Thomas Palaiologos - Knowledge (XXG)

1118:. Thomas brought with him letters by Pius II who described him as "a prince who was born to the illustrious and ancient family of the Palaiologoi ... a man who is now an immigrant, naked, robbed of everything except his lineage". Like his father Manuel II and his brother John VIII before him, Thomas's possessed a certain royal charisma and good looks, which ensured that his appeals did not fall on deaf ears. The Mantuan ambassador to Rome described him as "a handsome man with a fine, serious look about him and a noble and quite lordly bearing" and Milanese ambassadors who encountered him in Venice wrote that Thomas was "as dignified as any man on Earth can be". Of the many courts Thomas visited, serious objections to his appeal was made only by Venice, where the local senate made it clear that they wanted nothing to do with him. Not only did they make Thomas leave the city, but they sent ambassadors to Rome to request that he not accompany the expedition because his presence would "produce terrible and incongrous scandals". The reason for Venice's wrath against Thomas might be his advances on Venetian territories during his time as despot, or the fact that his quarreling with his brother Demetrios effectively doomed the Morean despotate. Despite Thomas' hopes, no expedition set out for Greece. When the army was ready to set sail in 1464, Pius II travelled to Ancona to join the crusade, but died there on 15 August. Without Pius II's leadership, the crusade disbanded almost immediately, with all the ships returning home one by one. 773:

would find a following and return to reclaim the empire. Luckily for Mehmed II, the two despots in the Morea represented scarcely more than a nuisance and were allowed to keep their titles and lands. When emissaries of Thomas and Demetrios visited the Sultan at Adrianople some months after Constantinople's fall, the Sultan demanded no surrender of territory, only that the despots were to pay an annual tribute of 10,000 ducats. Because the Morea was allowed to continue to exist, many Byzantine refugees fled to the despotate, which made it somewhat of a Byzantine government-in-exile. Some of these influential refugees and courtiers even raised the idea of proclaiming Demetrios, the elder brother, as the Emperor of the Romans and the legitimate successor of Constantine XI. Both Thomas and Demetrios might have considered making their small despotate the rallying point of a campaign to restore the empire, with considerable fertile and wealthy territory under the despotate's control, there did seem for a moment to be a possibility that the empire could live on in the Morea. However, Thomas and Demetrios were never able to cooperate and spent most of their resources fighting each other rather than preparing for a struggle against the Turks. Since Thomas had spent most of his life in the Morea, and Demetrios most of his life elsewhere, the two brothers hardly knew each other.

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Constantine had attempted to expand his control northwards and had refused the sultan's demands of dismantling the wall. Constantine and Thomas were determined to hold the wall and had brought all their available forces, amounting to perhaps as many as twenty thousand men, to defend it. Despite this, the battle by the wall in 1446 was an overwhelming Turkish victory, with Constantine and Thomas barely escaping with their lives. Turahan Bey was sent south to take Mystras and devastate Constantine's lands while Sultan Murad II led his forces in the north of the Peloponnese. Although Turahan failed to take Mystras, this was of little consequence as Murad did not wish to conquer the Morea at the time, merely to instill terror, and the Turks soon left the peninsula, devastated and depopulated. Constantine and Thomas were in no position to ask for a truce and were forced to accept Murad as their lord and pay him tribute, promising to never again restore the Hexamilion wall.

649:, which Thomas made his new capital. Though relations between the three despots thus appears to have been good in 1432, they soon soured. John VIII had no sons to succeed him and it was thus assumed that his successor would be one of his four surviving brothers (Andronikos having died some time before). John VIII's preferred successor was Constantine and though this choice was accepted by Thomas, who had developed good relations with his older brother, it was resented by the still older Theodore. When Constantine was summoned to the capital in 1435, Theodore believed this was to appoint Constantine as co-emperor and designated heir, which was not actually the case, and he too travelled to Constantinople to raise his objections. The quarrel between Constantine and Theodore was not resolved until the end of 1436, when the future Patriarch 1271:(2 January 1455 – before 1512), the youngest of the four children, Manuel lived in Rome and lived off Papal money, much the same as his brother. As the pension deteriorated and Manuel (as second-in-line) did not have any titles to sell, he instead travelled Europe in search of someone to hire him in a military capacity. Failing to find satisfactory offers, Manuel surprised everyone else involved by travelling to Constantinople in 1476 and throwing himself on the mercy of Sultan Mehmed II, who graciously received him. He married an unknown woman and stayed in Constantinople for the rest of his life. Manuel had two sons, one of whom died young and another who converted to Islam and whose eventual fate is uncertain. 661:, which he had received after helping to deal with the rebellion of their younger brother Demetrios, to Theodore, who in turn abandoned his position as Despot of the Morea, making Constantine and Thomas the sole Despots of the Morea. Though this brought Theodore closer to Constantinople, it also made Constantine the ruler of the capital of the Morea and one of the most powerful men in the small empire. With Theodore and Demetrios out of their way, Constantine and Thomas hoped to strengthen the Morea, by now the cultural center of the Byzantine world, and make it a safe and nearly self-sufficient principality. The philosopher 710:(who also preferred Constantine), prevailed. Both Thomas, who had no intention of claiming the throne, and Demetrios, who most certainly did, hurried to Constantinople and reached the capital before Constantine. Though Demetrios was favored by many due to his anti-unionist sentiment, Helena reserved her right to act as regent until her eldest son, Constantine arrived, stalling Demetrios's attempt at seizing the throne. Thomas accepted Constantine's appointment and Demetrios, who soon thereafter joined in proclaiming Constantine as his new emperor, was overruled. Byzantine historian and Palaiologos loyalist 1111:

powers in Western Europe. Naval support for the plans was secured in 1463, when Venice formally declared war on the Ottomans as a result of Turkish incursions into their territories in Greece. In October 1463, Pius II formally declared war on the Ottoman Empire after Mehmed had refused his suggestion of converting to Christianity. While many of the Balkan exiles in the West were happy to live out their lives in obscurity, Thomas hoped to eventually restore control over Byzantine territory. As such, he staunchly supported the crusading plans.

1326:, who retired in Barbados in the late 17th century. The existence of a son of Thomas called John cannot be proven with any certainty as no mention is made of a son by that name in contemporary records. It is possible that John was a real historical figure, possibly an illegitimate son of Thomas, or perhaps his grandson through of either of his known sons, Andreas or Manuel. John's existence could be corroborated by the mention of a son by this name by Allatius in 1648 (though this is too late to act as an independent source) 868:, in Rome. From Rome, Argyropoulos also moved on to Milan, England and France and further envoys were sent to Aragon (because of Alfonso's involvement in the crusading plans) and Venice (since Thomas were hoping that he could secure refuge in Venetian territory in the event of an Ottoman attack on the Morea). A crusade seemed so imminent that even the decidedly anti-Western Demetrios softened his anti-Latin stance and sent envoys of his own. Argyropoulos probably arrived in Rome at around the same time as Demetrios's envoy, 814: 277: 1131: 522:

to the test when John, now Emperor John VIII, appointed Constantine as Despot of the Morea in 1428. Since his brother Theodore refused to step down from his role as despot, the despotate became governed by two members of the imperial family for the first time since its creation in 1349. Soon thereafter, the younger Thomas (aged 19) was also appointed as Despot of the Morea, meaning that the nominally undivided despotate had effectively disintegrated into three smaller principalities.

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later Italian genealogies dating to the 17th century and onwards give Thomas two more sons; a bastard son named Rogerio and a fourth legitimate son, also named Thomas. The existence of Rogerio and Thomas the Younger is overwhelmingly dismissed as fantasy in modern scholarship. There is some scant evidence of the existence of a second Thomas Palaiologos in the 15th century as a "Thomas Palaiologos, Despot of the Morea" is recorded as having married a sister of Queen

903:, within the domain governed by Demetrios. Leaving his artillery to bombard and besiege that city, Mehmed left with most of his army to devastate and conquer the northern parts of the despotate, under Thomas's jurisdiction. Corinth at last gave up in August, after several cities in the north had already surrendered, and Mehmed imposed a heavy retribution on the Morea. The territory under the two brothers was drastically reduced, Corinth, 748: 730:, who was determined above all else to take the city. In 1452, during the preparation stages of the Ottoman siege of Constantinople, Constantine XI sent an urgent message to the Morea, requesting that one of his brothers bring their forces to help him defend the city. To prevent aid coming from the Morea, Mehmed II sent Turahan Bey to devastate the peninsula once more. The Turkish attack was repelled by an army commanded by 992: 433: 567: 51: 912:

daughter Helena, whereas Thomas increasingly hoped for western aid as the regions of the Morea annexed by Mehmed had been almost the entire area ruled by Thomas, including his capital of Patras. In January 1459, Thomas rebelled against Demetrios and the Ottomans, joining with a number of Albanian lords. They seized the fortress of Kalavryta and much of the land in the central Morea and besieged

1037:, but the city's senate firmly rejected his arrival. Around the same time, Mehmed II sent messengers to Thomas to implore him to enter into a "treaty of friendship", promising him lands in return for his return to Greece. Unsure of what to do, Thomas sent emissaries to both Mehmed and the Papacy (to tell the Pope of his predicament). The envoy to Mehmed found the sultan at 678: 1251:(17 January 1453 – June 1502), the older of the couple's two sons and the third child overall, Andreas lived most of his life in Rome, surviving on a gradually declining papal pension. After Thomas's death, Andreas was recognized by the Papacy and others in Italy as the rightful heir to the Despotate of the Morea and he would later go on to claim the title 967:. Mystras thus fell into Ottoman hands on 29 May 1460, exactly seven years after Constantinople's fall. The few places in the Morea that dared resist the sultan's army were devastated as per Islamic law, the men being massacred and the women and children being taken away. As large numbers of Greek refugees escaped to Venetian-held territories such as 805:

rebellion in December 1453. The rebellion was not fully crushed until October 1454, when Turahan Bey arrived to aid the despots in firmly establishing their authority in the region. In return for the aid, Mehmed demanded a heavier tribute from Thomas and Demetrios, amounting to 12,000 ducats annually rather than the previous 10,000.

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Ottomans. Thomas's many followers considered the money provided to him to be barely enough to support the despot, and certainly nowhere near enough to also support themselves. The Papacy recognized Thomas as the rightful Despot of the Morea and the true heir to the Byzantine Empire, though Thomas never claimed the imperial title.

615:. With Centurione's death in 1432, Thomas could claim control over all of his remaining territories. By the 1430s, Thomas and Constantine had ensured that nearly the entire Peloponnese was once more in Byzantine hands for the first time since 1204, the only exception being the few port towns and cities held by the 521:

Relations between the Palaiologos brothers were not always good. Though the young John and Constantine appears to have got on well with each other, relations between Constantine and the younger Demetrios and Thomas were not as friendly. The complex relationships between the sons of Manuel II were put

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Upon the death of his wife in August 1462, Thomas summoned his children (who still remained at Corfu) to Rome, but they only arrived in the city after Thomas had died on 12 May 1465. Though Thomas had been largely bypassed and forgotten by the Roman elite after Pius II's death in 1464, he was buried

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Determined to subjugate Greece, Mehmed decided that the destruction of the despotate and its full annexation directly into his empire was the only possible solution. The sultan assembled his army once more in April 1460 and led it in person first to Corinth and then on to Mystras. Although Demetrios

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Although Demetrios had more soldiers and resources, Thomas and the Albanians were able to appeal to the West for aid. After a successful skirmish against the Ottomans, Thomas sent 16 captured Turkish soldiers, alongside some of his armed guards, to Rome to convince the Pope that he was engaging in a

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Shortly after Constantinople fell, a revolt broke out against the despots in the Morea, prompted by the many Albanian immigrants to the region being unhappy with the actions of the local Greek landowners. The Albanians had respected earlier despots, such as Constantine and Theodore, but despised the

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Sphrantzes wrote on the birth of Andreas Palaiologos on 17 January 1453 that the boy was "a continuator and heir" of the Palaiologan lineage, a phrase which makes little sense if Andreas was not Thomas's first-born son (if they would have existed, both Rogerio and Thomas the Younger would have been

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in 1444 (something Thomas could not have done as he was married at the time and ruling in the Morea). Rogerio's existence is based on a handful of unauthenticated documents and the oral tradition of his supposed descendants, the "Paleologo Mastrogiovanni". Though the individual documents themselves

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Genealogist Peter Mallat concluded in 1985 that this uncertainty, as well as the fact that Thomas's eldest known child, Helena, was born almost twenty years before his second eldest known child, Zoe, as meaning that it is possible that Thomas had more children than the generally accepted four. Some

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each month (for a total of 3600 annually). In addition to the papal pension, Thomas also received an additional 200 ducats a month from the cardinals and 500 ducats from the Republic of Venice, which also begged him not to return to Corfu as to not affect Venice's already tenuous relations with the

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Almost as soon as Mehmed had left the Morea, the two brothers began quarreling with each other again. Mehmed's victory had only increased the antagonism between Thomas and Demetrios. Demetrios had shifted to becoming even more pro-Ottoman after Mehmed had promised the despot that he would marry his

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Neither brother could raise the sum demanded by the Sultan and they were divided in their policies. While Demetrios, probably the more realistic of the two, had more or less given up hope of Christian aid from the west and thought it might be best to placate the Turks, Thomas retained hope that the

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In the 1460s, plans for a crusade against the Ottomans were once more underway. Pius II had made the recovery of Constantinople one of the primary goals of his pontificate and his 1459 council at Mantua had secured the promise of an army amounting to a total of 80,000 men from various of the great

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A few days later the envoy was set free and returned to Thomas at Corfu with a message; either Thomas was to come to Mehmed in person, or he was to send some of his children. In light of this, Thomas decided that he had no choice; the West was his only option. On 16 November 1460, he left his wife

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In the end, no crusade ever set out to combat the Ottomans. Due to their conviction that help would arrive, and being unable to pay, the two despots had not paid their annual tribute to the Ottomans for three years. With no money coming from the Morea, and the looming threat of Western aid, Mehmed

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Their former co-despot Theodore died in June 1448, and on 31 October of the same year, Emperor John VIII passed away. The potential successors to the throne were Constantine, Demetrios and Thomas. John had not formally designated an heir, though everyone knew he favored Constantine and ultimately,

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to aid Thomas. With these reinforcements, Thomas gained the upper hand and it looked as if Demetrios was about to be defeated, having retreated to the town of Monemvasia and having sent Matthaios Asan to Adrianople to beg Mehmed for aid. Thomas's pleas to the west represented a real threat to the

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on 29 May 1453, Constantine XI dying in its defense, ending the Byzantine Empire. In the aftermath of Constantinople's fall, and Constantine XI's death in defense of it, one of the most pressing threats to the new Ottoman regime was the possibility that one of Constantine XI's surviving relatives

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on ships provided by Venice, arriving there on 22 July 1460. Although Catherine and the children stayed on Corfu, the island was only a temporary refuge for Thomas, and the local government was unwilling to allow him to stay for too long in fear of antagonizing the Ottomans. Thomas was unsure of

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and much of the north-west of the peninsula were annexed into the Ottoman Empire and provided with Turkish governors, with the Palaiologoi only being allowed to keep the south, including the despotate's nominal capital, Mystras, on the condition that they paid their annual tribute to the sultan.

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then informed Sultan Murad II, who also accepted the ascension of Constantine, now Emperor Constantine XI. In order to remove Demetrios from the capital and its vicinity, Constantine made Demetrios Despot of the Morea, to rule the despotate together with Thomas. Demetrios was granted Mystras and

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Sphrantzes may not have been well acquainted with Thomas's family. He gives the age of Thomas's wife at time of her death as 70, which means that she would have given birth to Manuel at the unlikely age of 65. It is known that Thomas had at least one child who is not mentioned by Sphrantzes; a

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1347–1354). With no hope of defeating the Albanians on their own, the despots appealed to the only power near enough and strong enough to aid them; the Ottomans. Mehmed II did not wish to see the despotate pass into the hands of Albanians, and out of his control, and sent an army to quell the

1049:. In March 1461, Thomas arrived in Rome, where he hoped to convince Pope Pius II to call for a crusade. As the brother of the final Byzantine emperor, Thomas was the highest profile ruler in exile out of all the many Christians who escaped the Balkans over the course of the Ottoman conquest. 1182:

with her husband (who eventually became the Despot of Serbia in 1456). Lazar died in 1458 and Helena was left to care for the couple's three daughters. In 1459, Mehmed II invaded Serbia and put an end to the despotate, but Helena was allowed to leave the country. After spending some time in

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Among the actions taken during the brothers' project of strengthening the despotate was to reconstruct the Hexamilion wall, destroyed by the Turks in 1431. Together, they completely restored the wall, which was finished in March 1444. The wall was destroyed by the Turks again in 1446 after

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in the north-west of the Morea, then under the rule of its Catholic Archbishop. The campaign, which was unsuccessful, possibly due to Theodore's reluctance to partake, was Thomas's first experience of war. Constantine later captured Patras on his own, ending 225 years of foreign ownership.

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in 1472, in the hope of converting the Russians to Roman Catholicism. The Russians did not convert, with the marriage being celebrated according to Eastern Orthodox tradition. Zoe was called "Sophia" in Russia and her marriage to Ivan III served to strengthen Moscow's claim to be the

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with honor in the St. Peter's Basilica, where his grave would survive the destruction and removal of the tombs of the Palaiologan emperors in Constantinople during the early years of Ottoman rule. Modern efforts to locate his grave within the Basilica have so far proven fruitless.

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Papacy might yet call for a crusade to restore the Byzantine Empire. Thomas's hopes were not ridiculous; the Fall of Constantinople had been received with as much horror in Western Europe as it had been in the few remaining Byzantine territories in the East. In September 1453,

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Both brothers fought against each other with all their resources. Lord Demetrios rested his hopes on the friendship and help of the sultan, and on his claim that his subjects and castles had been wronged, while Lord Thomas relied on the fact that his opponent had committed

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to wait and see how the invasion unfolded. Once it became clear that the Ottomans were marching towards Leontari and would soon arrive outside Mantineia, Thomas, his entourage (including other Greek nobles, such as George Sphrantzes), his wife Catherine and his children

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In March 1432, Constantine, possibly desiring to be closer to Mystras, made a new territorial agreement, presumably approved by Theodore and John VIII, with Thomas. Thomas agreed to cede his fortress Kalavryta to Constantine, who made it his new capital, in exchange for

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and Constantine, already governing the Morea. Though Theodore proved reluctant to cooperate with his brothers, Thomas and Constantine successfully worked to strengthen the despotate and expand its borders. In 1432, Thomas brought the remaining territories of the Latin

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as an envoy to the West to discuss the possibility of aid for the Morea. Argyropolous had been a carefully thought-out choice since he had been an ardent supporter of the Council of Florence, which meant that he was well received by Pope Nicholas V's successor,

348:, who himself desired the throne. After Constantine's rise to the throne, Demetrios was then assigned by Constantine to govern the Morea with Thomas but the two brothers found it difficult to cooperate, often quarreling with each other. In the aftermath of the 415:. His hopes of retaking the Morea never materialized and he died in Rome on 12 May 1465. After his death, his claims were inherited by his oldest son Andreas, who also attempted to rally support for a campaign to restore the fallen despotate and the 838:, which called on Christians throughout the west to take the cross and embark on a crusade to recover Constantinople. The response was enthusiastic; some of Europe's most powerful and influential rulers came forward to take the cross, including 924:

to make the two swear to keep the peace, but any truce lasted only briefly. Many of the Byzantine nobles in the Morea could only look on in horror as the civil war raged on. George Sphrantzes summed up the conflict with the following words:

920:, fortresses held by Demetrios. Demetrios responded by seizing Leontari and called for aid from the Turkish governors in the northern Morea. There were many attempts made to broker peace between the two brothers, such as Mehmed ordering the 1255:("Emperor of Constantinople") as well, hoping to one day restore the fallen Byzantine Empire. He attempted to organize an expedition to restore the empire in 1481, but his plans failed and he later ceded the rights to the imperial title to 602:

Thomas's early tenure as Despot of the Morea was not without acquisitions either. For years, Thomas and Constantine had been eating away at the last remnants of the Principality of Achaea, a crusader state established during the

629:, which occupied most of the Byzantine Empire's former territory and had relegated the empire and the despotate as effectively vassal states, felt uneasy about the recent string of Byzantine successes in the Morea. In 1431, 854:

at Belgrade in 1456. If the combined forces of Hungary, Aragon, Burgundy and the Holy Roman Empire had been unleashed to exploit the victory at Belgrade, Ottoman control of the Balkans would have been seriously threatened.

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daughter (whose name is unknown) who died in infancy, recorded in a funeral oration. Later sources other than the work of Sphrantzes differ considerably in the number of children ascribed to Thomas. Whereas some, such as

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Despite the Ottomans having secured the position of the two despots in the recent Albanian uprising, the possibility of Western aid to restore Byzantine territory proved too enticing to resist. In 1456, Thomas sent

1231:", the ideological and spiritual successor to the Byzantine Empire. Zoe and Ivan III had several children, who in turn had numerous descendants and though none carried the Palaiologos name, many of them used the 777:

two current despots and without central authority from Constantinople, they saw their opportunity to gain control of the despotate for themselves. In Thomas's part of the despotate, the rebels chose to proclaim

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had ostensibly been on the sultan's side, Mehmed invaded Demetrios's territory first. Demetrios surrendered to the Ottomans without a fight, fearing retribution and already having sent his family to safety in

3235: 872:, and the two envoys travelled through Europe, visiting the same courts, independently of each other. Thomas and Demetrios proved to be incapable of working together even with foreign diplomacy. 3225: 1259:, hoping to use him as a champion against the Turks. Andreas died poor in Rome, whether or not he had any children is uncertain. His will specified that his titles were to be granted to the 514:

as there was not sufficient land left to grant them. The younger children; Theodore, Andronikos, Constantine, Demetrios and Thomas were frequently described as having the distinction of

407:, where Catherine and the children stayed. In the hopes of raising support for a crusade to restore his lands in the Morea, and possibly the Byzantine Empire itself, Thomas travelled to 726:

In 1451, Sultan Murad II, by then old and tired and having let go of all intentions of conquering Constantinople, died and was succeeded as sultan by his young and vigorous son

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Shortly after being appointed as despots, Constantine and Thomas, together with Theodore, decided to join forces in an attempt to seize the flourishing and strategic port of

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eventually lost his patience with the Palaiologoi. The Ottoman army marched from Adrianople in May 1458 and entered the Morea, where the only real resistance was faced at

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of Aragon and Naples in November 1455. Alfonso promised to personally lead a host of 50,000 men and 400 ships against the Ottomans. At Frankfurt, Holy Roman Emperor

1200: 2875: 2598: 1288:(1648) gives three sons (John, Andreas and Manuel). This means that even a relatively short time after Thomas's death, the number of children he had was unclear. 2839: 2897: 1297:

have little questionable content, they are contradictory when examined as a whole and do not necessarily corroborate Thomas having a son by the name Rogerio.

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from 1428 until the fall of the despotate in 1460, although he continued to claim the title until his death five years later. He was the younger brother of

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was sent to reconcile them and prevent civil war. When Constantine was summoned to act as regent in Constantinople while John VIII was away at the

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had already worked to expand the despotate's (the southern territory on the map) borders somewhat. It would be expanded to cover almost the entire

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It is generally accepted that Thomas had four children with Catherine Zaccaria, the number given by George Sphrantzes. These four children were:

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dynasty came to feel that the only sure way to keep their remaining holdings intact was to grant them to their sons, receiving the title of

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in 1204 which had once governed almost the entire peninsula. It was Thomas who finally brought an end to the principality by marrying

364:. Thomas hoped to turn the small despotate into a rallying point of a campaign to restore the empire, hoping to gain support from the 2885: 1277: 847: 1192: 1329:

and contemporary documents in Pesaro discussing a Leone Palaiologos (the names Leone and John are similar in their Latin forms;

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assembled a council of German princes and proposed that 40,000 men be sent to Hungary, where the Ottomans had suffered a

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During his stay in Rome, Thomas, on account of his "tall and handsome appearance", served as the model of the statue of

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In early 1462, Thomas left to Rome to tour Italy and drum up support for a crusade, carrying with him papal letters of

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in Italy, claimed descent from Thomas through a supposed third son, called John. This family later mainly lived in

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from 1437 to 1440, Theodore and Thomas stayed in the Morea. In November 1443, Constantine gave over control of

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holy war against the Muslims. The scheme worked and the Pope sent 300 Italian soldiers under the Milanese

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and was, despite the sultan's words, immediately arrested and put in chains along with his entourage.

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and sent Bessarion and some others to preach for a crusade against the Ottomans throughout Europe.

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advocated that while Constantinople was the New Rome, Mystras and the Morea could become the "New

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The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans

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1449 – 7 April 1503), the younger daughter of Thomas and Catherine, Zoe was married off to

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Ottomans, a threat made even greater through the support of the plan by the vocal Cardinal

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from 1547 to 1584. Thomas Palaiologos was Ivan's great-grandfather through his daughter

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1391–1425) had a total of six sons who survived infancy. Manuel's eldest surviving son,

3185: 2512: 1223: 1149:. Blood ties to Byzantine royalty allowed Russia to strengthen its claim to being the " 830: 731: 694: 626: 604: 511: 326: 289: 147: 991: 637:, sent his troops south to demolish the Morea's primary defensive fortifications, the 432: 3199: 2179: 2195: 715:

primarily ruled the southern and eastern parts of the despotate, with Thomas ruling

549:. Meanwhile, Thomas was given lands in the north and based himself in the castle of 1285: 1100: 1080: 1072: 1011:

When Thomas had first heard of Mehmed's invasion, he had initially taken refuge at

952: 499: 463:

fell apart and fragmented over the course of the 14th century, the emperors of the

412: 56: 50: 436:

Miniature from an early 15th-century manuscript depicting Thomas's father Emperor

17: 3112: 2594: 2444: 1104: 1053: 940: 646: 630: 583: 566: 525:

Theodore did not make way for Constantine or Thomas in the despotate's capital,

464: 231: 1115: 964: 894:, Thomas's seat as despot from 1449 until it was taken by the Ottomans in 1458 2373: 1280:(1680), give the same four children mentioned by Sphrantzes, others, such as 2521: 2266:

Harris, Jonathan (2013). "Despots, Emperors, and Balkan Identity in Exile".

1179: 1034: 1012: 917: 716: 658: 550: 546: 357: 2258: 360:

allowed Thomas and Demetrios to continue to rule as Ottoman vassals in the

1052:

Upon arriving in Rome, Thomas met with Pius II, who bestowed him with the

793:(who had served as despot until 1384) and great-great-grandson of Emperor 677: 641:, in an effort to remind the despots that they were the Sultan's vassals. 2902: 1315: 913: 634: 622: 542: 538: 2287: 2279: 2346: 2329: 1188: 931: 900: 534: 526: 226: 329:

more than two hundred years earlier, into Byzantine hands by marrying

2313:"A Famous 'Emperor in Exile': Thomas Palaiologos and His Descendants" 2205:

An Elizabethan Assassin: Theodore Paleologus: Seducer, Spy and Killer

1311: 1076: 1046: 972: 956: 904: 891: 666: 595: 365: 60: 2419:

Lost Capital of Byzantium: The History of Mistra and the Peloponnese

2223: 1178:. By the time of the Morea's fall, Helena had long since moved to 1129: 1067: 1061: 1038: 1029: 990: 885: 812: 746: 676: 565: 530: 431: 404: 361: 1028:

fled to Methoni. Thomas and his companions fled to the island of

975:, the Morea was slowly subdued, the last resistance being led by 1045:

and children behind on Corfu and set sail for Italy, landing in

1004: 951:, a Byzantine refugee who had escaped the empire years earlier. 761:

1450, showing the areas under control by Thomas and his brother

408: 163: 2566: 669:", a centralized and strong Hellenic kingdom in its own right. 372:, who supported the Ottomans instead, eventually led Mehmed to 344:, to the throne despite the machinations of his other brother, 1284:(1627) give only two children (the sons Andreas and Manuel). 545:

in the west. Constantine made his capital as despot the town

2224:"A Worthless Prince? Andreas Palaeologus in Rome, 1465-1502" 1095:. On 12 April 1462, Thomas gave the supposed skull of Saint 2368:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 497–515. 2297:"Su alcune discendenze moderne dei Paleologi di Bisanzio" 1648: 1646: 1612: 1610: 1083:; Thomas is the figure in the blue hat in the bottom left 1007:. Thomas served as the model of this statue in the 1460s. 2074: 2072: 2023: 2021: 1996: 1994: 1969: 1967: 1935: 1933: 1920: 1918: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1884: 1882: 1880: 1878: 1865: 1863: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1735: 1733: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 510:, and Thomas (the youngest, born in 1409), were kept in 502:

in 1408 at just eight years old. Manuel's younger sons,

2360:"Miscellanea from the Near East: Balkan Exiles in Rome" 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1838: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 336:

In 1449, Thomas supported the ascension of his brother

1513: 1511: 1306:

In the late 16th century, a family with the last name

316:, in 1428, joining his two brothers and other despots 32:

For the Byzantine exile in the Kingdom of Naples, see

1438: 1436: 3236:

Converts to Roman Catholicism from Eastern Orthodoxy

1399: 1397: 1395: 1382: 1380: 3155: 3121: 3065: 3019: 2983: 2952: 2916: 2863: 2822: 2796: 2775: 2759: 2743: 2727: 2711: 2695: 1033:where to travel to next, he attempted to travel to 673:

Turkish attacks and the accession of Constantine XI

271: 257: 247: 237: 225: 192: 182: 169: 153: 141: 137: 111: 100: 89: 78: 71: 43: 1322:, who worked as a soldier and hired assassin, and 1589: 820:, sent as an envoy to the West by Thomas in 1456 1203:, none of them carried on the Palaiologos name. 934:and that he was waging war against the impious. 927: 3226:Byzantine people of the Byzantine–Ottoman wars 719:and the north-west, variously using Patras or 3093:Sophia Palaiologina, Grand Princess of Moscow 2578: 471:, as appanages to defend and govern. Emperor 368:and Western Europe. Constant quarreling with 8: 411:, where he was received and provided for by 2855:Maria Palaiologina, Khatun of the Ilkhanate 2934:Theodora Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria 2585: 2571: 2563: 2435: 876:Moreot civil war and the fall of the Morea 379:Thomas and his family, including his wife 49: 40: 2402:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2345: 1091:which to this day stands in front of the 979:, a relative of Thomas and Demetrios, at 611:, daughter and heir of the final prince, 3188:who are independently notable are shown. 3088:Helena Palaiologina, Despotess of Serbia 2960:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Trebizond 1652: 1616: 1529: 2975:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria 2830:Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria 2330:"The tombs of the Palaiologan emperors" 2114: 2102: 1985: 1364: 1263:in Spain (though they never used them). 3129:Maria Palaiologina, Princess of Vereya 2929:Anna Palaiologina, Despotess of Epirus 2078: 2063: 2051: 2027: 2000: 1973: 1939: 1924: 1909: 1888: 1869: 1854: 1823: 1787: 1768: 1739: 1724: 1712: 1700: 1681: 2939:Irene Palaiologina, Byzantine Empress 2903:Simonis Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia 2421:. New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks. 2126: 2039: 2012: 1958: 1842: 1804: 1756: 1669: 1637: 1601: 1577: 1565: 1553: 1541: 1517: 1502: 1490: 1478: 1466: 1454: 1442: 1427: 1415: 1403: 1386: 1371: 685:, restored by Thomas and his brother 27:Despot of the Morea from 1428 to 1460 7: 3078:Helena Palaiologina, Queen of Cyprus 2243:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2162: 2150: 2138: 2090: 428:Early life and appointment as despot 84:(claimed in exile until 12 May 1465) 2944:Maria Palaiologina, Queen of Serbia 1058:Ospedale di Santo Spirito in Sassia 574:in 1400. By the time Thomas became 118:Theodore II Palaiologos (1428–1443) 2334:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 2184:Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 1349:Succession to the Byzantine Empire 1107:) is depicted on Pius II's grave. 25: 3216:15th-century Despots of the Morea 2306:(in Italian): 77–90 (1–9 in PDF). 842:of Burgundy in February 1454 and 743:Initial tenure under Ottoman rule 633:, a Turkish general who governed 557:Despot under the Byzantine Empire 3246:Former Greek Orthodox Christians 2178:Gilliland Wright, Diana (2013). 1220:Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow 977:Constantine Graitzas Palaiologos 275: 3231:Byzantine pretenders after 1453 3221:Burials at St. Peter's Basilica 2228:Orientalia Christiana Periodica 2196:10.1179/0307013112Z.00000000019 799: 477: 383:and his three younger children 333:, heiress to the principality. 312:by his oldest brother, Emperor 59:fresco of Pius II's arrival at 2788:Theodora Angelina Palaiologina 1318:and contained figures such as 1253:Imperator Constantinopolitanus 955:convened a council in 1459 in 809:The possibility of Western aid 444:and his three oldest brothers 1: 2735:Andronikos Doukas Palaiologos 2268:The Sixteenth Century Journal 2207:. Stroud: The History Press. 1212: 882:Ottoman conquest of the Morea 755: 693:in 1444 and destroyed by the 2304:Rassegna Storica Salernitana 395:, escaped into exile to the 374:invade and conquer the Morea 738:Continued rule in the Morea 578:in 1428, his older brother 448:(later Emperor John VIII), 3282: 3266:Sons of Byzantine emperors 3047:Constantine XI Palaiologos 2924:Andronikos III Palaiologos 2804:Irene Komnene Palaiologina 2417:Runciman, Steven (2009) . 2365:Essays on the Latin Orient 2328:Melvani, Nicholas (2018). 2295:Maisano, Riccardo (1988). 1235:iconography of Byzantium. 879: 768:Constantinople ultimately 706:the will of their mother, 586:by Thomas and his brother 533:, fortresses and towns in 308:. Thomas was appointed as 302:Constantine XI Palaiologos 296:; 1409 – 12 May 1465) was 31: 3182: 2991:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 2835:Andronikos II Palaiologos 2605: 2551: 2536: 2527: 2520: 2479: 2471: 2466: 2438: 2398:Nicol, Donald M. (1992). 2381:Nicol, Donald M. (1974). 2239:Harris, Jonathan (2010). 2222:Harris, Jonathan (1995). 1239:, Russia's first crowned 1147:Zoe (Sophia) Palaiologina 791:Demetrios I Kantakouzenos 325:, established during the 293: 48: 3073:Andronikos V Palaiologos 2809:Michael VIII Palaiologos 1243:, was Sophia's grandson. 1126:Children and descendants 356:in 1453, Ottoman Sultan 55:Thomas, detail from the 3135:Constantine Palaiologos 3037:Theodore II Palaiologos 2876:Constantine Palaiologos 2840:Constantine Palaiologos 2814:John Doukas Palaiologos 2498:Constantine Palaiologos 2491:Theodore II Palaiologos 2475:Theodore II Palaiologos 2383:"Byzantium and England" 890:Ruins of the castle at 870:Frankoulios Servopoulos 844:Alfonso the Magnanimous 562:Strengthening the Morea 122:Constantine Palaiologos 94:Theodore II Palaiologos 34:Thomas Asen Palaiologos 3163:Palaeologus-Montferrat 3042:Andronikos Palaiologos 3001:Theodore I Palaiologos 2891:Palaeologus-Montferrat 2871:Michael IX Palaiologos 2783:Andronikos Palaiologos 2703:Nikephoros Palaiologos 2515:conquest of the Morea 2311:Mallat, Peter (1985). 1257:Charles VIII of France 1154: 1084: 1008: 936: 895: 821: 765: 753:Despotate of the Morea 698: 613:Centurione II Zaccaria 591: 494:and the third eldest, 456: 350:Fall of Constantinople 342:Emperor Constantine XI 323:Principality of Achaea 3251:Greek Roman Catholics 3186:male-line descendants 3052:Demetrios Palaiologos 3032:John VIII Palaiologos 2996:Manuel II Palaiologos 2898:Demetrios Palaiologos 2539:— TITULAR — 2505:Demetrios Palaiologos 1590:Gilliland Wright 2013 1133: 1071: 1060:and a pension of 300 994: 889: 835:Etsi ecclesia Christi 816: 795:John VI Kantakouzenos 750: 680: 569: 498:, was made Despot of 473:Manuel II Palaiologos 438:Manuel II Palaiologos 435: 314:John VIII Palaiologos 242:Manuel II Palaiologos 128:Demetrios Palaiologos 3241:Despots of the Morea 3141:Fernando Palaiologos 3027:John VII Palaiologos 2886:Theodore Palaiologos 2850:Eudokia Palaiologina 2845:Theodore Palaiologos 2545:Despot of the Morea 2241:The End of Byzantium 1324:Ferdinand Paleologus 1301:older than Andreas). 1294:Isabella of Clermont 1141:, the first crowned 1093:St. Peter's Basilica 1001:St. Peter's Basilica 922:Bishop of Lacedaemon 787:Manuel Kantakouzenos 537:(in the south), and 175:St. Peter's Basilica 3256:Palaiologos dynasty 3147:Andreas Palaiologos 3098:Andreas Palaiologos 3083:Helena Palaiologina 3011:Zampia Palaiologina 3006:Michael Palaiologos 2970:Michael Palaiologos 2767:Alexios Palaiologos 2555:Andreas Palaiologos 2482:Despot of the Morea 2440:Thomas Palaiologos 2280:10.1086/SCJ24244808 2203:Hall, John (2015). 2066:, pp. 142–143. 2015:, pp. 114–116. 1715:, pp. 233–234. 1320:Theodore Paleologus 1248:Andreas Palaiologos 1233:double-headed eagle 1163:Helena Palaiologina 655:Council of Florence 576:Despot of the Morea 492:Despot of the Morea 310:Despot of the Morea 298:Despot of the Morea 212:Andreas Palaiologos 202:Helena Palaiologina 105:Andreas Palaiologos 73:Despot of the Morea 3103:Manuel Palaiologos 3057:Thomas Palaiologos 2965:John V Palaiologos 2751:George Palaiologos 2719:George Palaiologos 2522:Titles in pretence 2347:10.1017/byz.2018.7 2172:Cited bibliography 2129:, p. 179–203. 2054:, p. 537–554. 1337:) as living there. 1268:Manuel Palaiologos 1155: 1137:reconstruction of 1097:Andrew the Apostle 1085: 1009: 944:Gianone da Cremona 896: 866:Pope Callixtus III 822: 781:, son of the last 779:John Asen Zaccaria 766: 699: 617:Republic of Venice 609:Catherine Zaccaria 592: 490:was designated as 457: 340:, who then became 331:Catherine Zaccaria 286:Thomas Palaiologos 217:Manuel Palaiologos 187:Catherine Zaccaria 44:Thomas Palaiologos 18:Thomas Palaeologus 3193: 3192: 3173:Paleologus-Pesaro 2893: 2664:(1390; 1403–1408) 2561: 2560: 2552:Succeeded by 2541: 2533:Loss of the Morea 1278:Charles du Fresne 1261:Catholic Monarchs 1237:Ivan the Terrible 1139:Ivan the Terrible 1056:, lodging in the 861:John Argyropoulos 818:John Argyropoulos 712:George Sphrantzes 306:Byzantine emperor 294:Θωμᾶς Παλαιολόγος 283: 282: 16:(Redirected from 3273: 3261:Porphyrogennetoi 3168:Asen Palaiologos 3108:Hass Murad Pasha 2908:John Palaiologos 2889: 2881:John Palaiologos 2599:Byzantine Empire 2587: 2580: 2573: 2564: 2537: 2472:Preceded by 2462: 2455: 2436: 2432: 2413: 2394: 2377: 2351: 2349: 2324: 2307: 2301: 2291: 2262: 2235: 2218: 2199: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2130: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2076: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2043: 2037: 2031: 2025: 2016: 2010: 2004: 1998: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1971: 1962: 1956: 1943: 1937: 1928: 1922: 1913: 1907: 1892: 1886: 1873: 1867: 1858: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1827: 1821: 1808: 1802: 1791: 1785: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1754: 1743: 1737: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1698: 1685: 1679: 1673: 1667: 1656: 1650: 1641: 1635: 1620: 1614: 1605: 1599: 1593: 1587: 1581: 1575: 1569: 1563: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1506: 1500: 1494: 1488: 1482: 1476: 1470: 1464: 1458: 1452: 1446: 1440: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1413: 1407: 1401: 1390: 1384: 1375: 1369: 1217: 1214: 1208:Zoe Palaiologina 1201:Jerina Brankovic 1176:Despot of Serbia 999:in front of the 803: 801: 783:Prince of Achaea 760: 757: 723:as his capital. 625:, Sultan of the 572:Byzantine Empire 516:Porphyrogennetos 481: 479: 461:Byzantine Empire 417:Byzantine Empire 354:Byzantine Empire 295: 279: 207:Zoe Palaiologina 160: 85: 53: 41: 21: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3271: 3270: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3178: 3151: 3122:15th generation 3117: 3066:14th generation 3061: 3020:13th generation 3015: 2984:12th generation 2979: 2953:11th generation 2948: 2917:10th generation 2912: 2859: 2818: 2792: 2771: 2755: 2739: 2723: 2707: 2691: 2601: 2591: 2557: 2548: 2542: 2534: 2531: 2502: 2495: 2487: 2485: 2477: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2441: 2429: 2416: 2410: 2397: 2380: 2356:Miller, William 2354: 2327: 2317:The Genealogist 2310: 2299: 2294: 2265: 2251: 2238: 2221: 2215: 2202: 2177: 2174: 2169: 2161: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2125: 2121: 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1944: 1942:, p. 250. 1929: 1927:, p. 249. 1914: 1912:, p. 650. 1893: 1891:, p. 500. 1874: 1872:, p. 649. 1859: 1857:, p. 241. 1847: 1845:, p. 114. 1828: 1826:, p. 240. 1809: 1807:, p. 113. 1792: 1790:, p. 239. 1773: 1771:, p. 238. 1761: 1759:, p. 112. 1744: 1742:, p. 235. 1729: 1727:, p. 234. 1717: 1705: 1703:, p. 230. 1686: 1684:, p. 229. 1674: 1672:, p. 110. 1657: 1642: 1640:, p. 111. 1621: 1606: 1594: 1582: 1570: 1558: 1546: 1534: 1522: 1507: 1495: 1483: 1471: 1459: 1447: 1432: 1420: 1408: 1391: 1376: 1363: 1361: 1358: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1351: 1344: 1341: 1273: 1272: 1264: 1244: 1224:Pope Sixtus IV 1204: 1143:tsar of Russia 1127: 1124: 1075:'s arrival at 988: 985: 983:in July 1461. 880:Main article: 877: 874: 831:crusading bull 810: 807: 789:, grandson of 744: 741: 739: 736: 732:Matthaios Asan 674: 671: 651:Gregory Mammas 627:Ottoman Empire 605:Fourth Crusade 563: 560: 558: 555: 512:Constantinople 429: 426: 424: 421: 399:-held city of 327:Fourth Crusade 281: 280: 273: 269: 268: 259: 255: 254: 249: 245: 244: 239: 235: 234: 229: 223: 222: 220: 219: 214: 209: 204: 198: 196: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 173: 171: 167: 166: 161:(aged 56) 155: 151: 150: 148:Constantinople 143: 139: 138: 135: 134: 132: 131: 125: 119: 115: 113: 109: 108: 102: 98: 97: 91: 87: 86: 80: 76: 75: 69: 68: 54: 46: 45: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3278: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3187: 3181: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3133: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3120: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3018: 3012: 3009: 3007: 3004: 3002: 2999: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2957: 2955: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2851: 2848: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2821: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2672: 2669: 2666: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2656:Andronikos IV 2654: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2635: 2632: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2616:Andronikos II 2614: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2583: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2569: 2568: 2565: 2556: 2547: 2546: 2540: 2530: 2529:Loss of title 2526: 2523: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2501: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2484: 2483: 2476: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2437: 2430: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2393:(2): 179–203. 2392: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2305: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2216: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2165:, p. 38. 2164: 2159: 2156: 2153:, p. 35. 2152: 2147: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2120: 2116: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2096: 2093:, p. 34. 2092: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1721: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1655:, p. 79. 1654: 1653:Runciman 2009 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1619:, p. 78. 1618: 1617:Runciman 2009 1613: 1611: 1607: 1604:, p. 44. 1603: 1598: 1595: 1592:, p. 63. 1591: 1586: 1583: 1580:, p. 36. 1579: 1574: 1571: 1568:, p. 35. 1567: 1562: 1559: 1556:, p. 33. 1555: 1550: 1547: 1544:, p. 32. 1543: 1538: 1535: 1532:, p. 76. 1531: 1530:Runciman 2009 1526: 1523: 1520:, p. 31. 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1505:, p. 24. 1504: 1499: 1496: 1493:, p. 22. 1492: 1487: 1484: 1481:, p. 21. 1480: 1475: 1472: 1469:, p. 19. 1468: 1463: 1460: 1457:, p. 14. 1456: 1451: 1448: 1445:, p. 13. 1444: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1430:, p. 12. 1429: 1424: 1421: 1418:, p. 11. 1417: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1365: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1125: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1112: 1108: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1042: 1040: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1014: 1006: 1002: 998: 993: 987:Life in exile 986: 984: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 960: 958: 954: 950: 945: 942: 935: 933: 926: 923: 919: 915: 909: 906: 902: 893: 888: 883: 875: 873: 871: 867: 862: 856: 853: 849: 848:Frederick III 845: 841: 837: 836: 832: 828: 819: 815: 808: 806: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 774: 771: 764: 754: 749: 742: 737: 735: 733: 729: 724: 722: 718: 713: 709: 708:Helena Dragaš 703: 696: 692: 688: 684: 681:Ruins of the 679: 672: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 642: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 600: 597: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 568: 561: 556: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 523: 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 485: 474: 470: 466: 462: 455: 451: 447: 443: 442:Helena Dragaš 440:, his mother 439: 434: 427: 422: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 377: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 334: 332: 328: 324: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 291: 287: 278: 274: 270: 267: 263: 260: 256: 253: 252:Helena Dragaš 250: 246: 243: 240: 236: 233: 230: 228: 224: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 203: 200: 199: 197: 195: 191: 188: 185: 181: 176: 172: 168: 165: 156: 152: 149: 144: 140: 136: 129: 126: 123: 120: 117: 116: 114: 110: 106: 103: 99: 95: 92: 88: 81: 77: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 52: 47: 42: 39: 35: 30: 19: 3056: 2668:Andronikos V 2647: 2639: 2610:Michael VIII 2544: 2543: 2538: 2528: 2511: 2503: 2496: 2488: 2480: 2458: 2451: 2443: 2418: 2399: 2390: 2386: 2364: 2337: 2333: 2320: 2316: 2303: 2271: 2267: 2240: 2231: 2227: 2204: 2190:(1): 63–80. 2187: 2183: 2158: 2146: 2134: 2122: 2117:, p. 6. 2115:Maisano 1988 2110: 2105:, p. 4. 2103:Maisano 1988 2098: 2086: 2059: 2047: 2035: 2008: 1986:Melvani 2018 1981: 1850: 1764: 1720: 1708: 1677: 1597: 1585: 1573: 1561: 1549: 1537: 1525: 1498: 1486: 1474: 1462: 1450: 1423: 1411: 1406:, p. 9. 1389:, p. 4. 1374:, p. 3. 1367: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1310:, living in 1305: 1302: 1298: 1290: 1286:Leo Allatius 1274: 1266: 1252: 1246: 1206: 1161: 1156: 1120: 1113: 1109: 1101:Ponte Milvio 1086: 1081:Pinturicchio 1073:Pope Pius II 1051: 1043: 1010: 961: 953:Pope Pius II 937: 928: 910: 897: 857: 833: 823: 775: 767: 725: 704: 700: 643: 621: 601: 593: 524: 520: 500:Thessaloniki 458: 413:Pope Pius II 403:and then to 378: 335: 304:, the final 285: 284: 159:(1465-05-12) 57:Pintoricchio 38: 29: 3211:1465 deaths 3206:1409 births 3113:Mesih Pasha 2688:(1449–1453) 2682:(1425–1448) 2676:(1391–1425) 2670:(1403–1407) 2658:(1376–1379) 2651:(1353–1357) 2643:(1347–1354) 2636:(1341–1391) 2630:(1328–1341) 2624:(1295–1320) 2618:(1282–1328) 2612:(1259–1282) 2595:Palaiologoi 2507:, 1449–1460 2500:, 1428–1449 2493:, 1428–1443 2461:12 May 1465 2445:Palaiologos 2259:j.ctt1npm19 2079:Mallat 1985 2064:Mallat 1985 2052:Harris 1995 2028:Harris 1995 2001:Mallat 1985 1974:Harris 1995 1940:Harris 2010 1925:Harris 2010 1910:Harris 2013 1889:Miller 1921 1870:Harris 2013 1855:Harris 2010 1824:Harris 2010 1788:Harris 2010 1769:Harris 2010 1740:Harris 2010 1725:Harris 2010 1713:Harris 2010 1701:Harris 2010 1682:Harris 2010 1170:, a son of 1105:Saint Peter 1079:in 1464 by 1054:Golden Rose 941:condottieri 829:issued the 687:Constantine 631:Turahan Bey 588:Constantine 584:Peloponnese 570:Map of the 504:Constantine 465:Palaiologan 338:Constantine 232:Palaiologos 157:12 May 1465 130:(1449–1460) 124:(1428–1449) 90:Predecessor 3200:Categories 2622:Michael IX 2549:1460–1465 2323:: 141–147. 2234:: 537–554. 2127:Nicol 1974 2040:Nicol 1992 2013:Nicol 1992 1959:Nicol 1992 1843:Nicol 1992 1805:Nicol 1992 1757:Nicol 1992 1670:Nicol 1992 1638:Nicol 1992 1602:Nicol 1992 1578:Nicol 1992 1566:Nicol 1992 1554:Nicol 1992 1542:Nicol 1992 1518:Nicol 1992 1503:Nicol 1992 1491:Nicol 1992 1479:Nicol 1992 1467:Nicol 1992 1455:Nicol 1992 1443:Nicol 1992 1428:Nicol 1992 1416:Nicol 1992 1404:Nicol 1992 1387:Nicol 1992 1372:Nicol 1992 1355:References 1308:Paleologus 1229:third Rome 1151:third Rome 1135:Forensical 1116:indulgence 1089:Saint Paul 997:Saint Paul 995:Statue of 981:Salmenikon 965:Monemvasia 689:to defend 496:Andronikos 454:Andronikos 82:1428–1460 2680:John VIII 2674:Manuel II 2486:1428–1460 2374:457893641 2163:Hall 2015 2151:Hall 2015 2139:Hall 2015 2091:Hall 2015 1360:Citations 1180:Smederevo 1013:Mantineia 949:Bessarion 918:Mantineia 763:Demetrios 728:Mehmed II 717:Corinthia 691:the Morea 659:Selymbria 551:Kalavryta 547:Glarentza 508:Demetrios 423:Biography 381:Catherine 376:in 1460. 370:Demetrios 358:Mehmed II 346:Demetrios 272:Signature 112:Co-rulers 107:(titular) 101:Successor 63:, in the 2662:John VII 2358:(1921). 2288:24244808 1343:See also 1316:Cornwall 914:Kalamata 721:Leontari 695:Ottomans 635:Thessaly 623:Murad II 580:Theodore 543:Messenia 539:Kalamata 488:Theodore 450:Theodore 397:Venetian 318:Theodore 266:Orthodox 262:Catholic 258:Religion 2649:Matthew 2641:John VI 2597:of the 2513:Ottoman 2447:dynasty 1335:Ioannes 1216: 1189:Lefkada 1018:Andreas 969:Methoni 932:perjury 901:Corinth 802: 759: 697:in 1446 535:Laconia 527:Mystras 480: 459:As the 401:Methoni 389:Andreas 227:Dynasty 96:(alone) 2634:John V 2457: 2425: 2406: 2372: 2286: 2257: 2247: 2211: 1331:Leonis 1312:Pesaro 1197:Milica 1193:Jelena 1185:Ragusa 1077:Ancona 1062:ducats 1047:Ancona 1035:Ragusa 1022:Manuel 973:Koroni 957:Mantua 905:Patras 892:Patras 667:Sparta 596:Patras 469:despot 393:Manuel 366:Papacy 248:Mother 238:Father 183:Spouse 177:, Rome 170:Burial 61:Ancona 3184:Only 2489:with 2459:Died: 2452:Born: 2300:(PDF) 2284:JSTOR 2255:JSTOR 1222:, by 1039:Veria 1030:Corfu 531:Aigio 405:Corfu 362:Morea 290:Greek 194:Issue 79:Reign 2593:The 2454:1409 2423:ISBN 2404:ISBN 2370:OCLC 2245:ISBN 2209:ISBN 1333:and 1241:tsar 1199:and 1024:and 1005:Rome 971:and 916:and 770:fell 751:The 647:Elis 541:and 484:John 452:and 446:John 409:Rome 391:and 164:Rome 154:Died 145:1409 142:Born 3175:(?) 3143:(?) 3137:(?) 3131:(?) 2342:doi 2276:doi 2192:doi 1026:Zoe 1003:in 385:Zoe 3202:: 2391:15 2389:. 2385:. 2362:. 2338:42 2336:. 2332:. 2319:. 2315:. 2302:. 2282:. 2272:44 2270:. 2253:. 2232:61 2230:. 2226:. 2188:37 2186:. 2182:. 2071:^ 2020:^ 1993:^ 1966:^ 1947:^ 1932:^ 1917:^ 1896:^ 1877:^ 1862:^ 1831:^ 1812:^ 1795:^ 1776:^ 1747:^ 1732:^ 1689:^ 1660:^ 1645:^ 1624:^ 1609:^ 1510:^ 1435:^ 1394:^ 1379:^ 1213:c. 1195:, 1174:, 1153:". 1020:, 800:r. 756:c. 619:. 553:. 506:, 478:r. 419:. 387:, 292:: 2894:) 2888:( 2586:e 2579:t 2572:v 2431:. 2412:. 2376:. 2350:. 2344:: 2321:6 2290:. 2278:: 2261:. 2217:. 2198:. 2194:: 1227:" 1211:( 797:( 590:. 475:( 288:( 264:/ 36:. 20:)

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