431:
446:, a prominent Honolulu lawyer and businessman. Like Jaggar, Thurston believed that Kilauea was a prime site for a permanent volcano observatory and inquired of Jaggar, "Is it then a question of money?" Within a year of their conversation, Thurston and other businessmen raised financial backing for the Hawaii Volcano Research Association (HVRA). A small observing station was set up on the rim of Halemaʻumaʻu crater (a
506:, Jaggar tried to warn the Hilo harbormaster about the possibility that a tsunami could have been generated. Jaggar's warning was not taken seriously and one fisherman was killed when the tsunami hit, with damage estimated at $ 1.5 million. According to authors Boris W. Levin and Mikhail Nosov, this was the first tsunami warning in the "far field." In 1935, Jagger called on the
40:
1071:
667:
514:, which supplied water for the town of Hilo. His hope was that the lava tubes or channels could be destroyed, thereby robbing the advancing flow while feeding another flow that would re-cover the same area. The flow was bombed on December 27, and lava stopped flowing during the night or early morning of January 2, 1936. According to the
493:
Volcano power for human use is a possibility, for heat is power, and volcanoes generate heat. ... Cracks near
Halemaumau have opened from time to time which sometimes get hotter and hotter until they become glowing furnaces, emitting apparently merely hot air. If a boring will start such a furnace,
342:
It was hard to distinguish where the streets had been. Everything was buried under fallen walls of cobblestone and pink plaster and tiles, including 20,000 bodies....As I look back on the
Martinique experience I know what a crucial point in my life it was....I realized that the killing of thousands
454:). In July 1909, Jaggar received funding of $ 25,000 (equivalent to $ 848,000 in 2023) from the Whitney Estate through the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for use in construction of the HVO; funding also came the HVRA and the people of
473:
During his early years as director, Jaggar struggled to obtain private endowments with the hope of eventually securing sponsorship by the federal government. At one point, Jaggar raised pigs to fund the HVO. In 1919, Jaggar convinced the
1286:
529:
is named for him. In 2018, the museum closed when earthquakes associated with the eruption damaged its structure. As of 2019, many of the museum's artifacts are in storage.
367:. With each trip, Jaggar became increasingly concerned that his field studies were but brief, inadequate snapshots of long-term, dynamic, earth processes. After the
347:
On April 15, 1903, Jaggar married Helen Kline, with whom he had two children, Russell Kline and Eliza Bowne. The couple divorced in 1914. In 1906 he became head of
934:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda
901:
552:
Men of Hawaii: Being a
Biographical Reference Library, Complete and Authentic, of the Men of Note and Substantial Achievement in the Hawaiian Islands
307:
Whereas small scale experiments in the laboratory helped me to think about the details of nature, there remained the need to measure nature itself.
1000:
375:
in Italy, Jaggar declared that "something must be done" to support systematic, ongoing studies of volcanic and seismic activity. He traveled to
1137:
296:. Jaggar constructed water flumes bedded by sand and gravel to understand stream erosion and melted rocks in furnaces to study the behavior of
277:
790:
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348:
332:
206:
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in geology from
Harvard in 1897. Jaggar was named an associate professor of geology at Harvard in 1903, and, during summers, worked for the
711:
386:
He married co-worker Isabel
Maydwell, a widowed schoolteacher from California, in 1917. Jagger established a volcano monitoring station at
216:(HVO). Jaggar became the first director of HVO in 1912, and remained at HVO until 1940, when he retired and became a research associate in
969:
205:, Martinique, which he credited with inspiring him to make a life's work out of geology. He became head of the department of geology at
1271:
499:
249:
351:'s department of geology. The next 10 years of Jaggar's life brought expeditions to the scenes of great earthquakes and eruptions in
954:
How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a
Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States
1276:
515:
289:
875:
526:
1080:
1018:
1181:
590:
478:
to provide funding for the HVO. The USGS took over its operation in 1924, with the exception of a brief hiatus during the
961:
941:
411:
213:
186:
407:
324:
197:
in 1897. In 1902, he was one of the scientists that the United States sent to investigate the volcanic disasters at
1212:
Volcanism in Hawaii: Papers to
Commemorate the 75th Anniversary of the Founding of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
237:
383:
was to be the home of the first
American volcano observatory. He would work on that project the rest of his life.
1266:
475:
311:
In May 1902, he was one of the scientists sent from the United States to investigate the volcanic disasters at
522:
368:
303:
As he matured as a scientist, he began to feel the increasing need for field experimentation. Jaggar wrote:
458:. In 1912, construction of the HVO began: in February, prisoners sentenced to a term of hard labor by the
312:
241:
198:
190:
174:
20:
822:
518:, "Whether or not the bombing stopped the 1935 Mauna Loa lava flow remains a controversial topic today."
483:
281:
1261:
1256:
902:"Volcano Watch — Ruy Finch, HVO's Second Director, Went to the Core of Volcanology and Apple-Growing"
804:
415:
285:
253:
221:
676:
503:
470:
would be mounted. In spring of that year, Jaggar left MIT to become the first director of the HVO.
459:
1204:
244:
and Anna Louisa (née
Lawrence). Growing up, Jaggar Jr. hiked with his father, and in 1875 climbed
1114:
635:
507:
443:
399:
265:
194:
91:
718:
602:
257:
952:
932:
486:. The USGS established a Section of Volcanology in 1926, with Jaggar named as its first chief.
343:
of persons by subterranean machinery totally unknown to geologists...was worthy of a life work.
1224:
1155:
1050:
606:
1182:"Hawaii Island Isn't Itself Anymore. Lava and Quakes have Transformed it in Interesting Ways"
948:
928:
812:
598:
479:
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391:
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which would form the basis of beach landing craft used by the United States military in
245:
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671:
511:
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316:
293:
202:
185:(January 24, 1871 – January 17, 1953) was an American volcanologist. He founded the
455:
403:
60:
1044:
752:
550:
467:
387:
269:
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some 13 days after the disaster. The same year, he was elected a Fellow of the
212:
Jaggar traveled to Hawaii in 1909, where he began fundraising to establish the
447:
419:
372:
328:
273:
217:
224:. Jaggar married twice in his life, and had two children. He died in 1953 in
320:
406:, an achievement for which he received the Franklin L. Burr Prize from the
292:(USGS). He felt strongly that experimentation was the key to understanding
39:
626:
Bush, Thomas Lloyd (1937). "The Diocese of Southern Ohio and Its Bishop".
439:
225:
79:
639:
1081:"Volcano Watch — Did aerial bombing stop the 1935 Mauna Loa lava flow?"
876:"Volcano Watch — He's back! Thomas Jaggar returns to the Whitney Vault"
451:
380:
261:
1210:. In Decker, Robert W.; Wright, Thomas L.; Stauffer, Peter H. (eds.).
817:
376:
717:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. p. 302. Archived from
398:. To explore inaccessible Aleutian Islands beaches, Jaggar designed
489:
In 1922, he suggested using Kilauea's heat for geothermal energy:
429:
364:
352:
297:
1074:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
670:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
494:
then twenty holes at such a place will run a respectable engine.
510:
to bomb lava flow that would soon reach the headwaters of the
1205:"Thomas A. Jaggar, Jr., and the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory"
757:. Harvard Graduates' Magazine Association. 1903. p. 643.
236:
Thomas Augustus Jaggar Jr. was born on January 24, 1871, in
434:
The Jaggar Museum, closed in 2018 due to structural damage
338:
In his autobiography published in 1956, Jaggar recounts,
462:
dug through Kilauea ash and pumice to a thick layer of
628:
Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church
422:. He died in Honolulu on January 17, 1953, at age 81.
394:, though the Mount Lassen station did not survive the
1138:"Severely Damaged Jaggar Museum may have to Relocate"
1287:
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
555:. Vol. 1. Honolulu Star-Bulletin. p. 151.
170:
162:
106:
98:
87:
68:
46:
30:
193:, Jaggar Jr. graduated with a PhD in geology from
791:"The origin of the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory"
521:Jaggar remained director of HVO until 1940. The
438:After a lecture on his Martinique expedition in
379:in 1909 at his own expense, and determined that
189:and directed it from 1912 to 1940. The son of
414:(HVO) in 1940, Jaggar remained active at the
8:
837:"Thomas Jaggar Returns to the Whitney Vault"
784:
782:
327:, Jaggar landed on the steaming shores of
38:
27:
816:
603:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1300851
544:
542:
1242:. Hawaiian Volcano Research Association.
1043:Levin, Boris W.; Nosov, Mikhail (2015).
1019:"M 8.4 – 121 km ESE of Mil'kovo, Russia"
1007:. Vol. 23, no. 4. p. 357.
970:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"
712:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter J"
538:
466:on which to place concrete piers where
418:, where he was a research associate in
410:in 1945. After his retirement from the
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
584:
582:
278:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
1049:. Vol. 2. Springer. p. 17.
999:Jaggard Jr., Thomas Augustus (1922).
968:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis.
580:
578:
576:
574:
572:
570:
568:
566:
564:
562:
349:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
333:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
207:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7:
1238:Jaggar Jr., Thomas Augustus (1956).
677:"Volcano Watch — Thomas Jaggar, HVO"
1180:Hitt, Christine (January 6, 2019).
549:John William Siddall, ed. (1917).
502:hit the southeastern coast of the
16:American volcanologist (1871–1953)
14:
1069:
665:
131:
19:For his father, the bishop, see
1023:United States Geological Survey
754:The Harvard Graduates' Magazine
516:United States Geological Survey
290:United States Geological Survey
151:
127:
1136:Wu, Nina (September 6, 2018).
527:Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
252:. Jaggar Jr. graduated with a
1:
1240:My Experiments with Volcanoes
591:"Jaggar, Thomas Augustus, Jr"
1282:Scientists from Philadelphia
962:American Antiquarian Society
942:American Antiquarian Society
426:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
412:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
214:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
187:Hawaiian Volcano Observatory
1214:. USGS. pp. 1619–1644.
742:Jaggar Jr. 1956, pp. 57, 62
595:American National Biography
589:Peterson, Frank L. (2000).
500:an 8.4-magnitude earthquake
442:, Jaggar was approached by
408:National Geographic Society
371:killed 125,000 people near
325:National Geographic Society
248:. His father was the first
82:, Territory of Hawaii, U.S.
1303:
1203:Apple, Russell A. (1987).
1001:"The Fire Pit of Kilaueau"
498:On February 3, 1923, when
238:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
183:Thomas Augustus Jaggar Jr.
18:
1272:Harvard University alumni
37:
1142:Honolulu Star-Advertiser
1005:The Mid-Pacific Magazine
865:Dvorak 2015, pp. 187–189
767:Dvorak 2015, pp. 74, 147
482:when HVO was run by the
476:National Weather Service
450:inside Kilauea's summit
1277:American volcanologists
523:Thomas A. Jaggar Museum
390:and another two on the
369:1908 Messina earthquake
319:. With the help of the
250:Bishop of Southern Ohio
843:. 2006. Archived from
701:Jaggar Jr. 1956, p. 55
496:
435:
345:
309:
284:, he graduated with a
242:Thomas Augustus Jaggar
191:Thomas Augustus Jaggar
175:Thomas Augustus Jaggar
21:Thomas Augustus Jaggar
1219:Dvorak, John (2015).
1160:National Park Service
1111:National Park Service
847:on September 10, 2012
825:on February 24, 2013.
491:
484:National Park Service
433:
340:
305:
282:Heidelberg University
256:degree in 1893 and a
789:John Dvorak (2011).
416:University of Hawaii
222:University of Hawaii
199:La Soufrière volcano
130: 1903;
63:, Pennsylvania, U.S.
1087:. November 30, 2017
1046:Physics of Tsunamis
989:Apple 1987, p. 1619
809:2011PhT....64e..32D
776:Dvorak 2015, p. 170
504:Kamchatka Peninsula
460:Territory of Hawaii
400:amphibious vehicles
841:USGS Volcano Watch
508:United States Army
444:Lorrin A. Thurston
436:
266:Harvard University
201:, St Vincent, and
195:Harvard University
92:Harvard University
1230:978-1-60598-921-1
1223:. Pegasus Books.
1186:Los Angeles Times
1056:978-3-319-24037-4
818:10.1063/1.3592003
724:on March 30, 2012
612:978-0-19-860669-7
268:. After studying
260:in 1894, both in
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1221:The Last Volcano
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1113:. Archived from
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821:. Archived from
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683:. March 20, 1997
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480:Great Depression
396:Great Depression
392:Aleutian Islands
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94:(BA, MA and PhD)
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72:January 17, 1953
57:January 24, 1871
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1156:"Jaggar Museum"
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1117:on July 9, 2013
1107:"Jaggar Museum"
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258:master's degree
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154: 1917)
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144:Isabel Maydwell
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134: 1914)
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882:. June 1, 2006
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634:(3): 308–315.
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512:Wailuku River
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32:Thomas Jaggar
29:
26:
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1239:
1220:
1211:
1185:
1175:
1165:November 21,
1163:. Retrieved
1159:
1150:
1141:
1131:
1119:. Retrieved
1115:the original
1110:
1101:
1089:. Retrieved
1084:
1065:
1045:
1038:
1028:November 21,
1026:. Retrieved
1022:
1013:
1004:
994:
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975:February 29,
973:. Retrieved
953:
933:
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912:November 23,
910:. Retrieved
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886:November 22,
884:. Retrieved
879:
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849:. Retrieved
845:the original
840:
831:
823:the original
803:(5): 32–37.
800:
794:
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747:
738:
726:. Retrieved
719:the original
706:
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687:November 20,
685:. Retrieved
680:
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627:
621:
594:
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497:
492:
488:
472:
468:seismometers
437:
404:World War II
388:Mount Lassen
385:
346:
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306:
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235:
211:
182:
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74:(1953-01-17)
61:Philadelphia
25:
1262:1953 deaths
1257:1871 births
1197:Cited works
946:1700–1799:
926:1634–1699:
270:petrography
117:Helen Kline
1251:Categories
533:References
448:pit crater
420:geophysics
373:Mount Etna
329:Martinique
317:Mont Pelée
274:mineralogy
228:, Hawaii.
218:geophysics
203:Mont Pelée
99:Occupation
53:1871-01-24
728:April 22,
357:Aleutians
321:U.S. Navy
313:Soufrière
232:Biography
209:in 1906.
102:Geologist
88:Education
1121:June 20,
1091:March 8,
951:(1992).
931:(1997).
851:June 22,
640:42968282
440:Honolulu
323:and the
226:Honolulu
163:Children
80:Honolulu
805:Bibcode
452:caldera
381:Kilauea
262:geology
220:at the
156:
148:
136:
124:
120:
107:Spouses
1227:
1078::
1053:
674::
638:
609:
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