3704:
The guard Henry
Molaison understood my voice, he said rotect me if you can. I said I will ook in the ditch you will find my rifle close by me. I was handed a pistol and a rifle then at the same time. I reach to pick Mr. Molaison up e said on't pull me you hurt my leg. . . . I then took Mr. Molaison on my back into my house which is forty feet from the railroad. The guard was stationed on the right hand side of my fence. The shot that struck the fence was a heavily loaded gun. the sound of the gun the sound was that of a shot gun. I am a old hunter and consider myself an expert and can distinguish the sound of a gun. . . . In my portion of the town the negroes seemed bostful and threatening before the shooting of the guards.
3782:, a book released in 2016 by The History Press written by John DeSantis, details the events. It provides eyewitness accounts obtained from documents in the U.S. National Archives and names eight of the victims. It also provides a detailed history of U.S. Civil War veteran Jack Conrad (b. 1834) who was wounded during the incident and whose records provide new information and insight. (It did not include the details relating to the precipitating attack upon the pickets Gorman and Molaison, although a brief mention is made of the existence of the public records of the coroner's inquest in which those details were documented.)
3709:
company and other white vigilantes immediately started to round up and kill black workers and family members. They targeted known and suspected
Knights of Labor organizers. The victims were killed in town and where they tried to hide in the surroundings woods and swamps. Some bodies were reportedly left in shallow graves or the swamps. On November 26, 1887, the bodies of three blacks were found in a thicket on the Allen Rienzi plantation. It was believed they had been wounded on Wednesday and had taken refuge where they were later found dead.
3085:
3720:'Six killed and five wounded' is what the daily papers here say, but from an eye witness to the whole transaction we learn that no less than thirty-five "...fully thirty negroes have sacrificed their lives in the riot on Wednesday..." Negroes were killed outright. Lame men and blind women shot; children and hoary-headed grandsires ruthlessly swept down! The Negroes offered no resistance; they could not, as the killing was unexpected. Those of them not killed took to the woods, a majority of them finding refuge in this city.
3031:
leading up to the massacre, strikers allegedly used threats and gunshots from ambush to intimidate replacement workers. A number were wounded in attacks upon sugar houses, one losing an eye, and one man reportedly died from his wounds. According to newspaper accounts, around
November 13, Theodule Baille, a sugar boiler riding on the bayou levee, was fired upon about a mile below Thibodaux. Shots were also reportedly fired at white workers on two plantations near Thibodaux.
64:
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3746:
the side of the head and exited his mouth through the palate, shattering the bones along its path. The other picket, Henry
Molaison, was unable to walk without assistance a month after his wounding. The severity of their injuries was attributed to the fact that the lead slugs that struck them were roughly "chopped from a bar of lead," and thereby presumably intended to cause massive injuries on impact.
3010:, who was also a planter. McEnery, declaring, "God Almighty has himself drawn the color line," called out ten infantry companies and an artillery company of the state militia, sending the latter to Thibodaux, the parish seat and "heart of the strike." They were to protect strikebreakers and suppress strikers; they evicted workers from plantation housing. The militia suppressed strikers in
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3035:
the climactic event in
Thibodaux, it was reported that "ome of the colored women made open threats against the people and the community, declaring that they would destroy any house in the town" and that "ot a few of the negroes boasted that in case a fight was made they were fully prepared for it." One historian adds:
3732:
account quoted above is apparently one source for the casualty figure of 35. According to historian
Rebecca Jarvis Scott, "No credible official count of the victims of the Thibodaux massacre was ever made; bodies continued to turn up in shallow graves outside of town for weeks to come." Eric Arnesen
3708:
After the two white pickets were shot and wounded, a local volunteer company, the Clay
Knobloch Guards, went to the scene and claimed to also have been fired upon from ambush. They reportedly returned fire and fatally shot six blacks and wounded four others, and captured several loaded shotguns. The
3694:
We were fired upon while seated at a camp fire except Mr. Gorman was standing at . This firing came from ambush in a corn field opposite. When the shot was fired Gorman threw up his right hand to his forehead, said oys, I am severely wounded. I am bleeding from the eyes and mouth. I then helped Mr.
2997:
As the LSPA ignored the demands, the
Knights of Labor called the strike for November 1, timed to coincide with the critical "rolling period" of the crop, when it had to be harvested and processed. The work stoppage threatened the entire sugar cane harvest for the year. The 1887 strike was the largest
2898:
forces responded by attacking black workers and their families. Although the total number of casualties is unknown, the consensus is that at least 35 black people were killed during the next three days (some historians estimate that 50 black people were killed) and the total tally of killed, wounded,
3745:
The known victims of the fatal violence of
November 23, 1887 were Willis Wilson, Felix Pierre, Archy Jones, Frank Patterson, Grant Conrad, Marcellin Walton, Riley Anderson, and Mahala Washington. John G. Gorman, the first picket shot by the strikers, lost an eye from the lead slug that struck him on
3703:
bout 5 o’clock I heard a shot fired. A moment after I heard two more fired one after the other. The moment I heard the two last shots I heard the guard cry out, that he was shot. I got out of my bed immediately hey ordered me out of my house to advance. I cried out I am a friend advancing to assist.
2943:
to protect their lands, and research to increase crop yields. For the next decade these members also worked to gain control over their labor. They adopted a uniform pay scale and withheld 80 percent of the wages until the end of the harvest season, in order to keep workers on the plantations through
2931:
were redeemable only at company stores, which operated at high profit margins. As the plantation kept the books, often illiterate workers were increasingly bound by debt and unable to get free. Required by law to pay off the debt, workers became essentially bound to the plantation in a state similar
3725:
owner of the nearby coffee house and bar where the two black men were shot on
November 21, plainly stated on November 24 that the shooting of the two pickets was perpetrated by "colored people who were out on the strike." Based on hearsay estimates, he stated that the number of dead amounted to 25.
3039:
As late as November 21 some still comported themselves with confidence, and perhaps bravado, on the sidewalks. Mary Pugh, widow of Richard Pugh, owner of Live Oak Plantation in Lafourche Parish, reported "meeting negro men singly or two or three together with guns on their shoulders going down town
3034:
A New Orleans newspaper reported that "for three weeks past the negro women of the town have been making threats to the effect that if the white men resorted to arms they would burn the town and the lives of the white women and children with their cane knives." Similarly, in the days leading up to
3030:
Newspapers reported that on November 1, the same day the Knights of Labor called the strike, strikers concealed in a cane field fired upon white replacement workers at the Lacassagne plantation in Tigerville (present-day Gibson) in Terrebonne Parish, wounding four workers. Over the next three weeks
3724:
In the same account, that newspaper claimed that the two pickets were shot by other white guards from Shreveport, to create a pretext to initiate the wholesale slaughter of the black strikers. But the Shreveport state militia company reportedly left Thibodaux two days earlier. Henry Franklin, the
3765:
to the North and West Coast to escape the continuing violence and racial oppression. It was not until the mid-1960s that the civil rights movement achieved the passage of Congressional legislation to enforce civil and voting rights for African Americans and other minorities in the United States.
2919:
The harvesting and processing of sugar cane comprised a complex series of steps which needed to be closely coordinated by a large labor force which was pushed to work to the point of physical exhaustion. Sugar plantations were called "factories in the field" and their workers died at a high rate
3769:
In May 2017, descendants of both the African-American workers and Louisiana plantation owners commemorated those killed. The Louisiana 1887 Memorial Committee, in partnership with the University of Louisiana Lafayette Public Archeology Lab, is attempting to verify a mass gravesite on private
3736:
Modern author James Keith Hogue attributes 50 deaths to the three-day attacks by the paramilitary, saying that in addition, numerous Knights of Labor organizers disappeared over the next year. But he cites no authority as reference for the figure of 50. He also makes the unsupported claim
3770:
property, with plans for examination and proper burial in volunteered churchyards of any victims found. In May 2017, the Thibodaux City Council officially condemned the violence and acknowledged that the event occurred. The Lafourche Parish Council did likewise in November 2017.
2893:
Tensions erupted into violence on November 21, 1887 when an unknown white man entered a black-owned barroom and killed one black laborer and wounded another. Violence continued on November 23, 1887, when five town guards were ambushed and two wounded and local white
2886:. At planters' requests, the state sent the militia to protect strikebreakers from ambush attacks by strikers, and work resumed on some plantations. Black workers and their families were evicted from plantations in Lafourche and Terrebonne parishes and retreated to
3695:
Gorman to home had been gone but a short distance when I heard the second shot fired which I think came from ambush. This was followed by 5 or 6 shots which sounded like shots from a rifle. The 1st shot fired which hit Mr. Gorman sounded as a shot from a shot gun.
2939:, a millionaire planter, founded the statewide Louisiana Sugar Producers Association (LSPA), consisting of 200 of the largest planters in the state, and served as president. The powerful LSPA lobbied the federal government for sugar tariffs, funding to support
3733:
wrote that local white residents privately admitted more than 50 workers were murdered in Thibodaux, but the total was uncertain. Along the Bayou Lafourche, black oral history has told of hundreds of casualties, including wounded and missing.
3686:
On Monday, November 21, two black men had been shot—a man named Watson died, and a second man, Morris Page, was wounded. Judge Beattie ordered the paramilitary to close the entrances to the city on the morning of November 22 and stand guard.
2899:
and missing was rumored to number in the hundreds, which makes it one of the most violent labor disputes in U.S. history. Reportedly, the victims included elders, women and children. All of the people who were killed were African American.
4617:
3791:(2008), directed by Glenn Pitre, presents a very loose adaptation of the events, putting a Western genre plot on top of the sugar strike and massacre. The film was never released in theaters but played at the New Orleans Film Festival.
3749:
After the massacre, labor organizing among sugar workers essentially was suspended, with plantation workers returning to work under the owners' terms. White Democrats, who dominated the state legislature, soon passed laws for
3017:
The militia protected some 800 contract workers brought in to Terrebonne Parish, and helped capture and arrest 50 strikers, most for union activities. The strike collapsed there, and workers returned to the plantations.
3674:, who owned Orange Grove Plantation and was a member of the LPSA, announced formation of a "Peace and Order Committee" in Thibodaux. He declared martial law, and recruited 300 white men for his committee to serve as a
4884:
3021:
Many of the black workers in Lafourche Parish retreated after eviction to the crowded black residential section of Thibodaux, and the state militia withdrew. They left it up to local officials to manage from there.
3678:
group. He ordered blacks within the city limits to show passes to enter or leave. Like many top-ranking white state officials, Beattie was an ex-Confederate and former slaveholder. He was a former member of the
3052:
The loud-mouthed "wenches" must bear in mind that though they have a tongue, they are not priviledged to make use of such threats as "burning the town," slaughtering the whites from the cradle to the grave,"
1950:
2956:
The workers resisted, mounting some actions each year contesting some part of the LSPA's program. The state government supported the powerful planters, sending in state militia when the planters used
4864:
3044:
After the event, one Thibodaux newspaper repeated the claim that prior to November 23, "he negroes were in motion heir women boasted that they were ready to fire the town." The white editor of the
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189:
2906:, ended the organizing of sugar workers for decades, until the 1940s. According to historian John C. Rodrigue, "The defeated sugar workers returned to the plantations on their employers' terms."
2859:
on November 23, 1887. It followed a three-week strike during the critical harvest season in which an estimated 10,000 workers protested against the living and working conditions which existed on
1962:
1602:
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2005:
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A major issue arose in the early 1880s when plantation owners began cutting wages and forcing sugar workers to accept scrip for pay due to a declining international sugar market. These
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labor action in the industry, involving an estimated 10,000 workers, a tenth of whom were white. It was the first time a formal labor organization had led a strike in this region.
3690:
Someone fired from ambush on two of the pickets, John G. Gorman and Henry Molaison, seriously wounding both. An eyewitness, another guard, described the initial attack on Gorman:
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In October labor representatives delivered demands to the LSPA that included an increase in wages to $ 1.25 a day, biweekly payments, and payment in currency instead of the
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to slavery. Most of the cane workers were black, but there were also whites. The Knights of Labor used the scrip issue to organize workers, and thousands joined the group.
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910:
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1194:
182:
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Coroner's Proces Verbal, Parish of Lafourche, Book A , p. 210, Affidavit of F.H. Gruneberg, Civil Records of Lafourche Parish, Clerk of Court. (Previously unpublished)
3758:
rules. There was no more effort to organize sugar workers until the 1940s. It was then initiated in the context of increased civil rights activism after World War II.
2537:
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504:
4110:
Coroner's Proces Verbal, Parish of Lafourche, Book A , p. 211, Affidavit of Leon Gilbert, Civil Records of Lafourche Parish, Clerk of Court. (Previously unpublished)
2882:
The strike was the largest strike in the history of the industry and it was also the first strike to be conducted and coordinated by a formal labor organization, the
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3737:(discredited by all contemporary accounts, including those cited herein) that "the Thibodaux paramilitaries launched a preemptive dawn attack on November 23."
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4257:"The Thibodaux Massacre Left 60 African-Americans Dead and Spelled the End of Unionized Farm Labor in the South for Decades | History | Smithsonian Magazine"
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Smithsonian Magazine. 2017. "The Thibodaux Massacre Left 60 African-Americans Dead and Spelled the End of Unionized Farm Labor in the South for Decades."
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newspaper (who participated in the killings) also offered this attempt at justification for the severity of the vigilante committee's response:
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the end of the season. They ended the "job" system. The largest planters, who maintained stores, required workers to accept pay in
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1958:
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220:
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1986:
1525:
1082:
866:
300:
288:
4195:
Coroner's Proces Verbal, Parish of Lafourche, Book A . p. 209, Civil Records of Lafourche Parish, Clerk of Court.
3014:, resulting in "as many as twenty people" killed or wounded on November 5 in the black village of Pattersonville.
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Molaison was shot shortly after Gorman. According to another eyewitness, a white resident of the neighborhood:
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2017:
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233:
4283:"Tracing an Atrocity: How an Obscure Affidavit in the National Archives Unraveled a Historical Mystery"
4282:
4275:
Reconstruction in the Cane Fields: From Slavery to Free Labor in Louisiana's Sugar Parishes, 1862–1880.
4159:
Reconstruction in the Cane Fields: From Slavery to Free Labor in Louisiana's Sugar Parishes 1862–1880
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2902:
The massacre, and the passage of discriminatory state legislation by white Democrats, including the
4639:
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2963:
In 1887 the Knights of Labor organized a major three-week sugar strike against cane plantations in
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63:
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3683:, a group that had worked to suppress and intimidate black voters during Reconstruction.
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3040:& negro women on each side telling them to 'fight - yes - fight we'll be there.'"
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31:
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17:
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In that same period, beginning during the war, many Louisiana blacks joined the
2702:
762:
245:
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parishes. Most plantations were idle. The strike was organized by the national
4616:
3799:
3571:
3518:
3420:
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3780:
The Thibodaux Massacre: Racial Violence and the 1887 Sugar Cane Labor Strike
3468:
3123:
475:
421:
895:
124:
2035:
3755:
4799:
3957:
Uncivil War: Five New Orleans Street Battles and the Rise and Fall of ..
3803:
27:
Event of racial violence in the late 19th Century Southern United States
4323:
2624:
1179:
167:
4074:, American Association for State and Local History, 1976, pp. 107, 135
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1338:
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636:
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John C. Rodrigue, "Thibodaux Massacre", in Eric Arnesen, editor,
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128:
4091:
The Opelousas courier., November 26, 1887, Supplement, Image 8
3910:
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4885:
Agriculture and forestry labor disputes in the United States
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389:
4037:, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005, p. 84.
2983:
organization, who had established Local Assembly 8404 in
2924:. Conditions were little improved after Reconstruction.
3926:
3924:
3892:
3890:
3888:
3886:
3884:
3882:
4773:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
4865:
Racially motivated violence against African Americans
4788:
List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes
3932:
Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-class History,
3916:
Degrees of Freedom: Louisiana and Cuba after Slavery,
3898:
Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-class History,
3823:
List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes
4287:
Prologue Magazine, summer 2017, volume 49, number 2.
4277:
Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001.
4035:
Degrees of Freedom: Louisiana and Cuba After Slavery
4765:
4626:
4528:
4471:
4453:
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4377:
4361:
4305:"The Man Who Came Back (2008) - Full cast and crew"
115:
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99:
91:
83:
73:
48:
4161:, Louisiana State University Press, 2001, p. 186.
2994:, or scrip, redeemable only at company stores.
2960:from prisons to harvest and process the cane.
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8:
4661:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911
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3876:15 September 2011, access date 23 April 2017
3006:The planters appealed to Louisiana Governor
4890:Labor-related violence in the United States
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45:
4583:Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892
4445:Warren J. Harang Jr. Municipal Auditorium
3630:Mass racial violence in the United States
4875:Massacres of protesters in North America
4860:History of African-American civil rights
4783:Anti-union violence in the United States
4207:(Pineville Mo.), December 2, 1887, p.1;
4061:(Alexandria, LA), December 3, 1887, p.1.
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3754:of blacks, racial segregation and other
4235:(Pineville Mo.), December 2, 1887, p.1.
3834:
3073:
4666:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
4634:Streetcar strikes in the United States
4594:Streetcar strikes in the United States
4173:(New Orleans), November 24, 1887, p.1.
3818:List of massacres in the United States
3499:1912 racial conflict in Forsyth County
119:White paramilitaries and State Militia
4870:African-American history of Louisiana
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3942:
3940:
68:Louisiana sugar cane laborers c. 1880
7:
4778:Union violence in the United States
4651:1907 San Francisco streetcar strike
2948:, redeemable only at their stores.
4845:1880s strikes in the United States
4686:Copper Country strike of 1913–1914
25:
4840:1887 murders in the United States
4072:Louisiana, a Bicentennial History
3625:Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
3620:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
3251:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
2904:disenfranchisement of most blacks
4895:Vigilantism in the United States
4798:
4744:Gulf Coast longshoremen's strike
4656:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
3802:
3311:Frazier B. Baker and Julia Baker
3083:
2434:Textile strikes in United States
56:nadir of American race relations
4835:1887 labor disputes and strikes
3712:A New Orleans black newspaper,
3464:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
3454:Spring Valley Race Riot of 1895
3174:Expulsions of African Americans
1545:Patco (air traffic controllers)
4920:History of racism in Louisiana
4880:Massacres in the United States
4646:1905 Chicago teamsters' strike
4572:Cotton pickers' strike of 1891
4010:The New Orleans Times-Democrat
3970:The New Orleans Times-Democrat
3842:New York Herald (Triple Sheet)
2863:plantations in four parishes:
2202:North American transit strikes
95:Sugar Cane Workers (90% Black)
1:
4209:The Weekly Thibodaux Sentinel
4047:The Weekly Thibodaux Sentinel
3489:Springfield race riot of 1908
4910:American Federation of Labor
4738:West Coast waterfront strike
4522:American labor union history
3681:Knights of the White Camelia
3529:Washington race riot of 1919
2915:Conditions of sugar laborers
4905:Labor disputes in Louisiana
4136:, retrieved March 27, 2009.
3972:, November 24, 1887, p. 2;
3955:Hogue, James Keith (2006).
3870:"Thibodaux Massacre (1887)"
3416:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
2538:Fulton Bag and Cotton Mills
111:unknown (possibly hundreds)
4936:
4000:, November 26, 1887, p. 8.
3874:Encyclopedia of Louisiana,
3091:1906 Atlanta race massacre
4796:
4671:1913 Ipswich Mills strike
4613:
4520:Major armed conflicts in
4402:Nicholls State University
4211:, December 12, 1887, p.3.
3988:, November 21, 1887, p. 1
3524:Chicago race riot of 1919
2715:northern Minnesota lumber
2662:
2440:
2208:
2073:
1801:St. Petersburg sanitation
1698:
1618:
1376:
1217:
933:
678:
613:US Bituminous coal strike
607:US Bituminous coal strike
574:Indiana bituminous strike
429:
258:northern Minnesota lumber
205:
164:
61:
53:
4708:Battle of Blair Mountain
4697:1920 Alabama coal strike
4223:, December 24, 1887, p.3
4148:, December 10, 1887, p.3
4049:, November 26, 1887, p.2
4024:, December 9, 1887, p.6.
3976:, November 3, 1887, p. 1
3974:The Dayton (Ohio) Herald
3484:Atlanta Massacre of 1906
2006:University of California
1447:Illinois Central shopmen
927:US manufacturing strikes
552:Battle of Blair Mountain
157:Labor disputes by sector
4915:American sugar industry
4805:Portal:Organized Labour
4726:Columbine Mine massacre
4397:E. D. White Catholic HS
4303:IMDb.com, Inc. (2010).
4245:Japan Times May 12,2017
3810:Organized labour portal
3774:Representation in media
3716:, described the scene:
3597:Back to Africa movement
3144:Anti-miscegenation laws
2770:California agricultural
2067:Steel strikes in the US
1052:International Harvester
625:Warrior Met Coal strike
584:Columbine Mine massacre
564:UMW General Coal Strike
544:West Virginia coal wars
531:Hartford coal mine riot
313:California agricultural
36:Infobox civilian attack
4676:Colorado Coalfield War
4620:
3914:Rebecca Jarvis Scott,
3900:Volume 1, 2007, p. 826
3722:
3706:
3697:
3670:Parish District Judge
3567:Anti-lynching movement
3504:1917 Chester race riot
3494:Johnson–Jeffries riots
3361:Laura and L. D. Nelson
3055:
3042:
3008:Samuel Douglas McEnery
2752:Vacaville tree pruners
2159:Allegheny Technologies
2091:U.S. Steel recognition
1502:NYC teamsters truckers
1416:New Orleans waterfront
1126:St. Paul Park refinery
558:Alabama miners' strike
517:Colorado Coalfield War
486:Anthracite coal strike
456:Bituminous coal strike
439:Mahoning Valley strike
295:Vacaville tree pruners
41:considered for merging
4750:Memorial Day massacre
4619:
4542:Rock Springs massacre
4536:Great Railroad Strike
4022:The Lake Charles Echo
3998:The Opelousas Courier
3844:, November 24, 1887;
3788:The Man Who Came Back
3718:
3701:
3692:
3459:Phoenix election riot
3444:Rock Springs massacre
3101:Historical background
3050:
3037:
2809:Puget Sound fishermen
2122:Memorial Day massacre
1569:Montreal longshoremen
1496:Minneapolis teamsters
1490:West Coast waterfront
1453:West Coast waterfront
1386:Great Railroad Strike
480:Carterville Mine Riot
352:Puget Sound fishermen
4850:November 1887 events
4355:Thibodaux, Louisiana
4059:The Weekly Town Talk
4012:, November 24, 1887.
3846:Pineville (Mo.) News
3509:East St. Louis riots
3479:Evansville race riot
3474:Robert Charles riots
2992:"pasteboard tickets"
2987:the preceding year.
2929:"pasteboard tickets"
2857:Thibodaux, Louisiana
2656:Agricultural strikes
2587:Lewiston-Auburn shoe
1783:Cleveland convention
1692:in the United States
1508:Vancouver waterfront
1211:Metal mining strikes
619:Pittston Coal strike
580:Colorado Coal Strike
511:Paint Creek mine war
492:Carbon county strike
199:Agricultural strikes
87:November 22–25, 1887
78:Thibodaux, Louisiana
4900:Crimes in Louisiana
4640:Colorado Labor Wars
4385:Lafourche Parish PS
4133:Howard Zinn, 2004;
3868:Bell, Ellen Baker,
3848:, December 2, 1887.
3572:Exodusters movement
3539:Tulsa race massacre
3433:Massacres and riots
2958:convict lease labor
2829:Watsonville Cannery
2746:Santa Clara cannery
2727:Imperial cantaloupe
2575:Los Angeles garment
2493:New York shirtwaist
1815:Baltimore municipal
1551:SEPTA Regional Rail
1514:Gulf Coast maritime
1471:Portland waterfront
1268:Colorado Labor Wars
1168:United Auto Workers
1071:International Paper
505:Westmoreland strike
372:Watsonville Cannery
289:Santa Clara cannery
270:Imperial cantaloupe
4621:
4606:Illinois coal wars
4560:Thibodaux massacre
4425:C.M. Washington HS
4369:Thibodaux massacre
4233:The Pineville News
4221:Thibodaux Sentinel
4205:The Pineville News
4171:The Times-Democrat
4157:John C. Rodrigue,
4146:Thibodaux Sentinel
4124:, 26 November 1887
4121:The Weekly Pelican
4033:Rebecca J. Scott,
3986:The Daily Picayune
3752:disenfranchisement
3577:Atlanta Compromise
3449:Thibodaux massacre
3439:Opelousas massacre
3213:Indiana White Caps
3184:Lynching postcards
3129:Compromise of 1877
3107:Reconstruction era
3002:Strike suppression
2851:was an episode of
2849:Thibodaux Massacre
2774:Santa Clara cherry
1868:Broadway musicians
1825:Atlanta sanitation
1795:Memphis sanitation
1612:Sanitation strikes
1465:Seattle waterfront
468:Illinois coal wars
317:Santa Clara cherry
49:Thibodaux Massacre
18:Thibodaux Massacre
4855:Massacres in 1887
4830:1887 in Louisiana
4825:Conflicts in 1887
4812:
4811:
4732:Harlan County War
4720:Hanapepe massacre
4702:Battle of Matewan
4600:Lattimer massacre
4566:Morewood massacre
4548:Bay View massacre
4487:
4486:
4479:Cajun Rollergirls
4433:
4432:
4070:Joe Gray Taylor,
3714:The Daily Pelican
3668:
3667:
3549:Rosewood massacre
3112:Voter suppression
3075:Nadir of American
2935:In October 1877,
2855:that occurred in
2844:
2843:
2697:Seattle fishermen
2622:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2397:
2396:
2212:Streetcar strikes
2168:
2167:
2097:Pressed Steel Car
2033:
2032:
1856:Detroit newspaper
1747:Fleischer Studios
1656:
1655:
1578:
1577:
1459:NYC Harbor Strike
1441:New Orleans Levee
1435:Chicago teamsters
1410:Buffalo switchmen
1370:Transport strikes
1336:
1335:
1177:
1176:
1120:Bath shipbuilders
893:
892:
634:
633:
590:Harlan County War
548:Battle of Matewan
462:Lattimer massacre
445:Morewood massacre
387:
386:
240:Seattle fishermen
123:
122:
16:(Redirected from
4927:
4802:
4766:Related articles
4691:Everett massacre
4678:, including the
4577:Homestead Strike
4554:Haymarket affair
4514:
4507:
4500:
4491:
4415:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4325:
4320:
4318:
4317:
4286:
4280:DeSantis, John.
4273:Rodrigue, John.
4261:
4260:
4253:
4247:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4224:
4218:
4212:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4187:
4180:
4174:
4168:
4162:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4137:
4131:
4125:
4117:
4111:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4093:
4088:
4075:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4044:
4038:
4031:
4025:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3952:
3935:
3934:Volume 1, p. 825
3928:
3919:
3912:
3901:
3894:
3877:
3866:
3849:
3839:
3812:
3807:
3806:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3582:Niagara Movement
3386:Anthony Crawford
3376:Jesse Washington
3316:John Henry James
3306:Stephen Williams
3291:Ephraim Grizzard
3286:People's Grocery
3202:Vigilante groups
3117:Disfranchisement
3089:Violence in the
3087:
3062:
2981:Knights of Labor
2937:Duncan F. Kenner
2884:Knights of Labor
2790:Stockton cannery
2740:Imperial lettuce
2657:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2626:
2521:
2474:North Adams shoe
2468:New England shoe
2435:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2404:
2327:Century Airlines
2203:
2195:
2188:
2181:
2172:
2068:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2037:
1759:Disney animators
1693:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1660:
1613:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1582:
1371:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1340:
1212:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1181:
949:El Paso smelters
928:
920:
913:
906:
897:
849:French Caribbean
715:Haymarket Affair
673:
671:
661:
654:
647:
638:
594:Battle of Evarts
472:Battle of Virden
424:
414:
407:
400:
391:
333:Stockton cannery
283:Imperial lettuce
200:
192:
185:
178:
169:
158:
149:
142:
135:
126:
66:
46:
21:
4935:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4815:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4792:
4761:
4714:Herrin massacre
4680:Ludlow Massacre
4622:
4611:
4524:
4518:
4488:
4483:
4467:
4462:The Daily Comet
4449:
4429:
4413:
4373:
4357:
4352:
4315:
4313:
4302:
4299:
4285:. 12 June 2017.
4281:
4270:
4268:Further reading
4265:
4264:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4243:
4239:
4231:
4227:
4219:
4215:
4203:
4199:
4194:
4190:
4181:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4156:
4152:
4144:
4140:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4089:
4078:
4069:
4065:
4057:
4053:
4045:
4041:
4032:
4028:
4020:
4016:
4008:
4004:
3996:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3968:
3964:
3954:
3953:
3938:
3929:
3922:
3913:
3904:
3895:
3880:
3867:
3852:
3840:
3836:
3831:
3808:
3801:
3798:
3776:
3763:Great Migration
3743:
3664:
3635:
3634:
3610:
3602:
3601:
3592:Great Migration
3562:
3554:
3553:
3544:Perry race riot
3514:Elaine massacre
3434:
3426:
3425:
3241:Andrew Richards
3236:
3228:
3227:
3164:
3156:
3155:
3151:Convict leasing
3102:
3094:
3093:
3076:
3060:
3028:
3012:St. Mary Parish
3004:
2954:
2952:Labor struggles
2917:
2912:
2853:racial violence
2845:
2840:
2672:Thibodaux sugar
2658:
2655:
2653:
2623:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2593:Montreal Cotton
2519:
2499:Chicago garment
2436:
2433:
2431:
2400:
2398:
2393:
2284:Bloomington, IL
2204:
2201:
2199:
2169:
2164:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2034:
2029:
1987:Stop & Shop
1874:CA supermarkets
1694:
1691:
1690:Service strikes
1689:
1687:
1657:
1652:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1579:
1574:
1477:Railway shopmen
1398:Great Southwest
1372:
1369:
1367:
1337:
1332:
1227:Upper Peninsula
1213:
1210:
1208:
1178:
1173:
1079: 1986–1987
1073: 1987-1988
929:
926:
924:
894:
889:
674:
670:General strikes
669:
667:
665:
635:
630:
568:Herrin massacre
521:Ludlow Massacre
425:
420:
418:
388:
383:
215:Thibodaux sugar
201:
198:
196:
160:
156:
153:
69:
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4933:
4931:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4817:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4769:
4767:
4763:
4762:
4760:
4759:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4694:
4688:
4683:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4630:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4614:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4588:Pullman Strike
4585:
4580:
4574:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4532:
4530:
4526:
4525:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4509:
4502:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4465:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4399:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4381:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4351:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4298:
4297:External links
4295:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4278:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4248:
4237:
4225:
4213:
4197:
4188:
4175:
4163:
4150:
4138:
4126:
4112:
4103:
4094:
4076:
4063:
4051:
4039:
4026:
4014:
4002:
3990:
3978:
3962:
3936:
3930:Eric Arnesen,
3920:
3902:
3878:
3850:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3783:
3775:
3772:
3742:
3739:
3672:Taylor Beattie
3666:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3615:Black genocide
3611:
3609:Related topics
3608:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3534:Ocoee massacre
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3406:John Hartfield
3403:
3398:
3396:Jim McIlherron
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3336:Marie Thompson
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3301:Samuel J. Bush
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3271:Joe Vermillion
3268:
3266:George Meadows
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3168:Common actions
3165:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3109:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3088:
3080:
3079:
3077:race relations
3071:
3070:
3059:
3056:
3046:Lafourche Star
3027:
3024:
3003:
3000:
2953:
2950:
2922:era of slavery
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2813:
2812:
2806:
2803:Hawaiian sugar
2799:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2778:El Monte berry
2767:
2761:
2758:Wisconsin milk
2755:
2749:
2743:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2721:Hanapepe sugar
2718:
2712:
2709:Wheatland hops
2706:
2700:
2694:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2678:Cotton pickers
2675:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2644:
2637:
2629:
2620:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2559:
2553:
2547:
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2529:
2523:
2514:
2508:
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2490:
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2441:
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2407:
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2373:
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2360:
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2355:
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2336:
2330:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
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2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2183:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2156:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2100:
2094:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1927:Fight for $ 15
1924:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1725:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1663:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1629:St. Petersburg
1626:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1422:Pullman Strike
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1343:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1318:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1290:Copper Country
1287:
1281:
1275:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1231:
1230:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1184:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1102:Oil refineries
1098:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1083:General Motors
1080:
1074:
1068:
1065:Todd Shipyards
1061:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1034:General Motors
1031:
1028:General Motors
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
998:Flint sit-down
995:
989:
983:
976:
975:
971:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
939:
938:
934:
931:
930:
925:
923:
922:
915:
908:
900:
891:
890:
888:
887:
881:
875:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
833:
832:
828:
827:
820:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
766:
760:
754:
749:
743:
737:
730:
729:
725:
724:
718:
708:
702:
697:
691:
684:
683:
679:
676:
675:
666:
664:
663:
656:
649:
641:
632:
631:
629:
628:
622:
616:
610:
603:
602:
598:
597:
587:
577:
571:
561:
555:
540:
539:
535:
534:
528:
525:The 10-Day War
514:
508:
501:
500:
496:
495:
489:
483:
465:
459:
453:
451:Coal Creek War
448:
442:
435:
434:
430:
427:
426:
419:
417:
416:
409:
402:
394:
385:
384:
382:
381:
375:
369:
363:
356:
355:
349:
346:Hawaiian sugar
342:
341:
337:
336:
330:
324:
321:El Monte berry
310:
304:
301:Wisconsin milk
298:
292:
286:
279:
278:
274:
273:
267:
264:Hanapepe sugar
261:
255:
252:Wheatland hops
249:
243:
237:
230:
229:
225:
224:
221:Cotton pickers
218:
211:
210:
206:
203:
202:
197:
195:
194:
187:
180:
172:
166:
165:
162:
161:
154:
152:
151:
144:
137:
129:
121:
120:
117:
113:
112:
109:
105:
104:
101:
97:
96:
93:
89:
88:
85:
81:
80:
75:
71:
70:
67:
59:
58:
51:
50:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4932:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4807:
4806:
4801:
4795:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4764:
4757:
4756:Hilo massacre
4754:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4625:
4618:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4515:
4510:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4459:
4458:
4456:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4416:
4408:
4405:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4391:
4388:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4349:
4344:
4342:
4337:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4312:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4201:
4198:
4192:
4189:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4142:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4127:
4123:
4122:
4116:
4113:
4107:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4092:
4087:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3835:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3759:
3757:
3753:
3747:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3731:
3730:Daily Pelican
3726:
3721:
3717:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3688:
3684:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3661:
3656:
3654:
3649:
3647:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3638:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3401:George Taylor
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Walker family
3354:
3352:
3351:William Burns
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:Alfred Blount
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3246:Michael Green
3244:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3160:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3134:Jim Crow laws
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2959:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2933:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2914:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2797:1940s–present
2796:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2703:Grabow lumber
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2661:
2650:
2645:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2607:
2606:NYC Chinatown
2604:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2532:Ipswich Mills
2530:
2527:
2526:Paterson silk
2524:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2389:
2388:Lyft and Uber
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:New York City
2368:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2351:New York City
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2339:New York City
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2236:San Francisco
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2207:
2196:
2191:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2072:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2012:Writers Guild
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
2000:UC Santa Cruz
1998:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1933:Tacoma nurses
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1892:Writers Guild
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1844:Writers Guild
1842:
1839:
1838:Writers Guild
1836:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1777:Writers Guild
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1728:Boston police
1726:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1672:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1661:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1364:
1359:
1357:
1352:
1350:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1302:Anaconda Road
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1272:Idaho Springs
1269:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1255:Coeur d'Alene
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1241:Cripple Creek
1239:
1236:
1235:Coeur d'Alene
1233:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:Chrysler Auto
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
978:
977:
973:
972:
968:
967:Boston cigars
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
940:
936:
935:
932:
921:
916:
914:
909:
907:
902:
901:
898:
885:
882:
879:
876:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
834:
830:
829:
825:
822:
821:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
790:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
772:
770:
769:San Francisco
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
731:
727:
726:
722:
719:
716:
712:
711:First May Day
709:
706:
703:
701:
698:
695:
692:
689:
686:
685:
681:
680:
677:
672:
662:
657:
655:
650:
648:
643:
642:
639:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
604:
601:1940s – 2020s
600:
599:
595:
591:
588:
585:
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
549:
545:
542:
541:
538:1920s – 1930s
537:
536:
532:
529:
526:
522:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
502:
498:
497:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
477:
473:
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
436:
433:1870s – 1900s
432:
431:
428:
423:
415:
410:
408:
403:
401:
396:
395:
392:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
357:
353:
350:
347:
344:
343:
340:1940s–present
339:
338:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
318:
314:
311:
308:
305:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
280:
276:
275:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
246:Grabow lumber
244:
241:
238:
235:
232:
231:
227:
226:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
208:
207:
204:
193:
188:
186:
181:
179:
174:
173:
170:
163:
159:
150:
145:
143:
138:
136:
131:
130:
127:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
65:
60:
57:
52:
47:
42:
38:
37:
33:
19:
4803:
4627:20th century
4559:
4529:19th century
4460:
4390:Thibodaux HS
4368:
4314:. Retrieved
4308:
4274:
4251:
4240:
4232:
4228:
4220:
4216:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4191:
4183:
4178:
4170:
4166:
4158:
4153:
4145:
4141:
4129:
4120:
4115:
4106:
4097:
4071:
4066:
4058:
4054:
4046:
4042:
4034:
4029:
4021:
4017:
4009:
4005:
3997:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3956:
3931:
3915:
3897:
3873:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3786:
3779:
3768:
3760:
3748:
3744:
3735:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3702:
3698:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3676:paramilitary
3669:
3448:
3381:Newberry Six
3366:King Johnson
3341:Watkinsville
3218:Ku Klux Klan
3208:Black Legion
3196:Whitecapping
3191:Sundown town
3051:
3045:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3020:
3016:
3005:
2996:
2989:
2962:
2955:
2934:
2926:
2918:
2901:
2896:paramilitary
2892:
2881:
2848:
2846:
2817:Delano grape
2784:Great lumber
2671:
2511:Little Falls
2399:
2333:Philadelphia
2278:Portland, ME
2260:Indianapolis
2254:Philadelphia
2224:Indianapolis
2210:
2118:Little Steel
1850:SF newspaper
1807:NYC teachers
1741:Seattle Post
1532:Longshoremen
1321:Murdochville
1132:Volvo Trucks
1004:Akron rubber
980:Tampa cigars
961:Standard Oil
740:Philadelphia
688:Philadelphia
360:Delano grape
327:Great lumber
214:
116:Perpetrators
54:Part of the
34:
4734:, 1931–1932
4682:, 1913–1914
4642:, 1903–1904
4636:, 1895–1929
4608:, 1898–1899
4596:, 1895–1929
4184:Uncivil War
3411:1920 Duluth
3391:Ell Persons
3331:David Wyatt
3326:George Ward
3261:Amos Miller
3256:Eliza Woods
3139:Segregation
2920:during the
2831:(1985–1987)
2819:(1965–1970)
2764:Yakima hops
2685:1900s–1920s
2600:1980s–2000s
2569:1930s–1970s
2556:New Bedford
2544:New England
2481:1900s–1920s
2358:1980s–2020s
2321:1930s–1970s
2314:New Orleans
2302:New Orleans
2296:Los Angeles
2290:Twin Cities
2230:Los Angeles
2147:1980s–2020s
2112:1930s–1970s
2105:Great Steel
2077:1800s–1920s
2024:Video games
1977:) 2018–2019
1963:Los Angeles
1945:Video games
1880:UM Janitors
1832:1980s–2000s
1735:1930s–1970s
1714:NYC waiters
1702:1800s–1920s
1539:1980s–2000s
1520:NYC tugboat
1484:1930s–1970s
1429:1900s–1920s
1315:Empire Zinc
1309:1930s–1970s
1262:1900s–1920s
1150:Heaven Hill
1096:2010s–2020s
1059:1980s–2000s
974:1930s–1970s
937:1800s–1920s
774:Minneapolis
721:New Orleans
592:1931–1939 (
470:1898–1900 (
374:(1985–1987)
362:(1965–1970)
307:Yakima hops
228:1900s–1920s
30:‹ The
4819:Categories
4316:2010-07-03
3829:References
3519:Red Summer
3421:Joe Pullen
3371:John Evans
3346:Ed Johnson
3276:Jim Taylor
3223:Red Shirts
2977:Assumption
2969:Terrebonne
2910:Background
2877:Assumption
2869:Terrebonne
2861:sugar cane
2823:Salad Bowl
2562:Loray Mill
2462:Mill Women
2450:Mill Women
2140:Nationwide
2134:Nationwide
2128:Nationwide
1917:Government
1898:Stagehands
1789:St. John's
1753:NYC retail
1635:Charleston
1404:Burlington
1170: 2023
1164: 2021
1162:John Deere
1158: 2021
1152: 2021
1146: 2021
1140: 2021
1134: 2021
1128: 2021
1122: 2020
1116: 2016
1110: 2015
1104: 2015
1091: 2008
1085: 2007
1077:John Deere
1067: 1983
1054: 1979
1048: 1954
1042: 1948
1036: 1945
1030: 1939
1024: 1939
1018: 1937
1012: 1936
1006: 1936
1000: 1936
994: 1934
988: 1934
982: 1931
969: 1919
963: 1915
957: 1913
955:Studebaker
951: 1913
945: 1877
366:Salad Bowl
4438:Landmarks
4378:Education
4186:, p. 192.
3872:, KnowLA
3785:The film
3741:Aftermath
3561:Reactions
3469:Pana riot
3235:Lynchings
3179:Lynchings
3163:Practices
3124:Redeemers
2985:Schriever
2965:Lafourche
2888:Thibodaux
2865:Lafourche
2835:Frito-Lay
2717:1916–1917
2540:1914–1915
2513:1912–1913
2487:Skowhegan
2364:Greyhound
2242:Pensacola
2218:St. Louis
2083:Homestead
2018:SAG-AFTRA
1929:2012–2019
1921:Wisconsin
1771:Hollywood
1765:Musicians
1392:Camp Dump
1284:Goldfield
1274:) 1903–04
1249:Leadville
1156:Kellogg's
1138:Frito-Lay
1010:Remington
986:Auto-Lite
746:Vancouver
700:St. Louis
582:1927–28 (
546:1912–21 (
519:1913–14 (
476:Pana riot
422:Coal Wars
378:Frito-Lay
260:1916–1917
39:is being
4407:Template
3796:See also
3756:Jim Crow
3321:Sam Hose
3067:a series
3065:Part of
2973:St. Mary
2873:St. Mary
2581:National
2517:Hopedale
2505:Lawrence
2456:Paterson
2266:St. John
2248:Columbus
1951:Teachers
1904:CBS News
1708:Newsboys
1114:Jim Beam
861:European
798:Paraguay
757:Winnipeg
705:Scranton
74:Location
43:. ›
32:template
4472:Culture
4362:History
4182:Hogue,
3281:Joe Coe
3058:Attacks
3026:Prelude
2550:Passaic
2382:Toronto
2376:Toronto
2345:Atlanta
2272:Atlanta
1939:Verizon
1886:Umpires
1862:Verizon
1647:Atlanta
1641:Atlanta
1623:Memphis
1292:1913–14
1286:1906–07
1278:Cananea
1251:1896–97
1144:Nabisco
884:Catalan
878:Catalan
810:Uruguay
804:Namibia
792:Finland
786:Austria
780:Oakland
763:Germany
752:Seattle
694:Catalan
627:2021–23
621:1989–90
615:1977–78
507:1910–11
494:1903–04
108:Injured
4758:, 1938
4752:, 1937
4746:, 1935
4740:, 1934
4728:, 1927
4722:, 1924
4716:, 1922
4710:, 1921
4704:, 1920
4693:, 1916
4602:, 1897
4590:, 1894
4579:, 1892
4568:, 1891
4562:, 1887
4556:, 1886
4550:, 1886
4544:, 1885
4538:, 1877
4418:Former
3069:on the
2975:, and
2941:levees
2875:, and
2780:) 1933
2691:Oxnard
2520:
2308:Denver
2124:) 1937
1981:Hotels
1923:) 2011
1821:) 1974
1819:police
1722:Actors
1557:Pan Am
1296:Bisbee
1108:Kohler
1089:Boeing
1046:Kohler
1040:Boeing
992:Kohler
943:Cigars
873:Brazil
837:Guinea
734:Sweden
717:) 1886
566:1922 (
323:) 1933
234:Oxnard
100:Deaths
92:Target
4454:Media
3918:p. 85
3587:NAACP
2946:scrip
2734:1930s
2666:1800s
2444:1800s
1994:2020s
1911:2010s
1380:1800s
1221:1800s
867:India
855:Spain
843:Egypt
831:2000s
824:Nepal
816:Spain
728:1900s
682:1800s
499:1910s
277:1930s
209:1800s
103:35–50
4310:IMDb
3728:The
3053:etc.
2847:The
2837:2021
2825:1970
2811:1949
2805:1946
2792:1937
2786:1935
2766:1933
2760:1933
2754:1932
2748:1931
2742:1930
2729:1928
2723:1924
2711:1913
2705:1912
2699:1912
2693:1903
2680:1891
2674:1887
2608:1982
2595:1946
2589:1937
2583:1934
2577:1933
2564:1929
2558:1928
2552:1926
2546:1922
2534:1913
2528:1913
2522:1913
2507:1912
2501:1910
2495:1909
2489:1907
2476:1870
2470:1860
2464:1836
2458:1835
2452:1834
2390:2019
2384:2008
2378:2006
2372:2005
2366:1983
2353:1966
2347:1950
2341:1949
2335:1944
2329:1932
2316:1929
2310:1920
2304:1920
2298:1919
2292:1917
2286:1917
2280:1916
2274:1916
2268:1914
2262:1913
2256:1910
2250:1910
2244:1908
2238:1907
2232:1903
2226:1892
2220:1900
2161:2021
2155:1986
2142:1959
2136:1952
2130:1946
2107:1919
2099:1909
2093:1901
2085:1892
2026:2024
2020:2023
2014:2023
2008:2022
2002:2020
1989:2019
1983:2018
1947:2016
1941:2016
1935:2014
1906:2007
1900:2007
1894:2007
1888:2006
1882:2006
1876:2003
1870:2003
1864:2000
1858:1995
1852:1994
1846:1988
1840:1981
1827:1977
1809:1968
1803:1968
1797:1968
1791:1966
1785:1963
1779:1960
1773:1945
1767:1942
1761:1941
1755:1937
1749:1937
1743:1936
1730:1919
1724:1919
1716:1912
1710:1899
1649:2018
1643:1977
1637:1969
1631:1968
1625:1968
1571:2020
1565:1997
1559:1985
1553:1983
1547:1981
1534:1971
1528:1970
1526:USPS
1522:1946
1516:1936
1510:1935
1504:1938
1498:1934
1492:1934
1479:1922
1473:1922
1467:1919
1461:1919
1455:1916
1449:1911
1443:1907
1437:1905
1424:1894
1418:1892
1412:1892
1406:1888
1400:1886
1394:1882
1388:1877
1329:1978
1327:Inco
1323:1957
1317:1950
1304:1920
1298:1917
1280:1906
1257:1899
1243:1894
1237:1892
1229:1865
1016:Ford
886:2019
880:2017
869:2016
863:2012
857:2010
851:2009
845:2008
839:2007
826:1992
818:1988
812:1973
806:1971
800:1958
794:1956
788:1950
782:1946
776:1934
765:1920
759:1919
748:1918
742:1910
736:1909
723:1892
707:1877
696:1855
690:1835
609:1974
576:1927
560:1920
533:1914
513:1912
488:1902
464:1897
458:1894
447:1891
441:1873
380:2021
368:1970
354:1949
348:1946
335:1937
329:1935
309:1933
303:1933
297:1932
291:1931
285:1930
272:1928
266:1924
254:1913
248:1912
242:1912
236:1903
223:1891
217:1887
84:Date
2153:USX
1563:UPS
4821::
4307:.
4079:^
3939:^
3923:^
3905:^
3881:^
3853:^
2971:,
2967:,
2890:.
2879:.
2871:,
2867:,
2776:,
1975:WV
1973:,
1971:OK
1969:,
1967:NC
1965:,
1961:,
1959:CO
1957:,
1955:AZ
550:,
523:,
478:,
474:,
319:,
4513:e
4506:t
4499:v
4347:e
4340:t
4333:v
4319:.
4259:.
3959:.
3659:e
3652:t
3645:v
2772:(
2648:e
2641:t
2634:v
2426:e
2419:t
2412:v
2194:e
2187:t
2180:v
2120:(
2059:e
2052:t
2045:v
1953:(
1919:(
1817:(
1682:e
1675:t
1668:v
1604:e
1597:t
1590:v
1362:e
1355:t
1348:v
1270:(
1203:e
1196:t
1189:v
919:e
912:t
905:v
713:(
660:e
653:t
646:v
596:)
586:)
570:)
554:)
527:)
482:)
413:e
406:t
399:v
315:(
191:e
184:t
177:v
148:e
141:t
134:v
20:)
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