Hugh Beadle - Knowledge

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recognised his belief that "because of the effect of the effluxion of time, he was entitled to take a different view", and concluded that the Chief Justice's argument was "sufficiently plausible to make it difficult to say that that position is manifestly improper or that, in adopting it, Sir Hugh Beadle is manifestly guilty of misconduct." Beadle explained in a 1972 interview: "We had been doing our best to try and uphold the law and when the thing was in the revolutionary stage we dug our toes in, we wouldn't budge. But then as the government became more and more entrenched we had to apply the principle of law, which says that if a revolution succeeds the law changes with it. Yet because we accepted the inevitable we're blamed by a lot of people for being responsible for the revolution, which is a very different thing."

1233:, concerning Daniel Madzimbamuto, a black nationalist detained without trial five days before UDI under emergency powers. When Lardner-Burke's ministry prolonged the state of emergency in February 1966, Madzimbamuto's wife appealed for his release, arguing that since the UK government had declared UDI illegal and outlawed the Rhodesian government, the state of emergency (and, by extension, her husband's imprisonment) had no legal basis. The High Court's General Division ruled on 9 September 1966 that the UK retained legal sovereignty, but that to "avoid chaos and a vacuum in the law" the Rhodesian government should be considered to be in control of law and order to the same extent as before UDI. Madzimbamuto appealed to Beadle's Appellate Division, which considered the case over the next year and a half. 1152:. After efforts to forge a compromise in London in early October 1965 failed, Wilson, desperate to avert UDI, travelled to Salisbury later that month to continue negotiations. Beadle's "irrepressible ingenuity led to an incredible succession of proposals for a settlement", Wilson recalled, but these talks also failed. The two sides agreed on an investigatory Royal Commission, possibly chaired by Beadle, to recommend a path towards independence, but could not settle on the terms. Beadle continued to seek a compromise, and on 8 November persuaded Smith to allow him to go to London to meet Wilson again. Beadle told Wilson that he thought Smith was personally disposed to continue talks but under pressure from some of his ministers to abandon negotiations. Wilson told the British 1375:

Council "so far as possible", the judgement of 23 July had made it legally impossible for Rhodesian judges to continue under the 1961 constitution. He asserted that as he could not countenance a legal vacuum, the only alternative was the 1965 constitution. Referring to the Privy Council's decision that the UK might yet remove the post-UDI government, he said that "on the facts as they exist today, the only prediction which this court can make is that sanctions will not succeed in overthrowing the present government ... and that there are no other factors which might succeed in doing so". UDI, the associated 1965 constitution and the government were thereafter considered

823: 1343:-style viewpoint—by stressing the 1961 constitution and the rights held by Salisbury thereunder, he was repudiating not the royal prerogative itself, but rather the attempt to exercise it at the behest of British rather than Rhodesian ministers. Kenneth Young comments that the British government's involvement of the Queen inadvertently strengthened the post-UDI authorities' position; outraged, many in Rhodesia who had heretofore rejected UDI now threw their weight behind the RF. Beadle, deeply disillusioned, wrote to a friend that he was "thoroughly fed up with the way the Wilson government had behaved in this whole affair." 998:, which became Huggins's flagship project. Beadle argued that since the British government would never devolve indigenous African affairs to Federal responsibility, native policy in the three territories would never be co-ordinated, meaning "the thing was bound to crash". Nevertheless, Huggins sent him to London in 1949 to discuss the legal problems of the proposed Federation with the British government. Beadle later expressed regrets that he had not played a bigger role in drawing up the constitution for the Federation, which was inaugurated as an indissoluble entity in 1953, following a mostly white 488: 1252:

he did the Cabinet would surely accept. Smith refused to make such a commitment, much to the disappointment of Beadle and Gibbs, and signed the final document only to acknowledge it as an accurate record. Wilson was furious with Beadle, feeling that he should have taken a far firmer line to persuade Smith to settle; after Beadle left the meeting, Wilson said that he "could not understand how any man could have a slipped disc whom Providence had failed to provide with a backbone". Beadle and Gibbs urged Smith to reconsider during the journey home, but made little headway.

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Governor—conditions that Smith saw as tantamount to surrender, particularly as the British proposed to draft and introduce the new constitution only after a fresh test of opinion under UK control. Indeed, Smith had warned Beadle before the summit that unless he "could assure his people that a reasonable constitution had been agreed", he would feel unable to settle. Smith said he could not agree without first consulting his ministers in Salisbury, infuriating Wilson, who declared that a central condition of the talks had been that he and Smith would have

1041:, a British member of the commission, Beadle began the process "as a radical advocate of white supremacy" but later expressed markedly different views. The commissioners "hardly agreed on anything", in Beadle's recollection. While not recommending dissolution, the Monckton report was strongly critical of the Federation. It advocated a wide range of reforms, rejected any further advance towards Federal independence until these were implemented, and called for the territories to be permitted to secede if opposition continued. Beadle was 64: 477: 1336:

into this". At Government House, the Chief Justice berated Gibbs for "dragging the Queen into the political argument". To the Governor's astonishment, Beadle conceded that for some time he had no longer considered himself to be sitting under the 1961 constitution, but had not made this clear as he had not fully accepted the 1965 constitution as valid. Gibbs told him to leave Government House forthwith. They never met again.

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the death penalty. In March 1977 he refused to try Abel Mapane and Jotha Bango, two Botswana citizens facing arms charges, ruling that since Rhodesia and Botswana were not at war and the Rhodesian Army had crossed into Botswana to capture the accused, the court had no jurisdiction. "Were it not so it would mean this Court condoned the illegal abduction of Botswana nationals," he explained.

1138: 1461:, winning all 50 white seats out of a total of 66. Six days later, Dupont was sworn in as the first president of Rhodesia. British officials learned only from the Rhodesian radio that Dupont's oath of office was administered not by Beadle but by the "Acting Chief Justice", Hector Macdonald. Beadle's absence prompted speculation in British quarters, but this promptly dissipated after 1404:

legislation, and thereafter having the right to appeal passed bills to the Privy Council in London. Smith's team accepted the principle of the blocking quarter but agreement could not be reached on the technicalities; the involvement of the Privy Council was rejected by Smith as a "ridiculous" provision that would prejudice Rhodesia's sovereignty. The talks ended without success.

1503:. Beadle, Goldin and Macdonald rejected the state prosecution and unanimously overturned the conviction, ruling that Niesewand's reports had embarrassed the government but did not damage the Rhodesian state. "Factual evidence as opposed to opinion was never given," Beadle commented. The government promptly expelled Niesewand from Rhodesia. 967: 1185:

but moved in himself to provide advice and moral support. On Beadle's counsel, Gibbs instructed those responsible for law and order in Rhodesia to stay at their posts and carry on as normal. When the Governor showed no sign of stepping down, Smith's government effectively replaced him with Dupont, appointing the latter to the post of

1218:, was "scornful of the 1965 constitution". Some in Rhodesia criticised Beadle for going to London, or accused him of siding with Gibbs against Smith. The Chief Justice insisted that he was just trying to do his best for Rhodesia, a claim Smith accepted, saying Beadle "thought more of his country than of his position". The UK 1061:, and awarded him damages. Following continued black nationalist opposition to the Federation, particularly in Nyasaland, the British government announced in 1962 that Nyasaland would be allowed to secede. This was soon extended to Northern Rhodesia as well, and at the end of 1963 the Federation was dismantled. 1303:

James Dhlamini, Victor Mlambo and Duly Shadreck, three black Rhodesians sentenced to death before UDI for murder and terrorist offences, Beadle upheld Salisbury's power to execute the men. Whitehall reacted by announcing on 1 March 1968 that at the request of the UK government, the Queen had exercised the

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as head of state, a multiracial senate, separate black and white electoral rolls (each with qualifications) and a mechanism whereby the number of black MPs would increase in line with the proportion of income tax revenues paid by black citizens. This process would stop once blacks had the same number

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on 20 June 1969 in which the mostly white electorate overwhelmingly voted in favour of both a new constitution and the declaration of a republic. Four days later the UK Foreign Office released Gibbs from his post, withdrew the British residual mission in Salisbury and closed the post-UDI government's

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Beadle agreed with Smith that a deal ending UDI without any prior agreement on the replacement constitution would meet with widespread opposition among white Rhodesians, but still felt that Salisbury should agree. He asked Smith to commend the terms to his colleagues in Salisbury, speculating that if

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Beadle told Wilson that he and the judiciary would stand by the law in the event of a UDI, but that he expected the armed forces and police to side with the post-UDI authorities. He thought UDI would be a political and economic mistake for Rhodesia, and attempted to dissuade Smith from this course of

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whose declared goal was independence for Southern Rhodesia without major constitutional changes and without commitment to any set timetable regarding black majority rule. RF proponents downplayed black nationalist grievances regarding land ownership and segregation, and argued that despite the racial

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Beadle's dormant commission was withdrawn on 15 March. He took with him most of the messages Wilson and Gibbs had exchanged during 1965 and 1966, and refused to return them. The British government briefly attempted to recover these but ultimately let Beadle keep them, deciding that their publication

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expressed outrage, accusing Beadle and the other judges of breaching "the fundamental laws of the land", while Gibbs stated that since his position as governor existed under the 1961 constitution he could only reject the ruling. An internal UK Foreign Office memorandum rejected Beadle's argument but

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of the High Court's General Division resigned in protest, writing to Gibbs that he no longer believed the High Court to be defending the rights of Rhodesian citizens. Beadle told reporters that "Her Majesty is quite powerless in this matter," and that "it is to be deplored that the Queen was brought

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visited Gibbs at Government House to inform him personally and ask him to resign. Gibbs made clear that he would not do so, but indicated that he would vacate Government House and return to his farm. When Beadle arrived later in the day, he not only persuaded Gibbs to stay at the official residence,

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Beadle later wrote to his fellow High Court judge Benjamin Goldin that he thought he had "saved the situation" by going to London, having persuaded Wilson to give some ground on the terms for the Royal Commission, but his trip alarmed the pro-UDI camp in the Rhodesian Cabinet, who feared that Beadle

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Britain granted independence to Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland, renamed Zambia and Malawi respectively, under black majority governments in 1964. As independence talks between the British and Southern Rhodesian governments continued with little progress, speculation began to mount that the colonial

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Julian Greenfield, a close friend and colleague of Beadle, considered him "one who put service to the country first and foremost and laboured unceasingly on what he believed to be its true interests." According to Palley, Beadle's own view was similar—that "he did his best for his country in a time

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Others, including Palley, Wood and Facchini, contend that Beadle was determined to avert UDI and afterwards sincere in his search for an accommodation until he came to believe this was not possible. "Beadle accepted the rebellion when he realised that he was identifying himself with 'the code of an

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After Olive's death in a motor accident in 1974, Beadle married Pleasance Johnson in 1976. He retired as Chief Justice in 1977; Macdonald succeeded him. For the rest of his life, Beadle served as an acting judge in special trials where suspected insurgents were tried for terrorist offences carrying

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recognition to the post-UDI government on 13 September 1968, while rejecting the appeals of 32 black nationalists who one month earlier had been convicted of terrorist offences and sentenced to death. Beadle declared that while he believed the Rhodesian judiciary should respect rulings of the Privy

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in 1968 outraged the Wilson government and drew accusations from the British Prime Minister and others that he had furtively supported UDI all along. His true motives remain the subject of speculation. After Smith declared a republic in 1970, Beadle continued as Chief Justice; he was almost removed

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government by virtue of its "effective control over the state's territory". Sir Robert Tredgold, the former Southern Rhodesian and Federal Chief Justice, told Gibbs that Beadle had thereby "sold the pass" and "should be asked to leave Government House". The following month, considering the fate of

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During the Rhodesian Cabinet meeting on the proposals, the judges were kept informed by the "expression on Sir Hugh's face and from comments of increasing despair", Goldin later wrote; the Chief Justice "spent the whole day in his chambers looking more anxious and despondent after each occasion on

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The UK government introduced extensive economic and political sanctions against Rhodesia and indicated that any dialogue had to take place through Gibbs. Beadle was told to liaise with Lardner-Burke regarding any proposals Smith's government might have. Beadle would later recount that the post-UDI

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in London and president of the new Appellate Division of the Southern Rhodesian High Court. In this latter role he blocked a Legislative Assembly act to extend periods of preventive restriction outside times of emergency, ruling it against the declaration of rights contained in Southern Rhodesia's

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in Britain. These efforts were largely unsuccessful, but did lead to a maternity grant for white mothers, nicknamed the "Beadle baby scheme". Beadle retired from politics in 1950 to accept a seat on the Southern Rhodesian High Court. This decision surprised many of his contemporaries; Beadle would

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Beadle ruled that while the City of Salisbury had provided "substantially equal swimming pools for different races", the effect was to arouse "feelings of humiliation, insult and of inferiority" among non-whites. The defence argument—that whites equally suffered by being excluded from facilities

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writes, "Beadle had a blunt manner, looking hard at all whom he encountered. His drive and enthusiasm were overwhelming, whether at work, in charitable activities, or as a courageous hunter and fisherman. He had a warm family life and many friends." According to J.R.T. Wood, Wilson "hated Beadle

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At the hearing for Dhlamini and Mlambo on 4 March 1968, Beadle dismissed the statement from London, saying it was a decision by the UK government and not the Queen herself, and that in any case the 1961 constitution had transferred the prerogative of mercy from Britain to the Rhodesian Executive

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off Gibraltar between 2 and 4 December. Beadle had to be hoisted aboard because of a back injury. Negotiations snagged primarily over the matter of the transition. Wilson insisted on the abandonment of the 1965 constitution, the dissolution of the post-UDI government and a period under a British

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After Leonie's death in 1953, Beadle married Olive Jackson, of Salisbury, in 1954. He later said that he was repeatedly asked to resign from the bench to become the Federal Minister of Law or stand for Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia, but "didn't regard any of the issues as crucial enough to

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Beadle's acceptance of the post-UDI order effectively placed him on the side of the RF and removed any chance of his regaining an intermediary role with Wilson. The British Prime Minister minimised the political impact of the Chief Justice's decision by presenting it as evidence that Beadle had

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remained wary, speculating in a January 1966 report that while the British government hoped to reclaim Rhodesia "in such a way that policy and thinking is reoriented, racial attitudes changed, and the path to majority rule firmly laid," the Chief Justice "would be content to see a 1961-type

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in October 1968. Marked progress towards agreement was made but the Rhodesian delegation demurred on a new British proposal, the "double safeguard". This would involve elected black Rhodesians controlling a blocking quarter in the Rhodesian parliament, with the power to veto retrogressive

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imbalance in domestic politics—whites made up 5% of the population, but over 90% of registered voters—the electoral system was not racist as the franchise was based on financial and educational qualifications rather than ethnicity. Beadle expressed an extremely low opinion of the RF.

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government and as such is the only power that can exercise the prerogative," he concluded. "It would be strange indeed if the United Kingdom government, exercising no internal power in Rhodesia, were given the right to exercise the prerogative of clemency." The Judge President

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leader. Davies defeated Beadle by 458 votes to 430, but the United Party won decisively elsewhere and formed a new government with 24 out of the 30 parliament seats. Huggins, who remained prime minister, held Beadle in high regard and made him a close associate. In the

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Wilson and other British figures saw him as two-faced for first supporting Gibbs, then declaring Smith's post-UDI government legal, and concluded that the judge must have always been a furtive UDI supporter, a theory that many have accepted. Wilson's private assistant

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action, but at the same time asserted that if UDI occurred it was "not the function of a court to attempt to end the revolution and restore legality". He warned his High Court colleagues that he would not direct "a judicial rebellion against the Rhodesian government".

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Beadle summarised the Rhodesian judiciary's position in light of UDI by saying simply that the judges would carry on with their duties "according to the law", but this non-committal stance was challenged by legal cases heard at the High Court. The first of these was

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on his way home. Smith later rejected the suggestion that Beadle could have had anything significant to tell them on his return, saying that "the only thing that Beadle could have done when he got back was to have talked us out of insisting on our questions".

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A British government memorandum speculated that Beadle may have hoped to become President himself, and may have felt too disappointed to attend Dupont's swearing-in ceremony. Facchini suggests that it may have been a last gesture of personal loyalty to the

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that "the purpose of governing and the purpose of destroying cannot subsist together". Ruling that Britain's sanctions campaign against Rhodesia constituted economic warfare, the court concluded that the UK could not concurrently be seen as governing the

1588:"The thing that I've regretted most is this UDI and also I've regretted more than anything the fact that later it wasn't settled," Beadle said in 1972; "I think it could have been settled at a much earlier stage if Wilson had been a bit more reasonable." 1482:

replaced Wilson as prime minister. Heath's government decided against removing Beadle from the Privy Council, surmising that this would only hinder progress towards an accommodation with Smith. Beadle remained a Privy Counsellor for the rest of his life.

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which he was smuggled into the Cabinet meeting to explain the meaning or effect of particular provisions". On 5 December 1966, when Beadle heard at Government House that Smith's ministers had rejected the terms, he stood "as though pole-axed", Gibbs's

1495:, a freelance reporter for the overseas press who had been convicted of espionage under the Official Secrets Act, prompting outcry abroad. Niesewand had written three articles in November 1972 claiming to describe the Rhodesian military's plans for 1358:

anyway. It ruled in his favour on 23 July 1968, deciding that orders for detention made by the Rhodesian government were invalid regardless of whether they were under the 1961 or 1965 constitution, and that Madzimbamuto was illegally detained.

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During the immediate post-UDI period Beadle, in his role as Chief Justice, occupied a unique position as he could speak directly with all the main players—Gibbs, Smith and Wilson. He became the main intermediary between them, and received a

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government briefly threatened him, telling him to "go now, otherwise you lose your job", but he was ultimately left alone. The Chief Justice noted in his diary that Smith's government was "not prepared to force showdown with the judges".

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as a "small time country solicitor". As independence talks between Britain and Southern Rhodesia gravitated towards stalemate, Beadle repeatedly attempted to arrange a compromise. He continued these efforts after UDI, and brought

1454:, was struck off the list during the 20th century—and the likelihood that accusations of vindictiveness would result, the British government was loath to do this, and hoped that Beadle would remove the need for it by resigning. 954:, whose subsequent rise to the premiership he correctly predicted. Having served for more than three years as a member of the Executive Council of Southern Rhodesia, he was granted the right in August 1950 to retain the title " 1274:

The United Nations instituted mandatory economic sanctions against Rhodesia in December 1966. Over the next year British diplomatic activity regarding Rhodesia was diminished; the UK government's stated policy shifted towards

1085:, the Justice Minister, was a "fascist" and a "small time country solicitor ... incapable of producing correct documents for an undefended divorce action". The same year Smith took over, Beadle became a member of the 632:

in 1940, he retained that role until 1946, when he became Minister of Internal Affairs and Justice; the Education and Health portfolios were added two years later. He retired from politics in 1950 to become a Judge of the

1363:, one of the Rhodesian judges, announced on 8 August that the Rhodesian courts would not consider this ruling binding as they no longer accepted the Privy Council as part of the Rhodesian judicial hierarchy. Justice 1118:, had few doubts about how Beadle would respond to such an act, writing that he was "quite certain that no personal considerations would deflect him for a moment from administering the law with absolute integrity." 1189:

created by the 1965 constitution attached to UDI. Lardner-Burke asked Beadle to administer the oath of allegiance to Dupont, but was rebuffed; Beadle said he would be committing a criminal offence if he did so.

3756: 1629:. British politicians rejected this idea, asserting that black Northern Rhodesians would never accept it, but agreed to consider a Federation on the condition that neighbouring Nyasaland was also included. 3721: 1396:

furtively supported UDI all along, and subsequently excluded him from the diplomatic dialogue. Wilson pursued a second initiative which led to a fresh round of talks with Smith off Gibraltar aboard

1942: 1279:". Beadle grappled with the Rhodesian problem privately and in correspondence, attempting to reconcile the Smith administration's control over the country with the unconstitutional nature of UDI. 882:

with the rank of temporary captain following the outbreak of the Second World War, but was released from military service at the request of the Southern Rhodesian government to serve as Huggins's

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Madzimbamuto petitioned for the right to appeal against his detention to the Privy Council in London; the Rhodesian Appellate Division ruled that he had no right to do so, but the Privy Council

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that Beadle had provided "wise advice" to both governments, and was "welcome this country not only for his sagacity, judgement, and humanity but as a man with the courage of a lion."

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had disseminated "subversive propaganda", encouraged racial hatred, intimidated people into joining and undermined the authority of tribal chiefs, government officials and police.

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On 6 May 1970, Stewart suggested to Wilson that they should formally advise the Queen to remove Beadle from the Privy Council. Wilson resolved to wait until after the British

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reserved for other races—was rejected by Beadle as disingenuous, under the reasoning that such pools only existed because of white "prejudice against ... mixed bathing".

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Smith and Wilson made little progress towards a settlement during 1964 and 1965; each accused the other of being unreasonable. The RF won a decisive victory in the

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reported on 29 April that a High Court farewell to Sir Vincent Quenet, a retiring judge, would be presided over by the republic's Chief Justice Sir Hugh Beadle.

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in Southern Rhodesia. Huggins spent three years as Federal Prime Minister before retiring in 1956. Whitehead became Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia in 1958.

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Empire that had ceased to exist'," Facchini concludes. "Thus, he retained his Privy Counsellorship as a vestige of the Rhodesia he had known all his life."

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and opposition to the Federation, particularly in the two northern territories, Beadle chaired a three-man tribunal on the Southern Rhodesian government's

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resigned in protest at Davies's ruling on 12 August and four days later became Chief Justice of Botswana. Madzimbamuto would remain in prison until 1974.

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and rebel United Party MPs to challenge Huggins's premiership. Beadle had entered the Cabinet at a time when relations between the United Party and the

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Beadle arranged "talks about talks" between the British and Rhodesian governments during 1966, which led to Smith and Wilson meeting personally aboard

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with a large majority, he was assigned two more portfolios, those of Education and Health. Around this time he turned down an approach from a group of

1519: 1443: 1428: 1408: 1215: 1065: 926: 910: 875: 843: 3761: 3741: 3736: 3701: 3539: 3467: 918: 855: 846:. He was attracted to the United Party not so much by its policies but by his admiration for its leading figures—he considered the Prime Minister 827: 617: 324: 245: 3012: 3746: 1212: 1153: 1111: 3731: 3420: 3401: 3382: 3342: 3323: 3304: 3285: 3266: 3240: 3221: 1575: 1471: 1276: 1186: 1173: 987: 971: 687: 3156:"Four Tall NCOs of the Life Guards: Lord Mountbatten, Harold Wilson, and the Immediate Aftermath of UDI: The Proposed Mountbatten Mission" 3726: 3706: 2936: 1560: 1555:, Beadle is characterised as "an irrepressible, bouncy extrovert, who does not always perceive the reaction which he causes in others." 1436: 1086: 646: 3413:

A Matter of Weeks Rather Than Months: The Impasse Between Harold Wilson and Ian Smith: Sanctions, Aborted Settlements and War 1965–1969

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from the UK government to replace Gibbs as governor in case of necessity. He visited London in January 1966 and, according to Wilson's

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and the same year appointed Chief Justice of the High Court of Southern Rhodesia. A primary school in Bulawayo was named after him. In

878:, Beadle won a three-way contest in Bulawayo North with 461 votes out of 869, and became a United Party MP. Beadle was seconded to the 2920: 1457:

Smith officially declared a republic on 2 March 1970, and on 10 April the RF was decisively returned to power in the first republican

862:(about 5% of the population). The United Party broadly represented commercial interests, civil servants and the professional classes. 642: 578: 79: 3696: 1585:

Palley asserts that but for UDI, "Beadle would have been remembered as a Commonwealth chief justice who upheld individual liberty".

1011: 3592: 3122: 135: 3766: 1458: 1284: 1219: 1149: 930: 629: 789:, was transferred to Class C in 1931 and completed his service with the RAF on 16 July 1933. He graduated with a second-class 3751: 3573: 801:

in London chambers before commencing practice in Bulawayo in 1931. In 1934 he married Leonie Barry, a farmer's daughter from

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Ruling on Madzimbamuto's appeal in January 1968, Beadle and three other judges decided that Smith's post-UDI order was not

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of black nationalist leaders without trial during the disturbances. He upheld the government's actions, reporting that the

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communist-backed black nationalist guerrillas, and had been sentenced by a magistrate to two years' hard labour, one year

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soon after. Beadle retired in April 1977 and thereafter sat as an acting judge in special trials for terrorist offences.

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Collective Responses to Illegal Acts in International Law: United Nations action in the question of Southern Rhodesia

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In his analysis of Beadle's behaviour, Manuele Facchini suggests that the Chief Justice considered the matter from a

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as "a staunch constitutionalist" who would be disposed to "frustrate any illegal action by Mr Smith's government".

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recalled, and appeared close to collapse. The judge's wife and daughter helped him to slowly return to his room.

983: 866: 3658: 1325: 979: 859: 773:. There he played rugby and tennis for the college, boxed for the university and qualified as a pilot with the 715: 645:; three years later he became president of the High Court's new Appellate Division and a member of the British 403: 125: 1514:, which replaced the Rhodesian republic in June 1979, and under the British interim authorities following the 3602: 180: 1475: 883: 758: 585:

from November 1965 until April 1977. He came to international prominence against the backdrop of Rhodesia's

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would be awkward but little more. Beadle wrote to Gibbs that he would keep the papers safe in South Africa.

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explain later that he left politics as he did not feel he would work well under his United Party colleague

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and commuted the sentences to life imprisonment. Dhlamini and the others promptly applied for a permanent

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on 6 February 1905, the only son and eldest child of Arthur William Beadle and his wife Christiana Maria (

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Annual Report of the Under Secretary to the Federal Ministry of Works For the Year Ended 30th June, 1960

1463: 1417: 1082: 1046: 1015: 891: 870: 790: 735: 711: 657: 605: 3619: 3549: 913:, Beadle defeated Labour's Cecil Maurice Baker in Bulawayo North by 666 votes to 196. He was appointed 290: 238: 185: 3060: 3026: 1543:

perhaps because Beadle was clever but spoke his mind"; the British Prime Minister described Beadle to

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agreed, and the application was dismissed. Dhlamini, Mlambo and Shadreck were hanged two days later.

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Facchini, Manuele (2007). "The 'Evil Genius': Sir Hugh Beadle and the Rhodesian Crisis, 1965–1972".

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of seats as whites; the declared goal was not majority rule, but rather "parity between the races".

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describes him as "a learned, fair but also adventurous judge". He was appointed a Companion of the

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on 14 December 1980. Hugh Beadle Primary School in Bulawayo retains its name in the 21st century.

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identified Beadle as "the villain of the piece", while Bottomley dubbed him UDI's "evil genius".

1500: 1496: 1397: 1208: 1053:(1961), a case challenging the racial segregation of a public swimming pool, Beadle decided that 946: 766: 367: 278: 3394:

So Far and No Further! Rhodesia's Bid For Independence During the Retreat From Empire 1959–1965

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To support this argument, Macdonald referred to the assertion by the 17th-century Dutch jurist

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the following month. This decision proved decisive for Beadle as, to the surprise of many, the

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made precedents in South African case law invalid, ruled that the plaintiff's dignity had been

710:

Fischer). He had two sisters. The family was politically conservative and favoured joining the

3451: 3450:. Salisbury: Ministry of Works, Government of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. 1961. 3435: 3416: 3397: 3378: 3361: 3338: 3319: 3300: 3281: 3262: 3236: 3217: 3189: 1567: 1511: 1321: 1308: 1257: 991: 934: 922: 703: 1081:, who replaced Field as prime minister in 1964, was in Beadle's eyes an unconvincing leader; 945:, and put considerable work into attempting to create a Southern Rhodesian system similar to 672:. The summit failed; Wilson afterwards castigated Beadle for not persuading Smith to settle. 3480: 3476: 3127: 2992: 2945: 2194: 2046: 2002: 1833: 1813: 1773: 1119: 887: 762: 750: 542: 355: 351: 1793: 589:(UDI) from Britain in November 1965, upon which he initially stood by the British Governor 3031: 1982: 1563:

from 1956 to 1958, saw Beadle as "impulsive" and "always inclined to overstate his case".

1492: 1245: 1237: 1181: 1069: 1042: 951: 847: 782: 666: 653: 638: 621: 504: 158: 17: 1547:

shortly after UDI as combining "the courage of a lion" with "the smartness of a fox". In

1522:

in February–March 1980, the UK granted independence to Zimbabwe under the leadership of

1180:

Before announcing UDI to the nation, Smith, Lardner-Burke and the Deputy Prime Minister

3255: 1332: 1280: 1161: 1058: 955: 839: 786: 590: 532: 528: 1114:(UDI) if no accommodation could be found. The British High Commissioner in Salisbury, 986:. Despite his close relationship with Huggins, Beadle had strong misgivings regarding 830:, 1948. Beadle is third from the right in the front row, Huggins fourth from the left. 3670: 3111: 2957: 1618: 1556: 1539: 1523: 1141: 1127: 1073: 1038: 1007: 938: 806: 778: 662: 609: 3354:

Source Book of Parliamentary Elections and Referenda in Southern Rhodesia, 1898–1962

593:

as an adviser; he then provoked acrimony in British government circles by declaring

2983:

Pratt, R Cranford (1960). "Partnership and Consent: The Monckton Report Examined".

1659: 1614: 1527: 1479: 1451: 1260: 851: 508: 423: 419: 3146: 1165: 63: 3250: 1364: 834:

After returning to Rhodesia, Beadle took an interest in politics; he joined the

798: 656:, the governing party from 1962, in low regard, dismissing its Justice Minister 3155: 3131: 3116: 2949: 1424: 1098: 754: 440: 3455: 3365: 3065: 1510:

Beadle continued to serve under the short-lived, unrecognised government of

1102: 1078: 1054: 995: 802: 794: 594: 3193: 3439: 3375:

The Welensky Papers: A History of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

3488: 1622: 1340: 746: 727: 682: 613: 582: 328: 3004: 2925: 1538:"A short, stocky man of ruddy complexion with a toothbrush moustache," 898:(OBE). For his service during the war, Beadle was also honoured by the 686:

from the Imperial Privy Council, but kept his place following Wilson's

677: 1137: 2996: 699: 601: 399: 3299:(First ed.). Leiden and New York: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 1423: 1136: 1097: 965: 821: 865:

Beadle stood in Bulawayo South in the 1934 election, challenging

726:

movement were, in Beadle's recollection, "a pretty wild bunch of

698:

Thomas Hugh William Beadle (generally known as Hugh) was born in

1570:, pointing to his 1959 preventive detention ruling as evidence. 842:

and the conservative faction of the Reform Party to contest the

1391:

Threatened removal from Privy Council; republican Chief Justice

1126:, took a similar line, describing Beadle to the Prime Minister 734:

of the mostly white electorate, and Southern Rhodesia became a

2886: 2884: 2859: 2857: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2371: 2369: 1936: 1934: 3432:

Rhodesia and Independence: A Study in British Colonial Policy

2714: 2712: 1491:

In May 1973 Beadle chaired the High Court appeal hearing for

1223:

constitution, without independence, remain for a long time".

1943:"Holders of Administrative and Ministerial Office 1894-1964" 2658: 2656: 765:

degree in 1928, then continued his studies in England as a

2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2516: 2514: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2275: 2273: 2236: 2234: 1873: 1871: 1869: 978:

Beadle filled the seat on the High Court bench vacated by

581:

from March 1961 to November 1965, and as Chief Justice of

2796: 2794: 2213: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1291:

while also claiming to act under the Queen's commission.

793:

degree in 1930, and soon after was called to the English

3757:

Members of the Legislative Assembly of Southern Rhodesia

3186:

The Quiet Man: A Biography of the Hon. Ian Douglas Smith

1617:

envisioned the amalgamation of the two Rhodesias into a

777:. On 16 July 1928, Beadle received his commission as a 3280:(Third ed.). Harare: Legal Resources Foundation. 3083:"Hugh Beadle pupil swept away by flooded Mazayi River" 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 730:". Responsible government ultimately prevailed in the 3722:

Southern Rhodesian military personnel of World War II

3261:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 2991:(1). Toronto: Canadian International Council: 37–49. 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1072:(RF), an all-white, firmly conservative party led by 1064:

Whitehead's United Federal Party was defeated in the

785:. On 16 January 1930, he was promoted to the rank of 92:

9 March 1961 – 17 April 1977

3126:(online ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1726: 1724: 1722: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1566:

The black nationalist movement regarded Beadle as a

3787:

Companions of the Order of St Michael and St George

3415:. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. 3396:. Victoria, British Columbia: Trafford Publishing. 925:. Two years later, after retaining his seat in the 538: 524: 514: 500: 467: 462: 439: 429: 409: 382: 377: 361: 345: 322: 312: 296: 284: 272: 262: 244: 232: 220: 210: 192: 174: 164: 152: 131: 119: 107: 77: 34: 3712:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom 3254: 3233:African Nationalist Leaders in Rhodesia: Who's Who 3115: 3013:"Sir Hugh Beadle's Wise Advice: Courage of a Lion" 2848: 2836: 2343: 600:Born and raised in the Southern Rhodesian capital 937:were warming. He formed a good relationship with 781:(Class AA) in the Reserve of Air Force Officers, 890:for the Southern Rhodesian armed forces. In the 3117:"Beadle, Sir (Thomas) Hugh William (1905–1980)" 2753: 2452: 1889: 1435:, thought the UK should remove Beadle from the 3517:Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister 3257:Human Rights and the South African Legal Order 3202:Constitutional History of Rhodesia: An outline 1416:in London. The 1969 constitution introduced a 1315:Council. "The present government is the fully 1230:Madzimbamuto v. Lardner-Burke N. O. and Others 297:Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister 8: 3358:University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 3049:"Rhodesian Judge does not condone abduction" 2628: 1160:might be carrying a message to the Governor 1006:warrant my going back". Beadle's biographer 3782:Officers of the Order of the British Empire 3556:as Minister of Justice and Internal Affairs 3337:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1028:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress 3463: 2800: 2777: 2159:(Supplement). 28 December 1956. p. 4. 2065: 681:recognition of the post-UDI government in 597:'s post-UDI administration legal in 1968. 62: 31: 2824: 1172:on 11 November 1965, while Beadle was at 1037:on the Federation's future. According to 3335:Black and White Elites in Rural Rhodesia 3216:(First ed.). London: Eyre Methuen. 2902: 2890: 2863: 2781: 2765: 2741: 2679: 2568: 2551: 2520: 2493: 2421: 2398: 2375: 2360: 2331: 2312: 2300: 2279: 2137: 1901: 1877: 1699: 1270:decision; rejection of royal prerogative 1066:1962 Southern Rhodesian general election 741:After attending Salisbury Boys' School, 3468:Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly 3356:. Salisbury: Department of Government, 3278:A Guide to the Zimbabwean Law of Delict 3123:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 2970:"Ousted Rhodesian Newsman Got Off Easy" 2718: 2033: 2021: 1925: 1913: 1685: 1606: 1518:of December that year. Following fresh 828:Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly 618:Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly 325:Southern Rhodesian Legislative Assembly 3772:Zimbabwean expatriates in South Africa 3231:Cary, Robert; Mitchell, Diana (1977). 2703: 2240: 2225: 1748: 1112:unilateral declaration of independence 587:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 3692:Alumni of the Queen's College, Oxford 2875: 2662: 2580: 2505: 2464: 2252: 2181: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2089: 2077: 1941:F. M. G. Willson and G. C. Passmore. 1760: 341:14 April 1939 – 20 July 1950 148:23 April 1948 – 20 July 1950 7: 3198:also includes (on pp. 240–256) 2921:"The Press is the enemy to Rhodesia" 2812: 2785: 2691: 2647: 2616: 2604: 2592: 2539: 2476: 2433: 2264: 2169: 1969: 1277:no independence before majority rule 1187:Officer Administering the Government 972:Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland 665:and Smith together for talks aboard 2937:Journal of Southern African Studies 1526:in April. Beadle died, aged 75, in 1382:The British Commonwealth Secretary 1370:Beadle and his judges granted full 1033:In 1960 Beadle was a member of the 894:he was appointed an Officer of the 616:in 1931. He became a member of the 308:1 June 1940 – 8 March 1946 258:10 May 1946 – 20 July 1950 206:10 May 1946 – 20 July 1950 3649:Chief Justice of Southern Rhodesia 1298:but should be acknowledged as the 1168:parliament. Smith and his Cabinet 984:Chief Justice of Southern Rhodesia 909:In the first post-war election in 643:Chief Justice of Southern Rhodesia 579:Chief Justice of Southern Rhodesia 80:Chief Justice of Southern Rhodesia 25: 2944:(3). London: Routledge: 673–689. 2011:. 19 December 1950. p. 6333. 1012:Order of St Michael and St George 850:"a man of the calibre I think of 3316:Testimony of a Rhodesian Federal 3027:"The Press: Bittersweet Victory" 1613:Huggins and Northern Rhodesia's 902:with the rank of Officer of the 718:, sharing a firm consensus that 486: 475: 3434:. London: J M Dent & Sons. 3318:. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia. 3235:. Bulawayo: Books of Rhodesia. 3021:. 10 November 1965. p. 11. 2919:Caminada, Jerome (3 May 1973). 2055:. 6 October 1950. p. 4968. 1991:. 28 December 1945. p. 55. 1842:. 29 August 1933. p. 5668. 1802:. 21 January 1930. p. 430. 1621:that would eventually become a 1379:by the Rhodesian legal system. 1285:United States Solicitor General 635:High Court of Southern Rhodesia 630:Parliamentary Private Secretary 27:Rhodesian lawyer and politician 3762:University of Cape Town alumni 3742:Interior ministers of Rhodesia 3702:British colonial army officers 3295:Gowlland-Debbas, Vera (1990). 2912:Journal and newspaper articles 2214:Federal Ministry of Works 1961 2203:. 21 March 1961. p. 2165. 1950:University of Zimbabwe Library 1782:. 24 June 1928. p. 33406. 1105:, the Rhodesian Prime Minister 1018:. In August 1959, amid rising 982:, who had just been appointed 921:. The same year he was made a 775:Oxford University Air Squadron 612:before commencing practice in 555:Sir Thomas Hugh William Beadle 1: 3747:Justice ministers of Rhodesia 3377:. Durban: Graham Publishing. 970:The three territories of the 858:were overwhelmingly from the 813:Political and judicial career 628:in 1939. Appointed Huggins's 3540:Minister of Internal Affairs 3352:Willson, F M G, ed. (1963). 3147:UK public library membership 1822:. 7 July 1931. p. 4442. 1561:Premier of Southern Rhodesia 1144:, the British Prime Minister 919:Minister of Internal Affairs 757:, Beadle studied law at the 246:Minister of Internal Affairs 68:Chief Justice Beadle in 1965 3737:20th-century King's Counsel 3578:1946 – 1950 3544:1946 – 1950 3089:. Bulawayo. 17 January 2013 3055:. 23 March 1977. p. 2. 2978:. Toledo, Ohio. p. 23. 1110:government might attempt a 896:Order of the British Empire 771:The Queen's College, Oxford 714:during the latter years of 454:The Queen's College, Oxford 3803: 3727:Zimbabwean Rhodes Scholars 3707:Chief justices of Rhodesia 3188:. Salisbury: M O Collins. 3184:Berlyn, Phillippa (1978). 1407:Smith's government held a 1305:royal prerogative of mercy 1051:Mehta v. City of Salisbury 838:, created from the former 809:; they had two daughters. 387:Thomas Hugh William Beadle 18:Thomas Hugh William Beadle 3732:Rhodesian Queen's Counsel 3655: 3646: 3638: 3633: 3616: 3599: 3587: 3582: 3571: 3563: 3546: 3537: 3529: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3495: 3487:Member of Parliament for 3485: 3473: 3466: 2950:10.1080/03057070701475799 1534:Personality and appraisal 1516:Lancaster House Agreement 1412:representative office at 1150:May 1965 general election 604:, Beadle read law in the 548: 373: 334: 301: 251: 199: 141: 85: 73: 61: 3697:Royal Air Force officers 3609:as Minister of Education 3430:Young, Kenneth (1969) . 3333:Weinrich, A K H (1973). 3314:Greenfield, J M (1978). 2629:Cary & Mitchell 1977 694:Early life and education 3603:George Arthur Davenport 3069:. London. 10 March 2011 3035:. New York. 14 May 1973 2929:. Melbourne. p. 9. 2849:Bulawayo Chronicle 2013 2837:The Glasgow Herald 1977 2344:The Glasgow Herald 1965 1592:of difficult choices". 1248:powers to make a deal. 884:Parliamentary Secretary 818:MP and Cabinet minister 759:University of Cape Town 3767:White Rhodesian people 3533:Sir Ernest Lucas Guest 3132:10.1093/ref:odnb/30799 1478:won the election, and 1440: 1198:Madzimbamuto case and 1145: 1124:Сommonwealth Secretary 1106: 975: 831: 724:responsible government 279:Sir Ernest Lucas Guest 3752:Rhodesian politicians 3626:as Minister of Health 3214:A History of Rhodesia 2985:International Journal 1427: 1170:declared independence 1140: 1101: 1083:Desmond Lardner-Burke 1047:1961 New Year Honours 1016:1957 New Year Honours 969: 892:1945 New Year Honours 844:1934 general election 825: 791:Bachelor of Civil Law 736:self-governing colony 712:Union of South Africa 688:1970 electoral defeat 658:Desmond Lardner-Burke 606:Union of South Africa 3659:Sir Hector Macdonald 3411:Wood, J R T (2008). 3392:Wood, J R T (2005). 3373:Wood, J R T (1983). 3154:Wood, J R T (1999). 2754:Gowlland-Debbas 1990 2453:Gowlland-Debbas 1990 1890:Gowlland-Debbas 1990 1596:Notes and references 1365:J R Dendy Young 1361:Harry Elinder Davies 1059:unlawfully affronted 1024:preventive detention 935:British Labour Party 904:Order of the Phoenix 900:King of the Hellenes 856:Legislative Assembly 738:the following year. 449:Cape Town University 126:Sir Hector Macdonald 37:The Right Honourable 3574:Minister of Justice 2966:Kilpatrick, James J 2905:, pp. 677–678. 2893:, pp. 688–689. 2866:, pp. 676–677. 2721:, pp. 255–256. 2694:, pp. 542–555. 2665:, pp. 538–541. 2607:, pp. 487–488. 2583:, pp. 536–537. 2554:, pp. 684–687. 2542:, pp. 423–424. 2496:, pp. 682–683. 2479:, pp. 229–231. 2378:, pp. 681–682. 2315:, pp. 680–681. 2267:, pp. 392–393. 2255:, pp. 345–351. 2172:, pp. 689–690. 2140:, pp. 679–680. 2128:, pp. 310–312. 2104:, pp. 265–269. 2080:, pp. 247–249. 1763:, pp. 186–191. 1553:History of Rhodesia 1464:The Rhodesia Herald 1356:considered his case 1090:1961 constitution. 1035:Monckton Commission 980:Sir Robert Tredgold 915:Minister of Justice 880:Gold Coast Regiment 761:. He completed his 720:Sir Charles Coghlan 318:Sir Godfrey Huggins 268:Sir Godfrey Huggins 216:Sir Godfrey Huggins 194:Minister of Justice 159:Sir Godfrey Huggins 3717:People from Harare 3590:Minister of Health 3506:Political offices 3276:Feltoe, G (2010). 3061:"Hector Macdonald" 3053:The Glasgow Herald 3018:The Glasgow Herald 2200:The London Gazette 2156:The London Gazette 2052:The London Gazette 2008:The London Gazette 1988:The London Gazette 1839:The London Gazette 1819:The London Gazette 1799:The London Gazette 1779:The London Gazette 1627:Commonwealth realm 1441: 1322:Sir Vincent Quenet 1209:dormant commission 1162:Sir Humphrey Gibbs 1146: 1107: 976: 947:National Insurance 943:Minister of Health 832: 743:Milton High School 637:. In 1961, he was 591:Sir Humphrey Gibbs 515:Service years 133:Minister of Health 3687:Rhodesian lawyers 3665: 3664: 3656:Succeeded by 3629: 3620:William Winterton 3617:Succeeded by 3612: 3600:Succeeded by 3559: 3550:Julius Greenfield 3547:Succeeded by 3524:Office abolished 3496:Succeeded by 3422:978-1-4251-4807-2 3403:978-1-4120-4952-8 3384:978-0-620-06410-1 3344:978-0-7190-0533-6 3325:978-0-86920-172-5 3306:978-0-7923-0811-9 3287:978-0-908312-69-6 3268:978-1-4008-6812-4 3242:978-0-86920-151-0 3223:978-0-413-28350-4 3200:Rowland, J Reid. 3145:(Subscription or 2756:, pp. 72–73. 2631:, pp. 96–99. 2455:, pp. 75–76. 2243:, pp. 57–58. 2184:, pp. 42–43. 1959:on 1 August 2020. 1892:, pp. 48–53. 1568:white supremacist 1512:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 1448:Foreign Secretary 1433:Foreign Secretary 1309:stay of execution 1258:Private Secretary 1116:J B Johnston 1020:black nationalism 992:Northern Rhodesia 807:Cape of Good Hope 704:Southern Rhodesia 552: 551: 493:Southern Rhodesia 404:Southern Rhodesia 291:Julius Greenfield 239:Julius Greenfield 186:William Winterton 16:(Redirected from 3794: 3777:Knights Bachelor 3639:Preceded by 3623: 3606: 3564:Preceded by 3553: 3530:Preceded by 3481:Allan Ross Welsh 3477:John Banks Brady 3474:Preceded by 3464: 3459: 3443: 3426: 3407: 3388: 3369: 3348: 3329: 3310: 3291: 3272: 3260: 3246: 3227: 3205: 3197: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3150: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3119: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3056: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3022: 3008: 2997:10.2307/40198516 2979: 2961: 2930: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2789: 2775: 2769: 2763: 2757: 2751: 2745: 2739: 2722: 2716: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2666: 2660: 2651: 2645: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2537: 2524: 2518: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2480: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2450: 2437: 2431: 2425: 2419: 2402: 2396: 2379: 2373: 2364: 2358: 2347: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2283: 2277: 2268: 2262: 2256: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2191: 2185: 2179: 2173: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2123: 2117: 2111: 2105: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2012: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1960: 1958: 1952:. Archived from 1947: 1938: 1929: 1923: 1917: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1844: 1843: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1790: 1784: 1783: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1703: 1697: 1674: 1670: 1664: 1656: 1650: 1646: 1640: 1636: 1630: 1615:Sir Roy Welensky 1611: 1576:Marcia Falkender 1472:general election 1326:Hector Macdonald 1261:Sir John Pestell 1213:Attorney General 1154:House of Commons 1120:Arthur Bottomley 888:Advocate General 763:Bachelor of Laws 751:Diocesan College 652:Beadle held the 576: 571: 564: 543:Second World War 492: 490: 489: 481: 479: 478: 463:Military service 416: 413:14 December 1980 396: 394: 378:Personal details 364: 356:Allan Ross Welsh 352:John Banks Brady 348: 339: 315: 306: 287: 275: 265: 256: 235: 223: 213: 204: 181:George Davenport 177: 167: 155: 146: 122: 110: 103: 101: 97: 90: 66: 56: 32: 21: 3802: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3667: 3666: 3661: 3652: 3644: 3642:Sir John Murray 3622: 3605: 3596: 3577: 3569: 3552: 3543: 3535: 3519: 3501: 3492: 3483: 3479: 3462: 3446: 3429: 3423: 3410: 3404: 3391: 3385: 3372: 3351: 3345: 3332: 3326: 3313: 3307: 3294: 3288: 3275: 3269: 3249: 3243: 3230: 3224: 3208: 3199: 3183: 3174: 3165: 3163: 3153: 3144: 3136: 3134: 3110: 3101: 3092: 3090: 3081: 3072: 3070: 3059: 3047: 3038: 3036: 3025: 3011: 2982: 2968:(16 May 1973). 2964: 2933: 2918: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2882: 2874: 2870: 2862: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2801:Kilpatrick 1973 2799: 2792: 2778:Kilpatrick 1973 2776: 2772: 2764: 2760: 2752: 2748: 2740: 2725: 2717: 2710: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2669: 2661: 2654: 2646: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2527: 2519: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2451: 2440: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2405: 2397: 2382: 2374: 2367: 2359: 2350: 2342: 2338: 2330: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2286: 2278: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2232: 2224: 2220: 2212: 2208: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2180: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2136: 2132: 2124: 2120: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2096: 2088: 2084: 2076: 2072: 2066:Greenfield 1978 2064: 2060: 2045: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1956: 1945: 1940: 1939: 1932: 1924: 1920: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1896: 1888: 1884: 1876: 1847: 1832: 1831: 1827: 1812: 1811: 1807: 1792: 1791: 1787: 1772: 1771: 1767: 1759: 1755: 1747: 1706: 1698: 1687: 1678: 1677: 1671: 1667: 1657: 1653: 1647: 1643: 1637: 1633: 1612: 1608: 1598: 1536: 1493:Peter Niesewand 1489: 1444:Michael Stewart 1429:Michael Stewart 1393: 1352: 1272: 1246:plenipotentiary 1204: 1182:Clifford Dupont 1164:telling him to 1096: 1070:Rhodesian Front 964: 962:Judicial career 952:Edgar Whitehead 848:Godfrey Huggins 820: 815: 783:Royal Air Force 732:1922 referendum 696: 654:Rhodesian Front 622:Godfrey Huggins 569: 562: 558: 531: 519: 507: 505:Royal Air Force 496: 487: 485: 476: 474: 458: 430:Political party 418: 414: 398: 397:6 February 1905 392: 390: 389: 388: 362: 354: 346: 340: 335: 313: 307: 302: 285: 273: 263: 257: 252: 233: 221: 211: 205: 200: 184: 175: 165: 153: 147: 142: 120: 114:Sir John Murray 108: 99: 95: 93: 91: 86: 69: 57: 44: 42: 41:Sir Hugh Beadle 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3800: 3798: 3790: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3654: 3645: 3640: 3636: 3635: 3634:Legal offices 3631: 3630: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3601: 3598: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3570: 3565: 3561: 3560: 3548: 3545: 3536: 3531: 3527: 3526: 3521: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3497: 3494: 3489:Bulawayo North 3484: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3461: 3460: 3444: 3427: 3421: 3408: 3402: 3389: 3383: 3370: 3349: 3343: 3330: 3324: 3311: 3305: 3292: 3286: 3273: 3267: 3247: 3241: 3228: 3222: 3206: 3180: 3173: 3172: 3151: 3112:Palley, Claire 3107: 3104:Online sources 3100: 3099: 3079: 3057: 3045: 3023: 3009: 2980: 2962: 2931: 2915: 2908: 2907: 2895: 2880: 2878:, p. 386. 2868: 2853: 2841: 2829: 2825:The Times 2011 2817: 2805: 2790: 2770: 2768:, p. 688. 2758: 2746: 2744:, p. 687. 2723: 2708: 2706:, p. 192. 2696: 2684: 2682:, p. 686. 2667: 2652: 2650:, p. 513. 2633: 2621: 2619:, p. 499. 2609: 2597: 2595:, p. 421. 2585: 2573: 2571:, p. 685. 2556: 2544: 2525: 2523:, p. 683. 2510: 2508:, p. 398. 2498: 2481: 2469: 2467:, p. 397. 2457: 2438: 2426: 2424:, p. 682. 2403: 2401:, p. 684. 2380: 2365: 2363:, p. 675. 2348: 2336: 2334:, p. 681. 2317: 2305: 2303:, p. 676. 2284: 2282:, p. 680. 2269: 2257: 2245: 2230: 2228:, p. 190. 2218: 2206: 2186: 2174: 2162: 2142: 2130: 2118: 2116:, p. 294. 2106: 2094: 2092:, p. 249. 2082: 2070: 2058: 2038: 2036:, p. 164. 2026: 2024:, p. 157. 2014: 1994: 1974: 1962: 1930: 1928:, p. 148. 1918: 1916:, p. 139. 1906: 1894: 1882: 1880:, p. 679. 1845: 1825: 1805: 1785: 1765: 1753: 1704: 1702:, p. 678. 1684: 1676: 1675: 1665: 1651: 1641: 1631: 1605: 1604: 1597: 1594: 1535: 1532: 1488: 1485: 1414:Rhodesia House 1392: 1389: 1384:George Thomson 1351: 1345: 1333:John Fieldsend 1281:Erwin Griswold 1271: 1265: 1220:Foreign Office 1203: 1196: 1174:Lusaka Airport 1122:, the British 1095: 1092: 963: 960: 956:The Honourable 923:King's Counsel 860:white minority 840:Rhodesia Party 819: 816: 814: 811: 787:Flying Officer 767:Rhodes Scholar 695: 692: 641:and appointed 550: 549: 546: 545: 540: 536: 535: 529:Flying Officer 526: 522: 521: 516: 512: 511: 502: 498: 497: 495: 494: 483: 482:United Kingdom 471: 469: 465: 464: 460: 459: 457: 456: 451: 445: 443: 437: 436: 431: 427: 426: 417:(aged 75) 411: 407: 406: 386: 384: 380: 379: 375: 374: 371: 370: 365: 359: 358: 349: 343: 342: 332: 331: 329:Bulawayo North 323:Member of the 320: 319: 316: 314:Prime Minister 310: 309: 299: 298: 294: 293: 288: 282: 281: 276: 270: 269: 266: 264:Prime Minister 260: 259: 249: 248: 242: 241: 236: 230: 229: 224: 218: 217: 214: 212:Prime Minister 208: 207: 197: 196: 190: 189: 178: 172: 171: 168: 162: 161: 156: 154:Prime Minister 150: 149: 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3234: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3210:Blake, Robert 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3088: 3087:The Chronicle 3084: 3080: 3068: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2981: 2977: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2913: 2904: 2903:Facchini 2007 2899: 2896: 2892: 2891:Facchini 2007 2887: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2864:Facchini 2007 2860: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2821: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2782:Caminada 1973 2779: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2766:Facchini 2007 2762: 2759: 2755: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2742:Facchini 2007 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2715: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2680:Facchini 2007 2676: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2598: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2569:Facchini 2007 2565: 2563: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2552:Facchini 2007 2548: 2545: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2521:Facchini 2007 2517: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2494:Facchini 2007 2490: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2422:Facchini 2007 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2399:Facchini 2007 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2376:Facchini 2007 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2361:Facchini 2007 2357: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2332:Facchini 2007 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2313:Facchini 2007 2309: 2306: 2302: 2301:Facchini 2007 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2280:Facchini 2007 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2222: 2219: 2216:, p. 67. 2215: 2210: 2207: 2202: 2201: 2196: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2178: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2163: 2158: 2157: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2139: 2138:Facchini 2007 2134: 2131: 2127: 2122: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2086: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2071: 2068:, p. 98. 2067: 2062: 2059: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2015: 2010: 2009: 2004: 1998: 1995: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1978: 1975: 1972:, p. 19. 1971: 1966: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1944: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1907: 1904:, p. 15. 1903: 1902:Weinrich 1973 1898: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1878:Facchini 2007 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1809: 1806: 1801: 1800: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1769: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1700:Facchini 2007 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1669: 1666: 1661: 1655: 1652: 1645: 1642: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1619:unitary state 1616: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1571: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1557:Garfield Todd 1554: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1540:Claire Palley 1533: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1524:Robert Mugabe 1521: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1476:Conservatives 1473: 1468: 1466: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1438: 1437:Privy Council 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1337: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1312: 1310: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1262: 1259: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1242: 1241: 1234: 1232: 1231: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1201: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1143: 1142:Harold Wilson 1139: 1135: 1131: 1129: 1128:Harold Wilson 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1104: 1100: 1093: 1091: 1088: 1087:Privy Council 1084: 1080: 1075: 1074:Winston Field 1071: 1067: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1039:Aidan Crawley 1036: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014:(CMG) in the 1013: 1009: 1008:Claire Palley 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 973: 968: 961: 959: 957: 953: 948: 944: 940: 939:Aneurin Bevan 936: 932: 928: 927:1948 election 924: 920: 916: 912: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 876:1939 election 872: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 829: 824: 817: 812: 810: 808: 804: 800: 797:. He briefly 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 779:Pilot Officer 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 693: 691: 689: 684: 680: 679: 673: 671: 670: 664: 663:Harold Wilson 659: 655: 650: 648: 647:Privy Council 644: 640: 636: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 610:Great Britain 607: 603: 598: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 575: 568: 561: 556: 547: 544: 541: 537: 534: 530: 527: 523: 517: 513: 510: 506: 503: 499: 484: 473: 472: 470: 466: 461: 455: 452: 450: 447: 446: 444: 442: 438: 435: 432: 428: 425: 421: 412: 408: 405: 401: 385: 381: 376: 372: 369: 366: 360: 357: 353: 350: 344: 338: 333: 330: 326: 321: 317: 311: 305: 300: 295: 292: 289: 283: 280: 277: 271: 267: 261: 255: 250: 247: 243: 240: 237: 231: 228: 225: 219: 215: 209: 203: 198: 195: 191: 187: 182: 179: 173: 169: 163: 160: 157: 151: 145: 140: 137: 136:and Education 134: 130: 127: 124: 118: 115: 112: 106: 89: 84: 81: 76: 72: 65: 60: 55: 51: 47: 38: 33: 30: 19: 3653:1961 – 1977 3647: 3625: 3624: 3608: 3607: 3597:1948 – 1950 3588: 3583: 3572: 3567:Harry Bertin 3555: 3554: 3538: 3523: 3520:1940 – 1946 3516: 3511: 3493:1939 – 1950 3486: 3447: 3431: 3412: 3393: 3374: 3353: 3334: 3315: 3296: 3277: 3256: 3251:Dugard, John 3232: 3213: 3201: 3185: 3177:Bibliography 3176: 3175: 3164:. Retrieved 3159: 3137:18 September 3135:. Retrieved 3121: 3103: 3102: 3093:21 September 3091:. Retrieved 3086: 3073:21 September 3071:. Retrieved 3064: 3052: 3039:21 September 3037:. Retrieved 3030: 3016: 2988: 2984: 2973: 2941: 2935: 2924: 2911: 2910: 2898: 2871: 2844: 2832: 2820: 2808: 2773: 2761: 2749: 2719:Rowland 1978 2699: 2687: 2624: 2612: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2547: 2501: 2472: 2460: 2429: 2339: 2308: 2260: 2248: 2221: 2209: 2198: 2189: 2177: 2165: 2154: 2145: 2133: 2121: 2109: 2097: 2085: 2073: 2061: 2050: 2041: 2034:Willson 1963 2029: 2022:Willson 1963 2017: 2006: 1997: 1986: 1977: 1965: 1954:the original 1949: 1926:Willson 1963 1921: 1914:Willson 1963 1909: 1897: 1885: 1837: 1828: 1817: 1808: 1797: 1788: 1777: 1768: 1756: 1680: 1679: 1668: 1660:Hugo Grotius 1654: 1644: 1634: 1609: 1600: 1599: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1580: 1572: 1565: 1552: 1537: 1528:Johannesburg 1509: 1505: 1490: 1480:Edward Heath 1469: 1462: 1456: 1452:Edgar Speyer 1442: 1406: 1399: 1394: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1353: 1347: 1338: 1330: 1324:and Justice 1316: 1313: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1288: 1273: 1267: 1254: 1250: 1239: 1235: 1228: 1225: 1205: 1199: 1192: 1179: 1158: 1147: 1132: 1108: 1063: 1050: 1032: 1004: 977: 958:" for life. 908: 867:Harry Davies 864: 836:United Party 833: 826:The seventh 740: 716:Company rule 707: 697: 676: 674: 668: 651: 626:United Party 599: 554: 553: 509:British Army 434:United Party 424:South Africa 420:Johannesburg 415:(1980-12-14) 363:Succeeded by 336: 303: 286:Succeeded by 253: 234:Succeeded by 227:Harry Bertin 201: 176:Succeeded by 143: 121:Succeeded by 87: 29: 3682:1980 deaths 3677:1905 births 3499:Cyril Hatty 3160:jrtwood.com 2704:Berlyn 1978 2241:Dugard 1978 2226:Feltoe 2010 2195:"No. 42308" 2151:"No. 40960" 2047:"No. 39035" 2003:"No. 39095" 1983:"No. 37407" 1834:"No. 33973" 1814:"No. 33733" 1794:"No. 33572" 1749:Palley 2004 1545:Lord Alport 1487:Later years 1446:, Wilson's 1431:, Wilson's 1216:Elwyn Jones 368:Cyril Hatty 347:Preceded by 274:Preceded by 222:Preceded by 183:(Education) 166:Preceded by 109:Preceded by 3671:Categories 3149:required.) 2876:Blake 1977 2663:Young 1969 2581:Young 1969 2506:Blake 1977 2465:Blake 1977 2253:Blake 1977 2182:Pratt 1960 2126:Blake 1977 2114:Blake 1977 2102:Blake 1977 2090:Blake 1977 2078:Blake 1977 1774:"No. 4977" 1761:Blake 1977 1681:References 1549:Lord Blake 1409:referendum 1000:referendum 988:Federation 755:Rondebosch 624:'s ruling 468:Allegiance 441:Alma mater 393:1905-02-06 170:New office 100:1977-04-17 96:1961-03-09 3584:New title 3512:New title 3456:124013842 3366:219295658 3066:The Times 2975:The Blade 2958:144731347 2813:Time 1973 2786:Time 1973 2692:Wood 2008 2648:Wood 2008 2617:Wood 2008 2605:Wood 2008 2593:Wood 2008 2540:Wood 2008 2477:Wood 2008 2434:Wood 1999 2265:Wood 2005 2170:Wood 1983 1970:Wood 2005 1601:Footnotes 1520:elections 1501:suspended 1497:combating 1418:President 1103:Ian Smith 1079:Ian Smith 1055:apartheid 996:Nyasaland 974:(1953–63) 941:, the UK 803:Barrydale 700:Salisbury 675:Beadle's 667:HMS 602:Salisbury 595:Ian Smith 520:1939–1940 518:1928–1933 400:Salisbury 337:In office 304:In office 254:In office 202:In office 144:In office 88:In office 3253:(1978). 3212:(1977). 3162:. Durban 3114:(2004). 3005:40198516 1663:country. 1623:dominion 1459:election 1400:Fearless 1350:decision 1341:dominion 1331:Justice 1317:de facto 1300:de facto 1289:de facto 1275:NIBMAR—" 1268:De facto 1166:prorogue 1043:knighted 747:Bulawayo 722:and his 683:Rhodesia 639:knighted 614:Bulawayo 583:Rhodesia 188:(Health) 98: – 78:7th 3194:4282978 3166:10 June 2926:The Age 1377:de jure 1372:de jure 1348:De jure 1296:de jure 1068:by the 1045:in the 931:Liberal 805:in the 728:jingoes 678:de jure 608:and in 533:Captain 94: ( 3454: 3440:955160 3438: 3419: 3400: 3381: 3364: 3341: 3322: 3303: 3284: 3265: 3239: 3220: 3192: 3143: 3003: 2956: 1673:Queen. 1283:, the 871:Labour 869:, the 852:Rhodes 501:Branch 491: 480: 3001:JSTOR 2954:S2CID 1957:(PDF) 1946:(PDF) 1240:Tiger 1202:talks 1200:Tiger 990:with 669:Tiger 572: 570:, 565: 563:, 52: 48: 3452:OCLC 3436:OCLC 3417:ISBN 3398:ISBN 3379:ISBN 3362:OCLC 3339:ISBN 3320:ISBN 3301:ISBN 3282:ISBN 3263:ISBN 3237:ISBN 3218:ISBN 3190:OCLC 3168:2013 3139:2014 3095:2014 3075:2014 3041:2014 3032:Time 1398:HMS 1238:HMS 994:and 917:and 911:1946 799:read 749:and 620:for 539:Wars 525:Rank 410:Died 383:Born 327:for 3128:doi 2993:doi 2946:doi 1625:or 1551:'s 1094:UDI 795:bar 769:at 745:in 708:née 567:OBE 560:CMG 50:OBE 46:CMG 3673:: 3360:. 3158:. 3120:. 3085:. 3063:. 3051:. 3029:. 3015:. 2999:. 2989:16 2987:. 2972:. 2952:. 2942:33 2940:. 2923:. 2883:^ 2856:^ 2793:^ 2784:; 2780:; 2726:^ 2711:^ 2670:^ 2655:^ 2636:^ 2559:^ 2528:^ 2513:^ 2484:^ 2441:^ 2406:^ 2383:^ 2368:^ 2351:^ 2320:^ 2287:^ 2272:^ 2233:^ 2197:. 2153:. 2049:. 2005:. 1985:. 1948:. 1933:^ 1848:^ 1836:. 1816:. 1796:. 1776:. 1707:^ 1688:^ 1559:, 1311:. 906:. 753:, 702:, 649:. 574:PC 557:, 422:, 402:, 54:PC 3458:. 3442:. 3425:. 3406:. 3387:. 3368:. 3347:. 3328:. 3309:. 3290:. 3271:. 3245:. 3226:. 3204:. 3196:. 3170:. 3141:. 3130:: 3097:. 3077:. 3043:. 3007:. 2995:: 2960:. 2948:: 2851:. 2839:. 2827:. 2815:. 2803:. 2788:. 2436:. 2346:. 1751:. 1439:. 395:) 391:( 102:) 20:)

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