49:
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awarded him an LL.D "in recognition of his eminent ability and the remarkable services rendered to suffering humanity". In 1874, he addressed the legislature of the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, advocating for the expansion of state-sponsored clinical care for the insane. His efforts, and that of his
303:
In
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, during October 1844, Kirkbride helped found the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII). He held the position of secretary for seven years, treasurer, vice president for two years, and president for eight years between
348:
meetinghouse. He married Ann West Jenks (1812–1862) in 1839. Together, they had two children: Ann Jenks
Kirkbride, who was born in 1840, and Joseph John Kirkbride, who was born in 1842. After Ann died, he married Eliza Ogden Butler (1835–1919), one of his former patients. Together, they had four
455:
Kirkbride, T.S.; Ray, I.; Reed, J.A.; Worthington, J.H. (1874). To the Senate and House of
Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania : the undersigned, citizens of Pennsylvania, who are, or have been, actively engaged in the care of the insane.
230:
he is considered to be the father of the modern
American practice of psychiatry as a specific medical discipline. His directive and organization of institutions for the insane were the gold-standard of clinical care in psychiatry throughout the 19th century.
247:
family. He was the son of John
Kirkbride and Elizabeth Story, and resided on the family farm outside of Newtown, Pennsylvania along with his younger sister Rachel Story Kirkbride. He received his primary education at the Quaker school at
219:
2014:
884:"To the Senate and House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania : The undersigned, citizens of Pennsylvania, who are, or have been, actively engaged in the care of the insane, respectfully represent"
963:
327:
in 1878. Subsequent to this appeal, he was offered the position of superintendent of the male department of the new state hospital, which he declined, preferring to maintain his inpatient practice in
Philadelphia.
695:
300:
by the Board of
Managers of Pennsylvania Hospital. In January 1841, the first patients were admitted to the ward to offer relief to the site of Pennsylvania Hospital's South Philadelphia campus.
2004:
972:
1989:
949:
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in 1851, and national award rarely granted to physicians. Kirkbride was also the Vice
President of the Pennsylvania Institution for the Instruction of the Blind (now known as
272:
in August 1831, receiving a medical degree in March 1832. Following his academic coursework he was assigned as a medical resident at the Quaker Asylum at
Frankford (now
780:
462:
Kirkbride, T.S. (1881). Memoir of Isaac Ray, M.D., LL. D. : read before the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, July 6, 1881. Collins Printer, Philadelphia, PA
592:
Pérez-Fernández, Francisco; López-Muñoz, Francisco (2019). "The Kirkbride buildings in contemporary culture (1850–2015): from 'moral management' to horror films".
2019:
2009:
427:
Kirkbride, T.S. (1854). On the Construction, Organization, and General Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane with Some Remarks on Insanity and Its Treatment.
349:
children: Franklin Butler Kirkbride in 1867, Thomas Story Kirkbride Jr in 1869, Mary Butler Kirkbride in 1874, and Elizabeth Butler Kirkbride in 1875.
413:
Kirkbride, T.S. (1850). Notice of some Experiments in Heating and Ventilating Hospitals and other Buildings, by Steam and Hot Water. With Remarks.
240:
72:
956:
297:
215:
184:
1999:
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On the Construction, Organization, and General Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane with Some Remarks on Insanity and Its Treatment,
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Kirkbride, T.S. (1846). Reports of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane: with a sketch of its history, buildings, and organization.
313:
On the Construction, Organization, and General Arrangements of Hospitals for the Insane with Some Remarks on Insanity and Its Treatment
535:
1994:
842:"Art. II.—Notice of some Experiments in Heating and Ventilating Hospitals and other Buildings, by Steam and Hot Water. With Remarks"
649:
256:. His great-great-grandfather, Joseph Kirkbride (1662–1736) was one of the original settlers of Pennsylvania with a land grant from
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935:
914:
223:
174:
1969:
755:
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in Philadelphia. His eldest son, Joseph, followed in his father's footsteps, attending both the University of Pennsylvania and
669:
285:
281:
276:). Kirkbride operated his own medical-surgical practice in the city of Philadelphia from 1835 to 1841 that focused mainly on
392:
Kirkbride, T.S. (1845). Proceedings of the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane.
249:
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on December 16, 1883, at his home on the grounds of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane. He was interred at
352:
Kirkbride experienced a prolonged respiratory illness starting in June 1883, which continued until his death from
1974:
1032:
324:
308:, which aimed to improve medical care for the insane, through standardization of buildings that housed patients.
1845:
1619:
1464:
1098:
898:"Memoir of Isaac Ray, M.D., LL. D. : Read before the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, July 6, 1881"
420:
Kirkbride, T.S. (1850). Reports of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane for 1842, 1846, 1847, 1849, 1850.
214:(July 31, 1809 – December 16, 1883) was a physician, alienist, hospital superintendent for the
315:, was published in 1854, and again in 1880, and was the source book for 19th century psychiatric directives.
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1044:
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1935:
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Published on behalf of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for legislative audience on Feb. 19, 1874
1197:
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is plain in the Quaker-style, saving only the inclusion of "Doctor of Medicine" after his name.
260:
in 1682. When he was 18 years old, he started his formal education under Nicholas Belleville of
919:
766:
441:
Kirkbride, T.S. (1855). Reports of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane for the year 1854.
385:
Kirkbride, T.S. (1843). Reports of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane for the year 1843.
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1839:
1821:
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1738:
1493:
855:
805:
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609:
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319:
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Kirkbride, T.S. (1854). Letter to the Regents of the South Carolina Hospital for the Insane.
1905:
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https://lovingthealienweb.wordpress.com/2022/05/11/funeral-notice-for-dr-thomas-s-kirkbride/
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The Art of Asylum-Keeping: Thomas Story Kirkbride and the origins of American Psychiatry
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305:
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1963:
1917:
1857:
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from 1833 until his death. Kirkbride also had his funeral services conducted at this
227:
883:
869:
754:
The Philadelphia Times Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 21 Dec 1883, Fri, Retrieved from:
1571:
1346:
277:
257:
144:
31:
368:. His younger son, Thomas S. Kirkbride Jr. (d. 1900) also became a physician and
1732:
1648:
1233:
17:
220:
Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane
605:
448:
Kirkbride, T.S. (1866). Biographical memoir of the late William Pepper, M.D.
1287:
1008:
369:
353:
140:
613:
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and psycho-surgical interventions. He was honored with a membership to the
930:
465:
Curwen, J.; Kirkbride, T.S. (1885). Memoir of Thomas S. Kirkbride MC LLD.
30:
This article is about the American physician. For the British writer, see
741:
828:"Report of the Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane for the year 1843"
571:
556:
856:"Letter to the regents of the South Carolina hospital for the insane"
296:
In October 1840, Kirkbride was named the first superintendent of the
244:
2015:
Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania alumni
406:
Kirkbride, T.S. (1848). Editorial and American Medical Retrospect.
945:
644:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 387.
336:
Kirkbride was devoutly religious and a lifelong member of the
304:
1862 and 1870. Kirkbride pioneered what would be known as the
264:, and the Presbyterian minister, Rev. Jared D. Tyler at the
364:, becoming a physician in the outpatient department of
870:"Biographical memoir of the late William Pepper, M.D."
915:
Virginia Commonwealth University- Thomas S. Kirkbride
672:. University City Historical Society. Archived from
1802:
1641:
1480:
1321:
1156:
983:
513:Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania (2008).
490:Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania (2008).
201:
150:
136:
110:
99:
80:
58:
39:
2005:Presidents of the American Psychiatric Association
239:Kirkbride was born on July 31, 1809, on a farm in
560:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
557:"Obituary notice of Thomas S. Kirkbride, M. D."
394:American Journal of the Medical Sciences, XI(1)
323:medical peers, saw the allocation of funds for
268:. He was enrolled at the medical school at the
1990:Burials at Laurel Hill Cemetery (Philadelphia)
222:(AMSAII), the organizational precursor to the
957:
920:Pennsylvania Hospital- Biography on Kirkbride
8:
415:The American Journal of the Medical Sciences
964:
950:
942:
663:
661:
517:. University of Pennsylvania Health System
494:. University of Pennsylvania Health System
47:
36:
925:Asylum Projects- Thomas Story Kirkbride
635:
633:
631:
479:
164:
485:
483:
408:The New York Journal of Medicine, I(3)
216:Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital
185:Institute of the Pennsylvania Hospital
2020:Deaths from pneumonia in Pennsylvania
2010:People from Morrisville, Pennsylvania
288:) from 1844 until his death in 1883.
7:
587:
585:
583:
581:
550:
548:
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298:Pennsylvania Hospital for the Insane
858:. T.K. and P.G. Collins, Printers.
106:, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
25:
27:American psychiatrist (1809–1883)
977:American Psychiatric Association
929:
723:. Trans-Allegheny Lunatic Asylum
537:The American Journal of Insanity
515:"The Story of the Magic Lantern"
443:University of Pennsylvania Press
422:University of Pennsylvania Press
401:University of Pennsylvania Press
387:University of Pennsylvania Press
380:Select professional publications
362:Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
224:American Psychiatric Association
175:American Psychiatric Association
286:Overbrook School for the Blind
282:American Philosophical Society
1:
668:Richard E. Greenwood (1975).
450:Collins Printer, Philadelphia
318:Towards the end of his life,
218:, and primary founder of the
2000:Physicians from Philadelphia
492:"Dr. Thomas Story Kirkbride"
342:Twelfth Street Meeting House
340:, attending services at the
338:Religious Society of Friends
467:E. Cowan & Co. Printers
2036:
1246:Carlos Frederick MacDonald
844:. Elsevier BV. April 1850.
830:. Elsevier BV. April 1844.
540:Vol. 55 p. 120 (1898)
436:TK and PG Collins Printers
270:University of Pennsylvania
128:University of Pennsylvania
92:Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
29:
785:www.remembermyjourney.com
325:Norristown State Hospital
311:Kirkbride's magnum opus,
241:Morrisville, Pennsylvania
123:The College of New Jersey
73:Morrisville, Pennsylvania
46:
1995:Kirkbride Plan hospitals
1620:Perry Clement Talkingten
1465:William Claire Menninger
606:10.1177/0957154X19839912
1395:Charles Macfie Campbell
429:Lindsay & Blakiston
1970:American psychiatrists
1459:Winfred Overholser Sr.
1258:Edward Nathaniel Brush
1021:Thomas Story Kirkbride
991:Samuel Bayard Woodward
936:Thomas Story Kirkbride
808:. Laurel Hill Cemetery
670:"Kirkbride's Hospital"
212:Thomas Story Kirkbride
41:Thomas Story Kirkbride
1312:William Alanson White
1306:Thomas William Salmon
1276:Elmer Ernest Southard
1135:Richard Maurice Bucke
640:Tomes, Nancy (1994).
594:History of Psychiatry
555:Curwen, John (1885).
366:Pennsylvania Hospital
292:Professional practice
266:College of New Jersey
190:State Hospital System
1810:Daniel B. Borenstein
1632:John Patrick Spiegel
1584:Harvey John Tompkins
1524:Francis J. Braceland
1441:Edward Adam Strecker
1407:Richard H. Hutchings
1401:Ross McClure Chapman
1294:Albert Moore Barrett
1129:Theophilus O. Powell
938:at Wikimedia Commons
806:"Thomas S Kirkbride"
781:"Thomas S Kirkbride"
700:search.amphilsoc.org
696:"APS Member History"
358:Laurel Hill Cemetery
104:Laurel Hill Cemetery
1602:Raymond W. Waggoner
1560:C. H. Hardin Branch
1518:R. Finley Gayle Jr.
1500:Donald Ewen Cameron
1471:George S. Stevenson
1419:George H. Stevenson
1216:Arthur F. Kilbourne
1210:Charles P. Bancroft
768:Anne West Kirkbride
262:Trenton, New Jersey
1942:Rebecca W. Brendel
1870:Carol A. Bernstein
1864:Alan F. Schatzberg
1852:Carolyn Robinowitz
1816:Richard K. Harding
1691:H. Keith H. Brodie
1685:Daniel X. Freedman
1679:Donald G. Langsley
1667:Jules H. Masserman
1512:Arthur Percy Noyes
1453:Samuel W. Hamilton
1389:Clarence O. Cheney
1365:William L. Russell
1228:Charles W. Pilgrim
997:William Maclay Awl
721:"Building as Cure"
574:– via JSTOR.
445:, Philadelphia, PA
431:, Philadelphia, PA
424:, Philadelphia, PA
403:, Philadelphia, PA
389:, Philadelphia, PA
1957:
1956:
1924:Bruce J. Schwartz
1888:Jeffrey Lieberman
1840:Steven Sharfstein
1828:Marcia Kraft Goin
1822:Paul S. Appelbaum
1769:Mary Jane England
1751:Joseph T. English
1745:Lawrence Hartmann
1739:Elissa P. Benedek
1721:George H. Pollock
1494:Leo H. Bartemeier
1488:John C. Whitehorn
1435:Arthur H. Ruggles
1425:H. Douglas Singer
1359:Walter M. English
1329:C. Floyd Haviland
1300:Henry W. Mitchell
1264:Charles G. Wagner
1222:William F. Drewry
1170:Robert J. Preston
934:Media related to
417:, p. 298-319
410:, p. 247-250
396:, p. 249-250
320:Lafayette College
243:, into a wealthy
209:
208:
84:December 16, 1883
53:Kirkbride in 1861
16:(Redirected from
2027:
1975:American Quakers
1906:Maria A. Oquendo
1787:Rodrigo A. Muñoz
1781:Herbert S. Sacks
1757:John S. McIntyre
1715:Robert O. Pasnau
1655:Robert W. Gibson
1608:Robert S. Garber
1554:Walter E. Barton
1536:Francis J. Gerty
1530:Harry C. Solomon
1506:Kenneth E. Appel
1413:William C. Sandy
1383:C. Fred Williams
1192:T. J. W. Burgess
1180:G. Adler Bloomer
1176:A. B. Richardson
1147:Joseph G. Rogers
1141:Henry Mills Hurd
1015:Andrew McFarland
1003:Luther Vose Bell
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566:(120): 217–227.
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541:
533:
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510:
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501:
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487:
346:Orthodox Friends
274:Friends Hospital
180:Kirkbride Center
161:
87:
68:
66:
51:
37:
21:
18:Thomas Kirkbride
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2034:
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1960:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:Petros Levounis
1894:Paul Summergrad
1798:
1763:Jerry M. Wiener
1703:John A. Talbott
1637:
1626:Alfred Freedman
1590:Henry W. Brosin
1548:Robert H. Felix
1542:William Malamud
1476:
1429:James King Hall
1377:George H. Kirby
1371:James Vance May
1335:George M. Kline
1317:
1270:James V. Anglin
1252:Samuel E. Smith
1240:James T. Searcy
1204:Charles G. Hill
1186:A. E. Macdonald
1152:
1045:J. H. Callender
1033:Charles Nichols
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372:. His grave in
334:
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254:Trenton Academy
245:Orthodox Quaker
237:
197:
194:
163:
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132:
118:Trenton Academy
111:Alma mater
95:
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76:
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54:
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35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1997:
1992:
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1982:
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1930:Jeffery Geller
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1903:
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1882:Dilip V. Jeste
1879:
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1709:Carol Nadelson
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1614:Ewald W. Busse
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1578:Howard P. Rome
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1447:Karl M. Bowman
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1282:Henry C. Eyman
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1084:
1081:John B. Chapin
1078:
1075:Eugene Grissom
1072:
1069:H. A. Buttolph
1066:
1063:Orpheus Everts
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1039:Clement Walker
1036:
1030:
1027:John S. Butler
1024:
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987:
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909:External links
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676:on May 1, 2008
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438:, Columbia, SC
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2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1936:Vivian Pender
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1918:Altha Stewart
1916:
1913:
1912:Anita Everett
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:Nada Stotland
1856:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1834:Michelle Riba
1832:
1829:
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1698:
1697:George Tarjan
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1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1673:Alan A. Stone
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1661:Jack Weinberg
1659:
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1609:
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1597:
1596:Lawrence Kolb
1594:
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1579:
1576:
1573:
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1567:
1566:Jack R. Ewalt
1564:
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1199:
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1165:
1164:Peter M. Wise
1162:
1161:
1159:
1155:
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1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
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1123:Richard Dewey
1121:
1118:
1117:Edward Cowles
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:J. B. Andrews
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1093:H. P. Stearns
1091:
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1087:W. W. Godding
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722:
719:TALA (2008).
715:
712:
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651:0-8122-1539-7
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332:Personal life
331:
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321:
316:
314:
309:
307:
301:
299:
291:
289:
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283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
252:and later at
251:
246:
242:
234:
232:
229:
228:Benjamin Rush
226:. Along with
225:
221:
217:
213:
204:
200:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
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146:
142:
139:
137:Occupation(s)
135:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
115:
113:
109:
105:
102:
100:Resting place
98:
93:
83:
79:
74:
69:July 31, 1809
61:
57:
50:
45:
38:
33:
19:
1900:Renée Binder
1793:Allan Tasman
1727:Paul J. Fink
1572:Daniel Blain
1353:Earl D. Bond
1347:Samuel Orton
1099:Daniel Clark
1051:John P. Gray
1020:
892:
878:
864:
850:
836:
822:
810:. Retrieved
800:
788:. Retrieved
784:
775:
767:
762:
750:
742:
737:
727:November 28,
725:. Retrieved
714:
703:. Retrieved
699:
690:
680:November 28,
678:. Retrieved
674:the original
641:
597:
593:
563:
559:
536:
531:
521:November 28,
519:. Retrieved
508:
498:November 28,
496:. Retrieved
469:, Warren, PA
466:
457:
449:
442:
435:
428:
421:
414:
407:
400:
393:
386:
351:
335:
317:
312:
310:
302:
295:
278:neurological
258:William Penn
238:
235:Early career
211:
210:
158:
86:(1883-12-16)
32:Thomas Story
1985:1883 deaths
1980:1809 births
1950:(2023–2024)
1944:(2022–2023)
1938:(2021–2022)
1932:(2020–2021)
1926:(2019–2020)
1920:(2018–2019)
1914:(2017–2018)
1908:(2016–2017)
1902:(2015–2016)
1896:(2014–2015)
1890:(2013–2014)
1884:(2012–2013)
1878:(2011–2012)
1876:John Oldham
1872:(2010–2011)
1866:(2009–2010)
1860:(2008–2009)
1854:(2007–2008)
1848:(2006–2007)
1842:(2005–2006)
1836:(2004–2005)
1830:(2003–2004)
1824:(2002–2003)
1818:(2001–2002)
1812:(2000–2001)
1795:(1999–2000)
1789:(1998–1999)
1783:(1997–1998)
1777:(1996–1997)
1775:Harold Eist
1771:(1995–1996)
1765:(1994–1995)
1759:(1993–1994)
1753:(1992–1993)
1747:(1991–1992)
1741:(1990–1991)
1735:(1989–1990)
1733:Herb Pardes
1729:(1988–1989)
1723:(1987–1988)
1717:(1986–1987)
1711:(1985–1986)
1705:(1984–1985)
1699:(1983–1984)
1693:(1982–1983)
1687:(1981–1982)
1681:(1980–1981)
1675:(1979–1980)
1669:(1978–1979)
1663:(1977–1978)
1657:(1976–1977)
1651:(1975–1976)
1649:Judd Marmor
1634:(1974–1975)
1628:(1973–1974)
1622:(1972–1973)
1616:(1971–1972)
1610:(1970–1971)
1604:(1969–1970)
1598:(1968–1969)
1592:(1967–1968)
1586:(1966–1967)
1580:(1965–1966)
1574:(1964–1965)
1568:(1963–1964)
1562:(1962–1963)
1556:(1961–1962)
1550:(1960–1961)
1544:(1959–1960)
1538:(1958–1959)
1532:(1957–1958)
1526:(1956–1957)
1520:(1955–1956)
1514:(1954–1955)
1508:(1953–1954)
1502:(1952–1953)
1496:(1951–1952)
1490:(1950–1951)
1473:(1949–1950)
1467:(1948–1949)
1461:(1947–1948)
1455:(1946–1947)
1449:(1944–1946)
1443:(1943–1944)
1437:(1942–1943)
1431:(1941–1942)
1421:(1940–1941)
1415:(1939–1940)
1409:(1938–1939)
1403:(1937–1938)
1397:(1936–1937)
1391:(1935–1936)
1385:(1934–1935)
1379:(1933–1934)
1373:(1932–1933)
1367:(1931–1932)
1361:(1930–1931)
1355:(1929–1930)
1349:(1928–1929)
1343:(1927–1928)
1341:Adolf Meyer
1337:(1926–1927)
1331:(1925–1926)
1314:(1924–1925)
1308:(1923–1924)
1302:(1922–1923)
1296:(1921–1922)
1290:(1920–1921)
1284:(1919–1920)
1278:(1918–1919)
1272:(1917–1918)
1266:(1916–1917)
1260:(1915–1916)
1254:(1914–1915)
1248:(1913–1914)
1242:(1912–1913)
1236:(1911–1912)
1234:Hubert Work
1230:(1910–1911)
1224:(1909–1910)
1218:(1908–1909)
1212:(1907–1908)
1206:(1906–1907)
1200:(1905–1906)
1194:(1904–1905)
1188:(1903–1904)
1182:(1902–1903)
1172:(1901–1902)
1166:(1900–1901)
1149:(1899–1900)
1143:(1898–1899)
1137:(1897–1898)
1131:(1896–1897)
1125:(1895–1896)
1119:(1894–1895)
1113:(1893–1894)
1111:John Curwen
1107:(1892–1893)
1101:(1891–1892)
1095:(1890–1891)
1089:(1889–1890)
1083:(1888–1889)
1077:(1887–1888)
1071:(1886–1887)
1065:(1885–1886)
1059:(1884–1885)
1057:Pliny Earle
1053:(1883–1884)
1047:(1882–1883)
1041:(1879–1882)
1035:(1873–1879)
1029:(1870–1873)
1023:(1862–1870)
1017:(1859–1862)
1011:(1855–1859)
1005:(1851–1855)
999:(1848–1851)
993:(1844–1848)
374:Laurel Hill
250:Fallsington
1964:Categories
1846:Pedro Ruiz
1198:C. B. Burr
973:Presidents
790:17 October
705:2021-04-14
474:References
65:1809-07-31
1642:1975–2000
1481:1950–1975
1322:1925–1950
1288:Owen Copp
1157:1900–1925
1009:Isaac Ray
984:1844–1900
622:122341862
370:Urologist
354:pneumonia
141:Physician
614:30995127
202:Children
159:See list
145:alienist
975:of the
900:. 1881.
886:. 1874.
812:May 26,
648:
620:
612:
572:982980
570:
94:, U.S.
75:, U.S.
1803:2000–
872:1866.
618:S2CID
568:JSTOR
814:2022
792:2023
729:2008
682:2008
646:ISBN
610:PMID
523:2008
500:2008
452:, PA
81:Died
59:Born
602:doi
1966::
783:.
698:.
660:^
630:^
616:.
608:.
598:30
596:.
580:^
564:22
562:.
545:^
482:^
143:,
1427:/
1178:/
965:e
958:t
951:v
816:.
794:.
731:.
708:.
684:.
654:.
624:.
604::
525:.
502:.
205:6
67:)
63:(
34:.
20:)
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