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470:. Watson became a lieutenant colonel, tasked with flying military commanders. Tom Jr. later admitted to journalists that the one career he would have liked to follow was an airline pilot. Piloting came easily to him and for the first time, he had confidence in his abilities. Toward the end of his service, Watson worked for Major General
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of half its card-making capacity, was largely irrelevant since the future was in computers rather than cards. There was another condition: IBM had to sell machines outright as well as lease them. This had repercussions in the late 1960s when leasing companies recognized the financing loophole that it created.
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Tom Jr. took over effective control in a dramatic moment; though the formal handover took place a few months later. The occasion was signing the
Consent Decree which was offered by the government after its latest anti-trust investigation. Tom Jr. saw that the Consent Decree, which sought to strip IBM
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Perhaps Watson's most enduring contribution to IBM was its organizational structure, since new products, no matter how successful, carry a company for at most a few years. In 1956, in a move that became a bi-annual event, he reorganized IBM on divisional lines, to give a decentralized organization,
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for commercial use by smaller organizations. Despite the fact that many observers believed that Tom Jr was frittering away the resources his father had built up, these new ranges were remarkably successful, doubling IBM's sales once more over the six years from 1958 ($ 1.17 billion) to 1964 ($ 2.31
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Behind this decision was another: spending more on research and development. IBM was only spending 3% on research and development at that time when other high technology companies were spending between 6% and 9%. Tom Jr. learned the lesson, and thereafter – at least until the 1990s (when, even
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Tom Jr.'s decision was justified; in the longer term, it redirected IBM to its later position dominating the computer market. Even in the short term it paid off; for revenues more than tripled in six years, from $ 214.9 million in 1950 to $ 734.3 million in 1956. This dramatic rate of growth almost
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Talking to a reporter in 1974, Watson described his relationship with his father; "My father and I had terrible fights ... He seemed like a blanket that covered everything. I really wanted to beat him but also make him proud of me." But this relationship was not all negative: "I really enjoyed the
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program to develop a transistorized "supercomputer"; it failed to meet its price and performance goals, at a reported cost of $ 20 million. Although embarrassing in terms of the rumors that drifted to the outside world, it would not however be the last IBM computer series to be terminated and the
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He introduced the terminology "line and staff". In his words: "By the mid-'50s just about every big corporation had adopted the so-called staff-and-line structure. It was modeled on military organizations going back to the
Prussian army in Napoleonic times." His organization "... provided IBM
679:, Supplies Division; and Time Division (sold off in 1958). Watson said "We had a superb sales organization but lacked expert management organization in almost everything else". His goal was to redirect IBM to absorb the shocks of change, including change from its own innovation.
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computerized tracking system accounted for more than half of IBM's computer sales. The company made little profit on these sales but, as Tom Jr. said "It enabled us to build highly automated factories ahead of anybody else, and to train thousands of new workers in electronics."
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ten years (working) with him". In his book he says; "I was so intimately entwined with my father. I had a compelling desire, maybe out of honor for the old gentleman, maybe out of sheer cussedness, to prove to the world that I could excel in the same way that he did."
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522:. Many of IBM's technical experts also did not think computer products were practical since there were only about a dozen computers in the entire world at the time. Even the supporters of the new technology underestimated the potential.
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factory) was at the age of five – and business tours to Europe and made appearances at annual gatherings for the company's elite sales representatives, the IBM Hundred Per Cent Club, even before he was old enough to attend school.
640:. Since the 360 line was incompatible with IBM's previous products, it represented an enormous risk for the company. Despite delays in shipment, the products were well-received following their launch in 1964 and what
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Despite the presence of his son, Thomas Sr. kept a firm grip on the reins until 1955. Tom Jr. described the position of his father as "He wanted to make me head of IBM, but he didn't like sharing the limelight."
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Watson returned to IBM at the beginning of 1946. He was promoted to be a vice president just six months later and was promoted to the board just four months after that. He became
Executive Vice-president in 1949.
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only dropped it to 6%) – IBM consistently spent 9%. By comparison, the equivalent figure for Japan was 5.1%, though its high technology companies exceeded even the IBM level, with the 1983 spending for
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that as a child he had a "strange defect in his vision" that made written words appear to fall off the page when he tried to read them. As a result, Watson struggled in school, and he acknowledged that
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matched the wartime years; a better than 30% compound growth rate that Tom Jr. maintained for much of the twenty years of his leadership of IBM. It was a record even better than that of his father.
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executives with the clearest possible goals. Each operating man was judged strictly on his unit's results, and each staff man on his effort toward making IBM the world leader in his specialty."
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Watson became president of IBM in 1952 and was named as the company's CEO shortly before the death of his father, Watson Sr., in 1956. Up to this time IBM was dedicated to electromechanical
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during the war. On these trips, he learned
Russian, which would later serve him well as the American Ambassador to the Soviet Union. Watson and Bradley were instrumental in establishing the
1525:"Thomas J. Watson Jr. got his job from his father but built IBM into a colossus big enough to satisfy even the wildest of the old man's dreams. Here he tells in his own words how he did it"
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from 1975 onward. These included the Thomas J. Watson
Library of Business and Economics and several smaller building grants. Watson funded a Columbia East Campus residence hall named
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Prior to his time, IBM had primarily emphasized the sales organization, with a reasonable range of products. Tom Watson Jr., however, promoted a research and development structure.
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systems for its commercial products. Watson Sr. had repeatedly rejected electronic computers as overpriced and unreliable, except for one-of-a-kind projects such as the
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billion), maintaining IBM's dramatic growth rate virtually undiminished at approaching 30% compound. The effect was that IBM had become independent of outside funding.
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1066:, January 1, 1994. Accessed June 2, 2016. "Raised in Short Hills, N.J., and attending private schools, he called himself a privileged and unimpressive youth."
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This training program was to take him, over the next five years, through many of IBM's operating groups. Tom Jr. believed his most important influence was
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Her husband, who is attached to the 102nd
Observation Squadron, Was graduated from the Hun School in Princeton, N.J., and in 1937 from Brown University.
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931:(which supports students to study a topic of personal interest for a year) and other charitable gifts. Watson contributed to the Watson Pavilion at
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in exploring the
Pacific. He flew helicopters, jets, and stunt planes, and was the first private citizen to receive permission from
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Both sons were immersed in IBM from a very early age. He was taken on plant inspections – his first memory of such a visit (to the
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and helped bring a factory employing over 300 people to the community that made cables, including ones for the US space program.
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from 1964 to 1968. His father had also served on the national executive board and was
International Commissioner in the 1940s.
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After graduating, Watson became a salesman for IBM but had little interest in the job. The turning point was his service as a
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1440:"30 Receive Freedom Medal at the White House; They Are Praised by Johnson as He Confers the Highest Civilian Recognition"
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Pacific
Passage: A South Pacific Adventure with Sailor, Explorer, Aviator and Former IBM Chief Executive Tom Watson
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At home his father's discipline was erratic and often harsh. Around the time he was thirteen, Watson suffered from
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1224:"Reminiscences of the VLSI revolution: How a series of failures triggered a paradigm shift in digital design"
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to determine if there was a market, predicted "... he could find customers for as many as thirty machines."
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to be chairman of the
General Advisory Committee (GAC) on Arms Control and Disarmament, in support of the
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farther up the northern coast of Greenland than any non-military ship had done previously, receiving the
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magazine hailed Watson on its cover as "the greatest capitalist in history." In 1998 he was included on
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in 1981 in which he warned against further escalation against the USSR. He was also a member of the
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reluctantly admitted him as a favor to his father. He graduated with a business degree in 1937.
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The final element of formal organizational change was the isolation of headquarters staff in
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The Watson Dynasty: The Fiery Reign and Troubled Legacy of IBM's Founding Father and Son
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to fly across the Soviet Union, recreating in 1987 the ALSIB route from World War II.
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The three computer families that eventually emerged from 1958 onwards comprised the
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because he feared the news of her transition would affect the company's reputation.
349:(1979–81). He received many honors during his lifetime, including being awarded the
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1198:"IBM Apologizes For Firing Computer Pioneer For Being Transgender...52 Years Later"
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A Business and its Beliefs – The Ideas that Helped build IBM (McKinsey Lectures)
1116:"Lieut. T. J. Watson Jr. Weds Olive Cawley In the Post Chapel at Fort McClellan"
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Data Processing Division – selling to (and servicing) commercial customers
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1780:, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Interviewer was Arthur L.C. Humphreys
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325:(January 14, 1914 – December 31, 1993) was an American businessman, diplomat,
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694:. This was said by him to be in order to be near his family in Connecticut.
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Federal Systems Division – selling to (and servicing) the US government
784:. After leaving the GAC, he was appointed by President Carter to be the US
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896:. He died in Greenwich on December 31, 1993, of complications following a
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cost was small in IBM's terms; and the experience gained was invaluable.
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389:. Two sisters followed Thomas Jr., Jane and Helen, before a final child,
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Watson married Olive Cawley (1918–2004) in 1941. They had six children.
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Thomas Watson Jr. was born on January 14, 1914, just before his father,
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listed him as one of "100 most influential people of the 20th century".
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He was an avid sailor and pilot. He named 7 successive sailboats after
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project, which produced an entire line of computers that ran the same
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to send military aircraft from the United States to the Soviet Union.
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780:. Watson advised President Carter against use of the experimental
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with five major divisions in the US. The new structure comprised:
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magazine called "IBM's $ 5 Billion Gamble," in the end, paid off.
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After leaving IBM, Watson donated tens of millions of dollars to
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1760:, Mystic Seaport, 1993, 179pp (Originally published in 1980 as
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TIME Magazine's 100 most influential people of the 20th century
727:, the highest award a U.S. president can bestow on a civilian.
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Watson left IBM in 1971 on his doctor's advice after having a
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1274:"Thomas Watson Jr. Powered IBM To The Top Of The Tech World"
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His first book in 1963 discussed his management philosophy.
537:
Even so, until the late 1950s the custom-built US Air Force
1673:"I.B.M.'s Computing Pioneer, Thomas Watson Jr., Dies at 79"
1383:
A business and its beliefs: the ideas that helped build IBM
1352:
IBM: How the World's Most Successful Corporation is Managed
620:
for smaller customers in the scientific community, and the
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Smaller units were Electric Typewriter, IBM World Trade,
1330:
IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News
616:
for large government business and large businesses, the
466:. His brother "Dick" (Arthur) Watson had dropped out of
734:
U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1976. He was awarded the
1888:
788:, serving from October 29, 1979, to January 15, 1981.
514:. Tom Jr. took the company in a new direction, hiring
377:, was dismissed from his job at cash register company
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United States Army Air Forces pilots of World War II
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Ambassadors of the United States to the Soviet Union
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called him "the greatest capitalist in history" and
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791:Following his return home after Carter's defeat by
518:by the hundreds and putting them to work designing
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4402:American chief executives of Fortune 500 companies
3545:100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century
1735:
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768:. After recovering, he was appointed by President
1058:"Thomas J. Watson Jr.; Led IBM Into Computer Age"
347:16th United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union
337:, he was the second IBM president (1952–71), the
2142:Criminal Reduction Utilising Statistical History
1738:Father, Son & Co.: my life at IBM and beyond
1172:Father, Son & Co: My Life at IBM and Beyond
1087:Father, Son & Co: my life at IBM and beyond
818:, the last in 1991. Watson sailed one of his
776:which had been previously set up by President
3526:
3048:
1904:
713:in 1955 for his service to youth. He was the
16:American businessman and diplomat (1914–1993)
8:
1871:United States Ambassador to the Soviet Union
1734:Watson Jr., Thomas J.; Petre, Peter (1990).
1554:"Thomas Watson Jr.: Master Of The Mainframe"
75:October 29, 1979 – January 15, 1981
1473:U.S. Business Hall of Fame Laureate Archive
1302:(Stein and Day, 1969) pp 254, 258, 286-289.
919:Watson was the principal benefactor of the
912:Olive and Thomas J. Watson Jr. Pavilion at
159:International Business Machines Corporation
4357:Businesspeople from Greenwich, Connecticut
3533:
3519:
3511:
3055:
3041:
3033:
2261:
1969:
1962:
1911:
1897:
1889:
1788:
1666:
1664:
1408:"30 Awarded Medal of Freedom by President"
1169:Thomas J. Watson Jr.; Peter Petre (1990).
949:Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation
947:. He was on the board of directors of the
921:Watson Institute for International Studies
760:Watson with Jimmy Carter, January 20, 1978
585:In 1968, Tom Jr. fired computer scientist
32:
26:For other people named Thomas Watson, see
1704:Think: A Biography of the Watsons and IBM
1300:Think. A Biography of the Watsons and IBM
1110:
1108:
4372:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
1643:McElvenny, Ralph; Wortman, Marc (2023).
1597:McElvenny, Ralph; Wortman, Marc (2023).
1144:McElvenny, Ralph; Wortman, Marc (2023).
797:1980 United States presidential election
19:For his father, the founder of IBM, see
4422:Presidents of the Boy Scouts of America
1775:Oral history interview, April 25, 1985.
1010:
4377:United States Army Air Forces officers
1645:The Greatest Capitalist Who Ever Lived
1599:The Greatest Capitalist Who Ever Lived
1469:"Thomas J. Watson Jr. IBM Corporation"
1313:And Tomorrow... the World?: Inside IBM
1146:The Greatest Capitalist Who Ever Lived
1083:Thomas J. Watson; Peter Petre (1991).
329:pilot, and philanthropist. The son of
3809:Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein
2277:Center for The Business of Government
1706:, Stein and Day, 1969 SBN 8128-1226-3
1078:
1076:
1074:
1072:
723:in September 1964 awarded Watson the
7:
4417:20th-century American businesspeople
4412:American technology chief executives
2965:
1475:. Junior Achievement. Archived from
1416:. September 15, 1964. Archived from
1139:
1137:
3064:United States Ambassadors to Russia
1647:. PublicAffairs. pp. 482–484.
1601:. PublicAffairs. pp. 480–481.
1552:John Greenwald (December 7, 1998).
1148:. PublicAffairs. pp. 138–152.
774:Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
4427:Military personnel from New Jersey
1231:IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine
628:In the early 1960s he oversaw the
14:
1946:PC business acquisition by Lenovo
1034:"Time 100 Persons of the Century"
668:Components Manufacturing Division
600:The first result of this was the
4367:People from Millburn, New Jersey
4362:Businesspeople from Dayton, Ohio
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3309:
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2644:Sabre airline reservation system
2490:Thomas J. Watson Research Center
977:
43:
4387:20th-century American diplomats
2157:Information Management Software
1042:. June 14, 1999. Archived from
941:Owls Head Transportation Museum
4347:Hun School of Princeton alumni
3686:Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel
2910:International chess tournament
2690:Globally integrated enterprise
2680:Commercial Processing Workload
1726:Watson Jr., Thomas J., (1963)
1671:Steve Lohr (January 1, 1994).
786:Ambassador to the Soviet Union
665:Systems Manufacturing Division
28:Thomas Watson (disambiguation)
1:
3552:Leaders & revolutionaries
2649:Scanning tunneling microscope
1756:Watson Jr., Thomas J. (1993)
1349:David Steuart Mercer (1987).
1272:Scott S. Smith (2016-05-28).
1175:. Bantam Books. p. 233.
730:Watson was inducted into the
725:Presidential Medal of Freedom
715:national president of the BSA
532:Oak Ridge National Laboratory
396:Watson Jr. was raised in the
351:Presidential Medal of Freedom
1716:. New York: HarperBusiness.
1386:. McGraw-Hill Professional.
834:. He traveled the route of
60:United States Ambassador to
4397:Blue Water Medal recipients
2517:Canada Head Office Building
2507:Cambridge Scientific Center
2399:Science Research Associates
2167:Mainframe operating systems
1784:IBM biography of Watson Jr.
929:Thomas J. Watson Fellowship
385:manufacturer in the world,
4443:
3703:Artists & entertainers
2578:Virtual Universe Community
2299:International subsidiaries
2219:Service Automation Manager
1623:"Palawan charter brochure"
1503:Franklin Laureate Database
1380:Thomas J. Watson (2003) .
677:Service Bureau Corporation
25:
18:
4005:Scientists & thinkers
2950:
1877:
1868:
1860:
1855:
1845:
1836:
1828:
1823:
1813:
1804:
1796:
1791:
1778:Charles Babbage Institute
1584:"It's Ronnie!... Er, Tom"
1279:Investor's Business Daily
1243:10.1109/MSSC.2012.2215752
826:'s highest award and the
650:Organizational structures
567:being 14.6% and that for
316:
198:
165:
121:
68:
54:
42:
2604:Automated teller machine
2558:The Great Mind Challenge
1941:Mergers and acquisitions
840:Soviet General Secretary
828:Cruising Club of America
593:Research and development
528:Atomic Energy Commission
4342:Brown University alumni
2563:Linux Technology Center
492:Northwest Staging Route
432:Hun School of Princeton
391:Arthur Kittredge Watson
339:11th national president
139:Ellsworth Hunt Augustus
3616:Martin Luther King Jr.
2888:Dynamic infrastructure
2853:Big Blue sports teams
2659:Universal Product Code
1824:Boy Scouts of America
1499:"Thomas J. Jr. Watson"
916:
761:
526:, brought in from the
323:Thomas John Watson Jr.
270:Thomas John Watson III
212:Thomas John Watson Jr.
3854:Builders & titans
3658:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3020:Vacuum tube computers
2904:IBM and the Holocaust
2869:Common Public License
2754:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
2537:Academy of Technology
1992:Power microprocessors
1832:Ellsworth H. Augustus
1222:Conway, Lynn (2012).
1127:. December 16, 1941.
911:
759:
711:Boy Scouts of America
560:Louis V. Gerstner Jr.
343:Boy Scouts of America
292:Jeanette M. Kittredge
116:Boy Scouts of America
3995:Thomas J. Watson Jr.
2634:Magnetic stripe card
2583:World Community Grid
2459:Toronto Software Lab
2115:Carbon Design System
2070:Cell microprocessors
1505:. Franklin Institute
1449:. September 15, 1964
707:Silver Buffalo Award
705:Watson received the
576:Albert Lynn Williams
516:electrical engineers
442:. He claimed in his
430:Watson attended the
402:Millburn, New Jersey
183:Thomas J. Watson Sr.
37:Thomas J. Watson Jr.
4407:New York Yacht Club
4143:Ludwig Wittgenstein
4090:John Maynard Keynes
3862:Stephen Bechtel Sr.
2898:GUIDE International
2760:Samuel J. Palmisano
2619:Electronic keypunch
2443:One Atlantic Center
2413:Weather Underground
2409:The Weather Company
1792:Business positions
1420:on November 2, 2012
1369:on October 3, 2006.
1315:(Millington, 1975).
1196:Alicandri, Jeremy.
961:Columbia University
955:Columbia University
824:New York Yacht Club
801:commencement speech
520:mainframe computers
421:clinical depression
345:(1964–68), and the
157:Company president,
4263:Emmeline Pankhurst
4182:Lady Diana Spencer
4160:Heroes & icons
3946:Charles E. Merrill
3665:Theodore Roosevelt
3440:Russian Federation
3000:Personal computers
2990:Midrange computers
2980:Navigational boxes
2873:IBM Public License
2848:A Boy and His Atom
2806:Michelle J. Howard
2748:John Fellows Akers
2730:T. Vincent Learson
2437:1250 René-Lévesque
2177:Planning Analytics
1839:National president
1817:T. Vincent Learson
1730:, M–H, 1963, 107pp
1710:Tedlow, Richard S.
1702:Rodgers, William;
1678:The New York Times
1447:The New York Times
1355:. Kogen Page Ltd.
1326:"Full Page Reload"
1124:The New York Times
933:Greenwich Hospital
917:
914:Greenwich Hospital
805:Harvard University
799:, Watson gave the
762:
732:Junior Achievement
636:and used the same
114:11th president of
4337:American aviators
4314:
4313:
4242:Charles Lindbergh
4175:The American G.I.
4069:Robert H. Goddard
4055:Alexander Fleming
3679:Margaret Thatcher
3651:Eleanor Roosevelt
3609:Ruhollah Khomeini
3602:Pope John Paul II
3581:Mikhail Gorbachev
3567:Winston Churchill
3508:
3507:
3030:
3029:
2995:Operating systems
2857:American football
2826:Joseph R. Swedish
2821:Martha E. Pollack
2724:Thomas Watson Jr.
2685:Customer engineer
2609:Cynefin framework
2495:Hakozaki Facility
2454:Rome Software Lab
2422:
2421:
2251:
2250:
2204:Rational Software
2103:
2102:
2085:Personal Computer
2080:Midrange computer
1887:
1886:
1881:Arthur A. Hartman
1878:Succeeded by
1856:Diplomatic posts
1846:Succeeded by
1814:Succeeded by
1762:Logbook for Helen
1722:978-0-06-001405-6
1654:978-1-5417-6852-9
1608:978-1-5417-6852-9
1533:. August 31, 1987
1393:978-0-07-141859-1
1362:978-1-85091-287-3
1298:WIlliam Rodgers,
1237:(4). IEEE: 8–31.
1182:978-0-553-29023-3
1155:978-1-5417-6852-9
1098:978-0-553-29023-3
1063:Los Angeles Times
843:Mikhail Gorbachev
738:in 1967. In 1987
721:Lyndon B. Johnson
671:Research Division
355:Lyndon B. Johnson
320:
319:
241:December 31, 1993
108:Arthur A. Hartman
4434:
4307:
4300:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4205:
4198:
4191:
4184:
4177:
4170:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4127:
4120:
4118:William Shockley
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4041:Philo Farnsworth
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3830:Steven Spielberg
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3713:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3604:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3560:David Ben-Gurion
3535:
3528:
3521:
3512:
3438:
3437:
3314:
3313:
3077:
3076:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3034:
2978:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2958:
2957:
2718:Thomas J. Watson
2639:Relational model
2588:Think conference
2469:330 North Wabash
2389:Microelectronics
2262:
2187:Quantum Platform
2132:Cognos Analytics
1970:
1963:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1890:
1861:Preceded by
1829:Preceded by
1800:Thomas J. Watson
1797:Preceded by
1789:
1753:
1741:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1668:
1659:
1658:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1619:
1613:
1612:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1564:on March 6, 2008
1560:. Archived from
1549:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1479:on June 19, 2010
1465:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1444:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1365:. Archived from
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1303:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1228:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1120:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1091:. Bantam Books.
1090:
1080:
1067:
1054:
1048:
1047:
1046:on May 10, 2007.
1030:
1024:
1015:
998:Smugglers' Notch
987:
982:
981:
945:Owls Head, Maine
925:Brown University
856:He had homes in
832:Blue Water Medal
602:IBM 7030 Stretch
478:programs to the
449:Brown University
383:digital computer
375:Thomas J. Watson
335:Thomas J. Watson
301:Brown University
289:Thomas J. Watson
244:
222:January 14, 1914
221:
219:
203:Personal details
191:
179:
170:
147:
135:
126:
104:
92:
73:
63:
62:the Soviet Union
47:
33:
21:Thomas J. Watson
4442:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4291:Andrei Sakharov
4289:
4284:Jackie Robinson
4282:
4275:
4268:
4261:
4254:
4247:
4240:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4208:
4201:
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4166:
4155:
4150:Wright brothers
4148:
4141:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4109:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4034:Albert Einstein
4032:
4025:
4020:Tim Berners-Lee
4018:
4011:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3909:
3904:Amadeo Giannini
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3849:
3842:
3837:Igor Stravinsky
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3774:Aretha Franklin
3772:
3765:
3758:
3751:
3746:Charlie Chaplin
3744:
3737:
3730:
3723:
3716:
3711:Louis Armstrong
3709:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3672:Margaret Sanger
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3547:
3539:
3509:
3504:
3442:
3432:
3427:
3318:
3308:
3303:
3081:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3031:
3026:
2946:
2932:SHARE computing
2893:GlobalFoundries
2835:
2783:
2777:
2704:
2663:
2654:Financial swaps
2629:Hard disk drive
2592:
2526:
2500:Yamato Facility
2418:
2325:
2257:
2247:
2214:Tivoli Software
2099:
2053:
1952:
1922:
1917:
1883:
1874:
1866:
1851:
1842:
1834:
1819:
1810:
1802:
1771:
1750:
1733:
1699:
1697:Further reading
1694:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1670:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1565:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1536:
1534:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1480:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1423:
1421:
1413:Chicago Tribune
1406:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1363:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1310:
1306:
1297:
1293:
1284:
1282:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1226:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1183:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1082:
1081:
1070:
1055:
1051:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1022:August 31, 1987
1016:
1012:
1007:
985:Scouting portal
983:
976:
973:
957:
906:
851:
778:John F. Kennedy
754:
703:
652:
595:
504:
472:Follett Bradley
460:Army Air Forces
387:IBM Corporation
371:
331:IBM Corporation
327:Army Air Forces
291:
279:
277:
275:
274:Olive F. Watson
273:
272:Jeanette Watson
271:
246:
242:
223:
217:
215:
214:
213:
189:
177:
171:
166:
145:
133:
127:
122:
102:
90:
74:
69:
61:
50:
38:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4440:
4438:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4319:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4266:
4259:
4256:Marilyn Monroe
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4228:Kennedy family
4224:
4217:
4214:Tenzing Norgay
4210:Edmund Hillary
4206:
4199:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4171:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4008:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3960:Walter Reuther
3956:
3949:
3942:
3939:Louis B. Mayer
3935:
3928:
3925:William Levitt
3921:
3914:
3907:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3876:Willis Carrier
3872:
3865:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3721:
3714:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3689:
3682:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3654:
3647:
3640:
3633:
3630:Nelson Mandela
3626:
3623:Vladimir Lenin
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3574:Mahatma Gandhi
3570:
3563:
3555:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3540:
3538:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3515:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3446:
3444:
3443:(1991–present)
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3079:Russian Empire
3068:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3045:
3037:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2972:
2962:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2917:
2915:Lucifer cipher
2912:
2907:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2851:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2831:Peter R. Voser
2828:
2823:
2818:
2816:Andrew Liveris
2813:
2811:Arvind Krishna
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2787:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2772:Arvind Krishna
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2714:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2573:Smarter Planet
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2538:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2465:IBM Buildings
2463:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2450:Software Labs
2448:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2439:, Montreal, QC
2430:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2406:
2404:Service Bureau
2401:
2396:
2394:Product Center
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2359:Ambra Computer
2356:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2339:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2266:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2228:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2194:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2162:Lotus Software
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2117:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1976:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1803:
1798:
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900:. He was 79.
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890:New York City
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849:Personal life
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809:Bohemian Club
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793:Ronald Reagan
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572:
571:being 13.0%.
570:
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524:Cuthbert Hurd
521:
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502:IBM president
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444:autobiography
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72:
67:
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53:
46:
41:
34:
29:
22:
4221:Helen Keller
4196:Billy Graham
4168:Muhammad Ali
4136:James Watson
4083:Edwin Hubble
4048:Enrico Fermi
3994:
3967:Pete Rozelle
3918:Estée Lauder
3816:Bart Simpson
3753:Le Corbusier
3718:Lucille Ball
3588:Adolf Hitler
3542:
3390:
3316:Soviet Union
3254:Breckinridge
2919:
2902:
2883:Deep Thought
2846:
2774:(since 2020)
2742:John R. Opel
2723:
2700:Think slogan
2541:Deep Thunder
2347:Kaleida Labs
2342:AIM alliance
2027:Q System Two
2022:Q System One
1869:
1864:Malcolm Toon
1849:Irving Feist
1837:
1805:
1761:
1757:
1737:
1727:
1713:
1703:
1682:. Retrieved
1676:
1644:
1638:
1626:. Retrieved
1617:
1598:
1592:
1578:
1566:. Retrieved
1562:the original
1557:
1547:
1535:. Retrieved
1528:
1519:
1507:. Retrieved
1502:
1493:
1481:. Retrieved
1477:the original
1472:
1463:
1451:. Retrieved
1446:
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1418:the original
1411:
1402:
1382:
1375:
1367:the original
1351:
1344:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:
1320:
1312:
1307:
1299:
1294:
1283:. Retrieved
1277:
1267:
1234:
1230:
1217:
1205:. Retrieved
1201:
1191:
1171:
1164:
1145:
1128:
1122:
1086:
1061:
1052:
1044:the original
1037:
1028:
1019:
1013:
965:Watson House
958:
918:
904:Philanthropy
855:
852:
836:Captain Cook
819:
813:
790:
770:Jimmy Carter
766:heart attack
763:
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729:
719:
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508:punched card
505:
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480:Soviet Union
464:World War II
453:
429:
425:
418:
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393:, was born.
372:
362:
358:
322:
321:
280:Helen Watson
278:Susan Watson
262:Olive Cawley
243:(1993-12-31)
190:Succeeded by
167:
151:Irving Feist
146:Succeeded by
123:
103:Succeeded by
96:Malcolm Toon
84:Jimmy Carter
70:
4332:1993 deaths
4327:1914 births
4249:Harvey Milk
4203:Che Guevara
4125:Alan Turing
4104:Jean Piaget
3981:Juan Trippe
3953:Akio Morita
3883:Walt Disney
3869:Leo Burnett
3795:James Joyce
3767:T. S. Eliot
3739:Coco Chanel
3725:The Beatles
3693:Lech Wałęsa
3595:Ho Chi Minh
3319:(1933–1991)
3082:(1780–1917)
3015:Typewriters
2921:Mathematica
2862:Rugby union
2801:Alex Gorsky
2768:(2012–2020)
2762:(2002–2011)
2756:(1993–2002)
2750:(1985–1993)
2744:(1981–1985)
2738:(1973–1981)
2732:(1971–1973)
2726:(1956–1971)
2720:(1914–1956)
2668:Terminology
2624:Floppy disk
2568:SkillsBuild
2531:Initiatives
2512:IBM Hursley
2486:Facilities
2137:Connections
2007:FlashSystem
1311:Rex Malik,
1207:26 November
937:Connecticut
866:North Haven
862:Connecticut
638:peripherals
587:Lynn Conway
400:section of
398:Short Hills
252:Connecticut
178:Preceded by
134:Preceded by
91:Preceded by
4321:Categories
4270:Rosa Parks
4189:Anne Frank
4111:Jonas Salk
4076:Kurt Gödel
3988:Sam Walton
3897:Bill Gates
3890:Henry Ford
3788:Jim Henson
3637:Mao Zedong
3336:Steinhardt
3139:Cambreleng
3010:System/370
3005:System/360
2796:David Farr
2695:e-business
2597:Inventions
2546:Develothon
2427:Facilities
2287:Promontory
2282:Consulting
1875:1979–1981
1843:1964–1968
1811:1956–1971
1807:CEO of IBM
1742:. Bantam.
1335:2020-11-06
1285:2020-06-13
1005:References
1000:Ski Resort
782:MX missile
752:Retirement
476:lend-lease
440:New Jersey
369:Early life
307:Occupation
218:1914-01-14
4235:Bruce Lee
3760:Bob Dylan
3455:Pickering
3269:McCormick
3259:Hitchcock
3214:Stoughton
3149:Ingersoll
3109:Middleton
2878:Deep Blue
2784:directors
2243:WebSphere
2182:PureQuery
2090:Selectric
2065:Blue Gene
1980:Mainframe
1251:1943-0582
858:Greenwich
709:from the
436:Princeton
357:in 1964.
297:Education
285:Parent(s)
248:Greenwich
172:1952–1971
168:In office
128:1964–1968
124:In office
80:President
71:In office
3911:Ray Kroc
3495:Sullivan
3490:Huntsman
3465:Vershbow
3398:Stoessel
3381:Thompson
3371:Thompson
3351:W. Smith
3346:Harriman
3341:Standley
3284:Rockhill
3244:C. Smith
3174:Appleton
3119:Buchanan
3114:Randolph
3104:Campbell
2960:Category
2927:IBM Plex
2782:Board of
2675:Big Blue
2475:Honolulu
2384:Merative
2369:EduQuest
2352:Taligent
2321:Research
2258:entities
2256:Business
2197:OpenQASM
2125:Cloudant
2095:ThinkPad
2018:Quantum
1966:Hardware
1958:Products
1712:(2003).
971:See also
927:and the
886:Colorado
820:Palawans
692:New York
634:software
622:IBM 1401
618:IBM 1620
614:IBM 7090
610:IBM 7070
512:IBM SSEC
333:founder
311:Business
267:Children
4305:Bill W.
3460:Collins
3450:Strauss
3423:Strauss
3418:Matlock
3413:Hartman
3326:Bullitt
3299:Francis
3234:Lothrop
3189:C. Clay
3184:Cameron
3179:C. Clay
3169:Pickens
3164:Seymour
3129:J. Clay
3124:Wilkins
3099:Pinkney
2970:Commons
2937:ScicomP
2480:Seattle
2433:Towers
2379:Lexmark
2374:Kyndryl
2316:Red Hat
2265:Current
2236:Granite
2231:Watsonx
2147:Fortran
2075:PowerPC
2002:Storage
1973:Current
1936:History
1928:History
1684:June 2,
1628:June 1,
1568:June 1,
1537:June 1,
1530:Fortune
1509:June 1,
1483:June 1,
1453:June 1,
1424:June 1,
1259:9286356
1056:Staff.
1020:Fortune
894:Antigua
878:Vermont
816:Palawan
795:in the
741:Fortune
643:Fortune
462:during
458:in the
359:Fortune
341:of the
49:c. 1980
4212:&
4134:&
3480:McFaul
3475:Beyrle
3408:Watson
3376:Kohler
3366:Bohlen
3361:Kennan
3331:Davies
3279:Riddle
3219:Foster
3204:Jewell
3194:Curtin
3134:Dallas
2942:Unions
2553:Fellow
2364:Cognos
2337:AdStar
2330:Former
2294:Kenexa
2272:Apptio
2226:Watson
2192:Qiskit
2058:Former
2047:Condor
2037:Osprey
2012:DS8000
1746:
1720:
1651:
1605:
1390:
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1257:
1249:
1202:Forbes
1179:
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1095:
898:stroke
892:; and
701:Honors
688:Armonk
558:then,
484:Moscow
409:Dayton
259:Spouse
225:Dayton
3500:Tracy
3485:Tefft
3470:Burns
3294:Marye
3289:Guild
3274:Meyer
3264:Tower
3249:White
3209:Boker
3159:Brown
3154:Bagby
3094:Adams
2840:Other
2311:Press
2304:India
2120:Cloud
2108:Other
2042:Heron
2032:Eagle
1985:IBM Z
1443:(PDF)
1255:S2CID
1227:(PDF)
1119:(PDF)
1017:See '
874:Stowe
870:Maine
565:Canon
488:ALSIB
482:, to
456:pilot
161:(IBM)
4277:Pelé
3543:Time
3403:Toon
3392:Dubs
3386:Beam
3356:Kirk
3239:Tree
3229:Taft
3224:Hunt
3144:Todd
3089:Dana
2985:FOSS
2710:CEOs
2614:DRAM
2209:SPSS
2152:ILOG
1744:ISBN
1718:ISBN
1686:2010
1649:ISBN
1630:2010
1603:ISBN
1570:2010
1539:2010
1511:2010
1485:2010
1455:2010
1426:2010
1388:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1247:ISSN
1209:2020
1177:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1093:ISBN
882:Vail
612:and
578:, a
539:SAGE
468:Yale
413:Ohio
363:Time
254:U.S.
238:Died
232:U.S.
229:Ohio
208:Born
3199:Orr
1920:IBM
1239:doi
943:in
935:in
923:at
830:'s
803:at
580:CPA
569:NEC
530:'s
434:in
379:NCR
353:by
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