417:
377:
608:
2288:
103:
549:
77:
67:
2181:
341:(Anjengo) on the sea coast, about 32 km north of Thiruvananthapuram city, for erecting a factory and fortifying it. The place had earlier been frequented by the Dutch, and later by the British East India Company. It was from here that the English gradually extended their domain to other parts of Thiruvithamcore, anglicised as Travancore.
90:
couple who cultivated rice. One day, the wife heard a baby crying as she was weeding. After a search, she found a child so beautiful that she assumed it was divine and was afraid to touch it. She fed the baby some milk and left it in the shade of a tree, whereupon a five-headed cobra appeared, moved
540:
who reigned from 1829 to 1847, ushered in an epoch of cultural progress and economic prosperity. The beginning of
English education was marked in 1834 by the opening of an English school at Thiruvananthapuram. An observatory and a charity hospital were also established in 1836. During the reign of
584:
was started in 1873, with Dr. Read as its principal. A Law class was opened in
Thiruvananthapuram in 1874, and the main building of the old Kerala Government Secretariat was designed and constructed by the Maharajah's chief engineer, Mr. Barton. Mr. Barton also improved the sanitation of the city.
619:
A political conference of the
Congress was held in the city under the presidency of Dr. Pattabhi Sitaramaiah, in 1938. The period of Maharaja Sri Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma who took the reins of administration in 1931, witnessed many-sided progress. The promulgation of the Temple Entry
588:
One of the significant aspects associated with
Maharaja Sree Moolam Thirunal's reign was the inauguration of the Legislative Council in 1888. This was the first legislative chamber, instituted in an Indian State. The Sri Moolam Assembly came into being in 1904. The activities of the
363:
During the reign of another Aditya Varma (1718–1721), the clashes between the royal officials and the temple trustees became more common. Failing to get redress at the hands of the king, the tenants of the temple lands marched to
Trivandrum to present their grievances to the
585:
During the reign of Sri Moolam
Thirunal (1885–1924), the Sanskrit College, Ayurveda College, Law College, and a second-grade College for Women were started here. A department for the preservation and publication of oriental manuscripts was also established.
620:
Proclamation (1936) was an act that underlined social emancipation. In 1937, a separate
University for Travancore was started. That was later redesignated as the University of Kerala, following the formation of the State of Kerala in 1956.
360:, a prince from the Kottayam royal family, adopted into the Venad royal family. The Rani was brought back in triumph to Trivandrum, but in 1696 AD, Kottayam Kerala Varma was assassinated by the trustees within the precincts of his palace.
1743:
491:
As a result of the annexation of neighboring chiefdoms, the artists and scholars from these places migrated to
Trivandrum, turning it into a cultural center. Marthanda Varma gave patronage to different temple art forms including
545:, Rev. Mead, an Anglican priest of the London Missionary Society (L.M.S.), was employed by the Maharajah to improve the quality of education. Schools, including one for girls, were started in Thiruvananthapuram.
1929:
2000:
1990:
593:
echoed in
Thiruvananthapuram and other parts of Kerala during the reign of Maharaja Sree Moolam Thirunal. The Thiruvananthapuram Municipality came into existence in 1920 as the first municipality in
95:, the Pulayar and his wife made offerings of milk and congee in a coconut shell. Once the king of Travancore heard of the baby, he issued orders for the construction of a temple at the location of
2025:
1878:
476:
when he was the heir-apparent, and when he was attacked by the agents of the trustees, he fled to the safety of
Trivandrum, from where he counterattacked. During his reign, he renovated the
710:
1018:
2010:
1571:
1167:
2015:
1863:
231:-Dravidian kind of architecture is also found in the Padmanabhaswamy temple, which makes it distinct and unique from the architectural style of temples in northern parts of
891:
1939:
1553:
1515:
1538:
1475:
1500:
536:, then a Karyakar of Talakkulam, led a march of the local people to Thiruvananthapuram to protest against the corruption of the King's ministers. The accession of
416:
1733:
1843:
2020:
1260:
682:—India's first IT park—in 1995. Technopark has developed into the largest IT park in the geographical area, employing around 40,000 people in 300 companies.
667:(TERLS) in 1962, Thiruvananthapuram became the cradle of India's ambitious space program. The first Indian space rocket was developed and launched from the
2217:
1949:
1924:
1738:
1702:
664:
376:
2166:
2005:
1707:
1416:
484:
to Thiruvananthapuram, which he made a great centre of intellectual and artistic activity. Thiruvananthapuram became a prominent city in Kerala under
1677:
1909:
1806:
1667:
1652:
1439:
1160:
1838:
1672:
1624:
1022:
607:
2910:
2151:
1657:
528:
and under its terms was allowed to install a Resident and troops in Thiruvananthapuram. In 1795, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital city of
2115:
1995:
1959:
1776:
1002:
824:
2141:
1883:
1634:
1619:
1543:
700:
580:
schools, all over the State. A large hospital with lying-in-facility and a lunatic asylum were also established in Thiruvananthapuram. The
329:) became powerful enough to challenge the authority of the rulers. Raja Aditya Varma was poisoned by them, and five out of six children of
1712:
1153:
91:
the baby to a hole in the tree, and used its hood to shelter the child from the sun. Realizing it was an incarnation of the Hindu deity
1914:
1848:
672:
1858:
1786:
1533:
1107:
759:
2094:
1980:
1599:
1253:
895:
628:
With the end of the British rule in 1947, Travancore chose to join the Indian Union. The first people-elected ministry headed by
612:
2210:
1954:
1919:
1888:
1781:
1644:
1315:
1305:
1123:
645:
565:
2049:
1791:
1528:
1460:
1434:
1429:
313:
housed the famous temple. All of the regions were attacked and sacked by the Chola army, till they were forced to retreat to
113:
The ancient political and cultural history of the city was almost entirely independent from that of the rest of Kerala. The
2161:
1868:
1697:
1629:
1381:
1368:
581:
274:
spoken, and the customs, those exist in Southern parts of Kerala, still reveal a close relationship with Tamil heritage.
909:
1985:
1853:
1609:
1591:
1548:
1495:
668:
2246:
2184:
2156:
2039:
1682:
1614:
1424:
1376:
1246:
1045:
452:
who reigned from 1729 to 1758, and who is regarded as the father of modern Travancore, modernised Thiruvananthapuram.
393:
239:
604:
During the regency of Maharani Setu Lakshmi Bai, the college for Women at Trivandrum was raised to the first grade.
2203:
2089:
1465:
980:
521:
334:
211:
kingdom based in the southernmost part of Indian Subcontinent. Ay kingdom had experienced attacks and conquests by
1873:
1687:
86:
According to legend, the site of Thiruvananthapuram was once a jungle known as Anantan Kādu, which was home to a
2287:
2804:
1717:
1523:
1470:
590:
176:. However the southern region of the present-day Kerala state (The coastal belt between Thiruvananthapuram and
1075:
2256:
429:
1934:
1828:
1761:
1455:
848:
Ganesh, K.N. (June 2009). "Historical Geography of Natu in South India with Special Reference to Kerala".
598:
477:
102:
96:
80:
70:
1300:
2110:
1796:
1692:
1217:
1207:
408:
then. It was in the latter half of the 18th century, that Travancore inherited the kingdoms as far as
298:
2240:
2054:
1964:
1604:
1202:
1187:
461:
306:
200:
47:
1944:
1893:
1833:
1823:
1771:
1222:
629:
513:
469:
445:
357:
349:
954:
548:
384:
drawn by Homann Heirs in 1733. At that time, Travancore was only a small territory wedged between
2859:
2359:
2276:
2261:
2084:
1576:
1343:
1290:
1269:
873:
533:
405:
326:
287:
196:
55:
30:
2266:
1662:
1295:
1212:
1192:
1176:
1103:
1097:
998:
865:
820:
755:
679:
653:
637:
633:
525:
409:
365:
142:
138:
76:
2689:
1197:
857:
632:
was installed in office on 24 March 1948. In 1949, Thiruvananthapuram became the capital of
569:
66:
749:
2834:
2599:
2474:
2449:
2349:
2324:
2271:
2251:
2146:
2125:
2120:
561:
542:
537:
517:
485:
481:
449:
356:. The Sardar camped in the suburbs of the present-day Trivandrum, till he was defeated by
317:
in 1110 AD. The disappearance of the Ays synchronised with the emergence of the rulers of
17:
945:
242:(The districts like Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Pathanamthitta, etc.) had been ruled by
2829:
2814:
2644:
2569:
2549:
2524:
2459:
2409:
2394:
2329:
2079:
2074:
1766:
1581:
1386:
1323:
601:, Thiruvananthapuram Municipality was converted into a Corporation on 30 October 1940.
577:
267:
251:
216:
208:
185:
43:
35:
297:
was the leading political power till the beginning of the 10th century AD. During the
2904:
2769:
2719:
2544:
2519:
2484:
2369:
1563:
1490:
877:
553:
381:
345:
330:
255:
212:
169:
154:
118:
114:
51:
1127:
975:
412:
and became a powerful kingdom, and Thiruvananthapuram became a major city of Kerala.
2874:
2799:
2694:
2684:
2614:
2529:
2499:
2424:
2379:
1505:
1328:
473:
294:
228:
165:
130:
788:
223:
in the late Middle Ages, which was eventually expanded as the powerful kingdom of
814:
2879:
2794:
2714:
2629:
2584:
2504:
2454:
2444:
2429:
2414:
2374:
2309:
433:
389:
338:
146:
106:
861:
636:, the state formed by the integration of Travancore with its northern neighbor
34:
dates back to the 18th century AD. In 1795, the city became the capital of the
2884:
2839:
2824:
2754:
2734:
2674:
2654:
2604:
2579:
2554:
2479:
2419:
2339:
2334:
2319:
2226:
2069:
2064:
1485:
1348:
1285:
913:
678:
A significant milestone in the city's recent history was the establishment of
649:
641:
594:
529:
453:
441:
353:
310:
283:
247:
224:
204:
181:
173:
150:
134:
39:
1744:
Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum
1145:
869:
2854:
2724:
2664:
2634:
2619:
2589:
2559:
2364:
2304:
2059:
1391:
1358:
705:
573:
302:
275:
271:
177:
126:
122:
1049:
671:(VSSC) in the outskirts of the city in 1963. Several establishments of the
270:, by the natives of Venad in those times. The place names, the dialects of
1102:. S. Krishna, Shirin Madon by Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2003. p. 350.
997:. Thiruvananthapuram: The State Institute Of Languages. pp. 152–168.
2889:
2809:
2779:
2744:
2704:
2659:
2624:
2594:
2564:
2539:
2534:
2509:
2489:
2464:
2399:
2389:
2354:
465:
1099:
The digital challenge: information technology in the development context
480:
and the walls of the fortress. He also shifted the capital legally from
2869:
2864:
2844:
2819:
2774:
2764:
2759:
2739:
2729:
2709:
2669:
2649:
2609:
2574:
2494:
2404:
2384:
2344:
2314:
1480:
1353:
1338:
1333:
778:, ed. Noburu Karashima, pp. 172–73. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
457:
258:, for a long time until 16th-17th century CE. The official language of
189:
87:
660:
was formed on 1 November 1956, Thiruvananthapuram became its capital.
164:
and the 4th centuries CE and it served as the eastern entrance to the
2849:
2784:
2749:
2679:
2469:
2439:
1406:
1238:
657:
437:
401:
397:
385:
314:
263:
243:
232:
92:
2195:
468:
in 1755. The locals of Thiruvananthapuram supported him against the
456:
became the most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the powerful
2789:
2699:
2639:
2514:
2434:
1401:
606:
547:
421:
415:
375:
322:
318:
279:
259:
220:
101:
65:
1071:
344:
During the regency of Umayamma Rani, Travancore was invaded by a
1930:
Kerala University of Digital Sciences, Innovation and Technology
1396:
396:
and Kanyakumari only). The vast region of Malabar Coast between
333:
were murdered by them. In 1684, during her regency, the English
2199:
2001:
National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology
1991:
Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute
1242:
1149:
368:(trustees), indicating the low ebb of the power of the king.
776:
A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations
2026:
Trivandrum Engineering Science and Technology Research Park
774:
Karashima, Noburu. 2014. 'The Fall of the Old States', in
656:
from 1 July 1949 until 31 October 1956. When the state of
42:. Several historic landmarks of the city, including the
520:
amongst others served as his court poets. In 1791, the
894:. The New Indian Express. 26 June 2010. Archived from
2011:
Oriental Research Institute & Manuscripts Library
675:(ISRO) were later established in Thiruvananthapuram.
1048:. Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from
2295:
2233:
2134:
2103:
2038:
2016:
Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research
1973:
1902:
1864:
Mannam Memorial Residential Higher Secondary School
1816:
1805:
1752:
1726:
1643:
1590:
1562:
1514:
1448:
1415:
1367:
1314:
1276:
54:were built during that period. After independence,
1940:Mar Baselios College of Engineering and Technology
1554:Vizhinjam International Seaport Thiruvananthapuram
301:from 999 to 1110 AD, the city of significance was
2167:Thiruvananthapuram City Police Mobile App (iSafe)
1539:Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology
1476:Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation
392:, as shown in the map (present-day districts of
1501:Kerala State Industrial Development Corporation
947:A History of Travancore from the Earliest Times
597:region. After two decades, during the reign of
524:signed a treaty to protect Travancore from the
219:in various periods. Later, it became a part of
1734:Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram
432:adopted some members from the royal family of
286:by annexing the regions as far as present-day
207:during ancient and medieval ages, which was a
2211:
1844:Government Model Boys Higher Secondary School
1254:
1161:
993:Gauri Lakshmi Bayi, Aswathi Thirunal (1998).
58:was made the capital of the state of Kerala.
8:
2021:Centre for Development of Imaging Technology
1126:. Official Site of Kerala IT. Archived from
278:became more prevalent with the expansion of
1950:Sree Chitra Thirunal College of Engineering
953:. Madras: Higgin Botham & Co. pp.
819:, Open Road + Grove/Atlantic, p. 215,
2218:
2204:
2196:
1813:
1703:Thiruvananthapuram Central railway station
1261:
1247:
1239:
1168:
1154:
1146:
838:Majumdar (contains no mention of Maldives)
665:Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station
2006:National Centre for Earth Science Studies
1708:Thiruvananthapuram Pettah railway station
109:in early 11th century CE (around 1000 CE)
1915:College of Engineering, Trivandrum (CET)
1910:APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University
1653:Thiruvananthapuram International Airport
1440:Thiruvananthapuram Development Authority
168:, the principal trade route between the
75:
1839:Christ Nagar School, Thiruvananthapuram
1673:Kerala State Road Transport Corporation
691:
1658:Central bus station Thiruvananthapuram
743:
741:
739:
737:
713:from the original on 19 September 2013
2116:International Film Festival of Kerala
1996:Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology
754:(2007 ed.). Kottayam: DC Books.
699:Subramanian, T. S (28 January 2007).
624:Post-Independence (1947 CE - present)
352:, forcing the Rani to take refuge in
7:
2142:Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area
1884:St.Thomas School, Thiruvananthapuram
1879:St. Joseph's Higher Secondary School
1678:Kollam–Thiruvananthapuram trunk line
1635:Vellyani Agricultural College Ground
1544:Kerala Science and Technology Museum
568:was opened here besides the several
1713:Thiruvananthapuram railway division
1078:from the original on 3 January 2021
673:Indian Space Research Organisation
428:In the early 18th century CE, the
337:obtained a sandy piece of land at
325:rule, the trustees of the temple (
25:
1787:St. Mary, Queen of Peace Basilica
1534:Free Software Foundation of India
789:"Pandya dynasty | Indian dynasty"
2286:
2180:
2179:
2095:Kerala State Chalachitra Academy
1981:Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre
1600:Greenfield International Stadium
1572:Lulu International Shopping Mall
1124:"Technopark, Thiruvananthapuram"
701:"Roman connection in Tamil Nadu"
613:Trivandrum International Airport
1955:SUT Academy of Medical Sciences
1920:College of Fine Arts Trivandrum
1889:Trivandrum International School
1849:Holy Angel's Convent Trivandrum
1782:Cathedral of Saint Mary, Pattom
1306:Padmanabhaswamy Temple treasure
910:"History of Thiruvananthapuram"
646:Chitra Thirunal Bala Rama Varma
153:was ruled by the Cheras during
2050:Press Club, Thiruvananthapuram
1925:Government Engineering College
1792:O.T.C. Hanuman Temple, Palayam
1529:Centre for Development Studies
1435:Thiruvananthapuram Corporation
1430:Thiruvananthapuram City Police
1035:Year of becoming a corporation
184:, who was more related to the
1:
2911:History of Thiruvananthapuram
1698:Neyyattinkara railway station
582:Trivandrum University College
305:, which housed a university (
158:
129:in the north. This includes,
1986:Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
1854:Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan
1610:Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium
1496:Travancore Titanium Products
995:Sreepadmanabhaswami Kshetram
944:Shungoony Menon, P. (1878).
912:. Kerala PRD. Archived from
813:Keay, John (12 April 2011),
748:Sreedhara Menon, A. (2007).
669:Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
227:in the 18th-century CE. The
62:Ancient and Medieval history
2157:Thiruvananthapuram district
1683:Kazhakuttam railway station
1615:Jimmy George Indoor Stadium
1425:Kerala Legislative Assembly
1074:. Kerala State IT Mission.
892:"Kerala's Tamil Connection"
2927:
2090:Kinfra Film and Video Park
1630:St Xavier's College Ground
1466:Bio 360 Life Sciences Park
1177:Histories of Kerala cities
862:10.1177/037698360903600102
751:A Survey of Kerala History
663:With the establishment of
522:English East India Company
18:Thiruvananthapuram History
2284:
2175:
1874:Sainik School Kazhakootam
1688:Kochuveli railway station
1183:
1072:"First IT Park in Kerala"
1046:"VSSC Thiruvananthapuram"
404:was under the control of
348:adventurer, known as the
266:, was also identified as
1718:Thiruvananthapuram Metro
1524:C-DAC Thiruvananthapuram
1471:State Bank of Travancore
850:Indian Historical Review
591:Indian National Congress
562:Maharaja Moolam Thirunal
556:was established in 1855.
538:Maharaja Swathi Thirunal
512:. Noted artists such as
450:Maharaja Marthanda Varma
981:Encyclopædia Britannica
934:Travancore State Manual
793:Encyclopedia Britannica
654:Travancore-Cochin Union
615:was established in 1932
444:, based in present-day
430:Travancore royal family
97:Padmanabha swami temple
2152:People from Trivandrum
2104:Festivals & events
1935:Mahatma Gandhi College
1829:Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan
1777:St. Joseph's Cathedral
1762:Padmanabhaswamy Temple
1739:Regional Cancer Centre
616:
599:Sree Chithira Thirunal
557:
478:Padmanabhaswamy Temple
425:
413:
110:
83:
81:Padmanabhapuram Palace
73:
71:Padmanabhaswamy Temple
1797:Vellayani Devi Temple
1693:Nemom railway station
610:
551:
419:
379:
117:governed the area of
105:
79:
69:
1965:University of Kerala
1605:Trivandrum Golf Club
1549:Southern Air Command
1025:on 18 September 2010
1019:"Thiruvananthapuram"
566:College of Fine Arts
560:During the reign of
201:Kanyakumari district
199:city, district, and
149:. The region around
48:University of Kerala
1945:Mar Ivanios College
1894:VSSC Central School
1834:Chinmaya Vidyalayas
1824:Arya Central School
1772:Palayam Juma Masjid
731:KA Nilakanta Sastri
630:Pattom Thanu Pillai
514:Ramapurathu Warrier
470:Ettuveetil Pillamar
446:Malappuram district
2860:Kannan Devan Hills
2360:Thiruvananthapuram
2247:Thiruvananthapuram
2085:Chitranjali Studio
1960:University College
1625:University Stadium
1577:Mall of Travancore
1344:Shankumugham Beach
1291:Battle of Colachel
1270:Thiruvananthapuram
976:Thiruvananthapuram
916:on 7 February 2009
617:
558:
534:Velu Thampi Dalawa
426:
420:A language map of
414:
406:Zamorin of Calicut
335:East India Company
288:Ernakulam district
246:dynasties such as
197:Thiruvananthapuram
111:
84:
74:
56:Thiruvananthapuram
31:Thiruvananthapuram
2898:
2897:
2227:Travancore region
2193:
2192:
2034:
2033:
1869:The Oxford School
1663:Main Central Road
1301:Travancore–Cochin
1296:History of Kerala
1236:
1235:
1004:978-81-7638-028-7
826:978-0-8021-9550-0
526:Kingdom of Mysore
464:in the battle of
424:prepared in 1822.
16:(Redirected from
2918:
2690:Thalayolaparambu
2290:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2197:
2183:
2182:
1814:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1240:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1147:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1052:on 26 April 2006
1042:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1021:. Archived from
1015:
1009:
1008:
990:
984:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
952:
941:
935:
932:
926:
925:
923:
921:
906:
900:
899:
888:
882:
881:
845:
839:
836:
830:
829:
816:India: A History
810:
804:
803:
801:
799:
785:
779:
772:
766:
765:
745:
732:
729:
723:
722:
720:
718:
696:
299:Chera-Chola Wars
203:, were parts of
163:
160:
125:in the south to
21:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2901:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2600:Chettikulangara
2450:Chadayamangalam
2350:Thiruvithancode
2325:Manavalakurichy
2297:
2291:
2282:
2229:
2224:
2194:
2189:
2171:
2147:Padmanabhapuram
2130:
2126:Attukal Pongala
2121:Soorya Festival
2099:
2041:
2030:
1969:
1898:
1808:
1801:
1754:
1748:
1722:
1639:
1620:Central Stadium
1586:
1558:
1510:
1444:
1411:
1363:
1310:
1272:
1267:
1237:
1232:
1179:
1174:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1131:
1130:on 24 July 2011
1122:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1055:
1053:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1028:
1026:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1005:
992:
991:
987:
974:
970:
960:
958:
950:
943:
942:
938:
933:
929:
919:
917:
908:
907:
903:
898:on 3 June 2021.
890:
889:
885:
847:
846:
842:
837:
833:
827:
812:
811:
807:
797:
795:
787:
786:
782:
773:
769:
762:
747:
746:
735:
730:
726:
716:
714:
698:
697:
693:
688:
626:
564:(1885–1924), a
543:Uthram Thirunal
518:Kunchan Nambiar
486:Marthanda Varma
482:Padmanabhapuram
374:
307:Kanthalur Salai
240:Southern Kerala
161:
64:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2924:
2922:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:Kizhakkambalam
2827:
2822:
2817:
2815:Koothattukulam
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2645:Changanacherry
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2550:Vadasserikkara
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2525:Pathanamthitta
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2460:Kalluvathukkal
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2410:Avanavancherry
2407:
2402:
2397:
2395:Chirayinkeezhu
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2330:Kaliyakkavilai
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2280:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2257:Pathanamthitta
2254:
2249:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2200:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2080:Kerala Kaumudi
2077:
2075:Sun TV Network
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1820:
1818:
1811:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1767:Attukal Temple
1764:
1758:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1584:
1582:Taurus Zentrum
1579:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1387:Kerala cuisine
1384:
1379:
1373:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1324:Karamana River
1320:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1175:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1158:
1150:
1142:
1141:
1115:
1108:
1089:
1063:
1037:
1010:
1003:
985:
968:
936:
927:
901:
883:
840:
831:
825:
805:
780:
767:
760:
733:
724:
690:
689:
687:
684:
640:. The king of
625:
622:
373:
372:Modern history
370:
252:Pandya dynasty
186:Pandya dynasty
63:
60:
44:Kowdiar Palace
36:princely state
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2923:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2805:Kothamangalam
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2770:North Paravur
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2720:Kanjirappally
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:Munroethuruth
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:Neyyattinkara
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2294:
2289:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:
2216:
2214:
2209:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2198:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2042:entertainment
2037:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1859:Loyola School
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:Education and
1804:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
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1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1516:Organisations
1513:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1491:UST (company)
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
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1459:
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1335:
1332:
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1313:
1307:
1304:
1302:
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1297:
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1289:
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1275:
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1264:
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1257:
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1241:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
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1216:
1214:
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1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
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1189:
1186:
1185:
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1125:
1119:
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1111:
1109:9780754634454
1105:
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1100:
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1073:
1067:
1064:
1051:
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1024:
1020:
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989:
986:
983:
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956:
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931:
928:
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911:
905:
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867:
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851:
844:
841:
835:
832:
828:
822:
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790:
784:
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771:
768:
763:
761:9788126415786
757:
753:
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744:
742:
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738:
734:
728:
725:
712:
708:
707:
702:
695:
692:
685:
683:
681:
676:
674:
670:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
648:, became the
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
623:
621:
614:
609:
605:
602:
600:
596:
592:
586:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
555:
554:Napier Museum
550:
546:
544:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
489:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
423:
418:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
382:Malabar Coast
378:
371:
369:
367:
361:
359:
355:
351:
350:Mughal Sirdar
347:
342:
340:
336:
332:
331:Umayamma Rani
328:
324:
321:. During the
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:Chola dynasty
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:Malabar Coast
167:
156:
155:Sangam period
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
119:Malabar Coast
116:
115:Chera dynasty
108:
104:
100:
98:
94:
89:
82:
78:
72:
68:
61:
59:
57:
53:
52:Napier Museum
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
32:
19:
2875:Udumbanchola
2800:Muvattupuzha
2695:Kuravilangad
2685:Kaduthuruthy
2615:Ambalappuzha
2530:Kozhencherry
2500:Pathanapuram
2425:Kottarakkara
2380:Venjaramoodu
2135:Other topics
1506:HLL Lifecare
1329:Agastya Mala
1277:
1227:
1132:. Retrieved
1128:the original
1118:
1098:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1066:
1054:. Retrieved
1050:the original
1040:
1027:. Retrieved
1023:the original
1013:
994:
988:
979:
971:
959:. Retrieved
946:
939:
930:
918:. Retrieved
914:the original
904:
896:the original
886:
853:
849:
843:
834:
815:
808:
798:21 September
796:. Retrieved
792:
783:
775:
770:
750:
727:
715:. Retrieved
704:
694:
677:
662:
627:
618:
603:
587:
559:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:
474:Ettara Yogam
427:
362:
358:Kerala Varma
343:
292:
237:
195:Present-day
194:
180:) was under
166:Palakkad Gap
131:Palakkad Gap
112:
85:
28:
26:
2880:Nedumkandam
2795:Perumbavoor
2715:Erattupetta
2630:Mararikulam
2585:Mavelikkara
2505:Manchalloor
2455:Chathannoor
2445:Edamulackal
2430:Neduvathoor
2415:Kallambalam
2375:Nedumangadu
2310:Kanyakumari
2241:Kanyakumari
1218:Tellicherry
856:(1): 3–21.
634:Thiru-Kochi
532:. In 1799,
510:Koodiyattam
434:Kolathunadu
390:Kanyakumari
339:Anchuthengu
327:Ettarayogam
262:, based at
238:Modern-day
147:Kolli Hills
107:South India
29:history of
2885:Kattappana
2840:Thodupuzha
2825:Kolenchery
2755:Kattappana
2735:Mundakayam
2675:Ettumanoor
2655:Karukachal
2605:Kayamkulam
2580:Chengannur
2555:Mallapally
2480:Parippally
2420:Kilimanoor
2340:Marthandam
2335:Mandaikadu
2320:Suchindram
2111:Keraleeyam
2070:Kairali TV
2065:JaiHind TV
2040:Media and
1486:Tata Group
1461:Technocity
1456:Technopark
1417:Government
1349:Neyyar Dam
1286:Travancore
1228:Trivandrum
1208:Malappuram
1134:28 October
1029:29 October
717:28 October
686:References
680:Technopark
650:Rajpramukh
642:Travancore
595:Travancore
530:Travancore
454:Travancore
442:Parappanad
394:Trivandrum
354:Nedumangad
311:Trivandrum
284:Travancore
248:Ay kingdom
225:Travancore
205:Ay dynasty
182:Ay dynasty
174:Tamil Nadu
162: 1st
151:Coimbatore
135:Coimbatore
40:Travancore
2855:Devikulam
2725:Ponkunnam
2665:Kumarakam
2635:Cherthala
2620:Alappuzha
2590:Padanilam
2560:Tiruvalla
2365:Parassala
2305:Nagarcoil
2296:Towns and
2277:Ernakulam
2262:Alappuzha
2234:Districts
2060:Amrita TV
1753:Places of
1645:Transport
1392:Malayalam
1359:Vizhinjam
1316:Geography
1203:Kasargode
1193:Cannanore
1082:25 August
878:145359607
870:0376-9836
706:The Hindu
574:Malayalam
541:Maharaja
502:Kathakali
462:Kozhikode
436:based at
380:A map of
303:Vizhinjam
276:Malayalam
272:Malayalam
178:Alappuzha
127:Kasaragod
123:Alappuzha
2905:Category
2890:Rajakkad
2810:Arakuzha
2780:Angamaly
2745:Peermade
2705:Uzhavoor
2660:Kottayam
2625:Mankombu
2595:Nilakkal
2565:Parumala
2540:Kumbanad
2535:Aranmula
2510:Pidavoor
2490:Mayyanad
2465:Kottiyam
2400:Attingal
2390:Vembayam
2355:Kolachal
2267:Kottayam
2185:Category
1974:Research
1809:research
1449:Industry
1076:Archived
711:Archived
498:Padhakam
466:Purakkad
366:Yogakkar
157:between
121:between
2870:Adimali
2865:Marayur
2845:Painavu
2820:Piravom
2775:Alengad
2765:Vechoor
2760:Adimali
2740:Vagamon
2730:Erumely
2710:Poonjar
2670:Pambadi
2650:Vazhoor
2610:Haripad
2575:Edathua
2495:Punalur
2475:Paravur
2405:Varkala
2385:Aryanad
2345:Neyyoor
2315:Thovala
2162:Tourism
2055:Asianet
1755:worship
1668:MG Road
1481:Infosys
1382:Culture
1369:Culture
1354:Kovalam
1339:Ponmudi
1334:Brimore
1278:History
1223:Trichur
1188:Calicut
978:at the
652:of the
570:English
506:Thullal
458:Zamorin
217:Pandyas
190:Madurai
88:Pulayar
2850:Munnar
2835:Idukki
2785:Kalady
2750:Kumily
2680:Vaikom
2570:Mannar
2470:Kollam
2440:Anchal
2298:cities
2279:(Part)
2272:Idukki
2252:Kollam
2243:(Part)
1903:Higher
1727:Health
1592:Sports
1407:Mawlid
1213:Quilon
1198:Cochin
1106:
1056:23 May
1001:
920:23 May
876:
868:
823:
758:
658:Kerala
508:, and
494:Koothu
438:Kannur
410:Cochin
402:Kollam
398:Kannur
386:Kollam
346:Mughal
315:Kottar
264:Kollam
254:, and
233:Kerala
213:Cholas
145:, and
93:Vishnu
50:, and
2790:Aluva
2700:Palai
2640:Aroor
2545:Ranni
2520:Konni
2515:Adoor
2435:Ayoor
1817:Lower
1564:Malls
1402:Vishu
1377:Media
961:5 May
951:(pdf)
874:S2CID
638:Kochi
578:Tamil
422:India
323:Venad
319:Venad
282:into
280:Venad
268:Tamil
260:Venad
244:Tamil
229:Tamil
221:Venad
209:Tamil
143:Salem
139:Erode
1397:Onam
1136:2010
1104:ISBN
1084:2006
1058:2006
1031:2010
999:ISBN
963:2016
957:–164
922:2006
866:ISSN
821:ISBN
800:2017
756:ISBN
719:2011
611:The
576:and
552:The
516:and
472:and
440:and
400:and
388:and
309:).
293:The
215:and
172:and
27:The
955:162
858:doi
460:of
295:Ays
188:of
38:of
2907::
872:.
864:.
854:36
852:.
791:.
736:^
709:.
703:.
644:,
572:,
504:,
500:,
496:,
488:.
448:.
290:.
250:,
235:.
192:.
159:c.
141:,
137:,
133:,
99:.
46:,
2219:e
2212:t
2205:v
1262:e
1255:t
1248:v
1169:e
1162:t
1155:v
1138:.
1112:.
1086:.
1060:.
1033:.
1007:.
965:.
924:.
880:.
860::
802:.
764:.
721:.
20:)
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