33:
974:
1119:
918:
reflect UV light, and, as the only UV-reflective element in crab spider color schemes, are the key determinant of UV-coloration. Guanine crystals are exposed through the partially UV-transmitting hypodermis and cuticle. While kynurenine is transparent to humans, it likely functions as a UV filtering pigment. UV reflectance may have evolved through a change in the metabolic pathway that allowed for guanine crystal exposure through partially UV-transmitting hypodermis and cuticle. As a whole, interactions between the cuticle, pigments, and/or crystals in the hypodermis that exist in variable
1070:
891:
1100:
1040:
986:
716:
1088:
1013:
1061:
1052:
1004:
291:
1028:
74:
753:
540:, manage the trade-off between predation rate and resource intake. Honey bees, for example, will avoid resource (nectar) poor habitats as well as those with higher concentrations of crab spiders, preferring to frequent safer areas. However, honeybees are more susceptible to predation by crab spiders and competition is more intense in these areas. Hoverflies, on the other hand, prefer less competitive but riskier resource areas. While bumblebees,
578:, for feeding. As Asteraceae species present pollen in an allotropic manner (pollen grains are exposed on the capitulum surface), spiders are able to acquire them easily. Since pollen grains are unable to pass through the cuticular platelets of spider pharynxes due to their relatively large size (> 1 ÎŒm), pollen is consumed via extra-intestinal digestion, with nutrients likely extracted through apertures in pollen grains.
703:
582:
evaluating the sitting positions of the spider groups that were pollen-fed, it was discovered that these spiders are known to actively seek out visitations to flowers for pollen. Hence, this tendency is one of the hypotheses that may explain why they are able to survive longer without food in the Spring.
957:
is less present under non-natural light conditions, suggesting that factors other than background color may play a role in the process. Additionally, color changes from white to yellow occur between 1.43 and 2.14 times faster than changes from yellow to white. Furthermore, molting results in a slower
729:
females are able to change their entire body color as a means of mimicking the color of flowers where they reside and capture prey. Possible colors include pink, shiny yellow, and white, sometimes with a bright medial stripe. Female color changes usually take several days in order to adjust to flower
597:
In the summer of their second year, toward the end of their lives, female spiders weave between two and four cocoons for egg-laying. Spiderlings from the first egg sac emerge during late summer. This gives them access to more abundant prey resources, allowing them to obtain sufficient energy reserves
694:
tend to prefer flowers with colors they can match (usually white or yellow), even when they could attain greater hunting success on other flowers. This is due to the increased predation risk of residing on flowers that would make them more conspicuous. While there are relatively few observations of
917:
is not equivalently transparent across the color spectrum, indicating a role in color variation. The cuticle limits the maximum reflectance that can be produced from the UV range and, as such, offers a barrier against potential UV photo-damage. Guanine crystals, present in the hypodermis, strongly
811:
act as ambush predators on flowers, they likely influence both the reproductive success of flower species but may also interfere with pollen flow within the immediate community due to their deterrence or consumption of pollinators, such as hoverflies and honeybees. However, reproductive success of
662:
tips distinguishes males. Males typically reach maturity after between three and five molts. Unlike males, females molt far more, reaching maturity after six to nine molts. As such, males typically mature after two and a half months and females after over a year. Due to shorter male life spans,
581:
After thorough investigation, the average amount of days that this spider can survive without food was 21.4 days. There were also dietary factors, such as different types of pollen and nectar, that could potentially increase the survival rate of these spiderlings by 1.5-2 times. By extensively
513:
are cursorial spiders and do not use silk for prey capture. Instead, they use their long raptorial forelegs to ambush nearby insects. They frequently prey on insects far larger than themselves, ranging from 1.25 to 16.00mm in length. Males feed less and tend to prey on smaller insects.
588:
are able to subsist off pollen for over 40 days under laboratory conditions, further indicating the importance of pollen feeding in sustaining juvenile spiders that may lack sufficient fat reserves, especially during the spring season, as well as those with limited access to insect prey.
783:
and pollinators. This leads to overlapping floral preferences for both the spiders and their prey, providing a strong selective mechanism for sit-and-wait tactics of prey capture. Furthermore, ÎČ-ocimene is produced by 71% of plant families, explaining the broad range of flowers in which
734:
of flowers on which spiders reside. Spiders are capable of mimicking chromatic contrast of different flower species, allowing them to be cryptic in the color-vision systems of both avian predators and hymenopteran prey. More specifically, they are able to mimic flower color in four
646:, the period of the cocoon, or the time between the laying of eggs and emergence of spiderlings, is generally around one month regardless of season. This can be attributed to the insulation provided by the cocoon, making eggs less susceptible to seasonal and/or temperature changes.
619:
several times, and reach maturity in the summer of the next year with first-generation females. Developmental rates for both sexes are highly variable, with spiders at different developmental stages found throughout the year. Overall, the rate of development, duration of
739:
types corresponding to UV-blue-green-red for birds and three cone types, UV-blue-green, for insects. When aiming to detect smaller targets and/or see over larger distances, birds and bees preferentially use achromatic vision (brightness) over color contrast. As such,
614:
females of both generations generally develop throughout the year whereas spring generation males grow faster, reaching maturity with second generation females from the prior year. Summer males, on the other hand, develop for a longer period,
305:, with females between lengths of 7â11 mm and smaller males ranging between lengths of 2â4 mm. Females are heavy-bodied and mostly stationary, whereas males are slender and more motile. Females have a pink, yellow, or white
606:
woven later, on the other hand, remain in the egg sacs through winter and emerge in early spring of the following year when prey is far scarcer, necessitating the use of pollen feeding to supplement nutritional and energy needs.
925:
These color change mechanisms likely evolved from ancestral crab spiders with UV-reflective abdomens or, if pre-dated by UV-absorbent hypodermal pigments, evolved through the guanine crystal exposure through a clear hypodermis.
657:
typically molt at regular intervals up to the third and sixth instars provided they obtain adequate nutrition. After eclosion from the cocoon, spiderling sex differences are not yet visible. By the second molt, the swelling of
642:, ranging from less than ten eggs to over 400 per cocoon. Cocoons laid in early spring consist of far more spiderlings than those laid in the late summer. Unlike the more variable developmental stages of
883:
and the reflection from guanine crystals. These explanations account for human-perceived white to yellow changes via differential pigment deposition in the hypodermis, but do not explain variations in
973:
461:
and adult females. Pollen feeding is particularly important for spiderlings, as it allows them to survive beyond what yolk reserves would otherwise allow. Due to the lack of amino acids, especially
262:
reside in flowers in lowland vegetation. Females are distinguished by their larger size and ability to change color between white, yellow, and pink as a means of matching flower color. This cryptic
730:
backgrounds. Males are usually yellow-green to brown in color and do not exhibit color changes. Female aggressive mimicry provides camouflage from predators and works to fool insect prey, usually
771:
can deter certain pollinators, such as bees, and have had key impacts on floral trait evolution. Following florivore attack, plants are adapted to release floral volatile emissions that attract
879:. Incident light is reflected from guanocytes back through pigment-containing hypodermal layers. White coloration is likely due to high concentrations of the transparent ommochrome precursor
796:
only when florivores are present by inducing ÎČ-ocimene emission, making infested flowers more attractive to spiders. This mechanism generates strong selection pressure on plants to develop a
517:
While some
Australian crab spider species are able to use the reflection of UV light to generate a deceptive signal that attracts prey to host flower species, European species, including
1118:
958:
rate of change from yellow to white, indicating a potential link between color change and development. These changes are likely mediated by the hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone. The
392:
typically reside on shrubs and within lowland vegetation, preferring warmer areas. They inhabit a wide variety of flowers and herbs, usually staying at the flowering peaks.
671:
The maximum life expectancy of these spiders is 600 days for females, and female spiders have a greater life expectancy than males (several months versus several weeks).
630:
usually attach egg sacs to leaves. Unlike some other cursorial species, females do not enclose themselves within the sac, but continue to catch prey during egg-guarding.
327:
and retrolateral tibial apophysis, the arrangement of the basal tibia tubercle on the male palp, and the circular intromittent orifice, which is oriented anteriad in the
2196:
32:
2235:
690:
generally suffer little from bird predation. This is because it does not pay birds to specialize on crab spiders due to their uneven distributions and crypsis.
266:
allows them to both evade predators and enhance insect prey capture abilities. Males are smaller, more slender, and drab in coloration, usually green or brown.
270:
is also distinguished from other relatives by its distinct life cycle patterns in which spiderlings emerge in either late summer or early spring. Furthermore,
933:
is determined by the external factor of background color. Such background matching is common in many animals able to undergo reversible color changes (some
570:
as food sources for extended periods of time as a starvation survival strategy. Spiders will actively visit flowers of multiple species, such as those from
1069:
2170:
985:
2209:
1099:
792:
can harm plant fitness in the absence of florivores, they provide an overall benefit to plants threatened by florivores. As such, plants attract
396:
is unique among crab spider species in that it prefers to situate itself in flower centers, which have unique spectral properties, over petals.
1659:
1382:
2307:
2131:
1012:
521:, lack this ability. Honeybees attracted to the UV reflectance of Australian species, for example, are repelled by the presence of
370:
are not well supported. The family
Thomisidae encompasses over 2000 species of crab spiders including the common close relative of
1965:
550:, they do not learn from previous encounters with spider predators in order to enhance avoidance of heterospecific individuals.
1411:"The life cycle of Thomisus onustus (Thomisidae: Araneae) and outlines for the classification of the life histories of spiders"
2322:
812:
plants will also depend on the phenotype, not only of the plant itself, but also that of surrounding plant species. Although
2214:
1955:
2222:
1960:
457:
While overall size is smaller, in terms of prey to predator length ratio, juvenile spiders capture larger prey than late
1913:"Dissecting the variation of a visual trait: the proximate basis of UVâVisible reflectance in crab spiders (Thomisidae)"
320:
1087:
2312:
2079:
1039:
204:
1597:"Encounters with predators fail to trigger predator avoidance in bumblebees, Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae)"
2240:
2149:
744:
mimicry also applies to achromatic vision as they are able to modulate both their achromatic and chromatic contrast
2317:
1251:"Natural prey of the crab spider Thomisus onustus (Araneae: Thomisidae), an extremely powerful predator of insects"
1135:
351:
2327:
2162:
73:
362:, sperm ducts that follow a circular peripheral course through the tegulum, and a lack of conductors and median
363:
355:
1680:
RodrĂguez-GironĂ©s, M (2020). "Detectable but unseen: imperfect crypsis protects crab spiders from predators".
1503:"Survival strategies of the crab spider Thomisus onustus Walckenaer 1806 (Chelicerata, Arachnida, Thomisidae)"
962:
is thought to mediate the transduction of environmental cues into the physiological response of color change.
2061:
1986:
2084:
2279:
922:
stages, and guanocytes combine to produce changes in the observed reflectance spectrum of crab spiders.
715:
188:
2024:
1027:
890:
686:
is imperfect, meaning that they do not perfectly match flower color, making them slightly detectable,
315:
274:
have developed a mutualistic relationship with host plants where spiders feed on and/or deter harmful
2274:
2105:
2033:
377:
358:
hairs (when viewed as a cross section), bulbuses that are subequal in length and width, disk shaped
2302:
1060:
1051:
1003:
868:
864:
797:
57:
1810:"Specific color sensitivities of prey and predator explain camouflage in different visual systems"
324:
282:
spiders are able to use as food sources, especially during periods of low insect prey abundance.
68:
290:
2201:
2261:
2092:
1934:
1890:
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1355:
1314:
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910:
842:
830:
752:
542:
302:
2266:
1555:"Response of pollinators to the tradeoff between resource acquisition and predator avoidance"
1924:
1880:
1862:
1821:
1772:
1723:
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1647:
1608:
1566:
1514:
1464:
1422:
1345:
1304:
1262:
959:
836:
779:, produced by plants in both floral and leaf tissues, acts as an attractive signal for both
1291:
Kiany, Najmeh; Sadeghi, Saber; Kiany, Mohsen; Zamani, Alireza; Ostovani, Sheidokht (2017).
2248:
824:
818:
486:
41:
2038:
1712:"Environmental and hormonal factors controlling reversible colour change in crab spiders"
1332:
Benjamin, Suresh P.; Dimitrov, Dimitar; Gillespie, Rosemary G.; Hormiga, Gustavo (2008).
1453:"Evidence for UV-based sensory exploitation in Australian but not European crab spiders"
1410:
2157:
2144:
1911:
Gawryszewski, Felipe M.; Birch, Debra; Kemp, Darrell J.; Herberstein, Marie E. (2014).
1885:
1850:
1426:
373:
1851:"Crab spiders impact floral-signal evolution indirectly through removal of florivores"
1554:
1333:
2296:
1570:
1350:
306:
145:
1218:
610:
With two generations per year and the spring generation larger than the summer one,
558:
During periods of insect food shortages (i.e. during inclement weather conditions),
2097:
1710:
Llandres, A. L.; Figon, F.; Christides, J.-P.; Mandon, N.; Casas, J. (2013-09-25).
425:
405:
247:
1975:
1693:
1639:
913:
layers, with epithelial cells modulating âhuman-visibleâ changes. The cuticle of
624:, number of molts, and molting times are all highly variable within the species.
532:
acts as an ambush predator, it influences the ways in which pollinators, such as
489:
predators. They stay in flower corollas and wait for insect prey including bees (
2227:
2183:
2018:
1651:
1613:
884:
599:
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506:
494:
359:
310:
251:
115:
1867:
1596:
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1250:
702:
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in vegetation outside of the cocoon during winter months. Spiderlings from egg
1468:
1266:
950:
946:
906:
880:
876:
860:
731:
571:
465:, in pollen grains, spiderlings that feed exclusively on pollen are unable to
346:, which includes around 150 described species, and is well supported as being
155:
2136:
2009:
1938:
1876:
1835:
1786:
1737:
1622:
1578:
1526:
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1434:
1359:
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2118:
1929:
1912:
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942:
736:
533:
347:
275:
105:
85:
49:
1894:
1794:
1745:
1534:
804:
and suggests a key role for the spiders in the evolution of floral traits.
309:
and males are brown to green-yellow in color. Both sexes have a triangular
1553:
Llandres, Ana L.; De Mas, Eva; RodrĂguez-GironĂ©s, Miguel A. (2011-10-24).
2253:
2003:
1106:
895:
816:
resides on a broad range of flower species, several host species include
659:
616:
537:
498:
466:
462:
413:
238:
165:
125:
61:
1970:
1502:
1334:"Family ties: molecular phylogeny of crab spiders (Araneae: Thomisidae)"
2175:
2071:
1728:
1711:
1646:, vol. 7, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 87â116, 2009,
1518:
1309:
1292:
1183:
1155:
938:
872:
776:
683:
490:
328:
263:
2188:
2056:
1849:
Knauer, Anina C.; Bakhtiari, Moe; Schiestl, Florian P. (2018-04-10).
1760:
621:
567:
563:
458:
421:
417:
409:
401:
278:
while benefiting from the plant's supply of pollen and nectar, which
243:
135:
95:
1980:
1777:
2123:
2048:
1293:"Additions to the crab spider fauna of Iran (Araneae: Thomisidae)"
919:
889:
751:
714:
701:
441:
437:
433:
1808:
Théry, Marc; Debut, Martine; Gomez, Doris; Casas, JérÎme (2004).
1375:
Predator Upon a Flower: Life
History and Fitness in a Crab Spider
485:
are summer-stenochronus spiders (summer reproductive season) and
2110:
1110:
934:
899:
603:
429:
255:
1984:
699:, mud-daubers and spider wasps do prey on the spider species.
682:
are primarily preyed upon by insectivorous birds. While their
502:
1451:
Herberstein, M. E.; Heiling, A. M.; Cheng, K. (2008-04-09).
871:
layers, which lie above specialized guanocyte cells full of
863:
compounds and/or their precursors, such as xanthommatin and
313:. This species can be distinguished from its close relative
1595:
RodrĂguez-GironĂ©s, Miguel A; JimĂ©nez, Olga M (2019-10-12).
350:. It is relatively morphologically homogeneous genus, with
905:
Color change abilities are due to contributions from both
1377:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
775:, which consume and/or deter florivores. The compound
1993:
1644:
Relationships of
Natural Enemies and Non-Prey Foods
859:Yellow coloration is likely due to the presence of
706:Female guarding her eggs (Kassiopi, Corfu, Greece)
1124:Camouflaged by homochromy with an anthemis flower
929:Under direct sunlight exposure, color change in
1761:"Predator and prey views of spider camouflage"
469:versus spiderlings that feed on insect prey.
8:
979:Feeding on a bee a few minutes after capture
1981:
760:sharing its flower with velvet mites (cf.
663:sibling mating is, therefore, impossible.
638:The number of eggs laid varies widely for
31:
20:
1928:
1884:
1866:
1825:
1776:
1727:
1612:
1601:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
1349:
1308:
289:
236:is a crab spider belonging to the genus
1147:
969:
301:is a medium-sized spider that exhibits
1705:
1703:
1906:
1904:
1634:
1632:
1590:
1588:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
7:
2163:bd1f2bfa-d90c-4c3c-bce7-6f10d9ed821f
1446:
1444:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1286:
1284:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
366:. However, some subgroupings within
1759:Théry, Marc; Casas, JérÎme (2002).
953:). However, background matching in
1427:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1970.tb03095.x
711:Protective coloration and behavior
14:
1501:Vogelei, A.; Greissl, R. (1989).
242:. These spiders are found across
2280:urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:031485
1571:10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19910.x
1351:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2008.00202.x
1117:
1098:
1086:
1068:
1059:
1050:
1038:
1026:
1011:
1002:
984:
972:
420:(from Europe to South Siberia),
72:
1716:Journal of Experimental Biology
875:crystals, which lead to light
1:
1694:10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.04.004
1194:, Natural History Museum Bern
1186:Thomisus onustus meridionalis
1166:, Natural History Museum Bern
695:specific predator species of
1297:Arachnologische Mitteilungen
1249:Huseynov, Elchin F. (2007).
1219:"araneae - Thomisus onustus"
1652:10.1007/978-1-4020-9235-0_6
1373:Morse, Douglass H. (2007).
593:Reproduction and life cycle
2344:
1868:10.1038/s41467-018-03792-x
1255:Journal of Natural History
1136:List of Thomisidae species
2308:Spiders described in 1805
1614:10.1093/biolinnean/blz155
1469:10.1007/s10682-008-9260-6
1267:10.1080/00222930701589707
444:, preferring warm areas.
342:are members of the genus
217:
212:
194:
187:
69:Scientific classification
67:
39:
30:
23:
385:Habitat and distribution
1930:10.1111/1365-2435.12300
400:are distributed across
1409:Levy, Gershom (1970).
902:
765:
762:Eutrombidium rostratus
723:
707:
354:that include circular
295:
2323:Fauna of South Africa
1855:Nature Communications
1827:10.1093/beheco/arh130
893:
843:Chrysanthemum segetum
788:might stay in. While
755:
748:Mutualism with plants
718:
705:
554:Non-predatory feeding
509:, and other spiders.
293:
42:nettle tree butterfly
2158:Fauna Europaea (new)
1640:"The Pollen Feeders"
1457:Evolutionary Ecology
1261:(37â40): 2341â2349.
1192:World Spider Catalog
1164:World Spider Catalog
1105:Thomisus Onustus in
894:Thomisus Onustus in
562:is capable of using
378:Thomisus spectabilis
865:3-hydroxykynurenine
250:, and parts of the
58:Pirin National Park
2313:Palearctic spiders
1917:Functional Ecology
1814:Behavioral Ecology
1729:10.1242/jeb.086470
1519:10.1007/bf00380075
1415:Journal of Zoology
1310:10.5431/aramit5301
903:
800:relationship with
766:
724:
722:on Orchis purpurea
708:
296:
220:T. o. meridionalis
2318:Spiders of Europe
2290:
2289:
2262:Open Tree of Life
1987:Taxon identifiers
1722:(20): 3886â3895.
1661:978-1-4020-9234-3
1384:978-0-674-02480-9
1160:Walckenaer, 1805"
831:Glebionis segetum
543:Bombus terrestris
478:Predatory feeding
303:sexual dimorphism
294:Purple camouflage
229:
228:
224:
16:Species of spider
2335:
2328:Fauna of Siberia
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2062:thomisus-onustus
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2039:Thomisus_onustus
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2025:Thomisus onustus
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1995:Thomisus onustus
1982:
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1682:Animal Behaviour
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1042:
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1019:Thomisus onustus
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992:Thomisus onustus
988:
976:
960:endocrine system
837:Malva sylvestris
809:Thomisus onustus
758:Thomisus onustus
720:Thomisus onustus
493:), butterflies (
316:Thomisus zyuzini
233:Thomisus onustus
222:
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198:Thomisus onustus
77:
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35:
25:Thomisus onustus
21:
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2109:
2104:
2096:
2091:
2083:
2078:
2070:
2068:
2060:
2055:
2047:
2045:
2037:
2032:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1989:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1778:10.1038/415133a
1758:
1757:
1753:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1594:
1593:
1586:
1552:
1551:
1542:
1500:
1499:
1484:
1450:
1449:
1442:
1408:
1407:
1392:
1385:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1248:
1247:
1236:
1227:
1225:
1223:araneae.nmbe.ch
1217:
1216:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1184:"Taxon details
1182:
1181:
1177:
1169:
1167:
1156:"Taxon details
1154:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1132:
1125:
1122:
1113:
1103:
1094:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1064:
1055:
1046:
1043:
1034:
1031:
1022:
1021:capturing a bee
1016:
1007:
998:
989:
980:
977:
968:
867:, deposited on
857:
852:
825:Bellis perennis
819:Erigeron annuus
750:
713:
677:
669:
652:
636:
595:
556:
497:), hoverflies (
480:
475:
455:
450:
387:
337:
288:
208:
202:
196:
183:
180:T. onustus
71:
46:Libythea celtis
17:
12:
11:
5:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2271:
2258:
2245:
2232:
2219:
2206:
2193:
2180:
2167:
2154:
2145:Fauna Europaea
2141:
2128:
2115:
2102:
2089:
2076:
2066:
2053:
2043:
2030:
2015:
1999:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1956:Fauna Europaea
1951:
1950:External links
1948:
1945:
1944:
1900:
1841:
1800:
1751:
1699:
1672:
1660:
1628:
1607:(4): 901â908.
1584:
1565:(5): 687â696.
1540:
1513:(4): 513â515.
1482:
1463:(4): 621â634.
1440:
1421:(4): 523â536.
1390:
1383:
1365:
1344:(5): 708â722.
1324:
1280:
1234:
1203:
1175:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1116:
1114:
1104:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1085:
1083:
1080:Apis mellifera
1074:
1067:
1065:
1058:
1056:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1025:
1023:
1017:
1010:
1008:
1001:
999:
996:Apis mellifera
990:
983:
981:
978:
971:
967:
964:
856:
853:
851:
848:
749:
746:
712:
709:
676:
673:
668:
665:
651:
648:
635:
632:
594:
591:
555:
552:
479:
476:
474:
471:
454:
451:
449:
446:
386:
383:
374:Misumena vatia
352:synapomorphies
336:
333:
287:
284:
227:
226:
215:
214:
210:
209:
203:
192:
191:
185:
184:
177:
175:
171:
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163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
148:
143:
139:
138:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
65:
64:
54:Mentha spicata
37:
36:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2340:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1792:
1788:
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1779:
1774:
1771:(6868): 133.
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1730:
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1721:
1717:
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940:
936:
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923:
921:
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912:
908:
901:
897:
892:
888:
887:reflectance.
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
854:
849:
847:
846:
844:
839:
838:
833:
832:
827:
826:
821:
820:
815:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
782:
778:
774:
770:
763:
759:
754:
747:
745:
743:
738:
733:
728:
721:
717:
710:
704:
700:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
674:
672:
666:
664:
661:
656:
649:
647:
645:
641:
633:
631:
629:
625:
623:
618:
613:
608:
605:
601:
592:
590:
587:
583:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
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545:
544:
539:
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531:
526:
524:
520:
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512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
477:
472:
470:
468:
464:
460:
452:
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445:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
384:
382:
381:
379:
375:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
334:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:
312:
308:
304:
300:
292:
285:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:
235:
234:
225:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
199:
193:
190:
189:Binomial name
186:
182:
181:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
150:
147:
146:Araneomorphae
144:
141:
140:
137:
134:
131:
130:
127:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
87:
84:
81:
80:
75:
70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1994:
1923:(1): 44â54.
1920:
1916:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1820:(1): 25â29.
1817:
1813:
1803:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1719:
1715:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1665:, retrieved
1643:
1604:
1600:
1562:
1558:
1510:
1506:
1460:
1456:
1418:
1414:
1374:
1368:
1341:
1337:
1327:
1300:
1296:
1258:
1254:
1226:. Retrieved
1222:
1196:, retrieved
1191:
1185:
1178:
1168:, retrieved
1163:
1157:
1150:
1093:Eating a fly
1079:
1075:
1018:
995:
991:
954:
930:
928:
924:
914:
904:
858:
841:
835:
829:
823:
817:
813:
808:
806:
801:
793:
789:
785:
780:
772:
768:
767:
761:
757:
741:
726:
725:
719:
696:
691:
687:
679:
678:
670:
654:
653:
643:
639:
637:
627:
626:
611:
609:
596:
585:
584:
580:
559:
557:
547:
541:
529:
527:
522:
518:
516:
510:
487:sit-and-wait
482:
481:
456:
426:Central Asia
406:North Africa
397:
393:
389:
388:
372:T. onustus,
371:
367:
348:monophyletic
343:
339:
338:
319:by its long
314:
298:
297:
279:
271:
267:
259:
248:North Africa
237:
232:
231:
230:
223:Strand, 1907
219:
218:
197:
195:
179:
178:
166:
142:Infraorder:
53:
45:
24:
18:
2184:iNaturalist
2019:Wikispecies
1861:(1): 1367.
951:cephalopods
947:crustaceans
798:mutualistic
732:pollinators
576:Asteroideae
507:hymenoptera
495:Lepidoptera
311:opisthosoma
286:Description
252:Middle East
213:Subspecies
116:Chelicerata
112:Subphylum:
2303:Thomisidae
2297:Categories
1961:T. onustus
1667:2020-12-18
1338:Cladistics
1228:2020-11-19
1198:2017-06-29
1170:2017-06-29
1142:References
955:T. onustus
943:amphibians
931:T. onustus
915:T. onustus
907:epithelial
881:kynurenine
877:scattering
869:hypodermal
861:ommochrome
855:Coloration
850:Physiology
814:T. onustus
802:T. onustus
794:T. onustus
790:T. onustus
786:T. onustus
781:T. onustus
773:T. onustus
769:T. onustus
742:T. onustus
727:T. onustus
697:T. onustus
692:T. onustus
688:T. onustus
680:T. onustus
655:T. onustus
644:T. onustus
640:T. onustus
634:Brood size
628:T. onustus
612:T. onustus
586:T. onustus
572:Asteraceae
560:T. onustus
548:T. onustus
538:hoverflies
530:T. onustus
523:T. onustus
519:T. onustus
511:T. onustus
483:T. onustus
453:Spiderling
398:T. onustus
394:T. onustus
390:T. onustus
340:T. onustus
299:T. onustus
280:T. onustus
276:florivores
272:T. onustus
268:T. onustus
260:T. onustus
205:Walckenaer
156:Thomisidae
106:Arthropoda
40:With prey
2046:Araneae:
1976:Naturdata
1939:0269-8463
1877:2041-1723
1836:1465-7279
1787:0028-0836
1738:0022-0949
1688:: 83â90.
1623:0024-4066
1579:0030-1299
1527:0029-8549
1507:Oecologia
1477:0269-7653
1435:0952-8369
1360:0748-3007
1319:1018-4171
1275:0022-2933
920:oxidative
911:cuticular
777:ÎČ-ocimene
667:Life span
600:hibernate
534:honeybees
499:Syrphidae
364:apophyses
335:Phylogeny
325:apophysis
174:Species:
126:Arachnida
92:Kingdom:
86:Eukaryota
50:spearmint
2202:10543659
2069:BioLib:
2004:Wikidata
1895:29636464
1795:11805822
1746:24068351
1535:28312837
1130:See also
1107:Behbahan
1078:hunting
994:hunting
939:reptiles
896:Behbahan
660:pedipalp
546:, avoid
463:tyrosine
414:Caucasus
368:Thomisus
360:tegulums
344:Thomisus
329:epigynum
239:Thomisus
167:Thomisus
152:Family:
102:Phylum:
96:Animalia
82:Domain:
62:Bulgaria
2267:3549599
2241:1872008
2176:2166135
2111:1209832
2010:Q134973
1886:5893632
1303:: 1â8.
966:Gallery
873:guanine
756:Female
684:crypsis
675:Enemies
650:Molting
622:instars
617:molting
503:diptera
491:Apoidea
356:scopula
323:tibial
321:ventral
307:prosoma
264:mimicry
162:Genus:
136:Araneae
132:Order:
122:Class:
2215:890774
2150:353591
2137:228107
2124:THMION
2085:257013
2057:ARKive
1971:Biolib
1966:Arkive
1937:
1893:
1883:
1875:
1834:
1793:
1785:
1765:Nature
1744:
1736:
1658:
1621:
1577:
1533:
1525:
1475:
1433:
1381:
1358:
1317:
1273:
1045:Female
840:, and
568:nectar
564:pollen
459:instar
440:, and
422:Israel
418:Russia
410:Turkey
402:Europe
244:Europe
207:, 1805
2254:23845
2197:IRMNG
2189:59281
2132:EUNIS
2098:56JQN
1559:Oikos
528:When
473:Adult
442:Japan
438:Korea
434:China
48:) on
2236:NCBI
2210:ITIS
2171:GBIF
2119:EPPO
2080:BOLD
1935:ISSN
1891:PMID
1873:ISSN
1832:ISSN
1791:PMID
1783:ISSN
1742:PMID
1734:ISSN
1656:ISBN
1619:ISSN
1575:ISSN
1531:PMID
1523:ISSN
1473:ISSN
1431:ISSN
1379:ISBN
1356:ISSN
1315:ISSN
1271:ISSN
1111:Iran
1033:Male
949:and
935:fish
909:and
900:Iran
737:cone
604:sacs
574:and
566:and
536:and
467:molt
448:Diet
430:Iran
256:Asia
254:and
2275:WSC
2223:NBN
2106:EoL
2093:CoL
2072:818
2049:940
2034:ADW
1925:doi
1881:PMC
1863:doi
1822:doi
1773:doi
1769:415
1724:doi
1720:216
1690:doi
1686:164
1648:doi
1609:doi
1605:128
1567:doi
1563:121
1515:doi
1465:doi
1423:doi
1419:160
1346:doi
1305:doi
1263:doi
807:As
598:to
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56:),
2299::
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52:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
