415:, making the entire 1,910-mile (3,070 km) journey in 61 days, arriving on 2 February 1840. The annual canoes from Canada to the settlement in June of that year brought no word of the reception of his exploits, or authorization to continue exploration, as word had not reached England in time to reply at that opportunity. Without authorization from the Directors, Thomas had no authority to arrange another expedition. Instead of waiting for an entire year for word, he decided to return to Britain in person.
40:
273:, a chief factor of the Hudson's Bay Company. Thomas was the junior officer but Dease ceded most of the responsibility to him. Several writers present Simpson as an ambitious and over-confident young man, whereas Dease was 20 years older, experienced in Arctic travel, and efficient but perhaps under-confident. Ten more men went with them, including the canoemen James McKay and George Sinclair who had travelled with
438:â in what is now the state of North Dakota. According to the two survivors, Simpson had become increasingly anxious and even deranged during the trip, finally accusing two of the party of plotting to kill him. He shot them, and the witnesses fled, returning to the larger party, a portion of which then went to Simpson's encampment. They found him dead of gunshot wounds, his shotgun beside him.
648:
651:
489:
A number of scholars have studied the evidence in
Simpson's death without reaching a conclusion. The three main competing views of the case have been: the official finding, that a deranged Simpson murdered two of his companions and then killed himself; the conspiracy theory, that Simpson's companions
403:
in
September of that year, and from there Thomas drew up a letter to the directors of the Hudson's Bay Company describing the results of the expedition, which was published in many newspapers of the day. He also transmitted a plan for an expedition to complete further exploration of the coast between
331:
while the rest went down the
Mackenzie to the Arctic, which they reached on 9 July. They then travelled west along the coast past Franklin's Return Reef until they were blocked by ice at Boat Extreme, about 50 miles (80 km) east of Point Barrow. Simpson and five men continued on foot and reached
339:
Early in the year, Simpson went overland to find the upper
Coppermine River. In the summer, they descended the Coppermine, which was full of meltwater, and reached the still-frozen Arctic. They waited two weeks for the ice to clear and began working slowly east. On 20 August they were blocked by ice
213:
Alexander
Simpson (1751â1821), a schoolteacher, by his second wife Mary, who had helped raise George Simpson. Thomas had a half-brother, Aemilius, and a full brother, Alexander. He was a sickly and timid youth, avoiding rough sport. After his father's death the family ended up in financial distress,
236:
degree. He enrolled in a divinity class that winter with the goal of becoming a clergyman when the offer of a position in the Hudson's Bay
Company was again extended, and this time he accepted. By his own confession he had "a little of the spirit of contradiction and an unwillingness to be led." In
445:
Lecomte) Senior. Legros Junior and James Bruce then fled to the main party. When the posse reached the site they found Legros Sr. dead but
Simpson still alive. Five minutes later Simpson was dead. All involved said that the wound was self-inflicted. The investigation that was conducted by U.S.
490:
murdered him, perhaps for his papers, and then covered up the crime; and the shootout theory, that
Simpson attacked his companions, killing two, but was then shot by the others, who invented the suicide story because they feared Simpson's prominence might lead to charges against them.
503:. He found the official story, based on witnesses' depositions, to be unconvincing though not impossible. Stefansson and other historians have noted that the official investigation was far from thorough, perhaps because of the remote location of the deaths.
486:, published in 1845, in which he examined the possibility that Simpson's traveling companions had planned to steal his notes and maps, which they could have sold to the Hudson's Bay Companyâs American rivals, and that Simpson was a victim of homicide.
468:, and the British government had announced its intention of granting him a pension of ÂŁ100 a year. Instead, being accused of murder and suicide, and being disgraced in the eyes of the church, Thomas was buried in an unmarked grave in Canada.
387:
to a point they called Cape
Herschel, where the coast turned north, then followed the south shore of Queen Maud Gulf and the south shore of Victoria Island. It had been the longest boat voyage ever made in Canadian Arctic waters.
457:. Three years later, when Sir George sent the papers to Thomas' younger brother Alexander, the diary and all correspondence between Sir George and Thomas were missing. What the missing papers may have contained remains unknown.
3955:
3306:
391:
At this point the entire Arctic coast had been roughly mapped from the Bering Strait to beyond
Chantrey Inlet. The remaining problems were the possibility of a water route from Chantrey Inlet to the
241:
to join the Hudson's Bay Company as George's secretary. He was quite ambitious and in a letter to his brother stated that his talents would lead him to speedy advancement. He was stationed at the
3950:
352:. He returned to Dease and the frozen-in boats. A few days later the ice suddenly cleared and they had an easy sail back to the Coppermine. They had gone only a little further than Franklin.
453:
Bruce's deposition claimed that Simpson told him he killed the two men because they intended to "murder him on that night for his papers." Those papers were later sent to his cousin, Sir
611:, p.80, gives his turning point as the Beaufort River two days beyond Cape Alexander, but what is now called the Beaufort River is 10 miles (16 km) west of Cape Alexander.
3940:
3965:
379:, they found a cache left by George Back in 1834. Leaving Chantrey Inlet they were struck by a gale that lasted four days. Fifty miles northeast they turned back at the
460:
In the meantime, after Simpson's death, the company's directors in London had sent permission for him to continue with his explorations. He had also been awarded the
3970:
3920:
344:. Dease stayed behind with the boats and Simpson walked about 100 miles (160 km) east to a place he called Point Alexander. To the north he saw and named
3960:
2468:
791:
221:, at the age of 17. He performed quite well and had been given the Huttonian prize, the highest award at the college, by the end of his fourth year. Sir
1429:
312:
and continue along the unknown coast at least to the mouth of the Back River, which had been reached overland in 1834. They spent the winter of 1836 at
427:, in the United States, where he would embark on a voyage that would eventually take him to England. He initially set out with a group of settlers and
193:. The circumstances of his final hoursâin which he allegedly killed himself after gunning down two companionsâhave long been a subject of controversy.
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1064:
1072:
3935:
3900:
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843:
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2207:
3813:
1759:
2624:
652:
Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of America, effected by the Officers of the Hudsonâs Bay Company, during the years 1836â39
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1458:
1407:
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222:
178:
140:
355:
It was a better year for ice. They followed the same route, passed Point Turnagain and Cape Alexander, sailed for the first time the
3181:
698:
675:
446:
territorial authorities was based on witness depositions submitted in various locations. The authorities ruled the deaths a case of
3259:
332:
Point Barrow on 4 August. They returned to Fort Confidence on 25 September. At this point the north coast had been mapped from the
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717:
3490:
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1258:
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17:
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1729:
246:
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2881:
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1770:
1231:
999:
667:
598:
gives 100 miles (160 km) of coast but the Kent Peninsula is not quite that long and the coast is not much indented.
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912:
258:
182:
83:
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98:
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1946:
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1440:
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777:
461:
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1934:
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1307:
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233:
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2062:
345:
112:
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428:
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1962:
1789:
991:
512:
380:
226:
174:
130:
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1279:
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1941:
1777:
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1435:
1372:
1146:
735:
494:
405:
1827:
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3163:
3027:
3008:
2953:
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2745:
2685:
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2257:
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2119:
2114:
2018:
1882:
1639:
1601:
1418:
1413:
1396:
1208:
978:
946:
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760:
278:
3761:
3683:
3148:
3071:
2987:
2768:
2760:
2709:
2349:
2307:
1802:
1765:
1654:
1401:
1288:
1091:
896:
384:
2919:
540:
447:
431:, but soon left the main party with four MĂ©tis traveling companions in order to make better time.
3482:
3374:
3355:
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2436:
2330:
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2161:
2008:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1875:
1853:
1832:
1713:
1703:
1450:
1338:
1266:
939:
930:
922:
833:
813:
708:
441:
Witness depositions agreed that Simpson shot John Bird dead and mortally wounded Antoine Legros (
434:
On 14 June 1840, Simpson and two of his companions were fatally shot at a wilderness camp in the
364:
270:
465:
154:
591:
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190:
87:
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3001:
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2719:
2704:
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2372:
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2141:
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1861:
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1385:
1167:
1159:
1045:
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907:
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412:
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305:
242:
3861:
3808:
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2013:
2003:
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170:
108:
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2213:
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1927:
1920:
1817:
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1569:
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1184:
1176:
1136:
1131:
1105:
1085:
853:
372:
368:
341:
313:
309:
499:
288:, which sponsored most of the Northwest Passage exploration. They were to descend the
39:
3894:
3798:
3740:
3735:
3725:
3675:
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3646:
3590:
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2714:
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1301:
1251:
1244:
1236:
1141:
1050:
885:
690:
396:
333:
293:
411:
To attend to preparations for this new expedition, Simpson immediately left for the
3829:
3823:
3435:
3399:
3265:
3092:
3042:
2981:
2835:
2523:
2474:
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1564:
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1423:
1324:
1221:
1215:
1112:
1100:
973:
951:
875:
828:
764:
659:
356:
301:
238:
186:
423:
Thomas left the Red River Colony on 6 June 1840, intending to travel south to the
284:
The expedition was organized by the Hudson's Bay Company rather than the British
3866:
3766:
3714:
3532:
3319:
3107:
2482:
2414:
2176:
2035:
1998:
1898:
1890:
1698:
1034:
274:
3665:
3568:
3552:
3394:
3327:
3228:
2637:
2586:
2546:
1868:
1594:
1522:
1464:
857:
647:
285:
217:
Simpson was educated with a view to his becoming a clergyman, and was sent to
210:
206:
181:. He helped chart the northern coasts of Canada. He died by violence near the
64:
726:
3187:
2024:
1576:
1359:
745:
632:
James Raffan, "Emperor of the North: Sir George Simpson.. etc", chapter 15
3119:
202:
60:
185:
while traveling through the wilderness in what is now the U.S. state of
3746:
3126:
1913:
1391:
1367:
1355:
257:
From 1836 to 1839, Simpson was involved in an expedition to chart the
1992:
1317:
319:
The party left on 1 June, and a month later reached the mouth of the
265:
in order to fill two gaps left by other expeditions in search of the
262:
769:
1378:
395:
and the huge rectangular area north of the coast and south of the
2569:
811:
773:
229:
in 1826, which he declined in order to complete his studies.
3956:
Recipients of the Royal Geographical Society Founder's Medal
478:
Narrative of the Discoveries on the North Coast of America
292:
to the Arctic Ocean, turn west, and close the gap between
245:
in the 1830s, serving as second officer to chief factor
582:
Anthony Brandt,"The Man Who Ate His Boots", Chapter 15
480:, written by Thomas, in 1843, and later himself wrote
408:
and the eastern limits of his previous explorations.
323:. There they detached four men to go upriver to the
3547:
3278:
2865:
2605:
1978:
1509:
1354:
852:
573:
Glyn Williams, "Arctic Labyrinth", 2008, chapter 14
340:a few miles from Franklin's Point Turnagain on the
316:, where they built two 24-foot (7.3 m) boats.
147:
136:
126:
118:
104:
94:
72:
46:
30:
3951:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
214:but despite this he was given a proper education.
232:He graduated in 1828, at the age of 20, with a
383:. Returning, they followed the south shore of
375:where McKay and Sinclair had been in 1834. At
785:
8:
225:, his cousin, offered him a position in the
169:(2 July 1808 â 14 June 1840) was a Scottish
497:included the Simpson case in his 1938 book
304:. The next summer they were to go down the
177:fur trader, and cousin of Company Governor
2579:
2566:
821:
808:
792:
778:
770:
38:
27:
16:For other people with similar names, see
3966:Suicides by firearm in the United States
3850:Pole of Inaccessibility research station
3425:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition
596:Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
561:
529:
481:
308:, repeat Franklin's 1821 route east to
737:The life and travels of Thomas Simpson
535:
533:
476:Simpson's brother Alexander published
620:
7:
3971:Unsolved deaths in the United States
3941:Murderâsuicides in the United States
3921:Alumni of the University of Aberdeen
483:The Life and Times of Thomas Simpson
3961:Scottish explorers of North America
3211:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
1408:Norse colonization of North America
348:. To the east he saw open water in
2740:United States Exploring Expedition
721:. Vol. 52. pp. 279â280.
14:
3814:AmundsenâScott South Pole Station
3182:Australasian Antarctic Expedition
277:during his 1834 journey down the
3708:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
3101:Amundsen's South Pole expedition
718:Dictionary of National Biography
664:Dictionary of Manitoba Biography
646:
500:Unsolved Mysteries of the Arctic
336:to the mouth of the Coppermine.
269:. The expedition was headed by
18:Thomas Simpson (disambiguation)
3901:19th-century British explorers
609:Historical Atlas of the Arctic
1:
3087:Japanese Antarctic Expedition
3022:Scottish Antarctic Expedition
493:Famed explorer and historian
327:and build winter quarters at
25:Scottish explorer (1808â1840)
3444:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions
3260:ShackletonâRowett Expedition
3066:French Antarctic Expeditions
2996:Swedish Antarctic Expedition
2882:Belgian Antarctic Expedition
1000:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition
660:"Thomas Simpson (1808â1840)"
399:. The party returned to the
3936:Hudson's Bay Company people
2529:Nuclear-powered icebreakers
2208:Austro-Hungarian Expedition
1073:Andrée's balloon expedition
740:. London: Richard Bentley.
713:Simpson, Thomas (1808â1840)
543:. Dartmouth College Library
3987:
1730:Franklin's lost expedition
1430:Christian IV's expeditions
761:Works about Thomas Simpson
462:Royal Geographical Society
296:'s 1826 furthest-west and
15:
2582:
2578:
2565:
2084:Great Northern Expedition
1760:RaeâRichardson expedition
960:British Arctic Expedition
824:
820:
807:
371:to its north and reached
298:Frederick William Beechey
237:1829, Simpson arrived in
189:but was then part of the
37:
3368:British Antarctic Survey
3362:Captain Arturo Prat Base
2607:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
219:King's College, Aberdeen
99:King's College, Aberdeen
3931:Explorers of the Arctic
3844:Pole of inaccessibility
3507:Antarctic Treaty System
1848:2nd Grinnell expedition
687:The Franklin Conspiracy
658:Bumsted, J. M. (1999).
513:List of unsolved deaths
419:Death and investigation
381:Castor and Pollux River
209:, Scotland, the son of
654:, Thomas Simpson, 1843
472:Continuing controversy
3514:Transglobe Expedition
3413:Operation Deep Freeze
2822:Challenger expedition
1688:Coppermine expedition
1209:Drifting ice stations
685:Latta, J. B. (2001).
495:Vilhjalmur Stefansson
406:Fury and Hecla Strait
3946:People from Dingwall
734:Simpson, A. (1845).
592:"Peter Warren Dease"
300:'s furthest-east at
227:Hudson's Bay Company
201:Simpson was born in
175:Hudson's Bay Company
131:Hudson's Bay Company
3926:Explorers of Canada
3684:South magnetic pole
2350:Brusilov expedition
1459:Danish colonization
897:North magnetic pole
385:King William Island
3375:Operation Windmill
3356:Operation Highjump
2331:Rusanov expedition
2236:A. E. Nordenskiöld
1980:North East Passage
1784:McClure expedition
365:Adelaide Peninsula
271:Peter Warren Dease
253:Arctic exploration
247:Alexander Christie
179:Sir George Simpson
141:Sir George Simpson
3888:
3887:
3884:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3342:Operation Tabarin
3204:Far Eastern Party
3050:Nimrod Expedition
2561:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2120:M. Pronchishcheva
2042:Siberian Cossacks
1511:Northwest Passage
844:Research stations
801:Polar exploration
541:"Simpson, Thomas"
436:Territory of Iowa
267:Northwest Passage
191:Territory of Iowa
164:
163:
119:Years active
88:Territory of Iowa
3978:
3389:Ronne Expedition
2874:
2868:
2732:Dumont d'Urville
2580:
2567:
2115:V. Pronchishchev
822:
809:
794:
787:
780:
771:
749:
730:
704:
681:
650:
633:
630:
624:
618:
612:
605:
599:
589:
583:
580:
574:
571:
565:
559:
553:
552:
550:
548:
537:
413:Red River Colony
401:Great Slave Lake
321:Great Bear River
306:Coppermine River
243:Red River Colony
79:
56:
54:
42:
28:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3876:
3551:
3543:
3419:McMurdo Station
3288:Modern research
3286:
3274:
3009:O. Nordenskjöld
2872:
2866:
2861:
2777:Ross expedition
2601:
2574:
2553:
1982:
1974:
1515:Northern Canada
1513:
1505:
1358:
1350:
856:
848:
816:
803:
798:
757:
752:
733:
709:Laughton, J. K.
707:
701:
684:
678:
657:
642:
637:
636:
631:
627:
619:
615:
606:
602:
590:
586:
581:
577:
572:
568:
560:
556:
546:
544:
539:
538:
531:
526:
521:
509:
474:
466:Founder's Medal
425:Minnesota River
421:
393:Gulf of Boothia
377:Montreal Island
361:Queen Maud Gulf
350:Queen Maud Gulf
329:Fort Confidence
325:Great Bear Lake
290:Mackenzie River
255:
199:
171:Arctic explorer
160:
155:Founder's Medal
109:Arctic explorer
90:
81:
77:
68:
58:
52:
50:
33:
26:
21:
12:
11:
5:
3984:
3982:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3916:1840s suicides
3913:
3908:
3903:
3893:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3852:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3836:Vostok Station
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3787:Cherry-Garrard
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3627:Southern Cross
3623:
3622:
3621:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3593:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3557:
3555:
3549:Farthest South
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3510:
3503:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3487:
3486:
3485:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3464:
3459:
3440:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3421:
3416:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3371:
3364:
3359:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3310:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3246:Ross Sea party
3242:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3207:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3178:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3132:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3116:
3111:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3083:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3062:
3061:
3060:
3046:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2940:Southern Cross
2933:Southern Cross
2929:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2877:
2875:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2798:
2792:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2695:
2683:
2682:
2681:
2679:Bellingshausen
2669:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2583:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2538:
2526:
2521:
2514:
2507:
2506:
2505:
2493:
2492:
2491:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2465:
2464:
2463:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2245:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1988:
1986:
1984:Russian Arctic
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1808:
1800:
1795:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1599:
1598:
1597:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1517:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1455:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1426:
1421:
1419:SnÊbjörn galti
1416:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1352:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1321:
1314:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1286:
1276:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1255:
1248:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1212:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1088:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
996:
995:
994:
989:
984:
976:
971:
956:
955:
954:
949:
944:
927:
926:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
862:
860:
854:Farthest North
850:
849:
847:
846:
841:
836:
831:
825:
818:
817:
812:
805:
804:
799:
797:
796:
789:
782:
774:
768:
767:
756:
755:External links
753:
751:
750:
731:
705:
699:
682:
676:
655:
643:
641:
638:
635:
634:
625:
623:, p. 294.
613:
600:
584:
575:
566:
554:
528:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
515:
508:
505:
473:
470:
455:George Simpson
448:murderâsuicide
420:
417:
373:Chantrey Inlet
369:Simpson Strait
342:Kent Peninsula
314:Fort Chipewyan
310:Cape Turnagain
254:
251:
234:Master of Arts
223:George Simpson
198:
195:
167:Thomas Simpson
162:
161:
159:
158:
151:
149:
145:
144:
138:
134:
133:
128:
124:
123:
120:
116:
115:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
82:
80:(aged 31)
74:
70:
69:
59:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
32:Thomas Simpson
31:
24:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3983:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
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3949:
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3944:
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3934:
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3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
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3909:
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3899:
3898:
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3865:
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3856:
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3846:
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3837:
3834:
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3832:
3831:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
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3757:
3753:
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3734:
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3677:
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3648:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3631:
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3628:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3615:
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3609:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3592:
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3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3447:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2967:Discovery Hut
2965:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2694:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2497:A. Sibiryakov
2494:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2469:Glavsevmorput
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1771:J. Richardson
1769:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:M. Corte-Real
1531:
1529:
1528:G. Corte-Real
1526:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
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346:Victoria Land
343:
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334:Bering Strait
330:
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294:John Franklin
291:
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105:Occupation(s)
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49:
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36:
29:
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3830:Pole of Cold
3828:
3754:
3745:
3713:
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3633:Borchgrevink
3625:
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3073:Pourquoi-Pas
3072:
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3056:
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3043:Orcadas Base
3041:
3033:
3020:
3014:C. A. Larsen
3002:
2994:
2980:
2973:
2960:
2952:
2946:Borchgrevink
2939:
2931:
2888:
2880:
2855:C. A. Larsen
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2206:
2082:
2040:
2023:
1991:
1955:
1953:
1933:
1932:
1912:
1911:
1897:
1884:
1869:
1855:
1846:
1833:
1804:
1792:Investigator
1791:
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1424:Erik the Red
1406:
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1334:submersibles
1331:
1325:Arktika 2007
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765:Open Library
736:
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666:. Winnipeg:
663:
640:Bibliography
628:
616:
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587:
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569:
562:Simpson 1845
557:
545:. Retrieved
498:
492:
488:
482:
477:
475:
459:
452:
442:
440:
433:
422:
410:
390:
363:, found the
357:Dease Strait
354:
338:
318:
302:Point Barrow
283:
259:Arctic coast
256:
239:Norway House
231:
216:
200:
187:North Dakota
183:Turtle River
166:
165:
84:Turtle River
78:(1840-06-14)
76:14 June 1840
22:
3911:1840 deaths
3906:1808 births
3533:Lake Vostok
3483:Tryoshnikov
3405:Schlossbach
3296:Christensen
3238:James Caird
3159:E. R. Evans
2925:Dobrowolski
2895:de Gerlache
2597:Expeditions
2483:Aviaarktika
2437:Samoylovich
2308:Kolomeitsev
2202:Middendorff
2162:Gedenshtrom
1582:I. Fyodorov
1344:Chilingarov
1232:E. Fyodorov
839:Expeditions
689:. Toronto:
275:George Back
57:2 July 1808
3895:Categories
3756:Terra Nova
3661:Shackleton
3604:J. C. Ross
3563:Resolution
3553:South Pole
3328:New Swabia
3252:Mackintosh
3224:Shackleton
3143:Terra Nova
3136:Terra Nova
2870:Heroic Age
2830:Challenger
2790:J. C. Ross
2700:Bransfield
2632:Resolution
2547:icebreaker
2511:Chelyuskin
2252:expedition
2230:Expedition
2172:Matyushkin
2130:Kh. Laptev
2125:Chelyuskin
2019:Heemskerck
2009:Chancellor
2004:Willoughby
1999:Koch boats
1942:Stefansson
1876:McClintock
1840:Inglefield
1682:J. C. Ross
1589:Resolution
1441:Cunningham
1339:Sagalevich
1028:expedition
987:Stephenson
947:C. F. Hall
934:expedition
908:J. C. Ross
871:Heemskerck
858:North Pole
621:Latta 2001
519:References
286:Royal Navy
279:Back River
211:magistrate
207:Ross-shire
197:Early life
113:fur trader
67:, Scotland
65:Ross-shire
53:1808-07-02
3855:Tolstikov
3641:Discovery
3611:HMS
3596:HMS
3578:Adventure
3576:HMS
3561:HMS
3497:Tolstikov
3218:Endurance
3003:Antarctic
2988:Drygalski
2961:Discovery
2954:Discovery
2915:Arctowski
2828:HMS
2801:HMS
2795:Abernethy
2783:HMS
2761:USS
2748:Vincennes
2746:USS
2726:Astrolabe
2666:San Telmo
2647:Adventure
2645:HMS
2630:HMS
2625:Kerguelen
2587:Continent
2572:Antarctic
2449:Urvantsev
2407:Vilkitsky
2260:Jeannette
2258:USS
2250:Jeannette
2214:Weyprecht
2192:Pakhtusov
2142:Chichagov
2135:D. Laptev
2078:Permyakov
2053:Stadukhin
2048:Perfilyev
2025:Mangazeya
1963:H. Larsen
1928:Rasmussen
1883:HMS
1854:USS
1803:HMS
1790:HMS
1754:Collinson
1744:HMS
1736:HMS
1714:HMS
1662:HMS
1647:HMS
1632:HMS
1617:Mackenzie
1604:Discovery
1602:HMS
1587:HMS
1559:Discovery
1538:Frobisher
1501:Rasmussen
1414:Gunnbjörn
1360:Greenland
1289:USS
1280:USS
1152:Ellsworth
1094:Roosevelt
1024:Nansen's
981:Discovery
979:HMS
966:HMS
913:Abernethy
881:Marmaduke
727:256710551
711:(1897). "
547:9 October
524:Footnotes
137:Relatives
122:1829â1840
95:Education
3867:A. Fuchs
3824:V. Fuchs
3804:McKinley
3767:E. Evans
3726:Bjaaland
3721:Amundsen
3671:Marshall
3584:Furneaux
3436:V. Fuchs
3400:E. Ronne
3395:F. Ronne
3334:Ritscher
3188:SY
3176:Filchner
3120:Framheim
3114:Amundsen
2920:RacoviÈÄ
2905:Amundsen
2900:Lecointe
2769:Ringgold
2763:Porpoise
2653:Furneaux
2489:Shevelev
2444:Begichev
2423:Amundsen
2385:NagĂłrski
2363:Brusilov
2357:Sv. Anna
2271:Melville
2241:Palander
2197:Tsivolko
2157:Sannikov
2152:Billings
2095:Chirikov
2014:Barentsz
1956:St. Roch
1947:Bartlett
1921:Amundsen
1905:Sverdrup
1805:Resolute
1694:Franklin
1622:Kotzebue
1489:Sverdrup
1472:Scoresby
1446:Lindenov
1297:Plaisted
1282:Nautilus
1227:Shirshov
1201:Belyakov
1196:Baydukov
1170:Nautilus
1132:Amundsen
1092:SS
1051:Sverdrup
1046:Johansen
1016:Brainard
1011:Lockwood
866:Barentsz
746:85801396
507:See also
359:and the
203:Dingwall
143:(cousin)
127:Employer
61:Dingwall
3872:Messner
3819:Hillary
3799:Balchen
3747:Polheim
3741:Wisting
3619:Crozier
3591:Weddell
3569:J. Cook
3539:Kapitsa
3520:Fiennes
3462:Klenova
3431:Hillary
3381:Ketchum
3307:BANZARE
3282:·
3127:Polheim
3093:Shirase
3079:Charcot
2889:Belgica
2808:Crozier
2720:Morrell
2715:Weddell
2693:Lazarev
2638:J. Cook
2592:History
2542:Arktika
2518:Krassin
2503:Voronin
2475:Schmidt
2461:Ushakov
2400:Vaygach
2368:Albanov
2337:Rusanov
2318:Kolchak
2313:Matisen
2287:Makarov
2266:De Long
2167:Wrangel
2147:Lyakhov
2100:Malygin
2058:Dezhnev
1885:Pandora
1856:Advance
1823:Kennedy
1818:Belcher
1811:Kellett
1798:McClure
1722:Beechey
1716:Blossom
1709:Simpson
1677:Crozier
1670:Hoppner
1627:J. Ross
1595:J. Cook
1543:Gilbert
1436:J. Hall
1402:IngĂłlfr
1392:Naddodd
1386:Vikings
1373:Brendan
1368:Pytheas
1356:Iceland
1310:Arktika
1302:Herbert
1267:Badygin
1237:Krenkel
1222:Papanin
1191:Chkalov
1177:Wilkins
1142:Wisting
1086:F. Cook
992:Markham
952:Bessels
941:Polaris
932:Polaris
903:J. Ross
886:Carolus
834:History
3782:Bowers
3777:Wilson
3736:Hassel
3731:Helmer
3700:Mackay
3690:Mawson
3655:Nimrod
3613:Terror
3598:Erebus
3525:Burton
3320:Rymill
3196:Mawson
3190:Aurora
3169:Lashly
3154:Wilson
3057:Nimrod
3034:Scotia
2841:Murray
2816:Cooper
2803:Terror
2785:Erebus
2754:Wilkes
2705:Palmer
2673:Vostok
2620:Bouvet
2544:-class
2524:Gakkel
2392:Taymyr
2373:Konrad
2342:Kuchin
2280:Yermak
2187:Lavrov
2105:Ovtsyn
2090:Bering
2068:Ivanov
2031:Hudson
1993:Pomors
1970:Cowper
1935:Karluk
1834:Isabel
1828:Bellot
1778:Austin
1746:Terror
1738:Erebus
1634:Griper
1610:Clerke
1570:Baffin
1553:Hudson
1484:Nansen
1397:GarĂ°ar
1318:Barneo
1185:ANT-25
1161:Italia
1137:Nobile
1106:Henson
1065:Amedeo
1041:Nansen
1006:Greely
876:Hudson
814:Arctic
744:
725:
697:
674:
263:Canada
157:(1839)
148:Awards
3862:Crary
3809:Dufek
3772:Oates
3762:Scott
3695:David
3676:Adams
3647:Barne
3468:Mirny
3457:Somov
3267:Quest
3164:Crean
3149:Scott
3028:Bruce
2982:Gauss
2975:Gauss
2849:Jason
2836:Nares
2710:Davis
2687:Mirny
2660:Smith
2615:Roché
2535:Lenin
2455:Sadko
2380:Wiese
2325:Sedov
2296:Zarya
2219:Payer
2182:Litke
2177:Anjou
2110:Minin
2073:Vagin
2063:Popov
2036:Poole
1891:Young
1704:Dease
1649:Hecla
1640:Parry
1565:Bylot
1548:Davis
1523:Cabot
1496:Peary
1478:Jason
1465:Egede
1379:Papar
1291:Skate
1272:Wiese
1252:NP-37
1245:NP-36
1125:Norge
1113:Sedov
1101:Peary
1059:Jason
974:Nares
968:Alert
923:Hayes
891:Parry
829:Ocean
429:MĂ©tis
3794:Byrd
3715:Fram
3666:Wild
3348:Marr
3314:BGLE
3301:Byrd
3229:Wild
3108:Fram
2910:Cook
2431:AARI
2416:Maud
2303:Toll
2228:Vega
1914:GjĂža
1899:Fram
1862:Kane
1699:Back
1664:Fury
1655:Lyon
1577:Munk
1216:NP-1
1118:Byrd
1035:Fram
1026:Fram
918:Kane
742:OCLC
723:OCLC
695:ISBN
672:ISBN
549:2022
404:the
367:and
73:Died
47:Born
3491:3rd
3477:2nd
3451:1st
3284:IGY
3280:IPY
1870:Fox
1766:Rae
1332:Mir
1308:NS
763:at
715:".
668:UMP
464:'s
443:dit
261:of
3897::
2396:/
693:.
670:.
662:.
594:,
532:^
450:.
281:.
249:.
205:,
173:,
111:,
86:,
63:,
2873:"
2867:"
2810:)
2806:(
2797:)
2788:(
793:e
786:t
779:v
748:.
729:.
703:.
680:.
551:.
55:)
51:(
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
