Thomas Jeffrey - Knowledge (XXG)

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take to the woods". The specific reason for Jeffrey giving up the position of watch-house keeper is not known, but on the night it occurred, the escape was expected by the police. The Police Magistrate Mulgrave and a number of constables had "placed themselves in ambuscade to detect them in the act of breaking out". There may have been a degree of fatalism in Jeffrey's decision to abscond; on that night (as he later stated), he "was resolved for nothing but immediate death". Jeffrey had locked the other prisoners in their cells and, as he and his companions left the watch-house at about midnight to begin their escape, they "saw three men standing waiting". They drew back, intending to check the rear of the building, but suddenly a pistol shot rang out and the four convicts decided to run, jumping the lumberyard fence and escaping to "the long black hills". Jeffrey had departed with a pistol, though in their hasty departure, he had left behind a knapsack he had packed.

625:. They evidently felt secure as they rested there for about ten days, feasting on slaughtered stock from the run. On Christmas Day, they looted an unoccupied tent hut on the property and drank a bottle of rum they found inside. As the bushrangers were walking away, suddenly a shot was fired ahead of them. As they moved cautiously forward, two men armed with muskets were sighted. Jeffrey told them to drop their arms, to which they responded by demanding their identities. When Jeffrey said who he was, one of the men ran off and Jeffrey and the remaining man exchanged shots, resulting in the man receiving a thigh wound. As Jeffrey and his companions approached the wounded man, who appeared to be drunk, he began to abuse them. According to Jeffrey's later accounts, as they drew nearer Russell came up behind and shot the wounded man in the head, killing him. The murdered man was never identified in newspaper reports, described only as "Mr. Sutherland's man". 839:

first to be led out, accompanied by Rev. Bedford. It was reported that Jeffrey "appeared firm and composed". As his arms were pinioned, the murderer "prayed fervently, and seemed really penitent". The other prisoners were also led out and all five ascended the scaffold. Rev. Bedford addressed the crowd that "had collected in great numbers outside the gaol", saying: "The unhappy man, Jeffries, now before you, on the verge of eternity, desires me to state, that he attributes all the crimes which he has committed, and which have brought him to his present state, to the abhorrent vice of drunkenness". With the necessary preparations in place for all five men, Bedford "commenced reading certain portions of the funeral service". When he came to a particular passage "the drop fell, and this world closed upon the wretched men for ever!".

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from his mother, probably because she was not walking as fast as the bushranger wished her to. Tibbs' man, Samuel Russell, deposed: "my mistress had begged Jeffries not to take her child from her". He described how Jeffrey and Russell separated from the group, taking the child with them. Elizabeth Tibbs was crying and "said the villain is gone to murder my child". By this stage, they were at the back of Barnard's farm. After about fifteen minutes, Jeffrey and Russell arrived back without the child and Jeffrey told Mrs. Tibbs he had "sent it to Mr. Barnard's by one of his Men". However, Jeffrey had lied; either he or Russell had killed the child by swinging him by his feet and smashing his head against a tree. When this shocking murder became known, newspaper reports provided more lurid details. The

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George Town, who had been part of a search party hunting for the escapees and had become separated from his group. They confiscated Bakie's weapon and ammunition, tied his hands and loaded him with a knapsack. The bushrangers and their captives then resumed walking in a south-easterly direction parallel to the Tamar Valley. Later, they heard a gun being fired and were compelled to alter their course. Believing Bakie had tried to steer them towards the search parties, Jeffrey called him a "treacherous rascal". They walked on for about four miles (6 km) when Jeffrey suddenly announced he was going to shoot the policeman. Bruce begged for Bakie's life, but Jeffrey could not be deterred. As he later recorded in his confession: "I went up and put my pistol to head and immediately shot him".

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notorious for his vile blackguardism". In his retelling of the raid on Tibbs' farm, Bonwick wrote that the woman's husband was "struck senseless" by Jeffrey and "the trembling wife", holding her baby, was made to follow him. As she was walking too slow for his liking, "the demon turned round with awful curses, snatched the baby from her breast, and dashed its brains out against a tree"; he then seized "the frantic mother" and "drove her onward at the point of the knife to his own forest den". Later on, after "this wild beast was hunted down", the mother of the murdered infant was in the crowd as Jeffrey was brought into Launceston. Screaming out "My child! my child!", she "sprang upon the man in the midst of the soldiers, and would have torn him to pieces, if not violently removed".

646:, towards Mowbray Hill (about 5 miles (8 km) from Launceston). As they approached late in the morning, they encountered a young man named Samuel Russell engaged in felling trees. They bound his hands and took him towards the house, where he was ordered to call out his master. When Tibbs appeared, he was ordered to stand. Tibbs, his wife Elizabeth, their five-month-old son John, and one of Barnard's men (named Walker) were taken back into the bush by one of the bushrangers, while Jeffrey and his other companion selected articles from the house for plunder. The goods were put into a bag and knapsack and carried back into the bush by the other of Barnard's men and Tibbs' man, pushed along by the two bushrangers. When the two groups met up, they proceeded towards 658:"gunpowder and seven pistol balls", wounding him in the neck. Despite his wound, Tibbs attempted to run away. Perry ran after him and knocked him to the ground with his musket, but Tibbs' hands had become loose and he managed to regain his feet and escape. Despite his wound, Tibbs was able to reach Launceston where he raised the alarm, prompting an immediate response from the residents. When the first of the rescuers reached the scene, they found Isaac Beechy, severely wounded, but no sign of Elizabeth Tibbs and her infant. Despite medical attention, the stockkeeper eventually died from his wound on 9 January 1826. Jeffrey's only recorded response to the shooting of Beechy and Tibbs was: "had not the two men been so jolly they would not have been shot at". 734:

confession, he "challenged them to come out and the first man that handled his firelock I would blow his brains out". A corporal armed with a musket made an appearance and Jeffrey fired into the hut and wounded a soldier named Robert Stubbs. At this, all six occupants ran from the hut, leaving their knapsacks and firearms. The bushrangers took two of the muskets and broke up the rest, as well as tea, sugar, flour, and meat and walked for about a mile into the bush to camp for the night. Taking advantage of it being a moonlit night and conscious that search parties would be about the next day, Perry took their only pot and went in search of water. In doing so, however, he became lost and was unable to find his way back to the campsite.

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watch-house keeper that Jeffrey, "a Prisoner and overseer of the Gaol Gang", had been trying to break through the wall with a pick-axe. Lawson went inside and ordered Jeffrey to a cell. Jeffrey was abusive, appeared to be intoxicated, and refused to obey. Lawson then left to seek assistance. He returned with three constables and ordered them to put Jeffrey in irons. The convict overseer then drew a knife, made several thrusts at Lawson and told them "he would stab the first man that should attempt to put him in irons". Lawson succeeded in knocking the knife from Jeffrey's grasp, and he was restrained and placed in a cell. Jeffrey was later transferred to the George Town Gaol and sentenced to twelve months in the

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the leader of the group, he was at least complicit in the murder of the infant John Tibbs, and it was he who initiated the taking of the child from his mother's arms. It was either he or Russell who committed the horrendous act of killing the infant, but both men were certainly culpable. It was Russell who had set in motion the series of killings by murdering Sutherland's unnamed employee on Christmas Day and, a week later, mortally wounding Isaac Beechy. Despite his crimes, very little opprobrium has been attached to Russell, probably because he himself ended up as a victim, shot in the forehead by Perry, his body butchered and his flesh consumed to sustain his former companions.

758:, and the holder of a nearby estate named Cox. An aboriginal boy with the group ("belonging to Mr. Cox") observed a man furtively approaching, and exclaimed "There is Jeffries!" Thus alerted, the twelve men remained concealed until the bushranger was "within reach of a musket ball", at which point "one of Mr. Davies's men and one of Mr. Wedge's party rushed out". Jeffrey immediately took cover behind a tree. As the other men emerged from the hut, he asked if "any quarter" would be given; he was answered in the affirmative by Mr. Wedge's man (a convict named William Parsons), who had him covered with his firearm. Jeffrey threw down his arms (a musket and a pistol) and was captured. 721:

later account): "if you like the first man that falls asleep shall be shot, and become food for the other two". Two days later, as they were ascending "a rocky and scrubby high hill", they stopped to rest. Edward Russell fell asleep and Perry, sitting close to him, took a loaded pistol from his knapsack and shot Russell in the forehead and "he expired without a groan". Perry took his knife and cut flesh from Russell's thighs. They made a fire and broiled some of the flesh and ate it, before moving on. A newspaper report after Jeffrey's capture, claiming to be based on his verbal confession, included a differing version of the events preceding Russell's murder. The account in the

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the Commandant of Launceston Gaol "thinks that by a very severe mode of flogging, he will repress all disorders". To this end, he had engaged "a very strong man" as flagellator. The correspondent claimed to have personally witnessed two men recently flogged, "who were cut round into the throat, under the armpits, and on the belly and ribs of the right side". Most, it was claimed, were being punished for "trifling crimes, such as being too late for muster, or absent from work". The writer added: "I am afraid this mode will drive many into the bush; for I have heard some declare that sooner than receive one hundred lashes they would do something to get hanged!".

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it" about six yards (5 m) from the fire and "he obliged Mrs. Tibbs to lay... with him". By his later deposition, Samuel Russell "heard no conversation pass between" Jeffrey and Russell's mistress, though he did hear her crying and "fretting once during the night". At daybreak they had some breakfast and Jeffrey told Walker and Mrs. Tibbs they were to be released. He went with them to the top of a nearby hill and pointed out the direction they were to go. The remaining group continued to travel north for three hours, after which Jeffrey permitted Franklin to leave. With only one captive remaining (Samuel Russell), the group pressed on.

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Russell confronted Beechy and ordered him to stand; he resisted at first but was eventually made to join the growing band of captives. After the group had travelled a further 2 miles (3 km), it was decided to separate the captives. Perry and Russell took charge of Tibbs his wife, and his child, as well as Beechy and one of Barnard's men. Before the groups separated, both Tibbs' and Beechy's hands were tied due to indications of growing resistance from both men. Jeffrey took charge of the more compliant group, made up of Franklin the bullock driver, one of Barnard's men, and Tibbs' man and went ahead of the other group.

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Leith's servants form a distance. Upon drawing closer, Perry realised he had been seen and ran off. Two of Leith's assigned servants, John Spong and Francis Barret, set off in pursuit. With the help of "two little dogs", they followed the bushranger's tracks and at last came upon him, standing with his musket levelled at them. Spong also raised his gun and ordered Perry "to throw down his arms... or he might expect no quarter". With this the bushranger dropped his weapon; he was secured and taken to the homestead. Later that day, Perry was taken to Launceston where Jeffrey and Hopkins were being held.

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is that Mrs. Sharman had been confined to the watch-house and Mrs. Jessop visited her there, bringing bedding and food. Sharman described Jessop as being "very tipsey" and abusive towards Jeffrey, the watch-house keeper. Jeffrey then confined Mrs. Jessop to the same cell as Mrs. Sharman, for the reason of her "using ill language towards him". Later in the night Jeffrey entered the cell in an undressed state and attempted sexual contact with Mrs. Jessop, though by both women's accounts he was rebuffed. He allowed Jessop to leave the following morning.

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Elizabeth Tibbs. When Mrs. Tibbs came into the Court "and her eye glanced on the insatiate murderers of her babe, she was so affected as to be unable to stand". She gave evidence describing how the child was taken from her arms and killed by Jeffrey and Russell. Afterwards, when she asked Jeffrey to point out the place where she might find her child's body, he said, "it was no odds it had not suffered a moment's pain in leaving the world". Jeffrey was found guilty of murder and Perry was convicted of "being present aiding & abetting".

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separating from them after the robbery of Joseph Railton's dwelling at Spring Plains (only days after they had absconded). The following day, when Hopkins was being escorted through the streets of Launceston, Mrs. Feutril, mother of Elizabeth Tibbs and grandmother of the murdered infant, mistook one of the constables guarding the prisoner for Jeffrey, "and rushing from her house in a paroxysm of rage, stabbed him with a fork". Fortunately for both parties, the wound was slight.

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after which he said to Mrs. Tibbs, "Can you go faster now?" Mr. Tibbs then rushed at Jeffrey, who shot him and walked away, leaving "the poor woman" with her dead child and dying husband. These and other inaccurate versions of Jeffrey's crimes became the template for sensationalised articles published in newspapers. One example is a feature article entitled 'Cannibals Who Were "Christians": Devils in Human Guise Preyed on Friends' by J. H. M. Abbott, published in the

453: inches (176 cm) tall, having brown hair and brown eyes, with tattoos of a "castle, hearts, and darts, flower pots, and several other marks" on his left arm. In common with others on the list, a reward of two pounds was offered for his apprehension. It is likely that Jeffrey was recaptured soon afterwards, with his conduct record noting that he received a punishment of fifty lashes and hard labour in the gaol work-gang. 717:

settled districts, they had lived on slaughtered livestock and provisions stolen from settlers and stock-keepers. However, the landscape they were now travelling through between Launceston and George Town was relatively unsettled, and the few farms in the district were likely bases for the search parties hunting them, forcing them to keep to the wild bush and scrub country to evade their pursuers.

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night and that a number of parties were out searching for them. The bushrangers took the man to show them where to ford the river. After crossing the Isis, they raided "Young's residence", occupied by an old man named McShann. They gathered supplies and forced their two captors to accompany them as they escaped into the bush, releasing them unharmed the next day.

389:, where they survived by opportunistic stealing. After his companions gave themselves up, Jeffrey joined with a large group of escaped convicts in The Cowpastures district but was betrayed, apprehended, and taken to Parramatta Gaol where he was put in irons. Eventually, Jeffrey was taken before the magistrate 579:(13 miles south of Launceston). At a hut on the farm, they took a "fowling piece" (shotgun) and provisions, forcing the two occupants to walk with them into the bush before releasing them. On 14 December, "Jeffries, the flogger, and his gang" robbed a stock-hut near land on the South Esk River belonging to 887:

detected evidence of Jeffrey's depravity in his face, stating: "Jeffries is a monster in countenance as in heart, but Brady and his associates have nothing ferocious in their aspect, nor any thing that would lead us to apprehend the dreadful acts they have perpetrated". After Jeffrey was sentenced to

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referred to "the monster Jeffries" as "this diabolical villain". After he was apprehended, the colonial newspapers celebrated "the providential capture of this worst of monsters in human shape". As Jeffrey was being marched in manacles from the docks to Hobart Gaol along with Perry, Brady and members

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After freeing the last of their captives from the raid on Tibbs' farm, the three fugitives followed the Tamar River, heading in a north-westerly direction towards George Town near the mouth of the Tamar. One morning, arriving at the Pilot's-house near George Town, the bushrangers captured Parish (the

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hut on the South Esk River). As Jeffrey neared the door of the dwelling, two men appeared holding muskets but dropped them at the bushranger's command. Another two men were found inside, one of them injured in bed. After gathering supplies from the hut, they forced the three men able to walk to carry

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On the night of Sunday 11 December 1825, Jeffrey absconded from lawful custody into the bush in company with three other convicts: John Perry, James Hopkins, and Edward Russell. Jeffrey's companions were said to have been amongst those in custody, and "it was agreed amongst them, that they should all

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Jeffrey's conduct record states that he was reprimanded on 24 May 1825 for "neglect of duty". On 3 August, he was fined ten shillings for being drunk and disorderly. By this stage, Jeffrey was referred to as the watch-house keeper as well as flagellator. In the confession made prior to his execution,

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Over a span of forty days, Jeffrey and his gang of convict absconders were responsible for five murders characterised by extreme violence. However, if all the depositions and confessions were accurate, Jeffrey himself unquestionably murdered only one of the victims, Constable Bakie on 11 January. As

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in August 1823; he had previously absconded from a "Public Works" gang at George Town on 4 February 1825; he "violently assaulted" Thomas Banks in July 1825 and was ordered to work in the Gaol work-gang for two months; on 20 November 1825 he absconded from George Town for which he received 50 lashes

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The death warrant was issued on 2 May, ordering the execution of Jeffrey, Perry, Brady, Bryant, and a murderer named John Thompson on Thursday 4 May 1826. At 8 o'clock on the morning of the execution, the Sheriff brought the condemned men into the gaol lodge to undergo preparations. Jeffrey was the

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On Saturday 22 April 1826, Jeffrey, Perry, and Hopkins were tried and found guilty of stealing the gun, thirty pounds of mutton, and six pounds of salt from the dwelling of Joseph Railton. On the same day, Jeffrey and Perry were tried for the murder of John Tibbs, the five month-old son of John and

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Matthew Brady was captured on 11 March 1826 near Watery Plains, about 15 miles from Launceston, after being wounded in the leg. Two of Brady's gang members, James Goodwin and Patrick Bryant, were also captured. Brady and his companions were taken to Launceston Gaol where Jeffrey, Perry, and Hopkins

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Jeffrey and Perry remained overnight at the shepherd's hut. The following morning they reached another hut. They had approached to within twenty yards (18 m) before they realised it was occupied by a stockman and a search party of two soldiers and three volunteers. According to Jeffrey's later

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On 19 January, the two fugitives arrived at an unoccupied shepherd's hut on Miller's run (probably south-east of Launceston). After feeding on the provisions found there, they went in search of the shepherd. When he was found, they slaughtered two sheep and returned to the hut where they cut up the

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describes how with Jeffrey and his companions "being rather pressed for food, lots were cast which of his two companions should die — it fell upon Russell — but as the man was armed, he could not effect his purpose until the poor wretch fell asleep from fatigue — when he was murdered, and his flesh

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After about three days of travelling through the bush they had consumed the food they were carrying. After several more days, Jeffrey shot a cockatoo, their only sustenance for the following three or four days. At that point, "much exhausted for want of food", Jeffrey said to the others (by Perry's

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newspaper described Mrs. Tibbs as being "in a state of distraction" after "the dæmons" had "murdered her infant". The report added, "We cannot relate the rest", with the implication she had probably been sexually assaulted. Mrs. Tibbs reported that the bushranger Jeffrey was referring to himself as

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A man named Pyle, in pursuit of the gang with three others, met with Mrs. Tibbs as she emerged from the bush on 1 January after her ordeal. Pyle had known Elizabeth Tibbs since she was a child and found it "almost impossible to describe the wretched and miserable state of the poor woman". Her light

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The three bushrangers and their captives kept moving through the bush until dark, when they stopped and made a fire. Jeffrey made some tea and offered it to Mrs. Tibbs and Samuel Russell. Jeffrey ordered the other bushrangers to keep watch. He then made a bed "with a Blanket and a kangaroo rug over

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When Perry and Russell and their remaining captives (including Mrs. Tibbs and her child) caught up with Jeffrey and the other captives, the group kept moving in a northerly direction, the bushrangers anxious to avoid the parties that would be searching for them. After a while Jeffrey took the child

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On 25 August, Jeffrey was fined half his salary for "falsely imprisoning & assaulting" Mrs. Elizabeth Jessop, a free woman. The incident, which began on the evening of 20 August, was the subject of differing accounts by Jessop herself and another woman, Mrs. Ann Sharman. Common to both accounts

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was published in 1899. In Boxall's version of history, 'Jefferies', Hopkins and Russell escape from Macquarie Harbour (Perry is not mentioned in his narration). In Boxall's account of the killing of the Tibbs' infant, both parents are present when Jeffrey "dashed its brains out against a sapling",

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at Hobart Gaol. James Hopkins, who had also been sentenced to death on 29 April, received a reprieve and his sentence was commuted to transportation for life. An important factor in granting the reprieve was probably the fact that Hopkins had separated from his fellow absconders before the murders

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The larger group of captives had gone only about another quarter of a mile (400 m) when Russell lost his patience; he "ordered Tibbs and the Stockkeeper to say their Prayers" after which Russell shot Beechy with his pistol. Perry then fired at Tibbs with a musket he had previously loaded with

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The murder and its implications imbued the bushrangers' actions with a renewed sense of urgency. In a hut about 800 yards (730 m) from Sutherland's house, they found a man asleep. After they woke him, he told them that seven of Sutherland's men had lay in wait for them in the hut the previous

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By April 1825, Jeffrey was transferred further up the Tamar Valley to Launceston, where he was assigned as flagellator at the Launceston Gaol. Jeffrey very soon became known as a vicious flogger of men who "appeared to delight in the torture which he inflicted". In April 1825, it was reported that

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In 1814, Jeffrey returned to Bristol where he began to exhibit sociopathic behaviour, stealing from his father and other relatives before returning to London. There, he stole from an uncle and Captain Dower, a relative of his mother's, before leaving London and moving from one place to another. He

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in December 1825 and were subsequently responsible for five murders characterised by extreme violence, including the killing of a five-month-old infant. Another victim was a member of the gang, killed while he slept and his flesh consumed by his companions. Jeffrey was captured in January 1826; he

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While Jeffrey was incarcerated in the Launceston Gaol awaiting transfer to Hobart for trial, it was reported that he was "writing the History of his own Life, in which he describes crimes of as deep a dye, perpetrated by him in England and Scotland, as even those committed by him in this Island".

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After Perry had become separated from Jeffrey, he kept on the move, robbing from huts as the opportunities allowed. At one of the huts he was able to procure a musket. Early on the morning of 31 January, Perry arrived at Leith's farm near Launceston. As he approached, he was sighted by several of

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Just as Jeffrey and Perry became separated, one of the original group of absconders, James Hopkins, was captured. On 21 January, a soldier named McQuin came upon Hopkins, asleep and unarmed; he was captured and taken into custody. Hopkins had been apart from his fellow escapees for a month, after

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On 5 January, the colonial authorities approved the offer of a reward for information leading to the apprehension and conviction of the escaped convict "Thomas Jeffries" and his two (unnamed) accomplices, charged with "diverse Robberies, and with firing at and wounding John Tibbs". Rewards of two

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In the early hours of 5 April, the gaoler, John Bisbee, whose bedroom adjoined the cell where Jeffrey and the others were confined, heard "a sort of scratching, which excited his suspicion". Upon investigation, Bisbee found that the prisoners had scraped out the mortar between some of the bricks

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After Bakie's murder, the three fugitives walked on for another couple of miles (about 3 km) and stopped to eat, then sent the mailman away. Jeffrey and his two companions were compelled to keep moving, with armed parties searching for them in the outlying areas north of Launceston. In the

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in the distance. The following morning, 11 January 1836, they heard the cooee calls again and Bruce was sent to fetch the man, "no doubt with grim warnings not to alert the stranger about who was waiting for him". When he joined them, the man was found to be Constable Magnus Bakie (or Baker) of

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was published, an account of the convict system of Van Diemen's Land and the life and crimes of a selection of the bushrangers from the early years of the colony. The book included a short chapter on Jeffrey entitled 'Jeffries, the Monster'. In Bonwick's version of history, Jeffrey "was always

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After a while, they came upon a man named William Franklin driving Barnard's cart and bullocks. Jeffrey bailed him up and ordered him to join the other captives. During this encounter, a stockkeeper named Isaac Beechy appeared from a neighbouring property owned by a Mr. Basham. Either Perry or

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It is possible that Jeffrey and his companions made contact with Brady's gang of bushrangers soon afterwards but their offer to join with Brady's gang was refused. Later on, in early January 1826, Brady's group robbed a settler named Haywood in the vicinity of Hobart. During the robbery, the

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later observed: "The treatment of many women who had been placed under his charge in the watch-house, is monstrous beyond description". In the same article it was asserted that Jeffrey had boasted "of the favour he received" from Peter Mulgrave, the Launceston Police Magistrate, claiming the

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On the evening of 13 June 1824, Chief Constable George Lawson visited the George Town watch-house and found one of the prisoners absent. He went to the nearby Ship Inn where he found the prisoner, Joseph Smith, and returned him to the watch-house. When he returned, Lawson was informed by the

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On the night of 25 April, Brady, who was still sharing a cell with Jeffrey, told James Dodding, one of the turnkeys at the gaol, that if Jeffrey was not taken from the cell "he would be found in the morning without his head". As a result of this warning, Jeffrey was removed to another cell.

803:, arriving at their destination on 27 March 1826. Hopkins was probably also aboard. At Hobart, a large crowd had gathered to watch as the manacled prisoners were disembarked and marched to the gaol on the corner of Macquarie and Murray streets, where they were all placed in a cell together. 699:

pilot), a sailor, and a soldier who had been stationed there as a signal-man. After robbing the buildings of supplies, including the soldier's musket, they headed east with their captives. Later that morning, they released Parish and the sailor, and the following morning freed the soldier.

682:"Captain", and was dressed in a long black overcoat, a red waistcoat, and a kangaroo-skin cap. The body of Mrs. Tibbs young son was located on Saturday, 7 January. The baby's remains had been partly eaten by animals, with one arm and both legs having been devoured. 270:, they accosted an old farmer who refused to hand over his money. One of Jeffrey's accomplices shot him dead and they left his body in a ditch, stealing £69 from their victim. The four men drank and gambled until they were apprehended near 571:, 8 miles (13 km) south of Launceston. Jeffrey bailed up two men in the hut and took a musket, gunpowder, some flour, and a knapsack. Two days later, the escaped convicts arrived at a farm belonging to Captain Andrew Barclay on the 807:

using a broken spoon and two knives with the intention of making a hole in the wall. Two nights later, the prisoners made another attempt to escape, after which the gaol authorities had them chained to an iron ring bolted to the floor.

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death there was a distinct change in tone towards the murderer, with contemporary press reports more likely to refer to indications of his repentance, and alluding to him as one of the group of "unhappy men" that were to be executed.

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On the morning of 31 December 1825, Jeffrey, Perry, and Russell approached two men splitting wood near the hut of a settler named George Barnard that was situated on the Tamar River (in the vicinity of the modern Launceston suburb of

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After keeping on the move for about three days, the three fugitives met up with William Bruce, a mailman. They took him into the bush to camp for the night and examine the letters he was carrying. That evening they heard a man

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area (a crime for which Jeffrey, Perry, and Hopkins were later convicted). After the raid on Railton's place, James Hopkins separated from his companions. Later Jeffrey, Perry, and Russell approached "Bateman's hut" (possibly

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and his gang of bushrangers were at the time notorious in Van Diemen's Land, having been at large and active throughout the island for eighteen months after escaping from the penal station at Macquarie Harbour in a whaleboat.

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However, Jeffrey was never transferred to Macquarie Harbour; instead, he was put to work in a "Public Works" gang at George Town. On 1 February 1825, he absconded from the work-gang. Jeffrey's details were published in the

550: inches (159 cm) tall, with brown hair and grey eyes; he worked as a stocking weaver and was tried for burglary at the Gloucester Assizes in April 1821, sentenced to life; arrived in Van Diemen's Land aboard the 373:

and made their way south to the Sydney region. During their journey through the bush, two of the escaped convicts were murdered and eaten by the others. The five remaining absconders were apprehended when they reached

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After his release, Jeffrey returned to his home town where his sister gave him £5 on the condition he leave Bristol. He returned to the East Midlands where he and three accomplices broke into and stole from a house in

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reported that when Jeffrey returned, Elizabeth Tibbs frantically asked after her child and the bushranger told her "he had dashed its brains out, and that the little innocent had smiled upon him in the bloody act".

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sentenced Jeffrey, Perry, and Hopkins to death, along with nine others (including Brady, Bryant, Goodwin, and five others of Brady's gang). Jeffrey "appeared much agitated" after the sentence was passed.

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against the monster". The crowd gathered around the cart conveying Jeffrey to the gaol and "it was with the greatest difficulty imaginable the people were prevented from tearing him to pieces".

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Afterwards, Brady voluntarily gave up two knives which he had "concealed about his person". It was reported that Jeffrey "has at last taken to the Bible". He had sent for the Anglican minister

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When details became known of the probable sexual assault of Mrs. Tibbs and the killing of her child, contemporary newspaper reports began describing Jeffrey as a 'monster'. On 7 January, the

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Jeffrey was brought into Launceston at about seven o'clock on the evening of his capture. A large crowd had gathered – "men, women, and children, free and prisoners, joined in their personal

754:. The men were inside the hut preparing breakfast. The parties were made up of men representing district landholders: Davies (on whose land the hut was situated), the surveyor and landholder 690:

were offered for information bringing about the apprehension of each of the offenders. A free pardon was offered for relevant information given by a convict "under the Sentence of the Law".

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Jeffrey laments the responsibilities given to him after his relocation to Launceston "where drink was the total ruin of me I was made watch house keeper a situation unfit for a drunkard".

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On 27 April, Jeffrey and Perry were tried for the murder of Magnus Bakie, for which Jeffrey was found guilty. Perry was found "Guilty on the 2nd Count and Not Guilty on the other".

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At about this time, the fugitives stole a musket, 30 pounds (14 kg) of mutton, and 6 pounds (2.7 kg) of salt from the dwelling of Joseph Railton at Spring Plains in the

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Edward Russell was tried for burglary in county Surrey and sentenced to transportation for life; he was a recent arrival in the colony, arriving in Van Diemen's Land aboard the

2439: 2260: 3532: 642:). The bushrangers took the two splitters captive but decided not to rob Barnard's hut. Instead, they went towards the house of John Tibbs, who had a grant of land at 210:, Australia). In contemporary newspaper reports of his crimes, he was frequently described as a 'monster'. Jeffrey and three other convicts absconded from custody in 854:

and other heinous crimes had begun to be committed by his three companions. In December 1826, Hopkins and twelve other prisoners were transported aboard the ship

677:

gauze dress had been "torn into shreds by the scrub, and her legs were entirely exposed, with blood oozing from them". The report of the series of events in the

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On the morning of Sunday 22 January 1826, three separate parties in search of Jeffrey and his companions had met up at "Mr. Davies's hut" on the bank of the

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animals. They still had a quantity of Russell's flesh in a knapsack which, as Jeffrey later claimed, they "cut into steaks, and fried up with the mutton".

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On 20 October 1825, Jeffrey was fined 20 shillings from his salary for having taken "a female prisoner out of the watch house". A correspondent to the

928: 1193:

Cox, page 68; quoting from Jeffrey's written confession; also Perry's post-capture confession (National Library of Australia, MS3251, Box 2 Vol. 2).

2094:, Melbourne: George Robertson, Great Collins Street, pages 90–92; see also: references to Jeffrey in the chapter on Matthew Brady, pages 80–81, 86. 3013: 361:, for which he was sentenced to 100 lashes and two years in the Newcastle coalmines. Jeffrey and six others subsequently absconded from a convict 3502: 799: 133:(murders committed by Jeffrey, Russell and Perry) "Sutherland's man"; Isaac Beechy; John Tibbs (infant); Constable Magnus Bakie; Edward Russell 3301: 2524: 2449: 2424: 2165: 1394: 903:

Bonwick's portrayal was the forerunner for other fanciful accounts of Jeffrey's crimes. Another early chronicler of Australian bushrangers,

3537: 3117: 2414: 1159:

Deposition of Elizabeth Jessop, National Library of Australia, MS3251, Box 2 Vol. 1 (1822–1825), pages 203–204; quoted in Cox, pages 65–66.

1582:

Deposition of Samuel Russell, National Library of Australia, MS3251, Box 2 Vol. 1 (1822–1825), pages 230–237; quoted in Cox, pages 71–72.

797:

Jeffrey and Perry, along with Brady and his captured gang-members, were transported from Launceston to Hobart aboard the Government brig

3021: 2429: 2409: 326: 2362: 1381: 1168:

Deposition of Ann Sharman, National Library of Australia, MS3251, Box 2 Vol. 1 (1822–1825), pages 205–206; quoted in Cox, pages 66–67.

1594:

Deposition of John Perry, National Library of Australia, MS3251, Box 2 Vol. 1 (1822–1825), pages 213–220; quoted in Cox, pages 73–74.

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where he enlisted in the Army as a drummer. After two years and nine months, he deserted again and returned to sea on the frigate

3507: 2352: 2200: 382: 3517: 3093: 2997: 2265: 613:

On about 16 December, the four bushrangers arrived on James Sutherland's 'Rothbury' run, described as a "grazing farm", on the

439:, alongside a long list of other runaway convicts. The description given of Jeffrey was of a 35-year-old, standing 5 feet 426: 3358: 3261: 3237: 3149: 2475: 2419: 2357: 1386: 907:, simply paraphrased Bonwick's account of Jeffrey's crimes when he first wrote about the bushranger in 1891. George Boxall's 286:. One of the men was apprehended a few days later, giving information against the others that led to their arrest at nearby 3492: 3157: 3069: 2671: 2337: 390: 3029: 3452: 3342: 2889: 2707: 2434: 2388: 2342: 2240: 3527: 3277: 3005: 2692: 2193: 386: 393:

to whom he provided information that led to the apprehension of his erstwhile companions (who were later sent to the

258:

joined three men armed with pistols and began robbing farmers as they returned from market. On one occasion, between

1076:

Statement by George Lawson, National Library of Australia, MS3251 Vol. 2 Box 1, pages 27–29; quoted in Cox, page 64.

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The following morning, six members of Brady's gang of bushrangers were also hanged, making full use of the six-man

816: 370: 263: 2722: 3061: 2833: 2783: 2687: 2656: 2620: 2604: 2563: 2517: 2491: 2383: 647: 321: 3173: 3165: 913: 330:

with 161 other convicts. In consideration of his previous experience at sea, during the voyage Jeffrey had his

842:

When the bodies of Jeffrey and Brady were taken down from the gallows, Dr. Scott, the Colonial Surgeon, took

605:

the goods 9 miles (14 km) to the foot of the surrounding mountains where they were given their freedom.

246:. After four years and seven months, he deserted from the Navy, claiming "cruel usage". Jeffrey then went to 3285: 3053: 2979: 2813: 2768: 2712: 2697: 2393: 2332: 622: 50: 3293: 2879: 2853: 2763: 2286: 2143:(Sydney), 6 January 1935, page 19; one of a series of articles called 'Bushrangers – Noted and Notorious'. 904: 3542: 3385: 3269: 3245: 3197: 3077: 2972: 2915: 2803: 2788: 2465: 952:

Cox, page 60; citing details from Jeffrey's written confession, made prior to his execution in May 1826.

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Home Office: Convict Prison Hulks: Registers and Letter Books; Class: HO9; Piece: 7 (per Ancestry.com).

785: 3497: 3487: 3444: 3221: 3205: 2738: 2630: 2510: 580: 552: 398: 357:

on Port Jackson. One night, he was apprehended by the police for stealing oranges from an orchard on

211: 203: 3409: 2848: 639: 592:

bushrangers informed Haywood that Jeffrey "had tendered them his services, and had been rejected".

435: 354: 3436: 3393: 3326: 2635: 2306: 2216: 751: 596: 271: 242: 3181: 236:, the son of a butcher. He received seven years of schooling, after which he served aboard the 219:

and convicted of various of his crimes. Jeffrey was executed by hanging at Hobart in May 1826.

3334: 3319: 3109: 2965: 2899: 2661: 2347: 2291: 2281: 2235: 2161: 1408: 1400: 1390: 1324: 990: 755: 643: 556:

in December 1821; previously absconded from a "Public Works" gang at Launceston in March 1825.

199: 31: 1286: 3428: 3401: 2894: 2818: 2599: 2124: 2017: 2001: 1938: 1910: 1815: 1790: 1358: 878:

referred to him as "that monster in human shape, the murderer Jeffries". On 20 January, the

618: 358: 350: 308: 259: 233: 92: 71: 1311: 1273: 1235: 3377: 3125: 2936: 2748: 2625: 2316: 1966: 1954: 1926: 1451: 1248: 1028: 747: 576: 572: 533: 512: inches (166 cm) tall, with brown hair and dark grey eyes; he was employed as a 385:" but absconded after only three weeks with three other prisoners. They made their way to 1854:(Hobart), 31 March 1826, page 2; Hopkins was not named as one of those aboard the vessel. 490:

Each of Jeffrey's three companions had also been sentenced to transportation for life:

3253: 3141: 2941: 2931: 2773: 2702: 2136: 1649: 1118: 859: 664: 394: 2103: 290:. At the time of his arrest in 1817, Jeffrey's occupation was recorded as painter and 3481: 2828: 2758: 2743: 2666: 2579: 2074: 2049: 2033: 1985: 1894: 1866: 1847: 1831: 1765: 1684: 1668: 1610: 1559: 1524: 1493: 1432: 1376: 1314:, Convict conduct record No. 424 (CON31-1-34, Image 368), State Archives of Tasmania. 1276:, Convict conduct record No. 368 (CON31-1-18, Image 127), State Archives of Tasmania. 1238:, Convict conduct record No. 301 (CON31-1-34, Image 109), State Archives of Tasmania. 1207: 1177: 1134: 1102: 892: 584: 397:

penal settlement). Macarthur decided to send Jeffrey, the intractable absconder, to

267: 118: 1031:, Convict conduct record No. 210 (CON31-1-23, Image 94), State Archives of Tasmania. 567:

In need of supplies, the four absconders stopped at the hut of a man named Smith at

3350: 3213: 2808: 2717: 2584: 687: 526: 366: 339: 317: 417:. By August 1822, Jeffrey had been assigned as an overseer of a work-gang at the 2843: 2793: 2651: 2547: 2123:, London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co., page 40; a later edition can be found at 826: 790: 762: 601: 56: 17: 2874: 2798: 2533: 2470: 2158:

A Compulsion to Kill: The Surprising Story of Australia's First Serial Killers

513: 375: 283: 237: 195: 1404: 583:. As they left, "they stated their intention of joining Brady and his gang". 520:

in December 1822, sentenced to life; arrived in Van Diemen's Land aboard the

3460: 2884: 2869: 1650:

Colonial History: Bushranging in Tasmania: Perry and the "Monster Jefferies"

1412: 495: 362: 331: 287: 141: 103: 2156:

Robert Cox (2014), Chapter 3: 'The Monster: Thomas Jeffrey', pages 59–87,

532:

James Hopkins was about 20 years of age and a native of Chosedale, county

3133: 3045: 3038:

The Life and Adventures of John Vane, the Notorious Australian Bushranger

2594: 2296: 313: 207: 153: 2137:

Cannibals Who Were 'Christians': Devils in Human Guise Preyed on Friends

529:(not carried out due to him absconding from the Launceston watch-house). 2838: 850: 843: 295: 291: 2185: 1067:

Cox, pages 62–63; based on details from Jeffrey's written confession.

1049:

Cox, pages 61–62; based on details from Jeffrey's written confession.

961:

Cox, pages 60–61; based on details from Jeffrey's written confession.

517: 343: 247: 216: 413:, arriving on 1 January 1822 at Port Dalrymple at the mouth of the 306:

After a period in gaol, Jeffrey was transferred to the prison hulk

784: 704: 298:

on 29 July 1817, receiving a sentence of transportation for life.

2092:

The Bushrangers; Illustrating the Early Days of Van Diemen's Land

1058:

Cox, page 62; based on details from Jeffrey's written confession.

975:

Cox, page 61; based on details from Jeffrey's written confession.

353:. Later, he was assigned to work on the crew of a boat based at 275: 2506: 2189: 349:

Jeffrey was initially assigned to a settler named Brown on the

278:

for six months and finally released due to a lack of evidence.

2502: 2104:

Part IV. – The Story of the Bushrangers: Jeffries the Monster

409:

Jeffrey was transported to Van Diemen's Land aboard the brig

1349:

Cox, pages 68–69; quoting from Jeffrey's written confession.

1226:

Cox, pages 67–68; quoting from Jeffrey's written confession.

274:

on suspicion of murdering the farmer. They were detained in

1700:

Cox, pages 76–77; quoting from Perry's written confession.

1709:

Cox, page 77; quoting from Jeffrey's written confession.

1150:

Cox, page 63; quoting from Jeffrey's written confession.

478:

magistrate "would never believe any thing against him".

1727:

Cox, page 78; quoting from Perry's written confession.

1760:

William Parsons (transported to Australia aboard the

494:

John Perry was about 22 years of age and a native of

1139:

Hobart Town Gazette and Van Diemen's Land Advertiser

1107:

Hobart Town Gazette and Van Diemen's Land Advertiser

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Further Particulars of the Apprehension of Jeffries

159: 147: 137: 129: 124: 114: 99: 78: 64: 41: 2090:'Jeffries, the Monster' in James Bonwick (1956), 726:served the survivors for food for a few days". 320:. In September 1819, he was transported to the 429:for "threats to stab Chief Constable Lawson". 2518: 2201: 1664: 1662: 8: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1969:, 29 April 1826, State Archives of Tasmania. 1957:, 27 April 1826, State Archives of Tasmania. 1929:, 22 April 1826, State Archives of Tasmania. 1454:, 22 April 1826, State Archives of Tasmania. 3102:Captain Starlight, or Gentleman of the Road 1867:Scarcely were these three robbers lodged... 1590: 1588: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1572: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1483: 858:to "hard labour in the Penal Settlement of 789:Thomas Jeffrey and John Perry, sketched by 650:, keeping a distance from the public road. 2954: 2525: 2511: 2503: 2208: 2194: 2186: 1862: 1860: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1447: 1445: 1385:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, 1203: 1201: 1199: 1098: 1096: 1094: 334:removed so he could work as a seaman. The 294:. Jeffrey was convicted in the Nottingham 49: 38: 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 1539: 1537: 1024: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1016: 1014: 1012: 985: 983: 981: 929:List of convicts transported to Australia 232:Thomas Jeffrey was born in about 1791 in 1881: 1879: 1764:) received a free pardon in March 1826; 1747: 1745: 1735: 1733: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1222: 1220: 1084: 1082: 883:of Brady's gang, a correspondent to the 3533:People executed by Australia by hanging 3086:Bushranger's Ransom, or A Ride for Life 2182:, Woden, A.C.T.: Popinjay Publications. 2121:The Story of the Australian Bushrangers 2022:Colonial Times and Tasmanian Advertiser 2006:Colonial Times and Tasmanian Advertiser 1990:Colonial Times and Tasmanian Advertiser 1943:Colonial Times and Tasmanian Advertiser 1852:Colonial Times and Tasmanian Advertiser 1836:Colonial Times and Tasmanian Advertiser 1615:Colonial Times and Tasmanian Advertiser 1564:Colonial Times and Tasmanian Advertiser 1529:Colonial Times and Tasmanian Advertiser 1363:Colonial Times and Tasmanian Advertiser 1212:Colonial Times and Tasmanian Advertiser 1182:Colonial Times and Tasmanian Advertiser 971: 969: 967: 945: 909:The Story of the Australian Bushrangers 516:labourer and was tried for "felony" in 2160:, Carindale, Qld.: Glass House Books ( 2108:Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal 1656:(Melbourne), 29 November 1873, page 7. 1791:Apprehension of Perry, the Bushranger 1669:On Saturday, Jeffries the murderer... 7: 3118:Frank Gardiner, the King of the Road 3030:The Girl Who Joined the Bushrangers 819:"and has been crying like a baby". 30:For the American manufacturer, see 3523:Executed Australian serial killers 1617:(Hobart), 13 January 1826, page 4. 1531:(Hobart), 27 January 1826, page 3. 1382:Australian Dictionary of Biography 1214:(Hobart), 20 January 1826, page 3. 27:Australian bushranger and cannibal 25: 2703:Frank McCallum (Captain Melville) 1566:(Hobart), 6 January 1826, page 4. 934:List of serial killers by country 2353:Indigenous Australians and crime 1967:Court record: Sentences of Death 1911:The prisoners in Brady's cell... 3094:Captain Midnight, the Bush King 2998:Bushranging in North Queensland 2180:Thomas Jeffries, Tasmania, 1826 846:casts "of their countenances". 427:Macquarie Harbour Penal Station 3359:True History of the Kelly Gang 3302:True History of the Kelly Gang 2476:List of massacres in Australia 2008:(Hobart), 19 May 1826, page 3. 1387:Australian National University 365:at Limeburners Creek near the 1: 3503:Convict escapees in Australia 3158:The Shadow of Lightning Ridge 3070:A Tale of the Australian Bush 2050:The following 13 prisoners... 1992:(Hobart), 5 May 1826, page 3. 1986:The Late Bushrangers, &c. 1331:. State Library of Queensland 1293:. State Library of Queensland 1255:. State Library of Queensland 1119:Colonial History: Bushranging 997:. State Library of Queensland 3343:Three Years with Thunderbolt 3017:(by Charles MacMahon) (1907) 2779:Frank Gardiner–Ben Hall gang 1895:The prisoners in the cell... 1377:"Brady, Matthew (1799–1826)" 55:Thomas Jeffrey, sketched by 3538:People executed by Tasmania 3006:The Story of the Kelly Gang 2056:, 23 December 1826, page 4. 1797:, 11 February 1826, page 3. 1365:, 23 December 1825, page 3. 1184:, 10 February 1826, page 4. 919:newspaper in January 1935. 381:Jeffrey was sent "over the 3559: 2110:, 15 October 1891, page 4. 1939:Brady, on Tuesday night... 1652:, by "S.H., Hobart Town", 1500:, 28 January 1826, page 2. 712:Cannibalism and separation 609:Murder on Sutherland's run 178:(surname also recorded as 29: 3062:Attack on the Gold Escort 2178:Stephan Williams (1998), 2119:George E. Boxall (1899), 2081:, 7 January 1826, page 2. 1766:Government Public Notices 1691:, 7 January 1826, page 2. 1494:Apprehension of Jefferies 1439:, 7 January 1826, page 2. 525:and was to be removed to 322:colony of New South Wales 169: 110: 48: 3174:When the Kellys Were Out 3166:The Gentleman Bushranger 3025:(by J and N Tait) (1907) 1945:, 28 April 1826, page 3. 1917:, 15 April 1826, page 3. 1838:, 17 March 1826, page 3. 1772:, 25 March 1826, page 1. 1675:, 29 April 1826, page 2. 1141:, 22 April 1825, page 2. 1109:, 15 April 1825, page 1. 694:Constable Bakie's murder 3508:Executed English people 3286:The Outlaw Michael Howe 2980:Jim Jones at Botany Bay 2713:St Kilda Road robberies 1901:, 8 April 1826, page 2. 1873:, 1 April 1826, page 2. 1125:, 18 June 1902, page 3. 633:The raid on Tibbs' farm 536:, standing 5 feet 498:, standing 5 feet 3518:English serial killers 3294:The Legend of Ben Hall 2224:States and territories 2139:, by J. H. M. Abbott, 2034:On Thursday morning... 2024:, 12 May 1826, page 3. 1433:On Saturday evening... 1359:On the 14th instant... 794: 693: 457:Transfer to Launceston 3078:Ben Hall and His Gang 2973:The Wild Colonial Boy 2916:John Francis Peggotty 2804:James Alpin McPherson 2485:Crime internationally 2466:Convicts in Australia 2363:Immigration and crime 2075:The reward offered... 2040:, 6 May 1826, page 2. 1832:Brady, the Bushranger 1375:L. L. Robson (1966). 866:Historical distortion 788: 3493:Australian cannibals 3222:The Glenrowan Affair 3206:When the Kellys Rode 2631:Dignum and Comerford 2106:, by Charles White, 1560:Murder at Launceston 404: 346:on 27 January 1820. 202:in the mid-1820s in 3230:Captain Thunderbolt 2849:Captain Thunderbolt 2723:John "Rocky" Whelan 2079:Hobart Town Gazette 2054:Hobart Town Gazette 2038:Hobart Town Gazette 1915:Hobart Town Gazette 1899:Hobart Town Gazette 1871:Hobart Town Gazette 1820:Hobart Town Gazette 1795:Hobart Town Gazette 1770:Hobart Town Gazette 1689:Hobart Town Gazette 1673:Hobart Town Gazette 1498:Hobart Town Gazette 1437:Hobart Town Gazette 1135:Port Dalrymple News 1121:, by 'The Bucket', 885:Hobart Town Gazette 876:Hobart Town Gazette 632: 608: 436:Hobart Town Gazette 100:Cause of death 3528:People from Dorset 3437:Ballad for One Gun 3327:Robbery Under Arms 3262:Robbery Under Arms 3238:Robbery Under Arms 3150:Robbery Under Arms 3022:Robbery Under Arms 3014:Robbery Under Arms 2217:Crime in Australia 2002:Jeffries and Brady 1822:, 4 February 1826. 795: 563:in September 1825. 482:Escape to the bush 3513:English cannibals 3475: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3320:Jerilderie Letter 2966:Streets of Forbes 2900:Captain Starlight 2662:Lawrence Kavenagh 2500: 2499: 2358:Human trafficking 2348:Police misconduct 2166:978-1-9221-2094-6 2125:Project Gutenberg 1477:Cox, pages 69–70. 1396:978-0-522-84459-7 777:were being held. 405:Van Diemen's Land 399:Van Diemen's Land 204:Van Diemen's Land 173: 172: 32:Thomas B. Jeffery 16:(Redirected from 3550: 2955: 2895:Captain Moonlite 2672:William Westwood 2600:Alexander Pearce 2527: 2520: 2513: 2504: 2492:Crime by country 2338:Illicit drug use 2275:Cities and towns 2210: 2203: 2196: 2187: 2144: 2134: 2128: 2117: 2111: 2101: 2095: 2088: 2082: 2072: 2066: 2063: 2057: 2047: 2041: 2031: 2025: 2015: 2009: 1999: 1993: 1983: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1936: 1930: 1924: 1918: 1908: 1902: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1874: 1864: 1855: 1845: 1839: 1829: 1823: 1813: 1807: 1804: 1798: 1788: 1782: 1779: 1773: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1740: 1737: 1728: 1725: 1719: 1716: 1710: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1692: 1682: 1676: 1666: 1657: 1654:The Australasian 1647: 1641: 1638: 1632: 1629: 1618: 1608: 1595: 1592: 1583: 1580: 1567: 1557: 1544: 1541: 1532: 1522: 1501: 1491: 1478: 1475: 1469: 1466: 1455: 1449: 1440: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1372: 1366: 1356: 1350: 1347: 1341: 1340: 1338: 1336: 1325:"Edward Russell" 1321: 1315: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1300: 1298: 1283: 1277: 1271: 1265: 1264: 1262: 1260: 1245: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1224: 1215: 1205: 1194: 1191: 1185: 1175: 1169: 1166: 1160: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1142: 1132: 1126: 1123:Sydney Sportsman 1116: 1110: 1100: 1089: 1086: 1077: 1074: 1068: 1065: 1059: 1056: 1050: 1047: 1041: 1038: 1032: 1026: 1007: 1006: 1004: 1002: 991:"Thomas Jeffery" 987: 976: 973: 962: 959: 953: 950: 844:plaster of Paris 549: 548: 544: 541: 511: 510: 506: 503: 452: 451: 447: 444: 359:Parramatta River 351:Hawkesbury River 234:Bristol, England 198:, murderer, and 194:) was a convict 161:Date apprehended 150: 115:Criminal penalty 93:Hobart, Tasmania 88: 86: 72:Bristol, England 53: 39: 21: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3547: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3467: 3453:The Last Outlaw 3416: 3378:The Bushrangers 3365: 3308: 3278:The Proposition 3182:Trooper O'Brien 3126:The Lady Outlaw 2985: 2951:Popular culture 2946: 2937:Patrick Kenniff 2920: 2904: 2890:Johnny Campbell 2858: 2749:Clarke brothers 2727: 2708:George Melville 2676: 2640: 2626:Jack the Rammer 2609: 2568: 2552: 2536: 2531: 2501: 2496: 2480: 2454: 2450:Private prisons 2398: 2389:Law enforcement 2372:Law enforcement 2367: 2343:Organised crime 2321: 2270: 2219: 2214: 2175: 2173:Further reading 2148: 2147: 2135: 2131: 2118: 2114: 2102: 2098: 2089: 2085: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2048: 2044: 2032: 2028: 2016: 2012: 2000: 1996: 1984: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1953: 1949: 1937: 1933: 1925: 1921: 1909: 1905: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1877: 1865: 1858: 1846: 1842: 1830: 1826: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1743: 1738: 1731: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1713: 1708: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1683: 1679: 1667: 1660: 1648: 1644: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1621: 1609: 1598: 1593: 1586: 1581: 1570: 1558: 1547: 1542: 1535: 1525:Launceston News 1523: 1504: 1492: 1481: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1458: 1450: 1443: 1431: 1427: 1417: 1415: 1397: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1344: 1334: 1332: 1329:Convict Records 1323: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1306: 1296: 1294: 1291:Convict Records 1287:"James Hopkins" 1285: 1284: 1280: 1272: 1268: 1258: 1256: 1253:Convict Records 1247: 1246: 1242: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1218: 1206: 1197: 1192: 1188: 1178:Launceston News 1176: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1149: 1145: 1133: 1129: 1117: 1113: 1101: 1092: 1087: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1039: 1035: 1027: 1010: 1000: 998: 995:Convict Records 989: 988: 979: 974: 965: 960: 956: 951: 947: 942: 925: 897:The Bushrangers 868: 836: 817:William Bedford 783: 748:South Esk River 744: 714: 696: 648:Mount Direction 635: 611: 573:South Esk River 546: 542: 539: 537: 534:Gloucestershire 522:Commodore Hayes 508: 504: 501: 499: 484: 459: 449: 445: 442: 440: 407: 304: 230: 225: 165:22 January 1826 162: 148: 95: 90: 84: 82: 74: 69: 60: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Thomas Jeffries 15: 12: 11: 5: 3556: 3554: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3480: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3465: 3457: 3449: 3441: 3433: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3413:(1978 musical) 3406: 3398: 3390: 3386:The Kelly Gang 3382: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3363: 3355: 3347: 3339: 3331: 3323: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3306: 3298: 3290: 3282: 3274: 3266: 3258: 3254:Mad Dog Morgan 3250: 3242: 3234: 3226: 3218: 3210: 3202: 3194: 3190:The Bushranger 3186: 3178: 3170: 3162: 3154: 3146: 3142:The Kelly Gang 3138: 3130: 3122: 3114: 3106: 3098: 3090: 3082: 3074: 3066: 3058: 3050: 3042: 3034: 3026: 3018: 3010: 3002: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2976: 2969: 2961: 2959: 2952: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2944: 2942:Jessie Hickman 2939: 2934: 2932:Jimmy Governor 2928: 2926: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2918: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2903: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2866: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2774:Frank Gardiner 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2693:George Francis 2690: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2675: 2674: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2592: 2590:Thomas Jeffrey 2587: 2582: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2550: 2544: 2542: 2538: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2522: 2515: 2507: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2494: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2375: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2366: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2329: 2327: 2326:Crime dynamics 2323: 2322: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2278: 2276: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2205: 2198: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2174: 2171: 2170: 2169: 2153: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2129: 2112: 2096: 2083: 2067: 2058: 2042: 2026: 2010: 1994: 1971: 1959: 1947: 1931: 1919: 1903: 1887: 1875: 1856: 1840: 1824: 1808: 1799: 1783: 1774: 1753: 1741: 1729: 1720: 1711: 1702: 1693: 1677: 1658: 1642: 1633: 1619: 1596: 1584: 1568: 1545: 1533: 1502: 1479: 1470: 1456: 1441: 1425: 1395: 1367: 1351: 1342: 1316: 1304: 1278: 1266: 1240: 1228: 1216: 1195: 1186: 1170: 1161: 1152: 1143: 1127: 1111: 1103:Runaway Notice 1090: 1078: 1069: 1060: 1051: 1042: 1033: 1008: 977: 963: 954: 944: 943: 941: 938: 937: 936: 931: 924: 921: 880:Colonial Times 867: 864: 860:Norfolk Island 835: 832: 827:Justice Pedder 800:Prince Leopold 782: 779: 743: 740: 723:Colonial Times 713: 710: 695: 692: 679:Colonial Times 665:Colonial Times 634: 631: 610: 607: 565: 564: 557: 530: 483: 480: 475:Colonial Times 458: 455: 406: 403: 395:Port Macquarie 391:John Macarthur 383:Blue Mountains 303: 302:Transportation 300: 229: 226: 224: 221: 176:Thomas Jeffrey 171: 170: 167: 166: 163: 160: 157: 156: 151: 145: 144: 139: 135: 134: 131: 127: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 108: 107: 101: 97: 96: 91: 80: 76: 75: 70: 66: 62: 61: 59:in April 1826. 54: 46: 45: 43:Thomas Jeffrey 42: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3555: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3361: 3360: 3356: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3346:(1905 memoir) 3345: 3344: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3332: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3303: 3299: 3296: 3295: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3259: 3256: 3255: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3208: 3207: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3168: 3167: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3080: 3079: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3063: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3024: 3023: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3003: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2982:" (ca. 1820s) 2981: 2977: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2917: 2914: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2876: 2873: 2871: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2829:Frank Pearson 2827: 2825: 2824:George Palmer 2822: 2820: 2819:John O'Meally 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2759:Patrick Daley 2757: 2755: 2754:Larry Cummins 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2744:Mary Ann Bugg 2742: 2740: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2698:Henry Garrett 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2673: 2670: 2668: 2667:Daniel Priest 2665: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2598: 2596: 2593: 2591: 2588: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2580:Matthew Brady 2578: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2521: 2516: 2514: 2509: 2508: 2505: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2287:Alice Springs 2285: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2211: 2206: 2204: 2199: 2197: 2192: 2191: 2188: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2071: 2068: 2065:Cox, page 89. 2062: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1960: 1956: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1888: 1885:Cox, page 85. 1882: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1809: 1806:Cox, page 84. 1803: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1784: 1781:Cox, page 82. 1778: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1757: 1754: 1751:Cox, page 80. 1748: 1746: 1742: 1739:Cox, page 79. 1736: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1721: 1718:Cox, page 78. 1715: 1712: 1706: 1703: 1697: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1685:A Free Pardon 1681: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1643: 1640:Cox, page 74. 1637: 1634: 1631:Cox, page 73. 1628: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1543:Cox, page 70. 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1474: 1471: 1468:Cox, page 69. 1465: 1463: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1426: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1352: 1346: 1343: 1330: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1308: 1305: 1292: 1288: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1267: 1254: 1250: 1244: 1241: 1237: 1232: 1229: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1171: 1165: 1162: 1156: 1153: 1147: 1144: 1140: 1136: 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3052: 3044: 3036: 3028: 3020: 3012: 3004: 2996: 2975:" (ca. 1830) 2968:" (ca. 1865) 2834:John Peisley 2809:Moondyne Joe 2784:John Gilbert 2718:Owen Suffolk 2688:John Francis 2657:George Jones 2621:Edward Davis 2605:John Tennant 2589: 2585:Jack Donahue 2564:Michael Howe 2384:Criminal law 2179: 2157: 2140: 2132: 2120: 2115: 2107: 2099: 2091: 2086: 2078: 2070: 2061: 2053: 2045: 2037: 2029: 2021: 2018:Hopkins, ... 2013: 2005: 1997: 1989: 1962: 1955:Court record 1950: 1942: 1934: 1927:Court record 1922: 1914: 1906: 1898: 1890: 1870: 1851: 1843: 1835: 1827: 1819: 1811: 1802: 1794: 1786: 1777: 1769: 1761: 1756: 1723: 1714: 1705: 1696: 1688: 1680: 1672: 1653: 1645: 1636: 1614: 1563: 1528: 1497: 1473: 1452:Court record 1436: 1428: 1416:. Retrieved 1380: 1370: 1362: 1354: 1345: 1333:. Retrieved 1328: 1319: 1307: 1295:. Retrieved 1290: 1281: 1269: 1257:. Retrieved 1252: 1249:"John Perry" 1243: 1231: 1211: 1189: 1181: 1173: 1164: 1155: 1146: 1138: 1130: 1122: 1114: 1106: 1072: 1063: 1054: 1045: 1036: 999:. Retrieved 994: 957: 948: 915: 908: 902: 896: 890: 884: 879: 875: 873: 869: 855: 848: 841: 837: 824: 821: 813: 809: 805: 798: 796: 775: 771: 767: 760: 745: 736: 732: 728: 722: 719: 715: 701: 697: 684: 678: 675: 671: 663: 660: 656: 652: 636: 627: 612: 594: 590: 566: 560: 551: 527:Maria Island 521: 514:bricklayer's 489: 485: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 434: 431: 423: 410: 408: 380: 367:Karuah River 348: 340:Port Jackson 335: 325: 318:River Thames 312:, moored at 307: 305: 280: 264:Gainsborough 256: 251: 241: 231: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 174: 36: 3498:Bushrangers 3488:1826 deaths 3405:(1942 play) 3397:(1905 play) 3394:Thunderbolt 3389:(1899 play) 3381:(1834 play) 3054:Thunderbolt 2863:1870s–1880s 2844:Harry Power 2794:John Kerney 2652:Martin Cash 2636:Ribbon Gang 2548:John Caesar 2534:Bushrangers 2471:Bushrangers 1312:Russell Edw 1274:Hopkins Jas 791:Thomas Bock 763:execrations 569:The Springs 419:George Town 415:Tamar River 338:arrived at 324:aboard the 309:Retribution 57:Thomas Bock 3482:Categories 3421:Television 3313:Literature 3110:Dan Morgan 2958:Folk songs 2875:Steve Hart 2814:Dan Morgan 2799:Fred Lowry 2769:John Foley 2394:Punishment 2333:Corruption 1611:Launceston 1418:11 January 1335:10 January 1297:10 January 1259:10 January 1208:Launceston 940:References 756:John Wedge 615:Isis River 387:Emu Plains 376:Parramatta 355:Cockle Bay 284:Nottingham 228:Background 212:Launceston 196:bushranger 106:by hanging 89:4 May 1826 85:1826-05-04 3461:Wild Boys 3429:Ned Kelly 3410:Ned Kelly 3402:Ned Kelly 3335:Stingaree 3270:Ned Kelly 3246:Ned Kelly 3198:Stingaree 2885:Ned Kelly 2880:Dan Kelly 2870:Joe Byrne 2854:John Vane 2764:John Dunn 2307:Melbourne 1848:Ship News 1405:1833-7538 1236:Perry Jno 1001:5 January 891:In 1856, 834:Execution 644:The Swamp 640:Rocherlea 496:Battersea 371:Newcastle 369:north of 363:work-gang 288:Leicester 223:Biography 192:Jefferies 142:Australia 104:Execution 3445:Ben Hall 3134:Moondyne 3046:Moonlite 2789:Ben Hall 2595:Musquito 2297:Canberra 2292:Brisbane 2282:Adelaide 1413:70677943 923:See also 856:Woodford 793:in 1826. 752:Evandale 686:hundred 617:between 597:Evandale 553:Claudine 314:Woolwich 240:warship 208:Tasmania 200:cannibal 188:Jeffreys 184:Jeffries 154:Tasmania 149:State(s) 2839:Sam Poo 2739:Bluecap 2459:History 2403:Prisons 2151:Sources 914:Sydney 851:gallows 742:Capture 688:dollars 545:⁄ 507:⁄ 448:⁄ 316:on the 296:Assizes 292:glazier 266:in the 260:Lincoln 252:Leander 243:Achille 180:Jeffery 138:Country 130:Victims 125:Details 68:c. 1791 3464:(2011) 3456:(1980) 3448:(1975) 3440:(1963) 3432:(1959) 3322:(1879) 3305:(2019) 3297:(2016) 3289:(2013) 3281:(2005) 3273:(2003) 3265:(1985) 3257:(1976) 3249:(1970) 3241:(1957) 3233:(1953) 3225:(1951) 3217:(1939) 3209:(1934) 3201:(1934) 3193:(1928) 3185:(1928) 3177:(1922) 3169:(1921) 3161:(1920) 3153:(1920) 3145:(1920) 3137:(1913) 3129:(1911) 3121:(1911) 3113:(1911) 3105:(1911) 3097:(1911) 3089:(1911) 3081:(1911) 3073:(1911) 3065:(1911) 3057:(1910) 3049:(1910) 3041:(1910) 3033:(1909) 3009:(1906) 3001:(1904) 2379:Courts 2317:Sydney 2302:Darwin 2164: 1411: 1403: 1393: 619:Cressy 561:Medina 421:gaol. 411:Hawies 344:Sydney 248:London 217:Hobart 3370:Stage 2925:1900s 2909:1890s 2732:1860s 2681:1850s 2645:1840s 2614:1830s 2573:1820s 2557:1810s 2541:1700s 2312:Perth 2141:Truth 916:Truth 781:Court 750:near 705:cooee 577:Perth 575:near 332:irons 206:(now 119:Death 2990:Film 2162:ISBN 1762:Arab 1420:2022 1409:OCLC 1401:ISSN 1391:ISBN 1337:2022 1299:2022 1261:2022 1003:2022 621:and 276:gaol 272:Hull 262:and 79:Died 65:Born 2440:ACT 2435:Tas 2420:Qld 2415:Vic 2410:NSW 2261:ACT 2256:Tas 2241:Qld 2236:Vic 2231:NSW 895:'s 862:". 342:in 190:or 3484:: 2445:NT 2430:SA 2425:WA 2266:NT 2251:SA 2246:WA 2168:). 2077:, 2052:, 2036:, 2020:, 2004:, 1988:, 1974:^ 1941:, 1913:, 1897:, 1878:^ 1869:, 1859:^ 1850:, 1834:, 1818:, 1793:, 1768:, 1744:^ 1732:^ 1687:, 1671:, 1661:^ 1622:^ 1613:, 1599:^ 1587:^ 1571:^ 1562:, 1548:^ 1536:^ 1527:, 1505:^ 1496:, 1482:^ 1459:^ 1444:^ 1435:, 1407:. 1399:. 1389:. 1379:. 1361:, 1327:. 1289:. 1251:. 1219:^ 1210:, 1198:^ 1180:, 1137:, 1105:, 1093:^ 1081:^ 1011:^ 993:. 980:^ 966:^ 401:. 378:. 254:. 186:, 182:, 2978:" 2971:" 2964:" 2526:e 2519:t 2512:v 2209:e 2202:t 2195:v 2127:. 1422:. 1339:. 1301:. 1263:. 1005:. 547:2 543:1 540:+ 538:2 509:2 505:1 502:+ 500:5 450:4 446:1 443:+ 441:9 87:) 83:( 34:. 20:)

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