1288:
1300:
1276:
175:
889:
1287:
910:
1022:
Applying present-day techniques to calculate local wave conditions demonstrates that the breakwater as built would not have survived without mobilising additional restraint, or a mechanism to abate wave forces. Stevenson's own wave formula would have predicted offshore wave heights for Wick of around
556:
Wilson's formulae apply when the duration of the wind blowing is sufficiently long, as when the wind blows for only a limited time, waves cannot attain the full height and period corresponding to the wind speed and fetch length. Under conditions were the wind blows for a sufficiently long time, for
900:
Nonetheless, whilst
Stevenson's formula is highly limited and unsuitable for engineering design application, it was notable for being an early attempt to apply mathematical theory to hydraulic engineering problems, and shows some limited agreement (albeit within a narrow range) with a more advanced
960:
between 1825 and 1834. However, by 1857, the need for increased capacity became evident, leading the
British Fishery Society to propose a new breakwater. In 1862 Stevenson, along with his brother David, prepared detailed plans, sections, and specifications for the harbour's extension. This design
905:
in 1942. A major flaw in
Stevenson's formula is the absence of consideration of wind speed, and comparison with Wilson's formula at 3 different wind speeds (30, 50 and 75mph) shows only a reasonable level of agreement for 50mph winds at fetch lengths up to around 100 metres.
1977:
The Sea versus Wick
Breakwater 1863-77: An instructive disaster, in Coasts, marine structures and breakwaters: Adapting to change: Proceedings of the 9th international conference organised by the Institution of Civil Engineers and held in Edinburgh on 16 to 18 September
877:
is measured at an elevation of 10 metres above the sea surface. For conditions approximate to those for the Wick breakwater during a storm (fetch length of 500km, wind speed of around 75mph), the graph below shows that Wilson's method predicts a significant wave height
1011:, and by 1870 it had lost one third of its length. It was eventually abandoned in 1877, after further severe storm damage, despite repeated failed attempts at its reconstruction. Stevenson noted, in correspondence with the
473:, were in their infancy. Stevenson's analysis is possibly the first quantitative discussion of wave height as a (square root) function of fetch, and his paper is one of the first quantitative studies of wind speeds in the
864:
996:, marking a possible first in Scotland for this technique. The seaward wall was constructed with a 6:1 batter. Below the waterline, the blocks were dry-jointed, whereas above the high-water mark, initially
708:
2396:
264:
He lived with his family at
Baxters Place until he got married in 1848. He then got a house at 8 Howard Place. By 1855 he moved to 1 Inverleith Terrace. From at least 1860 he lived at 17
1665:
Stevenson, T. (1880) Report on
Simultaneous Observations of the Force of Wind at Different Heights above the Ground, Journal of the Scottish Meteorological Society, LI-LIV, pp. 103–107
925:
during an 1885 address to the
Institution of Civil Engineers in London. In addition to his work on wave growth, he also undertook research into the phenomenon of wave decay inside
2391:
492:. The breakwater at Wick was exposed to a fetch length of approximately 500 kilometres, and wind speeds far in excess of 30 miles per hour, prior to its eventual destruction.
404:
365:
at various locations in
Scotland over a number of years. In 1852, he published a paper in which he suggested that waves increased in height by a ratio approximate to the
1299:
2416:
2401:
448:
424:
465:, are missing from Stevenson's formula. In 1852, mathematical analysis of the theory of water waves, and methods for numerical assessment of factors such as
976:
Construction commenced in April 1863, aiming for a final length of 460 metres. Stevenson's design featured a rubble mound extending to 5.5 metres above the
187:
1275:
1293:
Condensing light. Lighthouse optic, designed by Thomas
Stevenson. Chance Brothers and Company, Birmingham, 1866. National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh
2327:
2132:
Cay, W.D.; Corthell, E.L.; Eliot, W.; Heenan, R.H.H.; Jarrad, F.W.; Neate, C.; Olive, W.T.; Siccama, H.T.H.; Waldron, F.W.; Methven, C.W. (1906).
2381:
2050:
1994:
1874:
1451:
1361:
1065:(i.e. his brother-in-law), trained under D. & T. Stevenson and then emigrated to New Zealand, where he was first the marine engineer for
2436:
2201:
480:
Modern analysis of
Stevenson's formula indicates that it appears to conservatively estimate wave heights for wind speeds up to around 30
40:
714:
1497:
921:, and actively encouraged further research into similar problems, imploring young engineers to redouble efforts in the advancement of
1656:
Stevenson, T. The Design and Construction of Harbors: A Treatise on Maritime Engineering, seconded. Adam and Charles Black, Edinburgh
2431:
2406:
2017:
563:
251:
142:
20:
2421:
1606:
1344:
228:
2294:
2426:
1631:
1518:
Stevenson, T. (1852). "Observations on the relation between the height of waves and their distance from the windward shore".
1353:
1012:
220:
2215:
Neill, S.P.; Vögler, A.; Goward-Brown, A.J.; Baston, S.; Lewis, M.J.; Gillibrand, P.A.; Waldman, S.; Woolf, D.K. (2017).
2386:
2411:
913:
Comparison of wave height (H1/3) prediction in metres using Stevenson and Wilson formula for 3 different wind speeds
1792:
1044:
280:
224:
155:
1974:
Paxton, R. (2010). "The Sea versus Wick Breakwater 1863-77 — an instructive disaster". In Allsop, W. (ed.).
2134:"Correspondence on The Harbours of South Africa, with Special Reference to the Causes and Treatment of Sand Bars"
99:
1062:
1054:
He married Margaret Isabella "Maggie" Balfour in 1848, daughter of Rev Lewis Balfour. Their son was the writer
474:
1636:
35th Summer Training Course Lecture Collection, Japan Society of Civil Engineers Coastal Engineering Committee
216:
used in meteorology. His designs, celebrated as ground breaking, ushered in a new era of lighthouse creation.
1058:, who initially caused him much disappointment by failing to follow the engineering interests of his family.
2299:
1435:
1429:
1235:
1133:
970:
896:) in metres predicted using the formulae of Wilson (1965) and Stevenson (1852) for a 75mph (33.528m/s) wind
1322:
1259:
1055:
938:
258:
235:
132:
1808:
1163:
980:
mark, following the Crane Rocks. This was capped with block walls and in-filled with rubble, providing a
1316:
1157:
1047:, between 1854 and 1886 he designed many lighthouses, with his brother David, and then with David's son
1019:
of material from the breakwater, but he was unable to provide the height of the waves during the event.
962:
1079:
376:
2376:
2371:
2261:
1747:
1731:
1229:
1048:
496:
370:
254:, and his wife (and step-sister) Jean Smith. He was educated at the Royal High School in Edinburgh.
922:
361:
In the course of his work as a lighthouse and harbour engineer, Stevenson had made observations of
350:
269:
2323:
984:
up to 16 metres wide. The rubble for the mound was sourced from local quarries and transported by
2133:
2107:
2011:
331:
327:
2249:
1975:
1856:
1837:
1681:
1543:
1217:
1205:
902:
174:
2079:
2032:
1193:
2153:
2099:
2046:
1990:
1919:
1870:
1812:
1763:
1701:
1563:
1493:
1447:
1357:
1145:
2269:
2228:
2145:
2091:
2038:
1982:
1909:
1862:
1804:
1755:
1693:
1592:
1555:
1439:
1169:
985:
335:
213:
1253:
557:
example during a prolonged storm, the wave height and period can be calculated as follows:
484:, being based on his observations which most likely were taken for fetch lengths under 100
2179:
1001:
946:
942:
873:
denotes the acceleration due to gravity, which is approximately 9.807 m/s. The wind speed
2265:
1751:
1187:
1066:
1040:
981:
956:, was completed in 1811, followed by the construction of the expanded outer harbour by
953:
888:
481:
433:
409:
319:
201:
160:
2365:
2273:
2111:
1367:
1175:
1127:
1091:
966:
957:
918:
209:
334:
was controlled from half a mile away by an operator on the harbour. He designed the
1946:
1788:
1627:
1588:
1211:
1181:
1151:
1085:
997:
989:
2233:
2216:
1938:
2356:
1241:
1223:
1008:
470:
427:
366:
362:
339:
308:
909:
499:
proposed a method which can be used to approximate the significant wave height
1736:"Numerical prediction of ocean waves in the North Atlantic for December, 1959"
1735:
1346:
Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783-2002: Biographical Index
1109:
462:
451:
323:
265:
257:
Thomas Stevenson was a devout and regular attendee at St. Stephen's Church in
212:, who designed over thirty lighthouses in and around Scotland, as well as the
205:
39:
2157:
2149:
2103:
1923:
1914:
1897:
1866:
1816:
1767:
1705:
1567:
1443:
291:
and physical features affecting harbour design, the generation and impact of
2042:
1986:
1697:
1559:
1028:
993:
977:
489:
485:
346:
292:
247:
63:
2095:
1431:
The Design and Construction of Harbours: A Treatise on Maritime Engineering
277:
The design and construction of harbours: a treatise on maritime engineering
16:
Scottish civil engineer, lighthouse designer and meteorologist (1818–1887)
1632:"On the Historical Development of the Mathematical Theory of Water Waves"
1199:
1115:
1103:
969:. A loan of £62,000 was sanctioned by A. M. Rendel, the engineer for the
2084:
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Forensic Engineering
2180:"Return wave heights off South Uist estimated from seven years of data"
1840:(October 1942). "Wave action in relation to harbour protection works".
1759:
1599:
On the Historical Development of the Mathematical Theory of Water Waves
1139:
949:
326:, Stevenson had an underwater cable installed from the eastern part of
312:
296:
288:
196:
190:
1121:
1097:
1016:
988:. This was then deposited onto the breakwater mound using travelling
926:
284:
279:. The book was based on an article he had originally written for the
1793:"Revisiting Wilson's Formulas for Simplified Wind-Wave Prediction"
1544:"The Stevenson Formula for Predicting Wave Height: Technical Note"
1247:
1024:
908:
887:
466:
318:
In 1869, as a successful experiment into using the newly invented
300:
193:
2080:"Failure analysis of historic vertical breakwaters, part 1: Wick"
859:{\displaystyle gT_{1/3}/(2\pi U)=1.37\left\{1-\left^{-5}\right\}}
2138:
Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
1902:
Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
1477:. Cambridge Library Collection. 28 March 2013. pp. 614–615.
1031:
exhibits wave heights of up to two to three times this figure.
455:
304:
1682:"Discussion: The Stevenson Formula for Predicting Wave Height"
703:{\displaystyle gH_{1/3}/U^{2}=0.30\left\{1-\left^{-2}\right\}}
461:
Essential components for wave height prediction, most notably
349:
on 8 May 1887 and is buried in the Stevenson family vault in
2351:
2034:
Civil Engineering Heritage Scotland – Highlands and Islands
1007:
The breakwater failed progressively as a result of several
356:
1797:
Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering
1343:
Waterston, Charles D; Macmillan Shearer, A (July 2006).
937:
Stevenson designed and supervised the construction of a
373:
shore. Stevenson developed this into the simple formula
283:, and covered the principles and practices involved in
357:
Stevenson's formula for the prediction of wave heights
315:. A second edition of the book was published in 1874.
200:(22 July 1818 – 8 May 1887) was a pioneering Scottish
2357:'Lighthouse Library' of the Northern Lighthouse Board
1015:, that a single storm had at one stage removed 1,350
717:
566:
436:
412:
379:
513:
of wind waves generated by a constant wind of speed
261:, at the north end of St Vincent Street, Edinburgh.
2397:
People educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh
2187:
Institute of Oceanographic Sciences, Report No. 164
167:
151:
138:
128:
105:
95:
87:
71:
49:
30:
1940:Een veilige buitenduinsche haven voor Scheveningen
1475:The Nautical Magazine and Naval Chronicle for 1869
1069:before he was appointed Colonial Marine Engineer.
858:
702:
442:
418:
398:
1686:Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
1548:Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
521:. The units for these quantities are as follows:
917:Stevenson himself noted that the formula was an
353:. The vault lies midway along the eastern wall.
287:design and construction. The work discussed the
250:, on 22 July 1818, the youngest son of engineer
1542:Stevenson, T.; Townson, J.; Wilson, W. (1981).
1520:Edinburgh New (Jameson's) Philosophical Journal
342:instruments, and this has been widely adopted.
1981:. London: Thomas Telford Ltd. pp. 31–42.
2037:. Thomas Telford Publishing. pp. 31–42.
19:For other people named Thomas Stevenson, see
8:
2392:Presidents of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1027:, whereas modern observations show that the
2303:. No. 503. 29 December 1869. p. 3
1039:He was brother of the lighthouse engineers
945:in 1863, which at the time was the largest
885:) of around 1.5 times that of Stevenson's.
952:in Europe. The inner harbour, designed by
892:A graph showing significant wave height (H
38:
27:
2232:
2217:"The wave and tidal resource of Scotland"
1913:
1858:The theory and practice of hydromechanics
1842:Journal of the Dock and Harbour Authority
1305:Thomas Stevenson by Sir George Reid, 1878
842:
827:
823:
812:
803:
739:
729:
725:
716:
686:
671:
667:
656:
647:
597:
588:
578:
574:
565:
435:
411:
389:
378:
303:. The book also explored the efficacy of
268:, a large Georgian terraced townhouse in
2250:"Physical oceanography of the North Sea"
1898:"Obituary: Thomas Stevenson (1818-1887)"
1490:Lighthouse Construction and Illumination
1325:, Irish inventor and lighthouse engineer
1073:Lighthouses designed by Thomas Stevenson
295:, along with construction materials and
2417:Burials at the New Calton Burial Ground
2328:Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand
1335:
1271:
330:Harbour, and a light on the end of the
227:(1884–86), and was a co-founder of the
2031:Paxton, R.; Shipway, J., eds. (2007).
2009:
1809:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(2003)129:2(93)
2402:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh
2073:
2071:
2069:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1861:. London: Thomas Telford Publishing.
1726:
1724:
1722:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1281:Townhouse at 17 Heriot Row, Edinburgh
7:
1740:Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift
1680:Townson, J.M.; Wilson, B.W. (1982).
1513:
1511:
1509:
1418:Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1860
1409:Edinburgh Post Office directory 1855
1400:Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1850
1391:Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1818
495:In 1965, the South African engineer
2078:Allsop, N.W.H.; Bruce, T. (2019).
1492:. BiblioBazaar. pp. 165–166.
1488:Stevenson, Thomas (9 April 2009).
1319:, "father of Japanese lighthouses"
246:He was born at 2 Baxters Place in
14:
2324:"Lighthouses - A national system"
2322:Beaglehole, Helen (9 July 2013).
933:The breakwater at Wick, Caithness
21:Thomas Stevenson (disambiguation)
2352:Eilean Bàn – Kyleakin Lighthouse
1646:– via TU Delft Repository.
1607:Japan Society of Civil Engineers
1298:
1286:
1274:
399:{\displaystyle H=1.5{\sqrt {F}}}
173:
229:Scottish Meteorological Society
223:(1859–60), as president of the
118:
2254:Ocean and Shoreline Management
1945:A safe outer-dune harbour for
1354:The Royal Society of Edinburgh
1013:Institution of Civil Engineers
756:
744:
221:Royal Scottish Society of Arts
219:He served as president of the
1:
2016:: CS1 maint: date and year (
2382:19th-century Scottish people
2274:10.1016/0951-8312(91)90005-M
2234:10.1016/j.renene.2017.03.027
1950:] (in Dutch). M. Nijhoff
1638:. Translated by McParland, D
1061:His wife's younger brother,
971:Public Works Loan Commission
517:blowing over a fetch length
345:He died at 17 Heriot Row in
234:He was the father of writer
2437:Stevenson family (Scotland)
1434:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh:
1352:. Vol. II. Edinburgh:
369:of their distance from the
2453:
2202:NERC Open Research Archive
546:in metres per second (m/s)
225:Royal Society of Edinburgh
18:
172:
100:Northern Lighthouse Board
37:
2432:Engineers from Edinburgh
2407:Scottish civil engineers
2150:10.1680/imotp.1906.16709
1915:10.1680/imotp.1888.20990
1867:10.1680/tapoh.45217.0005
1444:10.1017/cbo9780511997020
1436:Adam & Charles Black
475:planetary boundary layer
2422:Scottish meteorologists
2043:10.1680/cehs.34884.0004
1987:10.1680/cmsb.41301.0003
1908:(1888): 424–426. 1888.
1698:10.1680/iicep.1982.1716
1560:10.1680/iicep.1981.1826
338:as a shelter to shield
281:Encyclopædia Britannica
2248:Huthnance, J. (1991).
2178:Stanton, B.R. (1984).
2096:10.1680/jfoen.20.00002
1855:Stevenson, T. (1885).
1605:(in Japanese). Tokyo:
1428:Stevenson, T. (1874).
1323:John Richardson Wigham
1260:Ailsa Craig Lighthouse
1063:James Melville Balfour
1056:Robert Louis Stevenson
961:received support from
914:
897:
860:
704:
444:
426:is the wave height in
420:
400:
275:In 1864, he published
236:Robert Louis Stevenson
133:Robert Louis Stevenson
2427:Scottish antiquarians
2295:"The Late Mr Balfour"
1317:Richard Henry Brunton
912:
901:formula developed by
891:
861:
705:
445:
421:
401:
1049:David Alan Stevenson
715:
564:
497:Basil Wrigley Wilson
490:fully developed seas
434:
410:
377:
270:Edinburgh's New Town
2387:Lighthouse builders
2266:1991OSM....16..199H
1937:Ortt, F.L. (1895).
1752:1965DeHyZ..18..114W
992:that ran along the
923:coastal engineering
869:In these formulae,
351:New Calton Cemetery
147:Jean Smith (mother)
91:Lighthouse engineer
82:Edinburgh, Scotland
2412:Scottish inventors
1760:10.1007/BF02333333
915:
898:
856:
700:
440:
416:
396:
332:Trinity Chain Pier
2052:978-0-7277-3729-8
1996:978-0-7277-4159-2
1876:978-0-7277-4521-7
1453:978-1-108-02967-4
1373:on 4 October 2006
1363:978-0-902198-84-5
1004:mortar was used.
986:steam locomotives
443:{\displaystyle F}
419:{\displaystyle H}
394:
199:
181:
180:
44:Stevenson in 1880
2444:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2308:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2260:(3–4): 199–231.
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2221:Renewable Energy
2212:
2206:
2205:
2199:
2197:
2184:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2075:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1971:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1728:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1677:
1666:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1604:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1539:
1528:
1527:
1515:
1504:
1503:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1401:
1398:
1392:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1372:
1366:. Archived from
1351:
1340:
1302:
1290:
1278:
1080:Whalsay Skerries
865:
863:
862:
857:
855:
851:
850:
849:
841:
837:
836:
835:
831:
822:
818:
817:
816:
807:
743:
738:
737:
733:
709:
707:
706:
701:
699:
695:
694:
693:
685:
681:
680:
679:
675:
666:
662:
661:
660:
651:
602:
601:
592:
587:
586:
582:
449:
447:
446:
441:
425:
423:
422:
417:
405:
403:
402:
397:
395:
390:
336:Stevenson screen
252:Robert Stevenson
214:Stevenson screen
186:
184:Thomas Stevenson
177:
143:Robert Stevenson
122:
120:
78:
59:
57:
42:
32:Thomas Stevenson
28:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2441:
2362:
2361:
2348:
2343:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2306:
2304:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2278:
2276:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2195:
2193:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2077:
2076:
2067:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2008:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1973:
1972:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1819:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1770:
1730:
1729:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1679:
1678:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1641:
1639:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1602:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1541:
1540:
1531:
1517:
1516:
1507:
1500:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1364:
1349:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1313:
1306:
1303:
1294:
1291:
1282:
1279:
1270:
1265:
1230:Turnberry Point
1164:McArthur's Head
1075:
1045:David Stevenson
1037:
1002:Portland cement
935:
903:Ramón Iribarren
895:
883:
808:
796:
792:
791:
781:
777:
776:
769:
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36:
29:
26:
22:
2331:. Retrieved
2317:
2305:. Retrieved
2298:
2289:
2277:. Retrieved
2257:
2253:
2243:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2200:– via
2194:. Retrieved
2190:
2186:
2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2144:(1906): 69.
2141:
2137:
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2090:(2): 43–53.
2087:
2083:
2056:. Retrieved
2033:
2026:
2000:. Retrieved
1976:
1952:. Retrieved
1947:Scheveningen
1944:
1939:
1932:
1905:
1901:
1892:
1880:. Retrieved
1857:
1850:
1841:
1832:
1820:. Retrieved
1803:(2): 93–95.
1800:
1796:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1743:
1739:
1732:Wilson, B.W.
1709:. Retrieved
1689:
1685:
1661:
1652:
1640:. Retrieved
1635:
1622:
1610:. Retrieved
1598:
1594:「波動問題」の歴史的変遷
1593:
1583:
1571:. Retrieved
1551:
1547:
1523:
1519:
1489:
1483:
1474:
1469:
1457:. Retrieved
1430:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1375:. Retrieved
1368:the original
1345:
1338:
1244:(1877, 1880)
1236:Chicken Rock
1212:Scurdie Ness
1182:Holborn Head
1152:Corran Point
1134:Cantick Head
1086:Out Skerries
1060:
1053:
1038:
1021:
1006:
975:
936:
916:
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555:
549:
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363:wave heights
360:
344:
317:
276:
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263:
256:
245:
233:
218:
183:
182:
77:(1887-05-08)
60:22 July 1818
25:
2377:1887 deaths
2372:1818 births
1377:31 December
1242:Lindisfarne
1224:Dubh Artach
506:and period
406:, in which
367:square root
324:lighthouses
309:fresh water
259:Stockbridge
2366:Categories
2196:13 January
2058:13 January
1642:12 January
1612:12 January
1526:: 358–359.
1459:12 January
1330:References
1218:Stour Head
1206:Lochindaal
1110:South Rona
1000:and later
939:breakwater
488:, without
486:kilometres
463:wind speed
301:quay walls
299:types for
289:geological
266:Heriot Row
206:lighthouse
88:Occupation
75:8 May 1887
66:, Scotland
56:1818-07-22
2333:4 January
2307:4 January
2158:1753-7843
2112:226861229
2104:2043-9903
2012:cite book
1954:11 August
1924:1753-7843
1817:0733-950X
1768:0012-0308
1706:1753-7789
1568:1753-7789
1194:Skervuile
1029:North Sea
978:low water
844:−
774:−
751:π
688:−
618:−
347:Edinburgh
248:Edinburgh
168:Signature
163:(brother)
158:(brother)
152:Relatives
139:Parent(s)
64:Edinburgh
2300:The Star
2227:: 3–17.
1791:(2003).
1789:Goda, Y.
1734:(1965).
1630:(1999).
1628:Goda, Y.
1591:(1999).
1589:Goda, Y.
1311:See also
1200:Auskerry
1116:Kyleakin
1104:Ushenish
1023:8 to 10
990:gantries
929:basins.
467:shoaling
371:windward
313:outfalls
145:(father)
129:Children
96:Employer
2279:28 July
2262:Bibcode
2163:29 July
2117:28 July
2002:28 July
1882:28 July
1822:30 July
1773:29 July
1748:Bibcode
1711:28 July
1573:28 July
1268:Gallery
1140:Bressay
994:staging
950:fishery
947:herring
927:harbour
450:is the
328:Granton
297:masonry
285:harbour
197:FSAScot
191:MInstCE
123:
115:
2156:
2110:
2102:
2049:
1993:
1922:
1873:
1815:
1766:
1704:
1601:]
1566:
1496:
1450:
1360:
1262:(1886)
1256:(1886)
1250:(1885)
1238:(1875)
1232:(1873)
1226:(1872)
1220:(1870)
1214:(1870)
1208:(1869)
1202:(1866)
1196:(1865)
1190:(1864)
1184:(1862)
1178:(1862)
1172:(1862)
1166:(1861)
1160:(1860)
1158:Fladda
1154:(1860)
1148:(1859)
1146:Ruvaal
1142:(1858)
1136:(1858)
1130:(1857)
1124:(1857)
1122:Ornsay
1118:(1857)
1112:(1857)
1106:(1857)
1100:(1854)
1098:Davaar
1094:(1854)
1088:(1854)
1082:(1854)
1035:Family
1025:metres
1017:tonnes
1009:storms
106:Spouse
2183:(PDF)
2108:S2CID
1943:[
1603:(PDF)
1597:[
1371:(PDF)
1350:(PDF)
1254:Oxcar
1248:Fidra
998:Roman
789:0.008
633:0.004
471:surge
456:miles
452:fetch
305:tides
293:waves
194:FRSSA
117:(
113:
2335:2015
2309:2015
2281:2023
2198:2024
2165:2023
2154:ISSN
2119:2023
2100:ISSN
2060:2024
2047:ISBN
2018:link
2004:2023
1991:ISBN
1978:2009
1956:2023
1920:ISSN
1884:2023
1871:ISBN
1824:2023
1813:ISSN
1775:2023
1764:ISSN
1713:2023
1702:ISSN
1644:2024
1614:2024
1575:2023
1564:ISSN
1494:ISBN
1461:2024
1448:ISBN
1379:2010
1358:ISBN
1043:and
1041:Alan
965:and
943:Wick
763:1.37
607:0.30
469:and
430:and
428:feet
322:for
307:and
188:PRSE
72:Died
50:Born
2270:doi
2229:doi
2225:114
2191:164
2146:doi
2142:166
2092:doi
2088:172
2039:doi
1983:doi
1910:doi
1863:doi
1805:doi
1801:129
1756:doi
1694:doi
1556:doi
1440:doi
941:at
894:1/3
882:1/3
537:1/3
528:1/3
510:1/3
503:1/3
477:.
454:in
387:1.5
2368::
2326:.
2297:.
2268:.
2258:16
2256:.
2252:.
2223:.
2219:.
2189:.
2185:.
2152:.
2140:.
2136:.
2106:.
2098:.
2086:.
2082:.
2068:^
2045:.
2014:}}
2010:{{
1989:.
1964:^
1918:.
1906:91
1904:.
1900:.
1869:.
1811:.
1799:.
1795:.
1762:.
1754:.
1744:18
1742:.
1738:.
1721:^
1700:.
1690:73
1688:.
1684:.
1670:^
1634:.
1562:.
1552:71
1550:.
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1532:^
1524:53
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1508:^
1446:.
1438:.
1356:.
1051:.
973:.
458:.
272:.
238:.
231:.
204:,
119:m.
2337:.
2311:.
2283:.
2272::
2264::
2237:.
2231::
2204:.
2167:.
2148::
2121:.
2094::
2062:.
2041::
2020:)
2006:.
1985::
1958:.
1926:.
1912::
1886:.
1865::
1844:.
1826:.
1807::
1777:.
1758::
1750::
1715:.
1696::
1616:.
1577:.
1558::
1502:.
1463:.
1442::
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880:H
878:(
875:U
871:g
853:}
847:5
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833:3
829:/
825:1
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814:2
810:U
805:/
801:F
798:g
794:(
786:+
783:1
779:[
771:1
767:{
760:=
757:)
754:U
748:2
745:(
741:/
735:3
731:/
727:1
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697:}
691:2
683:]
677:2
673:/
669:1
664:)
658:2
654:U
649:/
645:F
642:g
638:(
630:+
627:1
623:[
615:1
611:{
604:=
599:2
595:U
590:/
584:3
580:/
576:1
572:H
568:g
550:F
544:U
535:T
526:H
519:F
515:U
508:T
501:H
438:F
414:H
392:F
384:=
381:H
58:)
54:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
