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French-language education. Greenway sought to appeal to these voters in 1890 by abolishing the dual system and setting up a single
Department of Education. Also in 1890, Greenway's Liberals enacted legislation to unilaterally abolish the province's obligation to ensure all its law were bilingual, doing away with French-language legislation. This was declared illegal by two lower court decisions, which the Province ignored. In 1984, the federal Government referred the question to the Supreme Court of Canada, which held Greenway's actions had been unconstitutional. The Court forced Manitoba to translate all its legislation into French, a job that took seven years to complete.
663:(son of the former Prime Minister) in late 1899. Many voters were apprehensive about recent East European immigration into the province, and were offended by even the minor concessions which Greenway had made on the education question; the Conservative Party was able to tap into this xenophobia, and won 22 seats out of 40. Greenway reluctantly returned to the leadership of the opposition, and sought a patronage appointment to cap off his career. An attempt for an early Senate promotion came to nothing, and he continued to lead the Liberals in a desultory fashion through the election of 1903 (wherein his party won only 9 of 40 seats).
548:, which ran 15 candidates in the provincial election of 1883. Although it did not achieve immediate success (Norquay's government won 21 of 30 seats), it emerged as the most powerful voice on the opposition side. Greenway had to fend off a personal challenge from premier Norquay, who ran as a candidate in Mountain as well as his own riding of St. Andrew's. If Norquay hoped to silence the strongest opposition voice by this tactic, he was unsuccessful: Greenway won the riding by 330 votes to 244.
675:. Although his loyalty to the Liberal Party was now unquestioned, he accomplished very little in Ottawa and continued to spend most of his time seeking out a comfortable sinecure. In 1908, he finally received an appointment to the expanded Board of Railway Commissioners. However, he suffered a fatal heart attack on the day that he was scheduled to be sworn in.
648:, an upstart third party, were sidelined by the education controversy and won only 2 seats). These results were a significant blow to the federal Conservatives, who soon withdrew their remedial legislation. Bowell stood aside as national Conservative leader, leaving a weakened and badly divided party in his wake.
555:— rather to the chagrin of some Winnipeg Liberals, who were suspicious of Greenway's rural base. Some ex-parliamentary "Provincial Rights" groups merged in the same period. These faded away after a few public protests, but Greenway's control over the provincial Liberal organization soon became unchallengeable.
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administrator, he remained an independent figure unbothered by questions of ideology. Perhaps the only thing that
Greenway unambiguously stood for in 1888 was provincial railway rights: when he assumed power, he promised to be more successful in securing these rights than the Norquay administration had been.
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The demographics of
Manitoba changed considerably between 1870 and 1888. Protestants came to outnumber Catholics by a significant margin, and the dual system was regarded by many new settlers as an anachronism. Many anglophones, both Conservative and Liberal, resented the continued state funding for
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Greenway remained a controversial figure for much of the twentieth century. Some regarded his education reforms as discriminatory toward minority groups; others (including some in the social gospel and secular left) saw him as a champion of the public school system in western Canada. Since the rise
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Liberals believed they had a chance to win the provincial election of 1886, and in fact, received about as many votes as Norquay's Conservatives. A personal visit from John A. Macdonald boosted Conservative strength, however, and Norquay's government won roughly 21 seats compared to 14 for the
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won a national election, and resolved the
Schools Questions with a mild compromise (providing minimal state support for Catholic and French education on a case-by-case basis). Greenway's efforts to introduce secular education into the province were successful, and the Laurier government's bid for
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When
Manitoba was created in 1870, the provincial government established a dual school system to reflect the province's demographic balance. The Manitoba Act of 1870 and School Act of 1871 provided for separate and equally funded Catholic and Protestant school boards. These boards were divided by
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Greenway, however, was unable to resolve the railway issue. His administration mishandled negotiations for a new connection to the United States, and the CPR's continued to dominate the region. Transportation rates remained high, and provincial development suffered accordingly. One of
Greenway's
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Under
Greenways's anti-French and anti-Catholic education legislation of 1890, while Catholic schools were allowed, but they were denied state funding; parents who sent their children to Catholic schools were required to contribute to their secular board as well. These reforms were popular with
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Greenway's
Liberal administration was tolerated by John A. Macdonald, who once claimed in private correspondence that he preferred Greenway to Norquay. The Premier's commitment to "liberalism" in the Canadian context was no stronger than his commitment to "conservatism" ten years earlier. As an
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Notwithstanding this, Greenway was certainly responsible for bringing a mature party system into
Manitoba politics. Following his departure from the provincial scene, no one doubted that partisan politics had become an established part of Manitoba's cultural landscape.
497:, and suffered the same result in 1874. Cameron's 1874 victory was overturned for illegal campaign activities, however, and Greenway was elected unopposed the following year. He entered parliament as an "Independent Conservative", in opposition to
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passed remedial legislation defending Catholic rights. Greenway responded by calling another election and again presented himself as the champion of provincial rights against federal intrusion. The result, on 15 January 1896, was another Liberal
530:. Greenway again referred to himself as an "Independent Conservative", and sought to represent his constituents in the manner of an independent country politician; however, he soon became known as a leading opponent of
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The resolution of the education issue did not benefit Greenway's chances for re-election, however. No longer able to benefit from protest votes, the Liberals were defeated by the Conservatives under
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to form a new administration in January 1888. Through by-election wins and defections, he was able to sustain a stable administration before calling new elections in mid-year.
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Greenway moved to Manitoba in 1879, having acquired a large tract of land in the province's southwestern corner (with financial backing from Cameron). He was the founder of
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language as well as religion: the province's original Catholic population was predominantly francophone, while its Protestant population was almost exclusively anglophone.
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voluntarily ended its provincial monopoly over rail travel, subject to hefty compensation from the federal government. He rode a wave of popular support to a
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Norquay was unable to maintain his alliance with John A. McDonald and resigned after losing the support of his ministers in December 1887. When his successor
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This election did not bring an end to the education issue. Greenway's legislation brought about a complex series of legal cases, as well as threats of
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legislative supporters, Rodmond Palen Roblin, bolted to the Conservative opposition in disgust.
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Manitoba's local railway legislation in 1882, Greenway formed an opposition group known as the
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was born on August 27, 1861. Greenway moved his family west in 1878 to a 1000-acre stead in
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In 1895, after the Privy Council refused to decide the matter, Conservative Prime Minister
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J.L. (26 April 1928). "John Wesley Greenway An Appreciation". Ottawa Citizen. p. 22.
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Greenway's affiliation with the Conservative Party was always tenuous. He opposed
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Independent Conservative MPs in the Canadian House of Commons
461:, UK, emigrating to Canada with his family in 1846. He was a
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25:. For the English metallurgist and mining manager, see
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Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Ontario
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further concessions in later years came to nothing.
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822:Thomas Greenway – Parliament of Canada biography
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144:February 11, 1875 – September 17, 1878
1218:English emigrants to pre-Confederation Ontario
512:, and in 1876 voted for the budget of Liberal
501:'s Liberal government. He was also an active
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667:Post-premiership, federal politics, and death
449:two-party system had existed for some years.
236:December 16, 1879 – November 3, 1904
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69:January 19, 1888 – January 10, 1900
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603:reforms of Manitoba's school system
416:Minister of Agriculture (1888–1900)
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220:Legislative Assembly of Manitoba
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725:1904 Canadian federal election
465:in religion. His eldest child
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859:Manitoba Liberal Party
553:Manitoba Liberal Party
524:Crystal City, Manitoba
92:John Christian Schultz
569:David Howard Harrison
495:Malcolm Colin Cameron
457:Greenway was born in
437:from 1888 to 1900. A
166:Malcolm Colin Cameron
155:Malcolm Colin Cameron
108:David Howard Harrison
1248:Premiers of Manitoba
1036:Premiers of Manitoba
773:William Henry Sharpe
537:When Prime Minister
467:John Wesley Greenway
382:John Wesley Greenway
212:William Henry Sharpe
172:Member of Parliament
127:Member of Parliament
1263:Methodist ministers
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661:Hugh John Macdonald
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573:Lieutenant Governor
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435:premier of Manitoba
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120:Hugh John Macdonald
84:Lieutenant Governor
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247:first member
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207:Succeeded by
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162:Succeeded by
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115:Succeeded by
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1193:1908 deaths
1188:1838 births
965:Hasselfield
910:D. Campbell
487:Huron South
459:Kilkhampton
359:Emma Essery
339:Annie Hicks
311:Nationality
287:Kilkhampton
242:Preceded by
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150:Preceded by
132:Huron South
103:Preceded by
1182:Categories
784:References
740:Candidate
542:disallowed
453:Early life
408:politician
405:Profession
397:Occupation
280:1838-03-25
1162:Stefanson
1152:Pallister
1112:D. Roblin
1087:R. Roblin
1082:Macdonald
993:Lamoureux
955:Carstairs
588:landslide
503:Methodist
463:Methodist
378:Relations
306:, Ontario
232:In office
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140:In office
65:In office
1157:Goertzen
1147:Selinger
1122:Schreyer
1107:Campbell
1077:Greenway
1072:Harrison
950:Lauchlan
870:Greenway
528:Mountain
489:for the
471:Manitoba
447:de facto
389:Children
314:Canadian
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1052:Girard
987:Lamont
945:Huband
930:Molgat
920:Garson
905:Mackay
895:Robson
890:Norris
885:Mickle
875:Mickle
777:1,477
760:1,657
743:Votes
737:Party
730:Lisgar
727::
679:Legacy
673:Lisgar
304:Ottawa
177:Lisgar
1167:Kinew
1062:Davis
940:Asper
880:Brown
384:(son)
365:(
361:
345:(
341:
1142:Doer
1127:Lyon
1117:Weir
1047:Boyd
935:Bend
294:Died
274:Born
222:for
175:for
130:for
1184::
473:.
392:14
367:m.
347:m.
1028:e
1021:t
1014:v
850:e
843:t
836:v
718:e
711:t
704:v
282:)
278:(
29:.
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