297:, with the two main scribes of the oldest manuscript, Mb, each following a different redaction. Scribe Mb3 has followed a manuscript with a redaction similar to that found in the later Icelandic manuscripts A and B, whereas Mb2 has followed a manuscript source representing a different redaction of the material. One of main differences between the redactions is the placement of the section called "Vilkina saga": in Mb2 “Vilkina saga” is placed early in the text, whereas Mb3 has placed it later, in a section largely concerning other marriages of heroes (as a result, "Vilkina saga" appears twice in Mb). Mb3 has inserted two sections, Sigurd's youth and a long description of the various heroes after Thidrek's feast, into the sequence of chapters written by Mb2. It is possible that Mb2 had forgotten this material or else chosen to omit it. The two redactions also contain differences in the names, number (3 vs. 4 brothers), and origins of the Burgundian kings.
834:
193:, after which Þiðrekr successfully returns to Verona and recovers his kingdom. Much later, after the death of both Hildebrand and his wife Herrad, Þiðrekr kills a dragon who had killed King Hernit of Bergara, marrying the widow and becoming king of Bergara. After Attila's death, Þiðrekr becomes king of the Huns as well. The final time he fights an opponent is to avenge the death of Heime (who had become a monk and then sworn loyalty to Þiðrekr once again). After this, he spends all his time hunting. One day, upon seeing a particularly magnificent deer, he jumped out of the bathtub and mounted a gigantic black horse – which is actually the
460:
compilations existed in
Northern Germany. On the other hand, there are many Norse examples. Arguments for an oral tradition as the source of the saga are mostly based on the prologue's mention of "tales of German men" as sources. As opposed to the traditional "translation theory" on the basis of purely oral sources, Kramarz-Bein has argued for a "composition theory:" that the compiler of the saga relied on various written sources as well as oral sources.
137:
585:(Mb) as its main source. It is possible that German and Danish sources were used as well, as various names show forms closer to their German or Low German counterparts, and the text shows some Danish linguistic forms. However, there is no consensus as to whether these sources were written or oral. The vocabulary of the text shows many connections to contemporary courtly culture in Germany.
33:
338:, it is taken to indicate a local tradition that placed the fall of the Burgundians at that Hanseatic city. The prologue of the saga states that it was composed based on the tales of German men, but its language is somewhat obscure and scholars debate what precisely this means. The prologue also mentions tales told across Scandinavia and Iceland as sources on
549:
likewise all have different arrangements of the sub-sagas. Germanist Thomas Klein argued for a three-part structure of the saga, in which part one shows the youth and bringing together of the heroes, part two focuses on marriage, and part three shows death and old age. This basic structure is also supported by
Susanne Kramarz-Bein.
253:-1300 and formerly in the possession of Arni Sigurdsson, bishop of Bergen. The manuscript was written by five hands (Mb1-Mb5): the two main writers, Mb2 and Mb3, appear to have used two different source manuscripts, with Mb3 following a version closer to the later Icelandic paper manuscripts A and B. The manuscript has major
1050:
Wilkina saga, eller
Historien om konung Thiderich af Bern och hans kämpar; samt Niflunga sagan; innehållandes några göthiska konungars och hieltars forna bedrifter i Ryszland, Polen, Ungern, Italien, Burgundien och Spanien &c. Sive Historia Wilkinensium, Theoderici Veronensis, ac niflungorum;
619:
but an adaptation for a contemporary
Swedish public. The adapter has abbreviated the saga greatly. Episodes not connected to the main plot have been removed and others reduced to only what is essential for the main plot. The adapter has also made additions to the text in some places and sought to
437:
The most recent main proponent of the "translation hypothesis" is
Theodore Andersson, who regards the text as more German than Norwegian. Andersson argued that the saga was originally composed in Northern Germany around 1200, arguing that the compositional principals and his proposed sources for
433:
Scholars are divided between those that believe that the composer of the saga translated a lost Low German original ("translation hypothesis") and those who believe that the sources were mostly oral and conveyed to Norway by merchants of the
Hanseatic League, only being joined together in Norway
188:
It begins by telling of Þiðrekr's grandfather and father, and then tells of Þiðrekr's youth at his father's court, where
Hildebrand tutors him and he accomplishes his first heroic deeds. After his father's death, Þiðrekr leads several military campaigns: then he is exiled from his kingdom by his
548:
is divided into books, which are also referred to as sagas. Various proposals have been made about the original arrangement of the material. The scribes Mb2 and Mb3 of the oldest manuscript Mb follow different arrangements of the books and chapters. The manuscripts A, B, and the
Swedish version
496:
was written in the same context as the chivalric sagas, namely, as a translation of courtly material from the continent; however, its manuscript transmission in
Iceland is in the same contexts as the legendary sagas. Scandinavian scholars have generally been more comfortable discussing the
459:
and other chivalric sagas show that the saga must have been composed with its current structure at Haakon's court in Norway. One of the main arguments in favor of the saga's composition in Norway is that no large scale epic or prose work in Low German has survived that would show that such
528:, is a mostly negative figure, whereas the heroes Viðga and Þétleifr, both portrayed as Danes, are given many positive traits that put them above Thidrek's other heroes. The same scholars have also argued that the localization of the Huns in the North-German
434:("compilation hypothesis"). There is little evidence outside of the text itself that would point either way. Most scholars adhering to the "translation hypothesis" have been German, while most adhering to the "compilation hypothesis" have been Norwegian.
788:
also had considerable influence on
Swedish historiography as the saga identified the country of Vilkinaland with Sweden and so its line of kings was added to the Swedish line of kings. In spite of the fact that the early scholar
189:
uncle Ermenrik, fleeing to Attila's court. There is an unsuccessful attempt to return to his kingdom, during which Attila's sons and Þiðrekr's brother die. This is followed by Þiðrekr's entanglement in the downfall of the
164:
into a single text; it also includes other narratives that were closely associated with such legends. Some of the legends have no extant German counterpart. It also contains material from fairy tales, folktales, and
322:. It is thus the only extant example of a translation from (Low) German to Old Norse. Given its dating to around 1250, it is roughly contemporary with the parallel German heroic epics, with only the
382:
also included a number of clerics of German origin, who could have acted as intermediaries for material from the continent. Additionally, Bergen was an import trading center for the North German
330:
itself was a source of the saga, while others have argued that a conjectured earlier Nibelungen epic was a source, and that this hypothesized epic was also the source for the second half of the
733:
included the scene of Didrik's fight with Wideke and the latter's flight into the sea was included, along with the battles of several other biblical and legendary heroes, on the roof of
2207:
Georgieva Eriksen, Stefka; Johansson, Karl G. (2012). "Francia et Germania – Translations and the Europeanisation of Old Norse Narratives". In Johansson, Karl G.; Flaten, Rune (eds.).
1051:
continens regum atq; heroum quorundam gothicorum res gestas, per Russiam, Poloniam, Hungariam, Italiam, Burgundiam, atque Hispaniam, &c. Ex. mss. codicibus lingvæ veteris scandicæ
793:
was critical, these kings were considered to have been historic Swedish kings until fairly recent times. The historicity of the kings of Vilkinaland was further boosted in 1634 when
386:, who had merchants that resided there and could have brought German stories to Norway. The composition of a saga based on German materials fits into the larger project of importing
103:, only being joined together in Norway ("compilation hypothesis"). The saga contains a number of otherwise unknown German legends. Controversy exists as to whether to consider the
128:
was created in the mid 15th century. It is not a literal translation but an adaptation that would go on to influence further Scandinavian texts about Dietrich and the Nibelungen.
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891:
588:
Most scholars agree that the adaptation was likely composed in the mid 15th century, possibly in the 1450s or 1460s. There is a disagreement whether the saga was composed in a
197:
in equine form. It rides away with him, and no one knows what happened to him after that, but the Germans believe that he received God and Mary's grace and was saved.
398:. The saga matches the milieu of Haakon's court and adaptations in its frequent use of courtly and chivalric vocabulary. Likewise, the name of Þiðrekr's sister is
916:
144:
of eight mostly biblical heroes, but including Dietrich von Bern fighting against Witege from the Old Swedish version of the Þiðreks saga, found on the vault of
604:
may have been sparked by the saga's portrayal of Swedish control of a large Baltic empire called "Vilcinaland", which included Swedish rule over its rival
453:
The main proponent of the saga having been composed in Norway today is Susanne Kramarz-Bein. She has argued that parallels in structure and content to the
417:
in Old Norse is unknown; scholars debate whether he was an Icelander or a Norwegian. The composer appears to have been educated, meaning he was probably a
858:
Saga Điðriks konungs af Bern: Fortælling om Kong Thidrik af Bern og hans kæmper, i norsk bearbeidelse fra det trettende aarhundrede efter tydske kilder
2505:
753:
from the mid 15th century also shows a scene from the saga: it shows the knight Sistram, identified by text, half-swallowed in the jaws of a dragon.
266:
Royal Library, Stockholm, Papp. nr. 100 fol. (C), Iceland, on paper, 17th century. This manuscript is a copy of A and Mb, and shares the same
2415:
2396:
2308:
1109:
988:
2498:
375:
480:. On the one hand, it contains legendary stories; on the other, it does not take place vaguely in a legendary past but after the death of
760:
also influenced other texts produced on Dietrich von Bern and the Nibelungen in Scandinavia. In particular, Jonas Venusinus produced the
410:
is also found in the saga; however, Claudia Bornholdt cautions that such influence could have taken place in either Germany or Norway.
226:. The section recounting Þiðrekr's avenging of Hertnit seems to have resulted from a confusion between Þiðrekr and the similarly named
99:
original ("translation hypothesis") and those who believe that the sources were mostly oral and conveyed to Norway by merchants of the
872:. Samfund til udgivelse af gammel nordisk litteratur, 34. Vol. 1. Copenhagen: Møller. Archived from the original on 6 August 2022
2361:
Kramarz-Bein, Susanne (2012). "Þiðreks saga in the Context of Old Norwegian Literature". In Johansson, Karl G.; Flaten, Rune (eds.).
2286:
Hofmann, Dietrich (1990). "Das Verhältnis der altschwedischen Didriks-Chronik zur Þiðreks saga – und zur historischen Wirklichkeit".
2267:
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1091:
1006:
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200:
In addition to the life of Þiðrekr, various other heroes' lives are recounted as well in various parts of the story, including
2246:
263:
Copenhagen, Arnamagnæan Institute, AM 177 fol. (B), Iceland, on paper, dated 1690-1691. Based on a lost parchment manuscript.
867:
350:. Some material may be original to the compiler, having been put together using various motifs found in other heroic tales.
833:
2862:
2857:
715:
260:
Copenhagen, Arnamagnæan Institute, AM 178 fol. (A), Iceland, on paper, 17th century. Based on a lost parchment manuscript.
797:
discovered the Norwegian parchment that had arrived in Sweden in the 15th century. The earliest edition of the Norwegian
274:
Of these, the manuscripts Mb, A, and B are the most important. The Swedish version (Sv) is preserved in two manuscripts:
210:
2847:
513:
505:
2672:
508:
have both argued that the saga shows pro-Scandinavian leanings, exemplified in the way in which it treats the heroes
278:
Skokloster Castle Library, E 9013 (formerly Codex Skokloster 115, 116 4°) , Sweden, end of 15th or early 16th century
379:
2736:
2453:
2729:
2277:
Jørgensen, Jon Gunnar (2012). "Didrik til hest - til øst fra vest". In Johansson, Karl G.; Flaten, Rune (eds.).
2852:
2837:
2378:
and Romance in Old Norse: Revisiting Relationships". In Lassen, Annette; Ney, Agneta; Jakobsson, Árman (eds.).
975:(in German). Translated by von der Hagen, Friedrich Heinrich. St. Goar: Der Leuchter, Otto Reichl Verlag. 1989.
781:
2478:
1134:
821:
95:, sometime around 1250. Scholars are divided between those that believe that the composer translated a lost
746:
597:
161:
65:
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in Sweden. It has been suggested that the saga may have been adapted under the patronage of Swedish King
68:
known from Germany into a single narrative. At the center of this narrative is the biography of the hero
2700:
2573:
481:
802:
152:, Sweden, painted around 1479. Dietrich is breathing fire and is found in the lower part of the image.
2605:
407:
2781:
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656:
644:
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267:
254:
223:
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910:
885:
852:
662:
489:
315:
178:
166:
73:
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from mostly French sources. However, there is no direct evidence that Haakon commissioned the
2529:
2457:
2411:
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2223:
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1002:
984:
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347:
319:
205:
174:
69:
2349:
285:
The Swedish version is useful for reconstructing the text where the other versions disagree.
2743:
2552:
2434:
2336:
983:(in Spanish). Translated by González Campo, Mariano. Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. 2010.
900:
668:
383:
100:
370:, sometime around 1250. Haakon had important Danish-Saxon dynastic connections, as his son
136:
2665:
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2590:
794:
730:
529:
525:
391:
141:
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as well. This includes a description of Sigurd's armor that is adopted directly from the
149:
2679:
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112:
108:
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Die Didriks-Chronik oder die Svava: das Leben König Didriks von Bern und die Niflungen
764:
in Latin sometime after 1550, which transports the fall of Burgundians as told in the
281:
Royal Library, Stockholm, Papp. K 45 4°, Sweden, on paper, first half of 16th century
2831:
2816:
2597:
2559:
681:
650:
533:
443:
2686:
2566:
1086:(in German). Translated by Ritter-Schaumburg, Heinz. St. Goar: Der Leuchter. 1989.
999:
Saga de Théodoric de Vérone (Þiðrikssaga af Bern) - Légendes heroiques d'Outre-Rhin
769:
227:
2327:
Kramarz-Bein, Susanne (2006). "Zur altostnordischen Karls- und Dietrichdichtung".
2257:
1037:
856:
2811:
2239:
Heroic legends of the North: an introduction to the Nibelung and Dietrich cycles
790:
562:
485:
119:
2340:
2301:
Stories Set Forth with Fair Words: The Evolution of Medieval Romance in Iceland
2791:
2765:
2490:
2438:
773:
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246:
Royal Library, Stockholm, Perg. fol. nr. 4 (Mb), Norway, on parchment, dating
219:
96:
438:
various episodes indicated familiarity with early courtly literature such as
2796:
2612:
1001:(in French). Translated by Lecouteux, Claude. Paris: Honoré Champion. 2001.
810:
801:, together with a Latin translation, was published by Swedish antiquitarian
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638:
371:
367:
145:
92:
58:
17:
1955:
1953:
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is a compilation of legends about almost all known heroes from continental
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1181:
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was also influential on Swedish literature even before the writing of the
32:
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2472:
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Francia et Germania: Studies in Strengleikar and Þiðreks saga af Bern
2279:
Francia et Germania: Studies in Strengleikar and Þiðreks saga af Bern
2209:
Francia et Germania: Studies in Strengleikar and Þiðreks saga af Bern
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509:
418:
399:
363:
359:
339:
215:
88:
84:
2185:
Andersson, Theodore M. (1994). "Composition and Literary Culture in
967:(in German). Translated by Erichsen, Fine. Jena: Diederichs. 1924.
521:
194:
135:
31:
2200:
Engaging moments: the origins of medieval bridal-quest narrative
729:
inspired at least two pictorial depictions. Around 1480, artist
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among its characters. The dominant scholarly theory is that the
61:
2494:
2222:. Translated by Haymes, Edward R. Garland. pp. xix–xxxii.
1994:
1992:
1500:
1498:
532:
could be related to these northern political, potentially pro-
1294:
1292:
1290:
1062:. Lunds universitet, Humanistiska och teologiska fakulteterna
358:
Most scholars believe that the saga was probably composed in
83:
Most scholars believe that the saga was probably composed in
1250:
1248:
446:(c. 1150), as well as conjectured predecessor epics for the
406:), which points to courtly influence, and the influence of
390:
under Haakon, which also resulted in the adaptation of the
2191:
Studien zum Altgermanischen: Festschrift für Heinrich Beck
1959:
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1747:
1735:
1711:
1627:
1465:
1417:
1342:
1310:
1281:
1239:
1187:
334:. Because of the saga's localization of Attila's court at
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Die Þiðreks saga im Kontext der altnorwegischen Literatur
1198:
1196:
973:
Die Thidrekssaga oder Dietrich von Bern und die Niflungen
118:
In addition to the Old Norse version, an adaptation into
1539:
1537:
1353:
1351:
1321:
1319:
1102:
The Saga of Didrik of Bern, with The Dwarf King Laurin
484:, involves concrete, European geography, and includes
468:
Long-standing controversy exists as to what genre the
1141:
as the "Svava," a name without any basis in the text.
704:(1303) - one of the translated romances known as the
714:(c. 1320-1335). Additionally, several late medieval
421:, as was the only named author of a chivalric saga,
2774:
2753:
2714:
2643:
2583:
2544:
2537:
2425:Tuulse, Armin (1975). "Didrik av Bern och Norden".
1019:(in Swedish). Translated by Klockhoff, Oskar. 1900.
692:as a "re-Scandinavianisation" of the material. The
293:There are at least two redactions of the Old Norse
1104:. Translated by Cumpstey, Ian. Skadi Press. 2017.
2259:Einführung in die mittelhochdeutsche Dietrichepik
942:. Translated by Haymes, Edward R. Garland. 1988.
620:remove contradictions from his Norwegian source.
326:predating it. Some scholars have argued that the
111:, like Haakon's other translation projects, or a
2389:Dietrich-Testimonien des 6. bis 16. Jahrhunderts
2382:. University of Iceland Press. pp. 250–270.
1036:Hyltén-Cavallius, Gunnar Olof, ed. (1850–1854).
890:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
115:given that it contains Germanic heroic legends.
2281:(in Norwegian). Novus Forlag. pp. 289–307.
829:Editions and translations of the Norwegian text
819:used it as a source for his operatic tetralogy
2506:
2237:Haymes, Edward R.; Samples, Susan T. (1996).
1807:
1615:
1591:
1477:
1072:(Diplomatic transcription of the manuscripts)
1025:Editions and translations of the Swedish text
8:
2380:The Legendary Sagas: Origins and Development
2329:Amsterdamer Beiträge zur älteren Germanistik
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2010:
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2410:(in German). Berlin, New York: de Gruyter.
2262:(in German). Berlin, New York: De Gruyter.
921:(normalised version of Bertelsen's edition)
2541:
2513:
2499:
2491:
2216:Haymes, Edward R. (1988). "Introduction".
2155:
2153:
2151:
2070:
2058:
2037:, pp. 36, 128, 130–131, 144, 152–153.
1017:Folkvisan om konung Didrik och hans kämpar
915:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
310:There is no doubt that the sources of the
45:('the saga of Þiðrekr of Bern', sometimes
2484:The Heroic Saga-Cycle of Dietrich of Bern
2408:Germanische Heldendichtung im Mittelalter
2094:
2082:
1908:
1843:
1663:
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1567:
1441:
1202:
581:used the oldest extant manuscript of the
832:
2034:
1920:
1879:
1214:
1160:
1153:
1126:
861:. Christiania: Feilberg & Landmark.
36:Thidrekssaga, Holm perg 4 fol, bl. 11v.
2118:
2046:
1983:
1960:Georgieva Eriksen & Johansson 2012
1897:Georgieva Eriksen & Johansson 2012
1831:
1819:
1771:
1748:Georgieva Eriksen & Johansson 2012
1736:Georgieva Eriksen & Johansson 2012
1712:Georgieva Eriksen & Johansson 2012
1628:Georgieva Eriksen & Johansson 2012
1579:
1543:
1466:Georgieva Eriksen & Johansson 2012
1453:
1429:
1418:Georgieva Eriksen & Johansson 2012
1357:
1343:Georgieva Eriksen & Johansson 2012
1325:
1311:Georgieva Eriksen & Johansson 2012
1282:Georgieva Eriksen & Johansson 2012
1266:
1240:Georgieva Eriksen & Johansson 2012
1188:Georgieva Eriksen & Johansson 2012
1172:
908:
883:
780:was translated into Danish in 1603 by
1227:
841:(1853), edited by Carl Richard Unger.
7:
2458:A Folktale-motif in the Þiðreks saga
866:Bertelsen, Henrik, ed. (1905–1911).
718:were based on material found in the
615:is not a literal translation of the
2193:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1–23.
700:, with Dietrich being mentioned in
378:, a Danish-Saxon princess, and his
809:due to Peringskiöld's interest in
632:was an important influence on the
257:, mostly at the beginning and end.
25:
2391:(in German). Tübingen: Niemeyer.
2365:. Novus Forlag. pp. 251–264.
2354:Germanische Altertumskunde Online
1048:Peringskiöld, Johan, ed. (1715).
805:in the early 18th century as the
965:Die Geschichte Thidreks von Bern
2348:Kramarz-Bein, Susanne (2010) .
2322:(in German). A. Francke Verlag.
688:was written in response to the
577:. Most scholars agree that the
561:also exists in a late medieval
2462:Scandinavian Studies and Notes
2370:Larrington, Carolyne (2012). "
2318:Kramarz-Bein, Susanne (2002).
2211:. Novus Forlag. pp. 9–52.
1:
2303:. University of Wales Press.
2299:Kalinke, Marianne E. (2017).
354:Time and place of composition
247:
899:Jónsson, Guðni, ed. (1951).
839:Saga Điðriks konungs af Bern
636:written after it, including
2521:The Dietrich von Bern Cycle
2387:Lienert, Elisabeth (2008).
2219:The Saga of Thidrek of Bern
2198:Bornholdt, Claudia (2005).
2189:". In Uecker, Heiko (ed.).
981:Saga de Teodorico de Verona
939:The Saga of Thidrek of Bern
600:. Interest in adapting the
429:Translation or compilation?
402:, and her son is Tristram (
2879:
2454:Krappe, Alexander Haggerty
2341:10.1163/18756719-062001006
672:appears to have known the
540:Structure and organization
306:Sources of the compilation
64:that collects almost all
2526:
2439:10.1080/00233607508603860
2256:Heinzle, Joachim (1999).
1808:Haymes & Samples 1996
1616:Haymes & Samples 1996
1592:Haymes & Samples 1996
1478:Haymes & Samples 1996
1060:"Sagan om Didrik av Bern"
565:adaptation, known as the
504:Susanne Kramarz-Bein and
2673:Jüngeres Hildebrandslied
2427:Konsthistorisk Tidskrift
2356:(in German). de Gruyter.
1133:Non-academic researcher
464:Genre and interpretation
366:, at the court of king
91:, at the court of king
27:Old Norse chivalric saga
2843:Dietrich von Bern cycle
2406:Millet, Victor (2008).
1135:Heinz Ritter-Schaumburg
1039:Sagan om Didrik af Bern
822:Der Ring des Nibelungen
573:) or, less frequently,
524:: Heimir, portrayed as
517:
301:Composition and sources
238:The manuscripts of the
208:(in the section called
182:
77:
66:Germanic heroic legends
2467:(9), pp. 265–69.
2350:"Þiðreks saga af Bern"
1834:, pp. xxiii–xxiv.
1055:(in Swedish and Latin)
1042:. Stockholm: Norstedt.
842:
768:to his home island of
702:Herr Ivan lejonriddare
173:is a complete life of
162:Germanic heroic legend
153:
37:
2701:Biterolf und Dietleib
2574:Dietrich und Wenezlan
2241:. New York: Garland.
1822:, pp. xxi–xxiii.
836:
782:Anders Sørensen Vedel
501:as a chivalric saga.
482:Constantine the Great
139:
35:
2863:Old Norse literature
2858:Icelandic literature
2775:Legendary characters
2606:Rosengarten zu Worms
2545:The Historical Poems
2487:. London: David Nutt
902:Þiðreks saga af Bern
869:Þiðriks saga af Bern
749:in a law codex from
680:. Old Norse scholar
666:. The author of the
450:and Dietrich epics.
413:The composer of the
408:Arthurian literature
105:Þiðreks saga af Bern
42:Þiðreks saga af Bern
2782:Theodoric the Great
2761:Ambraser Heldenbuch
2584:The Fantastic Poems
2133:, pp. 116–117.
2097:, pp. 300–302.
2085:, pp. 296–298.
2025:, pp. 288–317.
1974:, pp. 108–109.
1947:, pp. 112–113.
1774:, pp. 276–277.
1762:, pp. 253–254.
1726:, pp. 260–261.
1690:, pp. 257–259.
1678:, pp. 102–162.
1570:, pp. 108–109.
1456:, pp. 272–273.
1269:, pp. 268–269.
1230:, pp. 19–26;
1175:, pp. 270–271.
512:, Þétleifr Danskr (
224:Walter of Aquitaine
211:Velents þáttr smiðs
169:. At the centre of
2848:Nibelung tradition
2168:Nordisk familjebok
1870:, p. 106-107.
1606:, p. 934-935.
1492:, p. 931-932.
1432:, pp. xix–xx.
1044:(Old Swedish text)
843:
803:Johan Peringskiöld
663:Samsons saga fagra
553:Swedish adaptation
518:Dietleib von Stîre
514:Middle High German
490:Apollonius of Tyre
388:courtly literature
316:Middle High German
167:Spielmannsdichtung
154:
57:in English) is an
38:
2825:
2824:
2737:Guðrúnarkviða III
2710:
2709:
2530:Dietrich von Bern
2417:978-3-11-020102-4
2398:978-3-484-64504-2
2310:978-1-78683-067-8
2143:Kramarz-Bein 2006
2131:Kramarz-Bein 2006
2107:Kramarz-Bein 2006
2023:Kramarz-Bein 2002
2013:, pp. 19–20.
2011:Kramarz-Bein 2002
1999:Kramarz-Bein 2006
1986:, pp. 67–68.
1972:Kramarz-Bein 2006
1945:Kramarz-Bein 2006
1933:Kramarz-Bein 2006
1868:Kramarz-Bein 2006
1858:, pp. 26–29.
1856:Kramarz-Bein 2002
1796:Kramarz-Bein 2002
1786:, pp. 35–36.
1784:Kramarz-Bein 2002
1760:Kramarz-Bein 2012
1750:, pp. 34–35.
1724:Kramarz-Bein 2012
1700:Kramarz-Bein 2002
1688:Kramarz-Bein 2012
1676:Kramarz-Bein 2002
1654:, pp. 20–22.
1640:Kramarz-Bein 2002
1604:Kramarz-Bein 2010
1594:, pp. 70–71.
1558:, pp. 12–13.
1556:Kramarz-Bein 2002
1529:Kramarz-Bein 2002
1517:Kramarz-Bein 2012
1505:Kramarz-Bein 2012
1490:Kramarz-Bein 2010
1468:, pp. 11–13.
1406:Kramarz-Bein 2012
1396:, pp. 44–47.
1394:Kramarz-Bein 2002
1382:Kramarz-Bein 2002
1372:, pp. 59–60.
1370:Kramarz-Bein 2002
1299:Kramarz-Bein 2002
1255:Kramarz-Bein 2002
1242:, pp. 42–43.
1111:978-0-9576-1203-7
990:978-84-9321-036-6
348:Wayland the smith
320:Middle Low German
206:Wayland the Smith
175:Dietrich von Bern
70:Dietrich von Bern
16:(Redirected from
2870:
2730:Guðrúnarkviða II
2553:Dietrichs Flucht
2542:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2492:
2442:
2421:
2402:
2383:
2366:
2357:
2344:
2323:
2314:
2295:
2282:
2273:
2252:
2233:
2212:
2203:
2194:
2172:
2157:
2146:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2122:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1957:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1703:
1697:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1553:
1547:
1541:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1346:
1340:
1329:
1323:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1285:
1279:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1243:
1237:
1231:
1224:
1218:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1191:
1185:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1142:
1131:
1115:
1097:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1054:
1043:
1020:
1012:
994:
976:
968:
953:
920:
914:
906:
895:
889:
881:
879:
877:
862:
684:argued that the
657:Blómstrvallasaga
645:Mágus saga jarls
592:monastery or at
456:Karlamagnús saga
384:Hanseatic League
252:
249:
101:Hanseatic League
21:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2853:Chivalric sagas
2838:Legendary sagas
2828:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2770:
2749:
2706:
2666:Nibelungenklage
2652:Hildebrandslied
2639:
2579:
2533:
2522:
2519:
2479:Sandbach, F. E.
2450:
2448:Further reading
2445:
2424:
2418:
2405:
2399:
2386:
2369:
2360:
2347:
2326:
2317:
2311:
2298:
2285:
2276:
2270:
2255:
2249:
2236:
2230:
2215:
2206:
2197:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2158:
2149:
2141:
2137:
2129:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2071:Larrington 2012
2069:
2065:
2059:Larrington 2012
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1710:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1650:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1626:
1622:
1614:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1554:
1550:
1542:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1332:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1288:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1226:Þs. Ch. 14–17,
1225:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1201:
1194:
1186:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1139:Didriks Krönika
1132:
1128:
1123:
1112:
1100:
1094:
1082:
1079:
1065:
1063:
1058:
1047:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1015:
1009:
997:
991:
979:
971:
963:
950:
936:
928:
907:
898:
882:
875:
873:
865:
851:
848:
831:
795:Johannes Bureus
786:Didriks Krönika
778:Hvenske Krønike
766:Didriks Krönika
762:Hvenske Krønike
758:Didriks Krönika
731:Albertus Pictor
727:Didriks Krönika
698:Didriks Krönika
634:chivalric sagas
626:
613:Didriks Krönika
579:Didriks Krönika
571:Didrikskrönikan
567:Didriks Krönika
555:
542:
530:Duchy of Saxony
466:
431:
392:chivalric sagas
374:was married to
356:
308:
303:
291:
250:
236:
183:Þiðrekr of Bern
142:Albertus Pictor
134:
125:Didriks Krönika
78:Þiðrekr af Bern
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2876:
2874:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2830:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2787:Etzel (Attila)
2784:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2680:Ermenrichs Tod
2676:
2669:
2662:
2659:Nibelungenlied
2655:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2570:
2563:
2556:
2548:
2546:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2517:
2510:
2503:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2476:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2433:(3–4): 67–69.
2429:(in Swedish).
2422:
2416:
2403:
2397:
2384:
2367:
2358:
2345:
2324:
2315:
2309:
2296:
2288:Skandinavistik
2283:
2274:
2268:
2253:
2247:
2234:
2228:
2213:
2204:
2195:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2147:
2145:, p. 114.
2135:
2123:
2111:
2109:, p. 116.
2099:
2095:Jørgensen 2012
2087:
2083:Jørgensen 2012
2075:
2073:, p. 252.
2063:
2061:, p. 256.
2051:
2049:, p. 313.
2039:
2027:
2015:
2003:
2001:, p. 109.
1988:
1976:
1964:
1949:
1937:
1935:, p. 106.
1925:
1923:, p. 104.
1913:
1911:, p. 137.
1909:Bornholdt 2005
1901:
1884:
1872:
1860:
1848:
1844:Bornholdt 2005
1836:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1702:, p. 343.
1692:
1680:
1668:
1664:Bornholdt 2005
1656:
1652:Andersson 1994
1644:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1582:, p. xix.
1572:
1568:Bornholdt 2005
1560:
1548:
1546:, p. 260.
1533:
1531:, p. 1-2.
1521:
1519:, p. 258.
1509:
1507:, p. 263.
1494:
1482:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1442:Andersson 1994
1434:
1422:
1410:
1408:, p. 262.
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1360:, p. 269.
1347:
1330:
1328:, p. xxi.
1315:
1303:
1286:
1271:
1259:
1244:
1232:
1219:
1207:
1203:Bornholdt 2005
1192:
1177:
1165:
1163:, p. 266.
1152:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1137:refers to the
1125:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1110:
1098:
1092:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1056:
1045:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1021:
1013:
1007:
995:
989:
977:
969:
960:
959:
955:
954:
948:
933:
932:
927:
924:
923:
922:
896:
863:
855:, ed. (1853).
847:
844:
830:
827:
817:Richard Wagner
711:Eric Chronicle
706:Eufemiavisorna
625:
622:
594:Vadstena Abbey
554:
551:
541:
538:
478:legendary saga
474:chivalric saga
465:
462:
448:Nibelungenlied
440:Spielmannsepik
430:
427:
423:Brother Robert
355:
352:
332:Nibelungenlied
328:Nibelungenlied
324:Nibelungenlied
307:
304:
302:
299:
290:
287:
283:
282:
279:
272:
271:
264:
261:
258:
235:
232:
133:
130:
113:legendary saga
109:chivalric saga
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2875:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2818:
2817:King Goldemar
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2744:Rök runestone
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:Related works
2642:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2560:Rabenschlacht
2557:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2516:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2372:Völsunga Saga
2368:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2331:(in German).
2330:
2325:
2321:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2290:(in German).
2289:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2271:
2269:3-11-015094-8
2265:
2261:
2260:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2229:0-8240-8489-6
2225:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2202:. de Gruyter.
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2121:, p. 68.
2120:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1962:, p. 35.
1961:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1902:
1899:, p. 43.
1898:
1893:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1882:, p. 95.
1881:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1849:
1846:, p. 92.
1845:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1813:
1810:, p. 68.
1809:
1804:
1801:
1798:, p. 30.
1797:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1741:
1738:, p. 34.
1737:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1717:
1714:, p. 25.
1713:
1708:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1666:, p. 88.
1665:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1642:, p. 10.
1641:
1636:
1633:
1630:, p. 23.
1629:
1624:
1621:
1618:, p. 71.
1617:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1486:
1483:
1480:, p. 70.
1479:
1474:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1387:
1384:, p. 41.
1383:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1345:, p. 48.
1344:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1313:, p. 45.
1312:
1307:
1304:
1301:, p. 19.
1300:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1284:, p. 44.
1283:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1260:
1257:, p. 21.
1256:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1223:
1220:
1217:, p. 38.
1216:
1211:
1208:
1205:, p. 86.
1204:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1190:, p. 24.
1189:
1184:
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1178:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1148:
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1120:
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1103:
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1093:3-87667-102-7
1089:
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1080:
1076:
1061:
1057:
1052:
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1024:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1008:2-7453-0373-2
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
961:
957:
956:
951:
949:0-8240-8489-6
945:
941:
940:
935:
934:
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929:
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918:
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904:
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864:
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853:Unger, Henrik
850:
849:
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732:
728:
723:
721:
717:
713:
712:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
686:Völsunga saga
683:
682:Klaus von See
679:
675:
671:
670:
669:Völsunga saga
665:
664:
659:
658:
653:
652:
651:Kirialax saga
647:
646:
641:
640:
635:
631:
623:
621:
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531:
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506:Heinrich Beck
502:
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491:
487:
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451:
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63:
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50:
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44:
43:
34:
30:
19:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2723:Þiðreks saga
2722:
2721:
2715:Scandinavian
2699:
2692:
2687:Wolfdietrich
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2657:
2650:
2632:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2604:
2598:
2591:
2572:
2567:Alpharts Tod
2565:
2558:
2551:
2528:
2482:
2464:
2461:
2430:
2426:
2407:
2388:
2379:
2376:Ragnars Saga
2375:
2371:
2362:
2353:
2332:
2328:
2319:
2300:
2294:(1): 95–110.
2291:
2287:
2278:
2258:
2238:
2218:
2208:
2199:
2190:
2187:Þiðreks saga
2186:
2166:
2162:Didrikssagan
2160:
2159:The article
2138:
2126:
2114:
2102:
2090:
2078:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2035:Kalinke 2017
2030:
2018:
2006:
1979:
1967:
1940:
1928:
1921:Hofmann 1990
1916:
1904:
1880:Hofmann 1990
1875:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1707:
1695:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1524:
1512:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1444:, p. 3.
1437:
1425:
1420:, p. 9.
1413:
1401:
1389:
1377:
1365:
1306:
1262:
1235:
1228:Unger (1853)
1222:
1215:Heinzle 1999
1210:
1168:
1161:Lienert 2008
1156:
1138:
1129:
1116:(in English)
1101:
1083:
1077:Translations
1064:. Retrieved
1053:. Stockholm.
1049:
1038:
1016:
998:
980:
972:
964:
938:
926:Translations
905:. Reykjavík.
901:
874:. Retrieved
868:
857:
838:
820:
815:
807:Vilkina saga
806:
799:Þiðreks saga
798:
785:
777:
765:
761:
757:
756:The Swedish
755:
747:illumination
739:Södermanland
735:Floda church
726:
725:The Swedish
724:
720:Þiðreks saga
719:
709:
701:
697:
694:Þiðreks saga
693:
690:Þiðreks saga
689:
685:
678:Þiðreks saga
677:
674:Þiðreks saga
673:
667:
661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
630:Þiðreks saga
629:
627:
617:Þiðreks saga
616:
612:
610:
602:Þiðreks saga
601:
587:
583:Þiðreks saga
582:
578:
575:Didriks saga
574:
570:
566:
559:Þiðreks saga
558:
556:
546:Þiðreks saga
545:
543:
503:
499:Þiðreks saga
498:
494:Þiðreks saga
493:
472:belongs to,
470:Þiðreks saga
469:
467:
454:
452:
436:
432:
415:Þiðreks saga
414:
412:
396:Þiðreks saga
395:
357:
331:
327:
314:were mostly
312:Þiðreks saga
311:
309:
295:Þiðreks saga
294:
292:
284:
273:
240:Þiðreks saga
239:
237:
228:Wolfdietrich
209:
199:
187:
171:Þiðreks saga
170:
158:Þiðreks saga
157:
155:
150:Södermanland
146:Floda church
124:
123:
117:
104:
82:
53:
52:
48:Thidrekssaga
47:
46:
41:
40:
39:
29:
18:Thidrekssaga
2812:King Laurin
2178:Works cited
2119:Tuulse 1975
2047:Millet 2008
1984:Tuulse 1975
1832:Haymes 1988
1820:Haymes 1988
1772:Millet 2008
1580:Haymes 1988
1544:Millet 2008
1454:Millet 2008
1430:Haymes 1988
1358:Millet 2008
1326:Haymes 1988
1267:Millet 2008
1173:Millet 2008
791:Olaus Petri
598:Charles VII
563:Old Swedish
486:King Arthur
251: 1275
234:Manuscripts
120:Old Swedish
2832:Categories
2792:Hildebrand
2766:Heldenbuch
2335:: 99–121.
2248:0815300336
1149:References
708:- and the
590:Franciscan
536:leanings.
289:Redactions
220:Nibelungen
140:Fresco by
107:a courtly
97:Low German
2797:Ermanaric
2613:Eckenlied
2456:(1923). "
1066:21 August
911:cite book
886:cite book
837:Cover of
811:Gothicism
639:Erex saga
624:Influence
372:Magnus VI
368:Haakon IV
344:Nibelungs
179:Old Norse
93:Haakon IV
74:Old Norse
59:Old Norse
2634:Wunderer
2620:Goldemar
2592:Virginal
2473:40915133
1030:Editions
876:6 August
846:Editions
442:and the
380:chancery
376:Ingeborg
191:Niflings
2754:Sources
2627:Sigenot
2481:(1906)
2171:(1907).
931:English
774:Øresund
772:in the
751:Uppland
716:ballads
606:Denmark
569:(also:
526:Swabian
404:Tristan
268:lacunae
255:lacunae
132:Summary
2802:Witige
2694:Ortnit
2599:Laurin
2538:German
2471:
2414:
2395:
2307:
2266:
2245:
2226:
1108:
1090:
1005:
987:
946:
784:. The
776:; the
743:Sweden
660:, and
522:Heimir
520:) and
419:cleric
400:Isolde
364:Norway
360:Bergen
346:, and
342:, the
340:Sigurd
270:as Mb.
222:, and
218:, the
216:Sigurd
202:Attila
89:Norway
85:Bergen
2807:Heime
2469:JSTOR
1121:Notes
958:Other
745:. An
510:Viðga
336:Soest
242:are:
195:devil
2412:ISBN
2393:ISBN
2305:ISBN
2264:ISBN
2243:ISBN
2224:ISBN
1106:ISBN
1088:ISBN
1068:2023
1003:ISBN
985:ISBN
944:ISBN
917:link
892:link
878:2022
628:The
611:The
557:The
544:The
534:Welf
488:and
156:The
62:saga
2460:".
2435:doi
2337:doi
2165:in
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737:in
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