336:. The territory ceded to Belgium was 4,730 km (1,830 sq mi), or 65% of the territory of the Grand Duchy at the time. The population of this territory was 175,000: half of Luxembourg's total population. The German Confederation refused to sanction the loss of its legal rights in western Luxembourg without suitable compensation. The Conference assigned the Dutch portion of the
281:
relented, and the
Conference instead decreed that the status of Luxembourg would be decided later; the Netherlands, which had assented to the Conference's decision, invaded Belgium to force the Belgians to accept limitation of its territory. After the withdrawal of Dutch forces, the London Conference
351:
The line of
Luxembourg's partition was established in London, on the basis of maps that were out-of-date and inaccurate. It used several criteria, with the linguistic criterion being the main one. The Grand Duchy lost all of its French-speaking territories. For military reasons and due to French
31:
282:
made its third suggestion, that
Luxembourg be divided between the two countries, with most of the land going to Belgium, but with Luxembourg City remaining under Dutch control. Leopold agreed, and the treaty was signed on the 15 November 1831. Although the Dutch
273:, held prior to the signing of the treaty, considered a number of proposals which had evolved over the previous decade. The first proposal was that the whole of Luxembourg would remain in personal union with the Netherlands, but this was rejected by Belgium's
352:
pressure, the Arlon region, though German-speaking, was also given to
Belgium. The objective was to remove the Athus-Arlon road from the influence of the German Confederation; in Arlon, it joined up with the road leading to Brussels.
134:
The area taken by France from the Duchy of
Luxembourg totalled 1,060 km (410 sq mi). This area accounted for approximately one-tenth of area of the Duchy of Luxembourg at the time.
69:
of
Luxembourg, but all such attempts have failed. Conversely, there have been historical movements to reverse Luxembourg's loss of territory, but none of these came to fruition, and Luxembourgish
931:
207:
The Second
Partition reduced Luxembourg's territory by 2,280 km (880 sq mi), or 24% of Luxembourg's contemporary area. Along with Bitburg, Prussia gained the towns of
865:
795:
355:
The mixing-up of the applied criteria may explain the sometimes arbitrary nature of the line of demarcation. In many cases, it separated families as well as economic entities.
50:
from 10,700 km (4,100 sq mi) to the present-day area of 2,586 km (998 sq mi) over a period of 240 years. The remainder forms parts of modern-day
261:, most Luxembourgers joined the Belgian rebels and took control of most of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg; the only town that did not fall into Belgian hands was the
617:
835:
757:
635:
658:
1020:
1010:
995:
954:
883:
780:
770:
1015:
244:
949:
691:
286:
rejected this suggestion at first, after the stand-off had dragged on for several years, he gave in, and agreed to the partition in 1839.
610:
310:
708:
204:'s western border fortifications. As the rest of Luxembourg was changing hands anyway, the Dutch did not attempt to argue this point.
911:
891:
853:
586:
270:
100:
82:
803:
785:
725:
715:
34:
The three partitions of
Luxembourg reduced Luxembourg's area substantially, to the advantage of the three surrounding countries.
926:
329:
337:
921:
825:
603:
223:. Altogether, the lands had a population of 50,000. Today, these lands belong to both Germany and Belgium; the district of
1005:
901:
873:
730:
698:
686:
1000:
681:
364:
283:
813:
896:
149:
143:
848:
820:
393:
959:
254:
248:
108:
843:
671:
165:
116:
340:
to the German
Confederation that was equal in population to the territory lost to Belgium. The cities of
936:
916:
775:
765:
735:
322:
274:
228:
201:
161:
43:
521:
747:
720:
500:
369:
262:
112:
88:
47:
30:
906:
808:
703:
676:
666:
553:
258:
240:
185:
169:
433:
289:
In the Third
Partition, Luxembourg lost all of its western territories, including the towns of
740:
648:
582:
318:
306:
168:, Luxembourg was liberated from French rule, but its final status was to be determined at the
104:
17:
541:
96:
65:
All three countries bordering Luxembourg have, at one point or another, sought the complete
574:
266:
177:
153:
92:
989:
557:
496:
224:
181:
278:
964:
173:
172:
the following year. There, it was agreed that Luxembourg would be elevated to a
128:
974:
341:
212:
193:
124:
70:
66:
969:
626:
220:
216:
208:
189:
157:
326:
298:
595:
333:
294:
197:
59:
51:
27:
Losses of territory of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (1659, 1815, 1839)
643:
314:
302:
120:
55:
397:
269:, which was also the largest city and most important fortress. The
345:
290:
29:
599:
87:
The first partition of Luxembourg occurred in 1659, when the
475:
473:
471:
469:
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465:
396:. Luxembourg American Cultural Society. Archived from
387:
385:
119:, France received from Luxembourg the fortresses of
882:
864:
834:
794:
756:
657:
634:
546:
The Making of a Nation From 1815 to the Present Day
227:was ceded by Germany to Belgium in 1919 under the
152:, Luxembourg was annexed to France as part of the
348:were therefore excluded from the Confederation.
253:The largest territorial loss occurred under the
611:
8:
418:
416:
414:
42:between 1659 and 1839. Together, the three
618:
604:
596:
196:during the war, requested the fortress of
200:, which would serve to form part of the
479:
381:
456:
188:, which had received the whole of the
559:A History of Modern Europe, 1792-1878
245:Luxembourg and the Belgian Revolution
7:
520:Calmes, Albert (10 February 1960).
932:Viceroyalty of the RĂo de la Plata
25:
184:, including Luxembourg. However,
131:, and the surrounding territory.
73:is only a fringe opinion today.
1021:History of Luxembourg (Belgium)
1011:Historical geography of Belgium
996:Political history of Luxembourg
955:Historical separatist movements
548:. Luxembourg City: Saint-Paul.
490:References and further reading
1:
522:"L'attribution du Kammerwald"
438:. New York: Funk and Wagnalls
46:reduced the territory of the
18:Third Partition of Luxembourg
1016:Political history of Belgium
365:Greater Region of SaarLorLux
271:London Conference of 1838–39
83:Franco-Spanish War (1635–59)
950:Active separatist movements
321:) later formed the Belgian
1037:
238:
141:
80:
945:
435:The Neutrality of Belgium
432:Fuehr, Alexander (1915).
257:. At the outbreak of the
180:would receive all of the
150:French Revolutionary Wars
144:French Revolutionary Wars
111:had captured much of the
40:Partitions of Luxembourg
960:Independence referendum
528:(in French). p. 13
507:(in French). p. 14
317:. They (along with the
249:Treaty of London (1839)
771:Bosnia and Herzegovina
579:Histoire du Luxembourg
117:Treaty of the Pyrenees
35:
422:Fyffe (1895), ch. XVI
255:1839 Treaty of London
160:. Upon the defeat of
33:
1006:Partition (politics)
394:"The Two Luxembourg"
277:. In July 1831, the
229:Treaty of Versailles
202:German Confederation
148:In 1795, during the
1001:Duchy of Luxembourg
907:Indian subcontinent
821:Denmark (Greenland)
554:Fyffe, Charles Alan
501:"La "Partie cédée""
370:Luxembourg question
323:Luxembourg province
113:Spanish Netherlands
89:Duchy of Luxembourg
48:Duchy of Luxembourg
922:Republic of Venice
892:All-Russian Empire
562:(Popular ed.)
259:Belgian Revolution
241:Belgian Revolution
170:Congress of Vienna
101:Franco-Spanish War
36:
983:
982:
854:Western Australia
581:. Paris: Hatier.
542:Calmes, Christian
499:(24 April 1957).
482:, pp. 80–81.
392:Gardini, Fausto.
332:, the largest in
325:, which is now a
319:Duchy of Bouillon
307:Marche-en-Famenne
164:, under the 1814
38:There were three
16:(Redirected from
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575:Trausch, Gilbert
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138:Second Partition
97:Kingdom of Spain
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267:Luxembourg City
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239:Main articles:
237:
235:Third Partition
178:House of Orange
176:, and that the
166:Treaty of Paris
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85:
79:
77:First Partition
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786:United Kingdom
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497:Calmes, Albert
491:
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461:
459:, p. 316.
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284:King William I
275:King Leopold I
236:
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142:Main article:
139:
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93:personal union
81:Main article:
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866:South America
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826:United States
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796:North America
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588:2-218-03855-2
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400:on 2006-07-13
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225:Eupen-Malmedy
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182:Low Countries
179:
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99:. During the
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68:
63:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
32:
19:
927:Soviet Union
649:South Africa
578:
564:. Retrieved
558:
545:
530:. Retrieved
525:
509:. Retrieved
504:
480:Trausch 1992
452:
440:. Retrieved
434:
427:
402:. Retrieved
398:the original
354:
350:
288:
279:Great Powers
252:
206:
147:
133:
115:. Under the
86:
64:
39:
37:
965:Irredentism
731:Philippines
532:16 February
511:16 February
457:Calmes 1989
311:Neufchâteau
174:Grand Duchy
154:département
990:Categories
975:Separatism
937:Yugoslavia
897:Bangladesh
884:Historical
629:by country
627:Secessions
566:2006-07-20
404:2006-07-20
376:References
342:Maastricht
213:Sankt Vith
194:Westphalia
125:Thionville
71:revanchism
67:annexation
44:partitions
970:Secession
844:Australia
716:Indonesia
704:Khalistan
672:Hong Kong
221:Waxweiler
217:Schleiden
209:Neuerburg
190:Rhineland
95:with the
849:Tasmania
726:Pakistan
692:Xinjiang
577:(1992).
556:(1895).
544:(1989).
359:See also
330:province
299:Bastogne
162:Napoleon
129:Montmédy
917:Prussia
836:Oceania
809:Alberta
766:Belgium
741:Siberia
442:20 July
334:Belgium
327:Walloon
295:Aubange
263:capital
198:Bitburg
186:Prussia
109:England
91:was in
60:Germany
52:Belgium
874:Brazil
814:Quebec
804:Canada
776:Russia
758:Europe
748:Turkey
736:Russia
709:Sikkim
682:Taiwan
636:Africa
585:
315:Virton
313:, and
303:Durbuy
247:, and
219:, and
158:ForĂŞts
127:, and
121:Stenay
105:France
58:, and
56:France
781:Spain
699:India
687:Tibet
677:Macau
667:China
346:Venlo
291:Arlon
721:Iraq
659:Asia
644:Mali
583:ISBN
534:2024
513:2024
444:2006
344:and
192:and
107:and
156:of
992::
524:.
503:.
464:^
413:^
384:^
309:,
305:,
301:,
297:,
293:,
265:,
243:,
231:.
215:,
211:,
123:,
103:,
62:.
54:,
619:e
612:t
605:v
591:.
569:.
536:.
515:.
446:.
407:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
