1109:
294:
603:
1122:
1039:
1146:
1134:
44:
1158:
326:
480:(another costly and turbulent territory which Sprigg had conquered). However Scanlen faced the problem of British opposition to this move. The British government has permitted him to withdraw from Basutoland, but saw itself having to take responsibility for the Transkei too. The powerful Afrikaner Bond party also opposed disannexation of Transkei and Tembuland, and the move was blocked.
639:) where he started a legal practice. He went on to become legal adviser to Cecil Rhodes's Chartered Company, for which he acted as Administrator on several occasions, and acting Public Prosecutor. In 1896 he became senior member of the Rhodesian Executive Council, and in 1899 he became a member of the Rhodesian Legislative Council (of which he became the Chairman in 1902).
273:" (local democracy) and supporters of the British Imperial Governor Wodehouse. Scanlen's first move was to declare official neutrality in this conflict, claiming that he was as yet far too ignorant of the issues. He eventually gave his cautious support to the responsible government movement, which triumphed in 1872. He turned down the new
563:, and went on to secure a significant degree of parliamentary control. Scanlen's was the first Cape government to be forced into uneasy cooperation with this powerful new group, and all of his government's issues were coloured by the need to deal with the Bond. In addition, signs of the increasing cultural assertiveness of the Cape
277:'s unofficial offer of a government position, but gave the Molteno government his support for its various infrastructure and development projects. When the Molteno government was overthrown by an imperial intervention, Scanlen moved into opposition against the new aggressively pro-imperialist government of
618:
Scanlen was not an outstanding politician. He had a good legal brain, was a conscientious worker and a good back bencher, but he was neither a good orator nor a leader. It was his misfortune that, in assuming the
Premiership, he also inherited Sprigg's legacy of intractable problems. In private life,
380:
In the charged atmosphere of the time, powerful political factions were squaring off, however none could command an absolute majority alone. Scanlen was therefore quickly accepted as a "safe" compromise candidate who was politically neutral and could be accepted by all. He was also prudent and astute
623:
Scanlen continued to serve as leader of the parliamentary opposition until 1889 but his personal life suffered. He underwent considerable financial losses due to a series of bad investments. His first wife had died in 1856. The couple had only had two surviving children: a libertine, Charles (whom
420:
Serious financial problems also faced the
Scanlen government from its onset, and at the time this issue dwarfed all others in urgency and importance. The massive confederation wars had sapped the Colony's resources, accruing a debt of over 16 million (mostly from military spending) and seeing the
507:
Scanlen's government wished to protect the
Bechuana people's independence and evict the Boer settlers from the Tswana lands. However he once again was opposed by the powerful Afrikaner Bond party, which saw Bechuanaland as being in the Boer sphere of influence, and Scanlen's moves were blocked.
456:
and
General CG Gordon to the Basuto leaders, and made several attempts to renounce its authority from Basutoland entirely. The war began to die down after Scanlen's government negotiated a peace treaty in 1881, and succeeded in peacefully withdrawing all authority over the territory. After
578:
Scanlen had come under intense pressure from the
Afrikaner Bond on the issues of de-annexing Basutoland and Transkei (which the Bond saw as land that should be opened for white settlement). This pressure reached a new level when Scanlen opposed the Stellaland & Goshen Boer settlers in
457:
Scanlen's government dis-annexed it, the
British assumed responsibility for Basutoland and took it over as a protectorate. Basutoland was never more to be a part of the Cape Colony and, because of this move, in years to come, it was eventually to become the independent state of
511:
Caught between his liberal cabinet members, and the conservative
Afrikaner Bond party, Scanlen travelled alone to London (Oct 1883 - Jan 1884) to negotiate with the British and Transvaal governments. In his absence, the Bond lobbies against him using its press outlets such as
525:
624:
Scanlen dubbed "the prodigal
Charlie") and an invalid, Kate). In 1888 his second wife, his cousin Sarah Ann Dennison, left him and moved to England with their child. Of the ten children he fathered in both his marriages, only four survived to adulthood.
424:
In spite of these challenges, Scanlen's government began gradually to make headway. He led a movement to return to the highly successful and locally oriented development policies of the Cape's first ministry. For this purpose, he re-appointed
261:
Scanlen's father
Charles was elected as parliamentary representative for Cradock in 1856. Thomas succeeded his father as representative of Cradock in 1870, and was to serve in the Cape Parliament for a total of 26 years.
1219:
1199:
206:
440:
The country's economy slowly began to revive and the diamond industry started to recover. Although the effects were only gradually felt in the years to come, economic recovery had begun.
400:
At its accession, Scanlen's new government confronted two full-blown wars and a string of smaller conflicts, all caused by Frere's recently failed confederation scheme. Nearby, the
301:
The
Scanlen government acquired the nickname "The Humdrum Ministry", as it was primarily concerned with damage-control and restoring normality to the country, after the disastrous
619:
Scanlen was modest and retiring. He was a difficult conversationalist, having virtually no small talk, but he possessed a dry sense of humour and was a shrewd judge of character.
582:
Without the support of the Bond, Scanlen could barely command an effective majority in parliament. Scanlen was compelled to resign in May 1884. He was replaced as Premier by
365:
was invited to come out of retirement to take over government, however he declined, and instead suggested Scanlen as a sufficiently qualified leader to form a government.
1028:
361:
in 1880 to face charges of misconduct and, deprived of its principle backer, the Sprigg ministry collapsed. In the political vacuum, the Cape's first Prime Minister
1209:
1194:
305:. It was also dominated by the concern to undo the extravagant military expansions of the Sprigg government, by shedding the conquered territories in
1138:
1019:
421:
Cape's exports peter off. In addition, the subsequent withdrawal of the Imperial garrisons reduced local demand for goods and infrastructure.
1204:
293:
86:
690:
The life and times of Sir John Charles Molteno, Comprising a History of Representative Institutions and Responsible Government at the Cape
381:
by nature, and in the context of the ruinous military and economic situation, all factions accepted the need for a technocrat government.
856:
1150:
925:
911:
843:
756:
587:
222:
55:
931:
611:
434:
552:
had led to these tensions merely being replaced by friction between the English and Afrikaans speaking populations of the Cape.
211:
768:
1224:
374:
76:
979:
602:
1214:
1012:
225:, from 1881 to 1884, during an especially turbulent period in the Cape's history, dominated by conflicts such as the
1126:
1108:
1121:
878:
329:
The Cape Colony (dark pink) and neighbouring states, on the eve of the Confederation Wars and before the loss of
1145:
1038:
452:, an expensive and ongoing legacy of Prime Minister Sprigg's policies. Scanlen's government sent envoys such as
794:
342:
1133:
1005:
270:
1093:
954:
591:
250:
1189:
1184:
1048:
433:
himself briefly came out of retirement to assist Scanlen in forming his cabinet and to advise him as
430:
401:
245:
in the Cape Colony. His family were of Irish ancestry, and had arrived in the eastern Cape among the
242:
138:
516:
and branding Scanlen a British imperialist. Scanlen's parliamentary support also fell to a new low.
541:
389:
215:
142:
43:
972:
820:
723:
545:
489:
354:
338:
98:
405:
377:
were also offered the position, but it was to Scanlen that the invitation was given in the end.
1083:
921:
907:
839:
752:
572:
465:
162:
1098:
815:
715:
426:
370:
253:, Cape Colony. Here he married Emma Thackwray on 1855, and the couple had several children.
997:
864:
1162:
1063:
989:
703:
583:
350:
110:
1157:
297:
Scanlen preparing to take over the troubled Cape Government. Cape Lantern cartoon. 1881.
265:
At the time he first entered parliament, the nation was split between the supporters of
568:
556:
549:
449:
385:
325:
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274:
226:
172:
1178:
1088:
1078:
1068:
1053:
727:
346:
302:
282:
278:
246:
524:
1073:
772:
704:"Cape Politics The First Son of South Africa to be Premier: Thomas Charles Scanlen"
560:
537:
533:
493:
366:
362:
266:
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swiftly followed during Scanlen's tenure, included the first introduction of the
309:
and the Transkei, and by the need to appease the newly inflamed tension between
719:
642:
Scanlen retired on pension in 1908 and died on 15 December 1912 in Salisbury,
564:
501:
497:
496:
and established settlements that later became the miniature Boer republics of
409:
330:
306:
17:
586:- a political ally of the Bond. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the
643:
636:
628:
477:
453:
238:
341:
fell, amidst the widespread unrest and frontier wars resulting from the
458:
532:
By the time of Scanlen's ministry, the earlier grievances between the
632:
384:
Consequently, on 9 May 1881, Thomas Scanlen was appointed as the 3rd
358:
158:
476:
Similar to Basutoland, Scanlen's government wished to dis-annex the
904:
The First Son of South Africa to be Premier: Thomas Charles Scanlen
749:
The First Son of South Africa to be Premier: Thomas Charles Scanlen
664:
The First Son of South Africa to be Premier: Thomas Charles Scanlen
404:
had just seen the British lose control of the Transvaal, while the
838:. Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria. Tafelberg Ltd, 1972.
601:
523:
337:
In 1881, the unpopular and unelected government of Prime Minister
324:
292:
677:
History of South Africa, from 1873 to 1884. Twelve eventful years
314:
281:, dubbed "The Settler Ministry", as it was composed entirely of
1001:
464:
Another legacy issue was the German invasion of neighbouring
229:. He was also the Cape's first locally-born Prime Minister.
392:, and the first locally-born person to hold this position.
1220:
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
528:
Scanlen falls into opposition. Cape Lantern cartoon. 1884.
210:(9 July 1834 – 15 December 1912) was a politician and
679:. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd. Vol.II, p.70.
879:"RootsWeb: SOUTH-AFRICA-L Re: [ZA] Scanlens"
1200:
Members of the House of Assembly of the Cape Colony
188:
178:
168:
148:
125:
120:
104:
92:
82:
72:
54:
31:
666:. Oldwick, New Jersey: Longford Press, 1993. p.50.
448:The Cape itself was still heavily involved in the
285:from Sprigg's own frontier region of the Cape.
249:. In 1845 his family moved from Grahamstown to
1127:State President of the South African Republic
1013:
906:. Oldwick, New Jersey: Longford Press, 1993.
836:Dictionary of South African Biography. Vol II
751:. Oldwick, New Jersey: Longford Press, 1993.
8:
1020:
1006:
998:
937:
918:Dictionary of African historical biography
795:"History of Cape Colony from 1870 to 1899"
461:, separate from the rest of South Africa.
42:
28:
429:as his Commissioner of Public Works, and
1139:State President of the Orange Free State
1029:Prime Ministers of the Cape of Good Hope
920:. University of California Press, 1989.
655:
559:had held its first congress in 1882 at
548:'s failed Confederation scheme and the
544:had mostly been laid to rest. However,
488:Boer settlers and mercenaries from the
737:– via Cambridge Journals Online.
1210:South African people of Irish descent
692:. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1900
7:
345:'s disastrous attempt to enforce a
1195:Prime ministers of the Cape Colony
492:had recently invaded neighbouring
25:
1151:Prime Minister of the Cape Colony
606:Scanlen in later life in Rhodesia
588:Order of St Michael and St George
223:Prime Minister of the Cape Colony
68:9 May 1881 – 12 May 1884
56:Prime Minister of the Cape Colony
1156:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1107:
1037:
932:Dictionary of National Biography
627:In 1895, he moved to Salisbury,
612:Dictionary of National Biography
289:The Scanlen Ministry (1881-1884)
237:Scanlen was born 9 July 1834 on
702:Beck, Roger B. (1 March 1996).
408:war had seen disasters such as
708:The Journal of African History
375:Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (Onze Jan)
1:
980:Prime Minister of Cape Colony
520:Rise of Afrikaner nationalism
1205:People of the Basuto Gun War
861:www.scanlenandholderness.com
824:. 23 May 1884. p. 2286.
1241:
357:had just been recalled to
203:Sir Thomas Charles Scanlen
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1105:
1044:
1035:
986:
977:
969:
961:
951:
945:
940:
720:10.1017/S0021853700034964
196:
116:
61:
50:
41:
1084:William Philip Schreiner
241:Farm in the district of
1163:Prime Minister of Natal
610:In describing him, the
353:. The British Governor
343:British Colonial Office
1059:Thomas Charles Scanlen
973:Sir John Gordon Sprigg
607:
529:
472:Transkei disannexation
334:
317:citizens of the Cape.
298:
271:responsible government
257:Early political career
36:Thomas Charles Scanlen
1225:South African knights
1094:Leander Starr Jameson
955:Cradock, Eastern Cape
605:
592:1884 Birthday Honours
527:
484:Stellaland and Goshen
328:
296:
1099:John Xavier Merriman
1049:John Charles Molteno
867:on 17 November 2011.
402:first Anglo-Boer war
396:Specific challenges
1215:Cape Colony people
1089:John Gordon Sprigg
1079:John Gordon Sprigg
1069:John Gordon Sprigg
1054:John Gordon Sprigg
953:Representative of
941:Political offices
916:R. Kent Rasmussen:
821:The London Gazette
608:
555:The newly founded
530:
435:Colonial Secretary
355:Henry Bartle Frere
339:John Gordon Sprigg
335:
299:
184:Sarah Ann Dennison
99:John Gordon Sprigg
1172:
1171:
1074:Cecil John Rhodes
996:
995:
987:Succeeded by
962:Succeeded by
573:House of Assembly
466:South West Africa
303:Sprigg government
269:'s movement for "
200:
199:
87:Hercules Robinson
16:(Redirected from
1232:
1160:
1148:
1136:
1124:
1111:
1041:
1022:
1015:
1008:
999:
970:Preceded by
946:Preceded by
938:
890:
889:
887:
885:
875:
869:
868:
863:. Archived from
853:
847:
832:
826:
825:
812:
806:
805:
803:
801:
791:
785:
784:
782:
780:
771:. Archived from
765:
759:
745:
739:
738:
736:
734:
699:
693:
686:
680:
673:
667:
660:
514:De Zuid-Afrikaan
427:John X. Merriman
371:John X. Merriman
209:
155:
152:15 December 1912
135:
133:
121:Personal details
107:
95:
66:
46:
29:
21:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1231:
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1229:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1112:
1103:
1064:Thomas Upington
1042:
1031:
1026:
992:
990:Thomas Upington
983:
975:
965:
958:
949:
948:Charles Scanlen
902:Basil T. Hone:
899:
897:Further reading
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775:on 9 March 2012
767:
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747:Basil T. Hone:
746:
742:
732:
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701:
700:
696:
688:P. A. Molteno:
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662:Basil T. Hone:
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584:Thomas Upington
522:
486:
474:
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418:
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351:southern Africa
323:
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259:
235:
221:He was briefly
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182:Emma Thackwray,
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111:Thomas Upington
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67:
62:
37:
34:
23:
22:
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11:
5:
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834:D. W. Kruger:
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714:(1): 143–144.
694:
681:
668:
654:
653:
651:
648:
599:
596:
590:(KCMG) in the
579:Bechuanaland.
569:Dutch language
557:Afrikaner Bond
550:First Boer War
540:halves of the
521:
518:
485:
482:
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450:Basuto Gun War
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444:Basuto Gun War
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417:
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386:Prime Minister
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275:Prime Minister
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227:Basuto Gun War
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156:(aged 78)
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912:0-9635572-5-4
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857:"Our History"
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844:0-624-00369-8
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347:confederation
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283:1820 settlers
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279:Gordon Sprigg
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247:1820 Settlers
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212:administrator
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163:BSAC Rhodesia
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27:
19:
1161:
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1137:
1125:
1058:
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930:
917:
903:
882:. Retrieved
873:
865:the original
860:
851:
835:
830:
819:
810:
798:. Retrieved
789:
777:. Retrieved
773:the original
763:
748:
743:
731:. Retrieved
711:
707:
697:
689:
684:
676:
675:G.M. Theal:
671:
663:
658:
641:
626:
622:
617:
616:
609:
581:
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561:Graaf Reinet
554:
531:
513:
510:
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494:Bechuanaland
487:
475:
463:
447:
439:
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383:
379:
367:Saul Solomon
363:John Molteno
336:
300:
267:John Molteno
264:
260:
236:
220:
202:
201:
154:(1912-12-15)
106:Succeeded by
63:
26:
1190:1912 deaths
1185:1834 births
884:3 September
816:"No. 25357"
800:3 September
733:3 September
542:Cape Colony
416:Public debt
390:Cape Colony
216:Cape Colony
169:Nationality
143:Cape Colony
136:9 July 1834
94:Preceded by
1179:Categories
984:1881-1884
959:1870-1895
650:References
598:Later life
565:Afrikaners
498:Stellaland
410:Isandlwana
406:Anglo-Zulu
349:system on
331:Basutoland
321:Background
307:Basutoland
233:Early life
192:Politician
189:Occupation
132:1834-07-09
769:"Gun_War"
728:154786465
571:into the
490:Transvaal
179:Spouse(s)
159:Salisbury
64:In office
644:Rhodesia
637:Zimbabwe
629:Rhodesia
614:states:
478:Transkei
454:JW Sauer
333:in 1881.
239:Longford
83:Governor
77:Victoria
846:. p.626
779:22 July
538:western
534:eastern
459:Lesotho
431:Molteno
388:of the
311:British
251:Cradock
214:of the
173:British
73:Monarch
924:
910:
842:
755:
726:
633:Harare
502:Goshen
359:London
243:Albany
139:Albany
724:S2CID
631:(now
546:Frere
922:ISBN
908:ISBN
886:2016
840:ISBN
802:2016
781:2010
753:ISBN
735:2016
536:and
500:and
373:and
315:Boer
313:and
207:KCMG
149:Died
126:Born
964:???
716:doi
33:Sir
1181::
859:.
818:.
722:.
712:37
710:.
706:.
646:.
635:,
594:.
575:.
504:.
468:.
437:.
412:.
369:,
218:.
161:,
141:,
1021:e
1014:t
1007:v
888:.
804:.
783:.
718::
134:)
130:(
20:)
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