467:. Everhart and Thornley increased the efficiency of existing detectors by adding a light pipe to carry the photon signal from the scintillator inside the evacuated specimen chamber of the scanning electron microscopes to the photomultiplier outside the chamber. This strengthened the signal collected and improved the signal-to-noise ratio. In 1963, Pease and Nixon incorporated the Everhart-Thornley detector into their prototype for the first commercial SEM, later developed as the
3458:
42:
3470:
455:
Use of the term "voltage contrast" to describe the relationship between the voltage applied to a specimen and the resulting image contrast, is attributed to
Everhart. As of 1959, Everhart produced the first voltage-contrast images of p-n junctions of biased silicon diodes. Voltage contrast, the
482:
By using various types of detectors with SEM, it becomes possible to map the topography, crystallography and composition of specimens being examined. In the 1960s, Wells, Everhart, and Matta built an advanced SEM for semiconductor studies and microfabrication at
Westinghouse Laboratories in
456:
ability to detect variations in surface electrical potentials on a specimen, is now one of several imaging modes used for the characterization, diagnosis and failure analysis of semiconductors. As many as half of the SEMs sold are believed to be used in semiconductor applications.
527:. In a formal invitation to proposed members of the Administrative Committee for the Beckman Institute, Everhart wrote that creation of the Beckman Institute was "an exceptional opportunity, perhaps the most dramatic and exciting one that we will see in our working lifetimes."
452:. Analyzing the electrons detected by the SEM, he reported that about 67% of the signal measured could be attributed to low energy secondaries from the specimen. About 3% was due to higher-energy reflected electrons. He also presented equations to model the noise introduced.
539:
from 1987 to 1997. As
Caltech's president, Everhart authorized the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) project, a large-scale experiment that seeks to detect gravitational waves and use them for fundamental research in physics and astronomy.
602:. In 2001 he became a member of the Overseers executive committee. He was one of three overseers who participated in the university's presidential search committee in 2000-01. In 2004, he was elected president of Harvard's Board of Overseers for 2004-05.
459:
Everhart studied contrast mechanisms in detail and developed a new theory of reflection of electrons from solids. He also made some of the first quantitative studies of the effects of beam penetration on image formation in the SEM.
444:
in 1952. It was further modified by Ken C. A. Smith, who developed a way to efficiently detect low-energy secondary electrons. Oatley and his students used SEM to develop a variety of new techniques for studying surface topography.
3521:
574:
Everhart promoted efforts to hire more female faculty and increase the enrollment of women. In his final year at
Caltech the number of women in the freshmen class was double that of the year he joined Caltech.
2667:
2346:
748:
Electron microscopy and analysis 1997 : proceedings of the
Institute of Physics Electron Microscopy and Analysis Group conference, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 2-5 September 1997
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3102:
520:
630:
1583:
Thomas E. Everhart, Transcript of an
Interview Conducted by David C. Brock and Cyrus Mody as a phone interview and in Santa Barbara, California on 28 March 2007 and 3 May 2011
696:
Thomas E. Everhart, Transcript of an
Interview Conducted by David C. Brock and Cyrus Mody as a phone interview and in Santa Barbara, California on 28 March 2007 and 3 May 2011
3536:
2339:
615:
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440:(SEMs) as a student with Charles Oatley at Cambridge in 1955. An initial prototype, the SEM1, had been developed by Dennis McMullen, who published his dissertation
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371:
in 1978 for contributions to the electron optics of the scanning electron microscope and to its use in electronics and biology. He was appointed an
International
3219:
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1684:
543:
While at
Caltech, Everhart was involved in substantial expansion of the university, heading a $ 350-million fund-raising drive. In 1989, he helped dedicate the
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Pittsburgh. They were able to combine signals so to more effectively examine multiple layers in active devices, an early example of EBIC imaging.
463:
In 1960 Everhart and
Richard F. M. Thornley published a description for the improved design of a secondary electron detector, since known as the
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408:
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Everhart, T. E.; Hoff, P. H. (1971). "Determination of Kilovolt Electron Energy Dissipation vs Penetration Distance in Solid Materials".
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864:
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Everhart, T.E.; Wells, O.C.; Oatley, C.W. (1959). "Factors affecting contrast and resolution in the scanning electron microscope".
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468:
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Wells, OC; Everhart, TE; Matta, RK (1965). "Automatic positioning of device electrodes using the scanning electron microscope".
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547:, a research center for biology, chemistry, and related sciences. It was the second of five research centers supported by
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From 1958-1978 Everhart was a professor and latterly department chairman of engineering and computer science, at the
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195:
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1100:
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Advances in imaging and electron physics: Volume 133, Sir Charles Oatley and the Scanning Electron Microscope
827:
Advances in imaging and electron physics: Volume 133, Sir Charles Oatley and the Scanning Electron Microscope
788:
50 great moments : celebrating the golden jubilee of the University of Sydney's Electron Microscope Unit
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1815:
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524:
258:
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Oatley, CW; Everhart, TE (1957). "The examination of p-n junctions in the scanning electron microscope".
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1303:
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214:
166:
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2153:
495:. There he supported the construction of the first scanning electron microscope in a U.S. university.
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412:
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2377:
2212:
2027:
1968:
1908:
1843:
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662:
233:
1395:
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Newbury, Dale D.; Joy, David C.; Echlin, Patrick; Fiori, Charles E.; Goldstein, Joseph I. (1986).
918:
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2529:
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1837:
1734:
1566:
1218:
599:
519:
from 1984 to 1987. As chancellor, Everhart was involved in proposals for and development of the
504:
400:
276:
177:
1488:
475:. This type of secondary electron and back-scattered electron detector is still used in modern
448:
Everhart developed techniques to detect low-energy secondaries. His Ph.D. thesis, in 1958, was
3317:
3312:
2766:
2273:
1986:
1962:
1944:
1776:
1636:
1270:
1123:
1002:
897:
891:
860:
830:
822:
791:
752:
80:
854:
783:
746:
3267:
3199:
2750:
2678:
2521:
2473:
2401:
2297:
2141:
2066:
2009:
1893:
1806:
1770:
1196:
1161:
1115:
1081:
1039:
1022:
Everhart, T. E. (1960). "Simple Theory Concerning the Reflection of Electrons from Solids".
979:
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653:
313:
221:
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1058:
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2497:
2489:
2409:
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1926:
1794:
1654:
1608:
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1530:
262:
123:
92:
395:
Everhart's parents were William E. Everhart and Elizabeth A. West. Everhart received his
2324:
1192:
1157:
1077:
1035:
610:
Everhart has been elected to a number of scientific societies, including the following:
3277:
2891:
2742:
2718:
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2117:
2042:
1920:
1914:
1869:
1863:
1626:
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318:
135:
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2385:
2135:
2123:
2048:
1980:
1884:
1831:
1752:
1710:
1328:
1085:
3404:
1101:"A history of scanning electron microscopy developments: Towards "wet-STEM" imaging"
41:
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3272:
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2937:
2886:
2758:
2734:
2417:
2099:
2084:
2060:
1974:
1938:
1827:
1821:
1235:
560:
17:
1119:
3358:
3292:
3282:
2457:
2111:
2078:
2072:
2033:
1956:
1932:
503:
In January 1979, he became Joseph Silbert Dean of the college of engineering at
523:, an interdisciplinary research institute substantially funded by an appeal to
3439:
2860:
2855:
1992:
1878:
1758:
983:
956:
3307:
2962:
2021:
1950:
1165:
345:
344:(born February 15, 1932, Kansas City, Missouri) is an American educator and
1127:
364:, even though the first such detector was made available as early as 1956.
1099:
Bogner, A.; Jouneau, P.-H.; Thollet, G.; Basset, D.; Gauthier, C. (2007).
551:
and his wife Mabel. Everhart also was involved in the development of the
3409:
2875:
790:. University of Sydney, N.S.W.: Sydney University Press. pp. 71–81.
583:
349:
1266:
Bridging divides : the origins of the Beckman Institute at Illinois
3419:
3363:
3045:
2792:
denotes having served as interim before serving in a permanent capacity
1059:"Wide-band detector for micro-microampere low-energy electron currents"
919:"The Early History and Development of The Scanning Electron Microscope"
2800:
1662:
1200:
1043:
3383:
559:; the Gordon and Betty Moore Laboratory of Engineering, supported by
372:
295:
829:(1st ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 137–145.
642:
Everhart has received a number of awards, including the following:
564:
341:
190:
181:
598:
In 1999, Everhart was elected to a six-year terms as Overseer of
3368:
1693:
1411:"With Its New Lab, Caltech Has a Formula to Survive Uncertainty"
404:
396:
2804:
2328:
2157:
1666:
436:
Everhart began working on electron detection and the design of
199:
442:
Investigations relating to the design of electron microscopes
3522:
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
567:; and the Fairchild Engineering Library, supported by the
1463:"Former Caltech President Tom Everhart Elected to Board"
999:
Advanced scanning electron microscopy and x-ray analysis
823:"Contrast formation in the scanning electron microscope"
450:
Contrast formation in the scanning electron microscope
419:, where he completed a PhD in Physics under Professor
302:
Contrast formation in the scanning electron microscope
751:. Bristol: Institute of Physics Pub. pp. 11–16.
521:
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
3507:
Presidents of the California Institute of Technology
631:
American Association for the Advancement of Sciences
626:
1984, Scientific Member, Böhmische Physical Society
578:
Since 1998, Everhart has served as a trustee of the
3397:
3346:
3255:
3248:
3115:
3059:
3021:
2978:
2971:
2925:
2874:
2838:
2666:
2619:
2540:
2365:
2002:
1853:
1703:
312:
294:
268:
254:
210:
173:
150:
145:
129:
117:
98:
86:
74:
55:
32:
896:(1st ed.). Oxford: Elsevier Academic Press.
616:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1489:"Everhart named Overseers president for 2004-05"
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
383:from 1984 to 1987 and as the president of the
3230:Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy
2933:Detectors for transmission electron microscopy
784:"Great moment 9: Scanning electron microscopy"
2816:
2340:
2169:
1678:
8:
1437:"Sherman Fairchild Library: Ten Years Later"
1304:"President of Caltech Announces Resignation"
1258:
1256:
1580:Brock, David C.; Mody, Cyrus (3 May 2011).
1441:Division of Engineering and Applied Science
1001:. New York: Plenum Press, Inc. p. 45.
856:SEM Microcharacterization of Semiconductors
737:
735:
733:
731:
693:Brock, David C.; Mody, Cyrus (3 May 2011).
3537:UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty
3252:
2975:
2823:
2809:
2801:
2347:
2333:
2325:
2239:
2195:
2176:
2162:
2154:
1685:
1671:
1663:
1617:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
1597:
517:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
381:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
348:. His area of expertise is the physics of
281:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
101:University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
40:
29:
816:
814:
777:
775:
582:. He sits on the boards of directors of
2311:# denotes an acting or interim president
1230:
1228:
885:
883:
379:in 1990. He served as chancellor of the
1386:Copman, Linda; Kamisato, Peggi (2007).
676:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1057:Everhart, TE and RFM Thornley (1960).
848:
846:
360:. These detectors are still in use in
3557:Leaders of the University of Illinois
1150:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
859:. Elsevier Science. pp. xi–xii.
515:Everhart served as chancellor of the
409:University of California, Los Angeles
367:Everhart was elected a member of the
187:University of California, Los Angeles
7:
3469:
1409:Flanigan, James (January 10, 1996).
1388:"Visionary Philanthropy: A Home Run"
493:University of California at Berkeley
3532:Alumni of Clare College, Cambridge
2187:California Institute of Technology
1645:California Institute of Technology
1269:. Urbana: University of Illinois.
580:California Institute of Technology
537:California Institute of Technology
531:California Institute of Technology
487:University of California, Berkeley
385:California Institute of Technology
285:California Institute of Technology
273:University of California, Berkeley
58:California Institute of Technology
25:
2866:Timeline of microscope technology
2788:denotes an acting or interim role
1066:Journal of Scientific Instruments
3512:21st-century American physicists
3468:
3457:
3456:
1392:Cosmic Matters, Keck Observatory
1215:"IEEE Founders Medal Recipients"
853:Holt, D. B.; Joy, D. C. (1989).
469:Cambridge Scientific Instruments
3547:IEEE Centennial Medal laureates
3225:Precession electron diffraction
658:1993, ASEE Centennial Medallion
622:National Academy of Engineering
369:National Academy of Engineering
27:American educator and physicist
1354:"Dedicating Beckman Institute"
972:Journal of Electronics Control
535:Everhart was president of the
1:
825:. In Hawkes, Peter W. (ed.).
786:. In Ratinac, Kyle R. (ed.).
477:scanning electron microscopes
438:scanning electron microscopes
362:scanning electron microscopes
1591:Chemical Heritage Foundation
1555:Resources in other libraries
1536:Resources in other libraries
1302:Woo, Elaine (May 23, 1996).
1120:10.1016/j.micron.2006.06.008
722:Royal Academy of Engineering
704:Chemical Heritage Foundation
637:Royal Academy of Engineering
569:Sherman Fairchild Foundation
555:in Hawaii, supported by the
545:Beckman Institute at Caltech
407:in applied physics from the
377:Royal Academy of Engineering
1263:Brown, Theodore L. (2009).
3583:
3542:Cornell University faculty
3210:Immune electron microscopy
3128:Annular dark-field imaging
2943:Everhart–Thornley detector
1329:"History & Milestones"
1181:Journal of Applied Physics
1086:10.1088/0950-7671/37/7/307
1024:Journal of Applied Physics
465:Everhart–Thornley detector
432:Everhart-Thornley detector
358:Everhart–Thornley detector
228:ASEE Centennial Medallion
99:4th Chancellor of the
3452:
3364:Hitachi High-Technologies
2785:
2251:
2242:
2238:
2208:
2198:
2194:
1651:
1641:
1633:
1623:
1613:
1605:
1600:
1572:Science History Institute
1565:Center for Oral History.
1550:Resources in your library
1544:By Thomas Eugene Everhart
1531:Resources in your library
984:10.1080/00207215908937191
957:10.1080/00207215708937060
890:Hawkes, Peter W. (2004).
782:Ratinac, Kyle R. (2008).
332:
328:
324:
247:
206:
141:
106:
63:
56:5th President of the
51:
39:
3567:Scientists from Missouri
3562:Physicists from Missouri
3389:Thermo Fisher Scientific
3215:Geometric phase analysis
3103:Aberration-Corrected TEM
1741:Walter Ransom Gail Baker
821:Everhart, T. E. (2004).
417:Clare College, Cambridge
391:Early life and education
196:Clare College, Cambridge
3138:Charge contrast imaging
2948:Field electron emission
1890:Shigeru Yonezawa (1982)
1860:Edward W. Herold (1976)
1812:Morris D. Hooven (1970)
1717:Alfred Norton Goldsmith
1467:Caltech News and Events
1166:10.1109/t-ed.1965.15607
1152:. ED-12 (10): 556–563.
923:University of Cambridge
635:1990, Foreign Member,
289:University of Cambridge
3527:Harvard College alumni
3328:Thomas Eugene Everhart
2358:University of Illinois
2016:Thomas Eugene Everhart
1789:Elmer William Engstrom
1615:4th Chancellor of the
1522:Thomas Eugene Everhart
945:Journal of Electronics
553:W. M. Keck Observatory
549:Arnold Orville Beckman
525:Arnold Orville Beckman
511:University of Illinois
411:, in 1955. He held a
354:Richard F. M. Thornley
352:beams. Together with
339:Thomas Eugene Everhart
259:Electrical Engineering
34:Thomas Eugene Everhart
3333:Vernon Ellis Cosslett
3153:Dark-field microscopy
2245:Presidents of Caltech
2130:John Brooks Slaughter
2106:N. R. Narayana Murthy
2039:Toshiharu Aoki (2006)
1899:Koji Kobayashi (1984)
1643:5th President of the
648:IEEE Centennial Medal
557:W. M. Keck Foundation
215:IEEE Centennial Medal
167:Kansas City, Missouri
3338:Vladimir K. Zworykin
2988:Correlative light EM
2897:Electron diffraction
2201:Early Throop leaders
2090:James Plummer (2015)
1589:. Philadelphia, PA:
1567:"Thomas E. Everhart"
1240:The Kavli Foundation
1236:"Thomas E. Everhart"
702:. Philadelphia, PA:
507:, Ithaca, New York.
413:Marshall Scholarship
3552:Fellows of the IEEE
3303:Manfred von Ardenne
3288:Gerasimos Danilatos
3195:Electron tomography
3190:Electron holography
3133:Cathodoluminescence
2912:Secondary electrons
2902:Electron scattering
2846:Electron microscopy
2832:Electron microscopy
2028:Mildred Dresselhaus
1969:Norman R. Augustine
1909:George H. Heilmeier
1801:Patrick E. Haggerty
1435:Douglas, Kimberly.
1193:1971JAP....42.5837E
1158:1965ITED...12..556W
1078:1960JScI...37..246E
1036:1960JAP....31.1483E
663:IEEE Founders Medal
387:from 1987 to 1997.
234:IEEE Founders Medal
3425:Digital Micrograph
3031:Environmental SEM
2953:Field emission gun
2917:X-ray fluorescence
2184:Presidents of the
1838:Lawrence A. Hyland
1735:Raymond A. Heising
917:Breton, Bernie C.
600:Harvard University
594:Harvard University
505:Cornell University
499:Cornell University
401:Harvard University
277:Cornell University
178:Harvard University
18:Thomas E. Everhart
3517:Marshall Scholars
3484:
3483:
3448:
3447:
3318:Nestor J. Zaluzec
3313:Maximilian Haider
3111:
3110:
2798:
2797:
2368:System presidents
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2280:Marvin Goldberger
2234:
2233:
2151:
2150:
1987:Benjamin M. Rosen
1963:Malcolm R. Currie
1945:Roland W. Schmitt
1777:Andrew McNaughton
1661:
1660:
1652:Succeeded by
1637:Marvin Goldberger
1624:Succeeded by
1601:Academic offices
1517:Library resources
1415:Los Angeles Times
1308:Los Angeles Times
1221:on April 8, 2010.
1201:10.1063/1.1660019
1187:(13): 5837–5846.
1044:10.1063/1.1735868
718:"List of Fellows"
667:2002, Okawa Prize
606:Awards and honors
403:in 1953, and his
336:
335:
249:Scientific career
238:
219:
161:February 15, 1932
81:Marvin Goldberger
16:(Redirected from
3574:
3472:
3471:
3460:
3459:
3268:Bodo von Borries
3253:
3013:Photoemission EM
2976:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2802:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2670:
2669:UIUC chancellors
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2623:
2612:
2604:
2596:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2556:
2544:
2533:
2525:
2517:
2509:
2501:
2493:
2485:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2421:
2413:
2405:
2397:
2389:
2381:
2369:
2359:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2326:
2304:Thomas Rosenbaum
2298:Jean-Lou Chameau
2240:
2203:(before Caltech)
2196:
2188:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2155:
2142:Tsu-Jae King Liu
2067:James F. Gibbons
2010:Robert A. Frosch
1894:Joseph M. Pettit
1875:Hanzo Omi (1979)
1844:John G. Brainerd
1807:E. Finley Carter
1771:Frederick Terman
1687:
1680:
1673:
1664:
1634:Preceded by
1606:Preceded by
1598:
1594:
1588:
1576:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1394:. Archived from
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1358:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1299:
1288:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1260:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1232:
1223:
1222:
1217:. Archived from
1211:
1205:
1204:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1105:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1063:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1030:(8): 1483–1490.
1019:
1013:
1012:
994:
988:
987:
967:
961:
960:
940:
934:
933:
931:
929:
914:
908:
907:
887:
878:
877:
875:
873:
850:
841:
840:
818:
809:
808:
806:
804:
779:
770:
769:
767:
765:
739:
726:
725:
714:
708:
707:
701:
690:
654:Clark Kerr Award
590:, among others.
588:Kavli Foundation
399:in physics from
356:he designed the
314:Doctoral advisor
308:
243:
236:
231:
226:
222:Clark Kerr Award
217:
164:
160:
158:
146:Personal details
132:
120:
111:
89:
77:
68:
46:Everhart in 1987
44:
30:
21:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3444:
3393:
3342:
3323:Ondrej Krivanek
3244:
3107:
3055:
3017:
3003:Liquid-Phase EM
2967:
2926:Instrumentation
2921:
2879:
2870:
2834:
2829:
2799:
2794:
2781:
2773:
2765:
2757:
2749:
2741:
2733:
2725:
2717:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2668:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2630:
2622:UIS chancellors
2621:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2551:
2543:UIC chancellors
2542:
2536:
2528:
2520:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2367:
2361:
2357:
2355:Leaders of the
2353:
2323:
2314:
2292:David Baltimore
2286:Thomas Everhart
2256:Robert Millikan
2247:
2230:
2204:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2152:
2147:
1998:
1927:Ivan A. Getting
1849:
1795:Harvey Fletcher
1699:
1691:
1657:
1655:David Baltimore
1648:
1639:
1629:
1620:
1611:
1609:John E. Cribbet
1586:
1579:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1541:
1540:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1513:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1495:. June 10, 2004
1493:Harvard Gazette
1487:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1417:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1370:
1368:
1356:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1291:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1262:
1261:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1130:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1093:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1009:
996:
995:
991:
969:
968:
964:
942:
941:
937:
927:
925:
916:
915:
911:
904:
889:
888:
881:
871:
869:
867:
852:
851:
844:
837:
820:
819:
812:
802:
800:
798:
781:
780:
773:
763:
761:
759:
743:Rodenburg, J.M.
741:
740:
729:
716:
715:
711:
699:
692:
691:
678:
674:
629:1988, Fellow,
620:1978, Member,
614:1969, Fellow,
608:
596:
533:
513:
501:
489:
434:
429:
393:
306:
263:Applied Physics
241:
239:
232:
229:
227:
224:
220:
194:
185:
165:
162:
156:
154:
130:
124:John E. Cribbet
118:
112:
107:
93:David Baltimore
87:
75:
69:
64:
47:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3580:
3578:
3570:
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3554:
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3544:
3539:
3534:
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3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
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3499:
3489:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3466:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3430:Direct methods
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3278:Ernst G. Bauer
3275:
3270:
3265:
3259:
3257:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3112:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3065:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2892:Bremsstrahlung
2889:
2883:
2881:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2830:
2828:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2777:(2016–present)
2771:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2674:
2672:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2660:
2658:(2020–present)
2652:
2644:
2636:
2627:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2611:(2015–present)
2605:
2597:
2589:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2557:
2548:
2546:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2532:(2015–present)
2526:
2518:
2510:
2502:
2494:
2486:
2478:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2438:
2430:
2422:
2414:
2406:
2398:
2390:
2382:
2373:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2329:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2307:
2306:(2014–present)
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2274:Robert Christy
2271:
2265:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2222:
2219:Walter Edwards
2216:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2192:
2191:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2118:Jen-Hsun Huang
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2043:Anita K. Jones
2040:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1972:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1921:Ian Munro Ross
1918:
1915:James B. Owens
1912:
1906:
1903:William Norris
1900:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1870:Donald G. Fink
1867:
1864:Jerome Wiesner
1861:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1768:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1707:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1697:Founders Medal
1692:
1690:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1627:Morton W. Weir
1625:
1622:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1577:
1558:
1557:
1552:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:External links
1509:
1507:
1506:
1480:
1454:
1427:
1401:
1398:on 2011-04-13.
1378:
1367:(6): 1–2. 1989
1345:
1320:
1289:
1276:978-0252034848
1275:
1252:
1224:
1206:
1171:
1140:
1114:(4): 390–401.
1091:
1072:(7): 246–248.
1049:
1014:
1007:
989:
962:
951:(6): 568–570.
935:
909:
903:978-0123859853
902:
879:
865:
842:
836:978-0123859853
835:
810:
796:
771:
758:978-0750304412
757:
727:
709:
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673:
670:
669:
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665:
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650:
640:
639:
633:
627:
624:
618:
607:
604:
595:
592:
532:
529:
512:
509:
500:
497:
488:
485:
433:
430:
428:
425:
421:Charles Oatley
392:
389:
334:
333:
330:
329:
326:
325:
322:
321:
319:Charles Oatley
316:
310:
309:
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256:
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208:
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148:
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143:
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138:
136:Morton W. Weir
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103:
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90:
84:
83:
78:
72:
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3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
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3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3502:Living people
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
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3477:
3476:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3455:
3454:
3451:
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3408:
3406:
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3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3354:Carl Zeiss AG
3352:
3351:
3349:
3347:Manufacturers
3345:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3298:James Hillier
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
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3149:
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3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3101:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3089:
3087:
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3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3051:Ultrafast SEM
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:Low-energy EM
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:Magnetic lens
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2907:Kikuchi lines
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2882:
2877:
2873:
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2793:
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2281:
2278:
2276:# (1977–1978)
2275:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2226:
2225:James Scherer
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:Charles Keyes
2211:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2143:
2140:
2137:
2136:Rodney Brooks
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2124:Henry Samueli
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
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2089:
2086:
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2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2055:Craig Barrett
2053:
2050:
2049:Steven Sample
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1981:Alan W. Rudge
1979:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
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1961:
1958:
1955:
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1898:
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1886:
1885:James Hillier
1883:
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1865:
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1832:David Packard
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1753:Haraden Pratt
1751:
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1711:David Sarnoff
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1025:
1018:
1015:
1010:
1008:9780306421402
1004:
1000:
993:
990:
985:
981:
978:(2): 97–111.
977:
973:
966:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
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920:
913:
910:
905:
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866:9780123538550
862:
858:
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849:
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843:
838:
832:
828:
824:
817:
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811:
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797:9781920898762
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163:(age 92)
153:
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67:
62:
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50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
3473:
3461:
3415:EM Data Bank
3379:Nion Company
3327:
3273:Dennis Gabor
3263:Albert Crewe
3041:Confocal SEM
2938:Electron gun
2887:Auger effect
2791:
2787:
2710:
2593:Allen-Meares
2310:
2309:
2285:
2268:Harold Brown
2262:Lee DuBridge
2244:
2200:
2100:Takeo Kanade
2093:
2085:Eric Schmidt
2061:Paul E. Gray
2015:
2003:2001–present
1975:Gordon Moore
1939:Irwin Dorros
1828:Bill Hewlett
1822:Masaru Ibuka
1782:
1764:
1746:
1728:
1722:
1649:1987 – 1997
1642:
1621:1984 – 1987
1614:
1582:
1570:
1543:
1521:
1497:. Retrieved
1492:
1483:
1471:. Retrieved
1466:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1440:
1430:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:
1404:
1396:the original
1391:
1381:
1369:. Retrieved
1364:
1361:Caltech News
1360:
1348:
1336:. Retrieved
1332:
1323:
1311:. Retrieved
1307:
1280:. Retrieved
1265:
1243:. Retrieved
1239:
1219:the original
1209:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1149:
1143:
1131:. Retrieved
1111:
1107:
1094:
1069:
1065:
1052:
1027:
1023:
1017:
998:
992:
975:
971:
965:
948:
944:
938:
926:. Retrieved
922:
912:
892:
870:. Retrieved
855:
826:
801:. Retrieved
787:
762:. Retrieved
747:
721:
712:
695:
641:
609:
597:
577:
573:
561:Gordon Moore
542:
534:
514:
502:
490:
481:
472:
462:
458:
454:
449:
447:
441:
435:
394:
366:
338:
337:
300:
269:Institutions
248:
240:Okawa Prize
131:Succeeded by
108:
88:Succeeded by
65:
3497:1932 births
3359:FEI Company
3293:Harald Rose
3283:Ernst Ruska
2972:Microscopes
2880:with matter
2878:interaction
2761:(2011–2015)
2753:(2009–2011)
2745:(2004–2009)
2737:(2001–2004)
2729:(1993–2001)
2721:(1987–1993)
2713:(1984–1987)
2705:(1979–1984)
2697:(1978–1979)
2681:(1967–1977)
2650:(2011–2020)
2642:(2001–2010)
2634:(1995–2001)
2595:(2009–2015)
2587:(2008–2009)
2579:(1999–2007)
2571:(1995–1999)
2563:(1990–1995)
2555:(1983–1990)
2524:(2012–2015)
2516:(2010—2012)
2500:(2005—2009)
2492:(1995—2005)
2484:(1979—1995)
2476:(1971—1979)
2468:(1955–1967)
2460:(1954–1955)
2452:(1946–1953)
2444:(1934–1946)
2436:(1933–1934)
2428:(1930–1933)
2420:(1920–1930)
2412:(1904–1920)
2404:(1894–1904)
2396:(1891–1894)
2388:(1880–1891)
2380:(1867–1880)
2300:(2006–2013)
2294:(1997–2006)
2288:(1987–1997)
2282:(1978–1987)
2270:(1969–1977)
2264:(1946–1969)
2258:(1921–1946)
2227:(1908–1920)
2221:(1897–1907)
2215:(1891–1896)
2112:Robin Saxby
2079:Leo Beranek
2073:F. C. Kohli
2034:Eugene Wong
1957:Akio Morita
1933:Erich Bloch
1816:Ernst Weber
1282:11 December
119:Preceded by
76:Preceded by
3491:Categories
3440:Multislice
3256:Developers
3116:Techniques
2861:Microscope
2856:Micrograph
2695:Gerberding
2553:Langenberg
1993:Bob Galvin
1879:Simon Ramo
1759:Ralph Bown
672:References
473:Stereoscan
157:1932-02-15
3308:Max Knoll
2963:Stigmator
2640:Ringeisen
2506:Ikenberry
2482:Ikenberry
2022:Ray Stata
1951:Ken Olsen
1854:1976–2000
1704:1953–1975
1443:. Caltech
423:in 1958.
346:physicist
174:Education
113:1984–1987
109:In office
70:1987–1997
66:In office
3463:Category
3410:CrysTBox
3398:Software
3069:Cryo-TEM
2876:Electron
2711:Everhart
2679:Peltason
2609:Amiridis
2601:Gislason
2585:Gislason
2474:Corbally
2450:Stoddard
2094:No award
1783:No award
1765:No award
1747:No award
1729:No award
1723:No award
1128:16990007
745:(1997).
586:and the
584:Raytheon
479:(SEMs).
471:Mark I
350:electron
3475:Commons
3123:4D STEM
3096:4D STEM
3074:Cryo-ET
3046:SEM-XRF
3036:CryoSEM
2993:Cryo-EM
2851:History
2703:Cribbet
2656:Whitney
2577:Manning
2530:Killeen
2442:Willard
2434:Daniels
2394:Burrill
2386:Peabody
2378:Gregory
1499:19 June
1473:19 June
1447:19 June
1420:19 June
1371:19 June
1338:19 June
1333:Caltech
1313:19 June
1245:19 June
1189:Bibcode
1154:Bibcode
1133:18 June
1074:Bibcode
1032:Bibcode
928:18 June
872:18 June
803:19 June
764:19 June
375:of the
3420:EMsoft
3405:CASINO
3384:TESCAN
3249:Others
3148:cryoEM
2839:Basics
2769:(2015)
2767:Wilson
2751:Easter
2743:Herman
2735:Cantor
2689:(1977)
2603:(2015)
2569:Broski
2561:Stukel
2522:Easter
2508:(2010)
2490:Stukel
2418:Kinley
2402:Draper
2144:(2024)
2138:(2023)
2132:(2022)
2126:(2021)
2120:(2020)
2114:(2019)
2108:(2018)
2102:(2017)
2096:(2016)
2087:(2014)
2081:(2013)
2075:(2012)
2069:(2011)
2063:(2010)
2057:(2009)
2051:(2008)
2045:(2007)
2036:(2005)
2030:(2004)
2024:(2003)
2018:(2002)
2012:(2001)
1995:(2000)
1989:(1999)
1983:(1998)
1977:(1997)
1971:(1996)
1965:(1995)
1959:(1994)
1953:(1993)
1947:(1992)
1941:(1991)
1935:(1990)
1929:(1989)
1923:(1988)
1917:(1987)
1911:(1986)
1905:(1985)
1896:(1983)
1887:(1981)
1881:(1980)
1872:(1978)
1866:(1977)
1846:(1975)
1840:(1974)
1834:(1973)
1824:(1972)
1818:(1971)
1809:(1969)
1803:(1968)
1797:(1967)
1791:(1966)
1785:(1965)
1779:(1964)
1773:(1963)
1767:(1962)
1761:(1961)
1755:(1960)
1749:(1959)
1743:(1958)
1737:(1957)
1731:(1956)
1725:(1955)
1719:(1954)
1713:(1953)
1519:about
1469:. 1998
1273:
1126:
1108:Micron
1005:
900:
863:
833:
794:
755:
661:2002,
652:1992,
646:1984,
427:Career
373:Fellow
307:(1958)
305:
296:Thesis
255:Fields
242:(2002)
237:(2002)
230:(1993)
225:(1992)
218:(1984)
211:Awards
169:, U.S.
3374:Leica
3220:PINEM
3086:HRTEM
3081:EFTEM
2775:Jones
2727:Aiken
2514:Hogan
2498:White
2466:Henry
2458:Morey
2426:Chase
2410:James
1587:(PDF)
1357:(PDF)
1104:(PDF)
1062:(PDF)
700:(PDF)
565:Intel
342:FREng
3435:IUCr
3369:JEOL
3240:WBDF
3235:WDXS
3185:EBIC
3180:EELS
3175:ECCI
3163:EBSD
3143:CBED
3091:STEM
2759:Wise
2719:Weir
2687:Weir
2648:Koch
2632:Lynn
1830:and
1694:IEEE
1501:2015
1475:2015
1449:2015
1422:2015
1373:2015
1340:2015
1315:2015
1284:2014
1271:ISBN
1247:2015
1135:2015
1124:PMID
1003:ISBN
930:2015
898:ISBN
874:2015
861:ISBN
831:ISBN
805:2015
792:ISBN
766:2015
753:ISBN
405:M.S.
397:A.B.
151:Born
3205:FEM
3200:FIB
3168:TKD
3158:EDS
3061:TEM
3023:SEM
2998:EMP
2790:—
1197:doi
1162:doi
1116:doi
1082:doi
1040:doi
980:doi
953:doi
563:of
415:at
200:PhD
3493::
2980:EM
1569:.
1491:.
1465:.
1439:.
1413:.
1390:.
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1363:.
1359:.
1331:.
1306:.
1292:^
1255:^
1238:.
1227:^
1195:.
1185:42
1183:.
1160:.
1122:.
1112:38
1110:.
1106:.
1080:.
1070:37
1068:.
1064:.
1038:.
1028:31
1026:.
974:.
947:.
921:.
882:^
845:^
813:^
774:^
730:^
720:.
679:^
571:.
287:,
283:,
279:,
275:,
261:,
191:MS
182:BA
159:)
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1575:.
1503:.
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1375:.
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1137:.
1118::
1088:.
1084::
1076::
1046:.
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959:.
955::
949:2
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202:)
198:(
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189:(
184:)
180:(
155:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
