530:Polythiazide
2452:
2338:Sulfonamides
2290:
2276:
2262:
2235:
2232:Hypertension
2231:
2221:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2160:
2153:
2134:
2128:
2109:
2103:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2027:
2020:
2006:
1979:
1975:
1965:
1954:. Retrieved
1950:the original
1923:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1877:. Retrieved
1873:
1826:
1822:
1812:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1728:
1724:
1714:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1648:. Retrieved
1644:
1635:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1559:
1555:
1545:
1520:. Retrieved
1513:the original
1499:
1488:. Retrieved
1484:the original
1473:
1462:. Retrieved
1458:the original
1448:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1274:
1270:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1185:
1175:, retrieved
1163:
1139:. Retrieved
1135:
1126:
1093:
1089:
1076:
1049:
1046:Hypertension
1045:
1016:
1000:
980:
971:side effects
964:
948:
936:
892:reabsorption
889:
857:Hyponatremia
776:
769:
762:
751:
712:
696:
663:
650:osteoporosis
642:Hypocalcemia
640:
637:Osteoporosis
604:
586:hyponatremia
579:
358:
355:
307:
303:heart attack
283:
275:hypertension
272:
269:Hypertension
254:hypertension
251:
248:Medical uses
211:
150:
149:
126:Legal status
73:hypertension
40:
29:
6157:Triamterene
6111:Poneratoxin
6101:Ciguatoxins
5988:Raxatrigine
5983:Ralfinamide
5978:PF-05089771
5973:PF-04531083
5945:Analgesics:
5903:Piperocaine
5888:Meprylcaine
5883:Mepivacaine
5838:Cinchocaine
5817:Ropivacaine
5809:Bupivacaine
5736:Sipatrigine
5721:Pheneturide
5716:Phenacemide
5701:Mephenytoin
5686:Lamotrigine
5666:Elpetrigine
5621:Propafenone
5566:Dronedarone
5142:Tolbutamide
5132:Repaglinide
5127:Nateglinide
5122:Mitiglinide
5102:Glisoxepide
5087:Glimepiride
5077:Glicaramide
5057:Carbutamide
4959:Linopirdine
4942:Vernakalant
4932:Tolterodine
4922:Terfenadine
4912:Tamulotoxin
4907:Solifenacin
4877:PNU-282,987
4852:Haloperidol
4847:Gigactonine
4827:Domperidone
4812:Darifenacin
4777:Bedaquiline
4762:Azaspiracid
4725:Vernakalant
4660:Linopirdine
4620:Dronedarone
4610:Dendrotoxin
4595:Clamikalant
4467:Tolperisone
4462:Tetrandrine
4452:Sipatrigine
4447:Silperisone
4432:Prenylamine
4372:Lidoflazine
4327:Elpetrigine
4237:Mirogabalin
4141:Lamotrigine
4136:Flunarizine
4131:Efonidipine
4121:Cinnarizine
4116:Cilnidipine
4071:NNC 55-0396
3997:Ralfinamide
3944:Fantofarone
3939:Dronedarone
3924:Budiodarone
3919:Brinazarone
3882:Levemopamil
3782:Sornidipine
3777:Sagandipine
3767:Pranidipine
3742:Nisoldipine
3732:Nilvadipine
3722:Niguldipine
3712:Nicardipine
3677:Lemildipine
3662:Iganidipine
3657:Furnidipine
3622:Cronidipine
3617:Clevidipine
3612:Barnidipine
3602:Aranidipine
3488:from market
3462:Sotatercept
3450:Ambrisentan
3370:antagonists
3238:Deserpidine
3174:Pentolinium
3137:Rilmenidine
3093:Guanazodine
3073:Bethanidine
3055:Tiamenidine
3045:Guanoxabenz
2917:from market
2880:Cicletanine
2875:Theobromine
2869:Meralluride
2846:Isopropanol
2654:Triamterene
2573:Clorexolone
2563:Clofenamide
2547:(primarily
2418:Indacrinone
967:breast milk
815:aldosterone
799:Hypokalemia
745:May worsen
741:Hypokalemia
718:Hypotension
699:intravenous
224:that pulls
209:available.
132:In Wikidata
6603:Categories
6461:Bumetanide
6399:Activators
6389:Piretanide
6384:Lonidamine
6335:Activators
6320:Mibefradil
6315:Mefloquine
6305:Furosemide
6300:Fluoxetine
6280:Crofelemer
6167:Activators
6090:Versutoxin
6086:Robustoxin
6068:Activators
6053:Safinamide
6003:Conotoxins
5938:Trimecaine
5933:Tetracaine
5908:Prilocaine
5898:Orthocaine
5873:Iontocaine
5868:Hexylcaine
5863:Etidocaine
5804:Benzocaine
5794:Amylocaine
5776:Zonisamide
5771:Valpromide
5741:Topiramate
5731:Rufinamide
5691:Lacosamide
5656:Cenobamate
5611:Prajmaline
5601:Moricizine
5596:Mexiletine
5591:Lorcainide
5576:Flecainide
5541:Ranolazine
5481:Activators
5466:Fluoxetine
5410:Nimesulide
5392:-specific:
5378:Activators
5360:-specific:
5312:-specific:
5292:Rilmakalim
5282:Nicorandil
5242:Cromakalim
5229:-specific:
5210:Activators
5200:Tipepidine
5190:Ifenprodil
5165:Caramiphen
5157:-specific:
5137:Tolazamide
5097:Gliquidone
5082:Gliclazide
5049:-specific:
5002:Retigabine
4997:Flupirtine
4994:-specific:
4979:Activators
4956:-specific:
4937:Vanoxerine
4917:Terodiline
4902:Sertindole
4892:Ranolazine
4757:Astemizole
4747:Amiodarone
4715:Terikalant
4690:Pinokalant
4675:Nifekalant
4670:Maurotoxin
4665:Lolitrem B
4655:Kaliotoxin
4615:Dofetilide
4605:Dalazatide
4600:Conotoxins
4570:Amiodarone
4565:Almokalant
4487:Activators
4477:Valperinol
4457:Terodiline
4397:Naftopidil
4387:Mesuximide
4317:Enpiperate
4297:Cycleanine
4282:Bevantolol
4272:Bencyclane
4262:Pregabalin
4252:PD-299,685
4247:PD-217,014
4242:PD-200,347
4232:Imagabalin
4222:Gabapentin
4212:Atagabalin
4202:Arbaclofen
4161:Mibefradil
4156:Loperamide
4151:Lomerizine
4126:Dotarizine
4106:Benidipine
4086:Zonisamide
4002:Safinamide
3977:Caroverine
3929:Celivarone
3877:Gallopamil
3832:Siratiazem
3822:Iprotiazem
3812:Clentiazem
3792:Tiamdipine
3787:Teludipine
3752:Olradipine
3737:Nimodipine
3727:Niludipine
3717:Nifedipine
3707:Mesudipine
3697:Manidipine
3672:Lacidipine
3667:Isradipine
3652:Flordipine
3647:Felodipine
3642:Elnadipine
3637:Elgodipine
3627:Darodipine
3597:Amlodipine
3458:Sitaxentan
3454:+tadalafil
3436:+tadalafil
3432:Macitentan
3392:Lidanserin
3387:Ketanserin
3324:Trimazosin
3309:Ketanserin
3271:Metirosine
3192:Peripheral
3142:Tolonidine
3132:Moxonidine
3098:Guancydine
3050:Methyldopa
3040:Guanfacine
2798:Satavaptan
2793:Mozavaptan
2788:Conivaptan
2710:Finerenone
2689:Eplerenone
2598:Metolazone
2583:Indapamide
2578:Fenquizone
2520:Mebutizide
2443:Torasemide
2433:Piretanide
2423:Muzolimine
2403:Bumetanide
2393:Furosemide
2191:Pediatrics
2044:4 November
1956:2010-05-14
1879:2019-07-22
1650:2019-07-22
1522:2013-07-10
1490:2012-03-05
1464:2007-08-30
1177:2019-07-18
1164:StatPearls
1141:2019-07-22
993:References
928:indapamide
924:metolazone
693:Other uses
654:osteoblast
627:indapamide
546:Indapamide
356:Threshold
348:Drug Type
285:including
218:indapamide
42:Drug class
6609:Thiazides
6582:See also:
6481:Mepacrine
6427:Ivacaftor
6343:Carbachol
6226:Ibuprofen
6216:Amiloride
6175:Solnatide
6147:Amiloride
6076:Aconitine
6038:Evenamide
6013:Saxitoxin
5928:Risocaine
5878:Lidocaine
5823:Butacaine
5799:Articaine
5726:Phenytoin
5636:Tocainide
5631:Sparteine
5626:Quinidine
5586:Lorajmine
5581:Lidocaine
5571:Encainide
5556:Aprindine
5297:Sarakalim
5287:Pinacidil
5277:Naminidil
5267:Minoxidil
5262:Mazokalim
5247:Diazoxide
5237:Bimakalim
5232:Aprikalim
5195:Tertiapin
5175:Clozapine
5092:Glipizide
4887:Quinidine
4837:Ergtoxins
4802:Cisapride
4792:BRL-32872
4772:Azimilide
4735:(KCNH2, K
4710:Tedisamil
4695:Quinidine
4685:Paxilline
4650:Inakalant
4645:Ibutilide
4630:Hanatoxin
4585:Bunaftine
4580:Bretylium
4575:Azimilide
4560:Adekalant
4519:Potassium
4501:Bay K8644
4442:Sesamodil
4392:Monatepil
4382:Manoalide
4377:Magnesium
4362:Imepitoin
4352:Fendiline
4332:Ethadione
4322:Eperisone
4302:Dauricine
4277:Berbamine
4188:δ subunit
3992:PD-173212
3907:Verapamil
3897:Ronipamil
3887:Nexopamil
3872:Falipamil
3867:Etripamil
3852:Devapamil
3847:Dagapamil
3827:Nictiazem
3817:Diltiazem
3807:Diltiazem
3757:Oxodipine
3498:Phase III
3486:Withdrawn
3446:selective
3440:Riociguat
3314:Indoramin
3304:Doxazosin
3248:Reserpine
3215:Pargyline
3108:Guanoclor
3088:Guanadrel
3078:Bretylium
3035:Guanabenz
3030:Clonidine
2927:Phase III
2915:Withdrawn
2803:Tolvaptan
2684:Canrenone
2644:Amiloride
2593:Meticrane
2588:Mefruside
2568:Clopamide
2505:Epitizide
2453:Thiazides
2428:Ozolinone
2398:Azosemide
2325:Diuretics
1998:1040-9165
1907:0021-7263
1845:1046-6673
1796:0931-0509
1686:1464-410X
1627:0022-3476
1578:0931-0509
1291:1469-493X
1241:208506926
1233:0730-0913
1005:Thiazides
906:from the
898:(Na) and
779:pregnancy
772:potassium
754:uric acid
359:(mg/day)
354:Low Dose
228:from the
187:diuretics
18:Thiazides
6567:instead.
6542:instead.
6453:Blockers
6445:Unsorted
6371:Blockers
6272:Blockers
6249:Chloride
6211:A-317567
6203:Blockers
6152:Benzamil
6139:Blockers
5968:NKTR-171
5963:GDC-0276
5958:Funapide
5953:DSP-2230
5948:AZD-3161
5913:Procaine
5828:Butamben
5676:Ethotoin
5551:Ajmaline
5530:Blockers
5489:Riluzole
5448:Blockers
5346:Blockers
5252:Emakalim
5030:Blockers
4872:Pimozide
4742:Ajmaline
4542:Blockers
4357:Fostedil
4287:Canadine
4257:Phenibut
4217:Baclofen
4166:NP078585
4111:Bepridil
3949:SR-33805
3902:Tiapamil
3862:Emopamil
3842:Anipamil
3577:Blockers
3428:Bosentan
3329:Urapidil
3319:Prazosin
3199:Indirect
3125:agonists
3113:Guanoxan
2865:Mersalyl
2748:Glycerol
2743:Mannitol
2649:Benzamil
2608:Xipamide
2485:Butizide
2475:Altizide
2413:Etozolin
2213:11533352
2095:20528637
1853:12444212
1804:11427657
1755:17656470
1586:11096127
1531:cite web
1440:24352797
1399:29667175
1350:19901136
1309:29667175
1172:30422513
1110:14597836
900:chloride
747:diabetes
216:such as
151:Thiazide
84:ATC code
35:Thiazide
6221:Aspirin
6043:Menthol
6030:Others:
6000:Toxins:
5843:Cocaine
5368:GAL-021
4988:KCNQ (K
4950:KCNQ (K
4767:AZD1305
4705:Sotalol
4700:ShK-186
4680:Notoxin
4367:JTV-519
4347:Fasudil
4076:ProTx I
4056:ABT-639
4043:SNX-482
3914:AH-1058
3911:Others:
3554:Calcium
3010:Central
2842:Ethanol
2782:Vaptans
2380:Na-K-Cl
2254:8349332
2086:2904515
1746:2216427
1694:8813907
1390:6513559
1300:6513559
1118:3211922
1068:8349332
977:History
912:kidneys
910:in the
811:nephron
623:oxalate
315:by the
279:obesity
232:in the
119:D049971
6518:Others
5507:Sodium
5160:Barium
4964:XE-991
4832:E-4031
4782:BeKm-1
4752:AmmTX3
4635:HgeTx1
4625:E-4031
4407:Osthol
4176:TROX-1
4061:ML-218
3481:WHO-EM
3368:Other
3284:Direct
2910:WHO-EM
2813:Others
2252:
2211:
2168:
2141:
2116:
2093:
2083:
2035:
1996:
1915:131871
1913:
1905:
1851:
1843:
1802:
1794:
1753:
1743:
1692:
1684:
1625:
1584:
1576:
1438:
1397:
1387:
1348:
1307:
1297:
1289:
1239:
1231:
1196:(MeSH)
1170:
1116:
1108:
1066:
1027:(MeSH)
1011:(MeSH)
896:sodium
203:Diuril
6552:LGICs
6259:CaCCs
6231:PcTX1
6190:ASICs
5517:VGSCs
4787:BmTx3
4640:HsTx1
4529:VGKCs
3564:VDCCs
3404:(for
2835:Other
2457:Na-Cl
2341:(and
1516:(PDF)
1509:(PDF)
1237:S2CID
1114:S2CID
1086:(PDF)
902:(Cl)
809:of a
686:CLCN5
668:, an
293:and
258:edema
230:lumen
77:edema
6565:here
6563:See
6540:here
6538:See
6527:TRPs
6358:CFTR
6285:DIDS
6126:ENaC
6047:mint
5435:K2Ps
5306:GIRK
5151:GIRK
5017:IRKs
4733:hERG
4081:Z944
4007:Z160
3420:dual
2850:2M2B
2770:and
2753:Urea
2624:(at
2376:Loop
2355:(at
2250:PMID
2209:PMID
2166:ISBN
2139:ISBN
2114:ISBN
2091:PMID
2046:2017
2033:ISBN
1994:ISSN
1911:PMID
1903:ISSN
1849:PMID
1841:ISSN
1800:PMID
1792:ISSN
1751:PMID
1690:PMID
1682:ISSN
1623:ISSN
1582:PMID
1574:ISSN
1537:link
1436:PMID
1418:JAMA
1395:PMID
1373:2018
1346:PMID
1305:PMID
1287:ISSN
1275:2018
1229:ISSN
1168:PMID
1106:PMID
1064:PMID
926:and
904:ions
726:Gout
609:and
557:<
528:<
496:<
467:<
438:<
409:<
392:500
380:<
226:NaCl
113:MeSH
89:C03A
5789:FBT
5222:ATP
5042:ATP
3456:),
3438:),
2983:C02
2768:DCT
2549:DCT
2461:DCT
2459:at
2382:at
2329:C03
2240:doi
2199:doi
2195:108
2081:PMC
2073:doi
1984:doi
1899:138
1831:doi
1782:doi
1741:PMC
1733:doi
1674:doi
1613:doi
1609:167
1564:doi
1426:doi
1422:311
1385:PMC
1377:doi
1336:doi
1332:169
1295:PMC
1279:doi
1219:doi
1098:doi
1054:doi
894:of
821:at
805:at
540:50
421:50
69:Use
6605::
6587:•
6088:,
6084:,
5815:,
5389:Ca
5387:BK
5357:Ca
5355:BK
5332:Ca
4992:7)
4954:7)
4194:):
3909:;
3834:;
3804:;
3494::
3460:,
3430:,
3426:,
3407:PH
2923::
2867:,
2863:,
2848:,
2844:,
2772:CD
2734:DL
2732:,
2730:PT
2626:CD
2384:AL
2357:PT
2248:.
2236:22
2234:.
2230:.
2207:.
2193:.
2189:.
2089:.
2079:.
2067:.
2063:.
1992:.
1980:24
1978:.
1974:.
1937:^
1909:.
1897:.
1872:.
1861:^
1847:.
1839:.
1827:13
1825:.
1821:.
1798:.
1790:.
1778:16
1776:.
1772:.
1749:.
1739:.
1729:18
1727:.
1723:.
1702:^
1688:.
1680:.
1670:78
1668:.
1643:.
1621:.
1607:.
1603:.
1580:.
1572:.
1560:15
1558:.
1554:.
1533:}}
1529:{{
1434:.
1420:.
1416:.
1393:.
1383:.
1371:.
1367:.
1344:.
1330:.
1326:.
1303:.
1293:.
1285:.
1273:.
1269:.
1249:^
1235:.
1227:.
1215:11
1213:.
1209:.
1162:,
1150:^
1134:.
1112:.
1104:.
1094:21
1092:.
1088:.
1062:.
1050:22
1048:.
1044:.
1032:^
957:.
934:.
922:,
781:.
767:.
760:.
705:.
592:.
569:5
508:2
479:5
450:5
342:.
289:,
175:aɪ
166:aɪ
75:,
6092:)
6049:)
6045:(
5819:)
5811:(
5787:p
5330:K
5220:K
5040:K
4990:v
4952:v
4737:v
4498::
4186:2
4184:α
4053::
4040::
4022::
3964::
3839::
3594::
3588::
3538:e
3531:t
3524:v
3464:)
3452:(
3448:(
3442:)
3434:(
3422:(
3413:)
3294:1
3292:α
3154:/
3020:2
3018:α
3003:)
2985:)
2981:(
2967:e
2960:t
2953:v
2871:)
2859:(
2774:)
2766:(
2736:)
2728:(
2628:)
2551:)
2468:)
2463:,
2455:(
2386:)
2378:(
2359:)
2345:)
2331:)
2327:(
2317:e
2310:t
2303:v
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2270:.
2256:.
2242::
2215:.
2201::
2174:.
2147:.
2122:.
2097:.
2075::
2069:8
2048:.
2014:.
2000:.
1986::
1959:.
1931:.
1917:.
1882:.
1855:.
1833::
1806:.
1784::
1757:.
1735::
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1629:.
1615::
1588:.
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1539:)
1525:.
1493:.
1467:.
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1428::
1401:.
1379::
1352:.
1338::
1311:.
1281::
1243:.
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181:/
178:d
172:z
169:ə
163:θ
160:ˈ
157:/
153:(
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