Thonburi Kingdom - Knowledge (XXG)

1844: 2811:, dispatched Xu Quan (許全) to either Hà Tiên or Chanthaburi to investigate the situation in Siam after the Fall of Ayutthaya. As soon as he set up his new capital at Thonburi, King Taksin sent his Chinese merchant Chen Mei (陳美) as his delegate to go to Guangzhou, reaching the Chinese city in September 1768. Taksin, addressing himself as Gan En Zhi (甘恩敕), reported to the Chinese court that Ayutthaya had fallen to the Burmese invaders and asked for formal investiture from Chinese Emperor Qianlong as the 'King of Siam' – the recognition that would assist Taksin in his subjugation of rival lords. However, Mạc Thiên Tứ the ruler of Hà Tiên also sent a competing mission to Guangzhou in 1768. Mạc Thiên Tứ reported to the Chinese court that the two Ayutthayan princes; namely Zhao Cui (Chao Chui) and Zhao Shichang (Chao Sisang), were under his protection in Hà Tiên. Emperor Qianlong strongly rejected Taksin's proposal in his imperial decree, urging Taksin to promote the Ayutthayan princes to the throne instead and had Li Shiyao give the response to Chen Mei. Xu Quan was reported dead from illness in August 1768 and Li Shiyao had to send Zheng Rui (鄭瑞) as a replacement for Xu Quan in December 1768. Next year, in 1769, Zheng Rui met with Prince Chui at Hà Tiên. Prince Chui told Zheng Rui that he needed help from the Chinese Emperor. 2778:

conversion of native Siamese and Mon people to Christianity and Islam. The Siamese king became suspicious of the Christian missionaries. Taksin ordered the missionaries to undertake the Siamese lustral water-drinking ritual to swear fealty to him. The missionaries found out that they had to swear allegiance to the king in front of a Buddha image so they refused to participate. King Taksin was even more enraged and ordered the imprisonment of Bishop Le Bon and two other French priests, namely Arnaud-Antoine Garnault and Joseph-Louis Coudé, in September 1775. They were put in cangues, interrogated and whipped with rattan blows. They were released one year later in September 1776 and Olivier-Simon Le Bon was appointed the new vicar apostolic of Siam shortly after. However, the situation for Christian missionaries were still deteriorating and they were eventually expelled from Siam in December 1779. Le Bon retired to

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Cai Han sent the order to Taksin, urging him to pursue and capture the Burmese. The Qing court then realized that King Taksin was the actual ruler of Siam and began to adjust its diplomatic policy. King Taksin took advantage of Chinese enmity towards Burma by sending fifty Burmese captives, including a Burmese chief, to present at Guangzhou in his second mission in August 1771, addressing himself in the letter as Zheng Zhao. Qianlong proclaimed in November 1771 in favor of Taksin as he realized that the Siamese king could be a reliable ally against the Burmese. After his capture of Hà Tiên in November 1771, Taksin sent the Chinese farmers in Hà Tiên back to their homelands in China unharmed. By 1772, in respect to Hà Tiên, it was clear that Taksin gained victory over Mạc Thiên Tứ diplomatically.

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and protocol were observed in full for the first time after the Fall of Ayutthaya. In February 1782, the Siamese diplomatic mission reached Beijing but Phraya Sundhon Aphai fell ill and died. His funeral was arranged by the Qing court. Phraya Sundhon Aphai was replaced by his deputy Luang Phichai Saneha and set off to return to Thonburi in July 1782. The Qing court finally recognized Taksin as King of Siam and gave the red robes and the Qing royal stamp for Taksin's use as King. However, when the mission returned the regime had already changed as Taksin had been deposed. The new (Rattanakosin) court was officially recognized and invested title by the Qing in 1787 in the reign of King Rama I.

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noncomformity of his rule. He did not erect a great royal city with splendid palaces nor did he actively pursued the old Ayutthayan way. High titles and commands belonged to Taksin's early followers who were not much of high aristocratic stratum. Taksin's defeat at the hands of the Burmese in 1776 affected him greatly. After 1776, Taksin ceased to personally lead armies in battlefields but instead relegated military commands to the brothers Chaophraya Chakri and Chaophraya Surasi so powers shifted away from him as he focused on religious pursuits. Chaophraya Chakri emerged as the most powerful courtier and came to represent old Ayutthayan elite.

2408:. After the Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767, the Siamese economy collapsed. Rice production and economic activities ceased. Thonburi period was the time of economic crisis as people died from warfare and starvation and inflation was prevalent. Siam became a rice importer. In 1767, after his reconquest of Ayutthaya, King Taksin donated to over 1,000 desolate people. He also ordered an Ayutthayan bronze cannon to be broken down into pieces to buy rice and distribute to the starving populace, earning him a great popularity. The rice commodity price in Thonburi period was high, reaching apex in 1770 at the price of three 88: 2881: 1810: 1991:

retreated. Chaophraya Chakri, having brokered a truce with the Vietnamese, marched to return to Thonburi. He convened a judicial court to try Taksin and Phraya San of their wrongdoings. Taksin was executed for his "improper and unjust actions that caused great pain for the kingdom". Phraya San, his supporters and Thonburi loyalists, total number of 150 people, were also executed. Taksin's son Inthraphithak, Taksin's nephews Anurak Songkhram and Prince Ramphubet were executed but his other young children were spared and allowed to live. Chaophraya Chakri ascended the throne as

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change post-1767 but it is clear that a great number of Siamese people died in the Burmese invasion war and the overall Siamese population plummeted. Central Siam was the most affected region due to its position in the center of warfare. Large number of people also escaped chaos by living in the jungles unreached by any government authorities. The general shortage of manpower put Siam into economic and military disadvantages. In 1782, the newfound city of Bangkok had the population of around 50,000 people, presumably what Thonburi city had at the end of the period.

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in the outskirts of Thonburi and had to postpone tributary mission to China. During the Burmese Invasion of Ayutthaya, the elites of Ayutthaya found no way to protect their wealth and belongings other than by simply burying them in the grounds. However, not all of them returned to claim their wealth as they either died or were deported to Burma. Surviving owners and other hunters rushed to dig for treasures in the grounds of the former royal city. This Ayutthaya treasure rush was so widespread and lucrative that the Thonburi court intervened to tax.

434: 1705:. King Taksin sent preliminary forces under his son and his nephew to deal with the Burmese at Ratchaburi. The princes led the Siamese forces to completely encircle Satpagyon Bo at Bangkaeo in order to starve the Burmese into surrender. Northern Siamese troops arrived in the battlefield of Bangkaeo, bringing the total number of Siamese to 20,000 men, greatly outnumbering the Burmese. After 47 days of being encircled, Satpagyon Bo capitulated in March 1775. The Siamese took about 2,000 Burmese captives from this battle. 1826: 2728: 2116:, Taksin installed early supporters of his who had distinguished themselves in battle, many of whom were allowed to establish their own local dynasties afterwards, but elsewhere, several noble families had kept their titles and positions within the new kingdom (Nakhon Si Thammarat, Lan Na), (the ruler of Nakhon Si Thammarat that Taksin defeated during the civil war was reinstated as its ruler) whose personal connections made them a formidable force within the Thonburi court. 1315: 515: 2125: 1374: 566: 2476: 2144:

activities and traditional festivities, thereby abandoning the shroud of mysticism as adopted by many Ayutthaya monarchs. Also similar to Naresuan, Taksin was known for being a cruel and authoritarian monarch. Taksin reigned rather plainly, doing little to emphasize his new capital as the spiritual successor to Ayutthaya and adopted an existing wat besides his palace, Wat Jaeng (also spelled Wat Chaeng, later

2587: 5368: 1067: 1665: 2924:, the military balance of power within the kingdom shifted as Taksin took away troops from his old followers in the Northern Cities, who had performed disappointingly in the previous war, and concentrated these forces to protect the capital at Thonburi, also similar to Naresuan, placing more military power within the hands of two powerful brother-generals from the traditional aristocracy, 1251: 1468: 1520:, which began in 1771, against the Nguyen Lord's regime. Instability at home made the Nguyen Lord order Mạc Thiên Tứ to make peace with Siam in 1773. Taksin then realized that the Siamese control over Cambodia and Hà Tiên was untenable. He ordered the withdrawal of Siamese troops from Cambodia and Hà Tiên in 1773 but not before 10,000 Cambodians were taken as captives to Siam. 1709: 1602: 2839:

turned in his favor, Taksin dispatched a mission to Yang Jingsu (楊景素) the new viceroy of Liangguang in July 1777, expressing that he wished to offer the traditional tributes to the Chinese Emperor in full protocol. Qianglong replied by ordering Yang Jingsu to keep the door open for Taksin's regime. On this occasion, the Qing court referred to Taksin as

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ruler of Hà Tiên had told Beijing that remaining descendants of the fallen Ayutthayan dynasty were with him in Hà Tiên. This urged Taksin to conduct an expedition in 1771 to destroy Hà Tiên and to capture the scions of former dynasty. Only then the Qing finally recognized Taksin as the King of Siam in the Chinese tributary system in 1777.

1418:. King Taksin, in retaliation, led the Thonburi armies to capture Phitsanulok in August 1770. Thonburi forces continued north to seize Sawangkhaburi. Chao Phra Fang escaped and disappeared from history. With the conquest of the last rival regime by 1770, Taksin's position as the ruler of Siam was assured and Siam was unified at last. 2653:

and had been Taksin's rival warlord. After his conquest of Northern Siam in 1770, King Taksin ordered massive laicization of Northern Siamese monks. Those who wished to retain their monkhood should undergo the trial of diving into water to prove their sanctity. King Taksin presided over a grand ceremony to purify Northern Siamese

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that re-establishment of Dutch factory in Siam required consent from the Prince of Orange and Nassau but the ammunitions were promised to be sent in the meantime via Chinese skippers. The Dutch flintlock muskets actually arrived in Thonburi in 1770. The Dutch would not reach any diplomatic agreements with Siam again until 1860.

1181:, which saw the country separate into five warring regional states. The Thonburi Kingdom oversaw the rapid reunification and reestablishment of Siam as a preeminient military power within mainland Southeast Asia, overseeing the country's expansion to its greatest territorial extent up to that point in its history, incorporating 2148:), as the principal temple of his kingdom. Taksin largely emphasized the building of moats and defensive walls in Thonburi, all while only building a modest Chinese-style residence and adding a pavilion to house the Emerald Buddha and Phra Bang images at Wat Jaeng, recently taken in 1778 from the Lao states ( 2535:

were taken to settle in Phetchaburi. The Cambodian and the Lao people became the major labor force in the foundation of Bangkok in 1782. The failed Mon rebellion against Burma in 1774 propelled another Mon exodus into Siam, numbering thousands of people. King Taksin also encouraged immigration of his

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In March 1782, a rebellion broke out against Taksin in Ayutthaya due to conflicts over treasure digging rights. King Taksin sent Phraya San to quell the rebellion. However, Phraya San instead joined the rebels and returned to attack Thonburi. With most of his troops away in Cambodia, Taksin relied on

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Six months after the Siamese victory at Bangkaeo, in September 1775, the Burmese from Chiang Saen attacked Chiang Mai again. The two Chaophrayas Chakri and Surasi led troops north to defend Chiang Mai. However, Maha Thiha Thura took this opportunity to personally lead the Burmese armies of 35,000 men

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and called to join the defense of Ayutthaya. In January 1767, about three months before the Fall of Ayutthaya, Phraya Tak gathered his own forces of 500 followers and broke through the Burmese encirclement to the east. After battling with Burmese scouting forces and some local resistances, Phraya Tak

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or 'King' for the first time – the gesture of unofficial recognition of Taksin as King of Siam in the tributary system. However, Taksin showed little interest in this huge progress for he had already secured his power as the ruler of Siam and no longer needed the Chinese influence to consolidate his

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The Qing court made an exception to allow Thonburi to purchase military materials from China, which were usually prohibited from export, to fight against the Burmese. King Taksin sent his Chinese merchants in 1774 and 1775 to purchase saltpeter and other military equipment in Guangzhou. As the tides

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As China and Burma had been engaging in the Sino–Burmese War, in August 1769, Li Shiyao sent a commander Cai Han (蔡漢) to bring orders to Mạc Thiên Tứ, instructing the ruler of Hà Tiên to capture the Burmese. However, Mạc Thiên Tứ instead suggested that the order should be transmitted to King Taksin.

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in order to ask the prince to appoint a new Dutch residence in Siam to resume trade. However, the Dutch, who had earlier abandoned their factory in Ayutthaya in 1765 in the face of Burmese invasion, were not interested in returning to Siam. The Dutch Supreme Government in Batavia replied in May 1769

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in the Upper Chao Phraya Basin, was largely spared from the Burmese destruction in 1767. However, the Burmese invasion by general Maha Thiha Thura in 1775–1776 destroyed and devastated Northern Siam. Thai chronicles described available manpower in Northern Siamese cities before 1775 as 15,000 men in

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and Terengganu to aid Siam against the Burmese invasion in 1776. However, the Malay sultans ignored this order and did not face any repercussions. In 1777, Nakhon Nu the ruler of Ligor proposed to King Taksin to send expedition to subjugate the Malay sultanates. King Taksin refused, however, stating

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Like in Ayutthaya, the regional government was organized in the hierarchy of cities, in which smaller towns were under jurisdiction of larger cities. The provincial government was an association of local lords tied by personal ties to the king. The regional administrative center of Northern Siam was

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Thonburi Kingdom also acquired its population through forced ethnic immigrations in the course of military subjugation of neighboring polities. Two major population influx events occurred in 1773 with 10,000 Cambodians and in 1779 with ten thousands of Lao people deported to resettle in Siam. These

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Population of Siam decades before the Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767 was estimated to be around two million people, with 200,000 people in the royal city of Ayutthaya. It is also estimated that 30,000 inhabitants of the Ayutthaya city were deported to Burma. No direct records exist about the demographic

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Siamese economic conditions improved over time as trade and production resumed. After the devastation of Central Siam by the Burmese invasion of 1775–1776, however, Siam was again plunged into another economic downturn. King Taksin ordered his high-ranking ministers to supervise the rice production

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to restore Siamese influence in Cambodia and to install his own son Inthraphithak as new King of Cambodia. He burnt a court lady alive, suspecting that she had stolen from his treasury and falsely punished around three hundred people, for their alleged smuggling of rice and salt, at the instigation

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to pay respect to him instead of other way round. Five hundred monks who refused to comply were flogged. Also in 1780, Taksin ordered massacre of some fifty Vietnamese people including Mạc Thiên Tứ and Nguyễn Phúc Xuân, who had earlier taken political refuge in Thonburi, for their alleged sedition.

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where they reestablished Burmese administrative headquarter. This began the transfer of Lanna from Burmese rule to Siamese domination after 200 years of Lanna being under Burmese suzerainty, even though northern parts of Lanna including Chiang Saen would remain under Burmese rule for another thirty

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Due to the devastating Burmese invasion of 1775–1776, King Taksin sent a letter asking to postpone the tributary mission in 1778. The first and only official Siamese tributary mission to China in the Thonburi Period was eventually dispatched in May 1781, headed by Phraya Sundhon Aphai. The rituals

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in 1770 staying at Wat Bangwayai in Thonburi. While King Taksin treated Southern Siamese monks generously, he took a different approach on Northern Siamese monks. Taksin believed that Northern Siamese monks were the followers of the heterodox monk Chao Phra Fang, who claimed supernatural abilities

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of the Late Ayutthaya) and Phra Phichaiwari Lin Ngou (林伍). J. G. Koenig, the Danish botanist who visited Siam in 1779, observed that Siam "was amply provided with all sorts of articles from China" and that King Taksin made fortunes by "buying the best goods imported at a very low price and selling

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Thonburi government organization was centered around a loose-knit organization of city-states, whose provincial lords were appointed through 'personal ties' to the king, similar to Ayutthaya and, later, Rattanakosin administrations. Thonburi inherited most of the government apparatus from the Late

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for Thonburi to initiate the subjugation of Lao kingdoms in 1778. He ordered Chaophraya Chakri to conduct the invasion of Laos. Chaophraya Chakri commanded his brother Chaophraya Surasi to go to Cambodia to raise troops there and invade Laos from another direction. Surasi led his Cambodian army to

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or Northern Siam in October. Chakri and Surasi had to hurriedly return to defend Phitsanulok. Maha Thiha Thura laid siege on Phitsanulok, the administrative center of Northern Siam. King Taksin led the royal armies from Thonburi to the north and stationed at Pakphing near Phitsanulok in efforts to

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in 1772-1773. Taksin was then resolved to extinguish Burmese threat from the north once and for all by conducting an expedition to seize the Burmese-held Chiang Mai in December 1774. This expedition to the north coincided with the Mon refugee situation. Phaya Chaban of Chiang Mai, upon learning of

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and enthroned himself as king there in December 1767. He is colloquially and posthumously known as King Taksin, combining his title Phraya Tak and his name Sin. For strategic reasons, Taksin decided to move the capital from Ayutthaya to Thonburi, making it easier for commerce. Six months after the

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in 1786, Northern Siam was so depopulated that it cannot raise an army to defend itself against the Burmese invasion. In 1833, only 5,000 men from Phitsanulok, 500 men from Sawankhalok and 600 men from Sukhothai were drafted into the Siamese–Vietnamese War, showing significant drop in population.

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in 1769 in efforts to resume the trade but the Dutch were not interested. King Taksin, himself a Teochew Chinese, sought imperial recognition from the Qing Beijing court. However, the Qing court under Emperor Qianlong refused to accept Taksin as the rightful ruler of Siam because Mạc Thiên Tứ the

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in the Battle of Bangkok Noi in April 1782. Phra Suriya Aphai was about to be overrun by Phraya San's forces when Siri Rochana, Lanna wife of Surasi, appealed to Binnya Sein the Mon leader to assault Prince Anurak Songkhram in the rear, allowing Phra Suriya Aphai to prevail with Phraya San's army

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Ang Ton resumed his rule in Cambodia. With the Vietnamese support dwindling due to the Tây Sơn uprising, however, Ang Ton decided to reconcile with his rival Ang Non and with Siam. Ang Ton abdicated in 1775 in favor of Ang Non, who became the new pro-Siamese King of Cambodia. With the Ayutthayan

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In 1775, King Taksin invited Buddhist monks, Christian priests and Muslims to join a religious debate about whether killing an animal is a sin. Christians and Muslims argued that killing animals was not sinful. Taksin was angered by this argument and issued an edict in March 1775 forbidding the

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In 1778, Phra Vo, a Lao secessionist figure, sought protection under Siam against Ong Boun of Vientiane. However, Ong Boun managed to send troops to defeat and kill Phra Vo in the same year. This provoked Taksin who regarded Phra Vo as his subject. The death of Phra Vo at the hands of Vientiane

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to the Burmese throne. The remaining Burmese regiments in Siam were thus left disorganized and uncontrolled. Siam nearly succumbed to the Burmese conquest for the second time after the Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767. The untimely demise of Hsinbyushin saved Siam from such fate. King Taksin took this

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district on the west bank of Chao Phraya. Olivier-Simon Le Bon the Bishop of Metellopolis, a French bishop, arrived in Thonburi in 1772 in efforts to re-establish Christian mission in Siam. In 1772, dissidents who refused to accept the authority of the French mission moved to the east bank and

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The Thonburi period saw the return of 'personal kingship', a style of ruling that was used by Naresuan but was abandoned by Naresuan's successors after his death. Taksin, similar to Naresuan, personally led armies into battle and often revealed himself to the common folk by partaking in public

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Phaya Chaban was rewarded with the governorship of Chiang Mai whereas Kawila was made the governor of Lampang. In 1777, the Burmese attacked Chiang Mai in their bid to reclaim Lanna. Phaya Chaban decided to evacuate Chiang Mai in the face of Burmese invasion due to numerical inferiority of his

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the Burmese governor of Chiang Mai oppressed the local Lanna nobles. King Taksin marched against the Burmese-held Chiang Mai in 1771 but failed to take the city. In Chiang Mai, Thado Mindin faced opposition from Phaya Chaban Boonma, the native Lanna noble who led the resistance against Burmese

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with Taksin himself got shot at his leg. Thonburi went on to conquer the Phimai regime in the northeast in 1768 and the Nakhon Si Thammarat regime in October 1769. Prince Thepphiphit was executed but Nakhon Nu of Ligor was allowed to live in custody. In the north, Chao Phra Fang conquered and

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also came under the power of Thonburi in 1775. However, Burma pushed on an intensive campaign to reclaim lost Lanna territories, resulting in the abandonment of Chiang Mai in 1777 and Nan in 1775 due to Burmese threats. Only Lampang under Kawila stood as the forefront citadel against Burmese

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organized the Vietnamese counter-offensives in order to restore Mạc Thiên Tứ and Ang Ton to their former positions. Chen Lian, the Siam-appointed governor of Hà Tiên, was defeated and left Hà Tiên for three days until he managed to raise a fleet to retake the city. The Vietnamese commander

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Taksin's ruling style differed from traditional Ayutthayan mystic kingship in the aspect that it was based on personal charisma and merits rather than exquisite grandeur. Initially, Taksin's energy in fighting the Burmese earned him loyalty but as situation progressed some began to notice

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between those who complied with the king's rhetoric and those who rejected. Sangharaja Si insisted that monks were always superior to laymen. The angered king stripped Venerable Si of his Sangharaja position and made the monk Chuen of Wat Hong, who supported Taksin's assertion, the new

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for domination over the eastern coastline. In the famous episode, Phraya Tak ordered all cooking pots in the supplies to be destroyed and then successfully took Chanthaburi in June 1767. Phraya Tak established his dominions of influence on the eastern coast stretching from Bang Plasoi

1487:(陳聯, called Trần Liên in Vietnamese sources) as the admiral invaded Hà Tiên with the fleet of 15,000 men. Hà Tiên fell to Siamese invaders in November 1771. Phraya Yommaraj was also able to seize control of Oudong and Cambodia. Both Mạc Thiên Tứ and the Cambodian king Ang Ton fled to 2435:

Even though Siam did not procure successful relation with China until 1777, trade in private sectors flourished. A Chinese document from 1776 suggested a rapid revival of Sino-Siamese trade after the Burmese war. King Taksin employed his own personal Chinese merchants to trade at

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Portuguese gunners to defend him, who would soon abandon the king. Taksin surrendered. Phraya San forced Taksin to abdicate and become a monk at Wat Arun with Phraya San taking control in Thonburi. Chaophraya Chakri in Cambodia, informed about the incidents, assigned his nephew

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instead. Five hundred monks who refused to obey royal orders were beaten as punishment. Si and other monks were condemned to menial works in Wat Hong, serving the new patriarch. When Taksin fell from power in 1782, King Rama I restored Venerable Si to his position as

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Maha Thiha Thura was preparing to march onto Thonburi when he learned of the death of the Burmese King Hsinbyushin in 1776. Maha Thiha Thura was recalled, decided to abruptly abandon the campaign in Siam and quickly return to Burma in order to support his son-in-law

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After the capture of Vientiane in 1779, all of the three Lao kingdoms of Luang Phrabang, Vientiane and Champasak became tributary kingdoms under Siamese suzerainty. King Taksin appointed the Lao prince Nanthasen as the new King of Vientiane in 1781. Vassal

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refused to recognize King Taksin as the ruler of Siam in Chinese tributary system because Mạc Thiên Tứ had told Beijing that the remaining descendants of the Ayutthayan dynasty were with him in Hà Tiên. In 1769, King Taksin urged the pro-Vietnamese King

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to lead the defense of Vientiane. Nanthasen managed to resist the Siamese for four months until the situation became critical. Ong Boun secretly escaped Vientiane, leaving his son Nanthasen to surrender and open the city gates to the Siamese in 1779.

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King Taksin persecuted French missionaries in 1775 for their refusals to participate in a ceremony and ended up expelling them from Siam in 1779. A decade of strenuous warfare had taken toll on him. In late 1776, Taksin began to obsess with Buddhist

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Plan of King Hsinbyushin to invade Siam from two directions was foiled by the Mon Rebellion and the Siamese capture of Chiang Mai. Maha Thiha Thura, who had taken commanding position in Martaban, sent his vanguard force under Satpagyon Bo to invade

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under the protection from the Nguyen Lord. Taksin appointed Chen Lian as the new governor of Hà Tiên with the title of Phraya Rachasetthi. The Siamese armies continued in search for Mạc Thiên Tứ and Ang Ton but were defeated by Vietnamese forces at

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ethnic migrants were settled in various towns of Central Siam, where the manpower was in great demand. The Cambodians were settled in Thonburi and Ratchaburi, while the Lao were bound for Saraburi, Thonburi and Ratchaburi. People as far as the

2104:), high political positions and titles within the Thonburi Kingdom were mainly given to Taksin's early followers, instead of the already established Siamese nobility who survived after the fall of Ayutthaya, many of whom having supported 2657:, in which the monks were put to the trials. This perhaps was done to purge any remaining Chao Phra Fang's sympathizers. Then, King Taksin appointed Central Siamese monks from Thonburi to be abbots of various temples in Northern Siam. 2782:

where he died in 1780. Joseph-Louis Coudé was made to succeed him as the vicar apostolic of Siam in 1782. Coudé went to Bangkok in 1783 where the new King Rama I pardoned him and allowed the missionaries to skip the drinking ceremony.

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of Vientiane had been a Burmese ally, as he instigated the Burmese to invade his rival Luang Phrabang two times in 1765 and 1771. King Taksin had been suspicious about Ong Boun being in cooperation with Burma. In 1777, the governor of

87: 2612:. Taksin ordered his officials to search for remaining learned monks of knowledge to give them new robes and honor, inviting them to stay in Thonburi. In 1768, King Taksin had the monks assembled at Wat Bangwayai temple (modern 1646:

forces. Chiang Mai was then abandoned and ceased to exist as a functional city for twenty years until it was restored in 1797. Lampang under Kawila stood as the main frontline citadel against subsequent Burmese incursions.

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In May 1781, Taksin dispatched his first and only official tributary mission to China. In December 1781, King Taksin sent army of 20,000 men, led by Chaophrayas Chakri and Surasi, to fight the Vietnamese forces of

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King Taksin's ultimate goal was not only being king but also attaining Buddhahood, which mindfulness and meditations were the way to achieve. In late 1776, King Taksin began to actively pursue esoteric

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as a source of revenue. The Dutch had earlier abandoned their factory in Ayutthaya and left Siam in 1765 due to the Burmese invasion. The Thonburi court sent a letter to the Supreme Government of

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After his conquest of the Ligor regime in 1769, Taksin made his nephew Prince Nara Suriyawong the ruler of Nakhon Si Thammarat. Prince Nara Suriyawong of Ligor died in 1776 and King Taksin made

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that the defense of frontiers against Burmese incursions was more of priority. Siam only resumed real political control over the Northern Malay sultanates in 1786 in the Rattanakosin Period.

2100:), a member of the old Ayutthaya artistocracy who had joined Taksin early on in his campaigns of reunification, and later Bunma's brother, Thongduang (later Chao Phraya Chakri and later King 1689:

in February 1775. Taksin was unprepared as most of his troops were in the north defending Chiang Mai. He recalled the northern Siamese troops down south to defend the west. Satpagyon Bo took

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realized that Siam had recovered and arose powerful under Thonburi regime. Hsinbyushin initiated a new campaign against Siam. He ordered troops to be gathered in Burmese Chiang Mai and the

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tributes to Ayutthaya initially nullified their tributary ties and refused any further allegiance. After the establishment of Thonburi and the momentous rebirth of Siam, the sultanates of

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Ineffective manpower control had been a problem since the Late Ayutthaya Period and was one of the factors that contributed to the Fall of Ayutthaya. In 1773, King Taksin introduced the

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After the Fall of Ayutthaya, the Ayutthayan monastic order dissolved and Buddhist monks were left unsupported. King Taksin made efforts, in his reconstruction of Siam, to rehabilitate

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to lead the vanguard to Lampang, where Kawila had earlier insurrected against the Burmese. Kawila led the way for the Siamese armies to Chiang Mai. The brothers Chaophraya Chakri and

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until his death in 1774. Chakri Mut was succeeded as prime minister by Chaophraya Chakri Thongduang who later became King Rama I. Below the prime minister were the four ministers of

6451: 2691:– Buddhist literature on cosmology. Upholding Buddhism had been considered royal duties but Taksin went beyond being Buddhist patron by taking the role of teacher and leader of the 2616:), where Taksin appointed the new monastic hierarchy in order to restore Siamese ecclesiastic organization and also appointed the venerable monk Dee from Wat Pradu Songtham as the 2194:

tributes, the degree of actual Siamese control over the Malay sultanates in the Thonburi Period was doubtful. King Taksin requested military and monetary obligations from Pattani,

1954:

or Buddhist saint and he believed that he could fly. In 1779, the pro-Siamese King Ang Non of Cambodia, an ally of Taksin, was murdered and the pro-Vietnamese Cambodian minister

4928: 2416:

of rice. Thonburi court purchased imported rice and distribute it to ease the famine crisis. The port city-state of Hà Tiên was the major rice exporter into Siam before 1771.

1793:. King Taksin ordered Chaophraya Chakri to lead the Siamese armies to invade and retaliate Champasak. After this expedition, Taksin rewarded Chakri with the rank and title of 1385:. He took Thonburi and proceeded to attack the Burmese at Phosamton in November, defeating the Burmese commander Thugyi or Suki. Phraya Tak founded the new Siamese capital at 6446: 1962:

deteriorated to the point that he banished his son from the palace. His paranoia and religious obsession worsened in mid-1780 when he commanded Buddhist monks to perform the

1629:

to overthrow the Burmese. Phaya Chaban, under the guise of navigation, ran to submit to Taksin. King Taksin marched to Tak where he received the Mon refugees. Taksin ordered

2765:

in 1768, never to return to Siam again. Father Jacques Corre, a French priest, led the community of 400-500 Portuguese Christian survivors from Ayutthaya to resettle in the

1496:. Taksin put Ang Non in power in Cambodia with himself returning to Thonburi in December 1771, leaving Chen Lian in Hà Tiên and Phraya Yommaraj to be in charge in Cambodia. 620: 2058:

or Northern Siam in 1770, King Taksin installed his early followers who had distinguished themselves in battles as the governors of Northern Siamese cities. Governors of

1409:

King Taksin then went on his campaigns against other competing rival regimes to unify Siam. He first moved against Phitsanulok in the north in 1768 but was defeated at

3730: 2218:

today. Taksin appointed his supporters against the Burmese, Phaya Chaban and Kawila, as the governors of Chiang Mai and Lampang respectively in 1775. The princedom of

1749:. Chaophrayas Chakri and Surasi then decided to abandon and evacuate Phitsanulok. Phitsanulok fell to the Burmese, was completely destroyed and burnt to the grounds. 2440:

to acquire wealth into the royal revenue. Prominent royal merchants of King Taksin included Phra Aphaiwanit Ong Mua-seng (王満盛, a grandson of Ong Heng-Chuan 王興全 the

2872:

requested for a ten thousand of flintlock muskets from David Brown the Danish governor at Tranquebar, through Francis Light, in possible exchange for Siamese tin.

6401: 3575: 3368: 2499:

commoners of eligible age were drafted and marked onto their wrists with small tattoos denoting their responsible departments – a form of universal conscription.

3064:

predecessors had failed in creating a new Siamese empire encompassing Lan Na, much of Lan Sang , as well as Cambodia, and large portions of the Malay Peninsula."

2086:

was the governor of Phitsanulok during Thonburi times. Phitsanulok and other Northern Siamese towns were devastated by Maha Thiha Thura's invasion in 1775–1776.

6036: 1095: 2705:

gesture to pay respect to him and lay prostrate before him. Taksin's new stance reversed the usual relationship between monk and king and caused schism in the

6406: 6396: 2892: 4855: 1427: 2644:

manuscripts from Ligor transported to Thonburi in order to generate copies of Buddhist scriptures lost in wars. King Taksin appointed the Venerable Si of

1122: 2419:

Qing China and the Dutch were the main trading partners of Siam in the Late Ayutthaya Period. The Ayutthayan court relied on trade with China under the

1414:

incorporated the Phitsanulok regime in 1768, becoming a formidable opponent of Taksin. In 1770, the forces of Chao Phra Fang penetrated south as far as

6476: 6391: 5731: 5403: 2570: 1877:

of Luang Phrabang, who had long been holding grudges against Ong Boun, joined the Siamese side and contributed forces. King Ong Boun assigned his son

6481: 5636: 4921: 4865: 4860: 2921: 2553: 1716: 1659: 1282: 6471: 6461: 6100: 5912: 1921: 2818:, in the name of the Thonburi court, sent a letter to Supreme Government of the Dutch East India Company at Batavia in January 1769. The Siamese 2511:

practice enabled more effective recruitment and made evasion harder. The Conscription Tattooing would continue into the Rattanakosin Period. The

1608:

of Lampang, vassal lord of Lampang to Taksin and the first two Chakri monarchs, helped to repopulate Lan Na in the late 18th-early 19th centuries

990: 6486: 5954: 5885: 5785: 3868:

Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c.800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History)

3024: 2990:

Strange Parallels: Volume 1, Integration on the Mainland: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c.800–1830 (Studies in Comparative World History)

2754: 2739: 5479: 4992: 4896: 4618: 2000: 1228: 963: 508: 6466: 6222: 6207: 5662: 4870: 4756: 1767: 5494: 5489: 5002: 4997: 3594:

History of Burma: Including Burma Proper, Pegu, Taungu, Tenasserim, and Arakan, from the Earliest Time to the First War with British India

981: 972: 5226: 5214: 4089:

Willis, John E. Jr. (2012). "Functional, Not Fossilized: Qing Tribute Relations with Đại Việt (Vietnam) and Siam (Thailand), 1700-1820".

2864:

and presented them to King Taksin along with other goods as gifts. King Taksin was eager to acquire more flintlock muskets so he had his

71: 5768: 5711: 4914: 2637:

When King Taksin took the city of Nakhon Si Thammarat (Ligor) in 1769, he gave money, rice and robes to the Ligorian monks. He also had

1475:

In 1771, Taksin resumed his campaigns to invade Cambodia and Hà Tiên in order to find the Ayutthayan princes and to put the pro-Siamese

1464:

of Cambodia to send tributes to Siam. Ang Ton refused and Taksin sent armies to invade Cambodia in 1769 but did not meet with success.

5907: 5631: 5566: 4654: 3875: 2997: 1578:

in order to invade Siam from both the north and the west in two directions: a similar approach to the invasion of 1765-1767. In 1774,

1590:, led a failed Mon rebellion against Burma, resulting in the mass exodus of thousands of Mon people into Siam. Hsinbyushin appointed 5795: 2822:

told the Dutch that it was the Siamese king (Ekathat) who had sent Phraya Tak to Chanthaburi. Thonburi requested for some thousands

2515:

corvée obligations in Thonburi period was intensive due to lack of manpower. Unlike the Ayutthaya and Rattanakosin Periods when the

1537: 1088: 579: 4850: 1267: 1245: 5591: 5525: 5515: 2743: 2108:, the governor of Phitsanulok and an Ayutthaya aristocrat, during the Siamese civil war. In the Northern cities, centered around 4196:

Sternstein, Larry (1984). "The Growth of the Population of the World's Pre-eminent "Primate City": Bangkok at its Bicentenary".

2495:

or Conscription Tattooing, which had not been widely practiced before, to put stringent control over manpower. Able-bodied male

1637:

combined forces to successfully seize Chiang Mai in January 1775. Burmese leaders Thado Mindin and Nemyo Thihapate retreated to

1216:, a continuation from the late Ayutthaya period (1688-1767), and the increased influence of the Chinese community in Siam, with 5848: 5682: 5576: 5323: 5260: 5243: 4073:

Phraratcha phongsawadan krung thonburi phaendin somdet phraborommaratcha thi 4 (somdet phrajao taksin maharat) chabap mo bratle

3606:

Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk. A History of Thailand Third Edition (Ch. III). Cambridge University Press. (Kindle Edition.)

2757:

in Ayutthaya, was captured along with other Christians by the Burmese during the Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767 and was deported to

1259: 1048: 890: 1223:

The Thonburi Kingdom lasted for only 14 years, ending in 1782 when Taksin was deposed by a major Thonburi military commander,

490: 476: 462: 448: 92:

Sphere of influence of the Thonburi Kingdom in 1780; early modern Southeast Asian political borders are subject to speculation

6436: 5934: 5895: 5875: 5581: 5499: 5007: 4802: 3909: 3049: 2946: 1484: 6002: 6441: 6068: 5763: 5689: 5626: 5601: 5396: 1505: 1500: 1433: 2626:

that he had previously collaborated with Burmese occupiers to forcibly extract money from the populace at Phosamton. The

1326:, Burma was obliged to divert most of its forces from Ayutthaya to the Chinese front. The Burmese had left a garrison at 6416: 6244: 6095: 5975: 5949: 5863: 5561: 5530: 5520: 5354: 5349: 2956: 1950: 1894: 1745:. He also defeated King Taksin in the Battle of Pakphing in March 1776, compelling the Siamese king to retreat south to 1587: 1081: 1033: 1028: 600: 2880: 6234: 6012: 5606: 5596: 5278: 4150:

The Diplomatic Correspondence between The Kingdom of Siam and The Castle of Batavia during the 17th and 18th centuries

3924:

Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk. A History of Ayutthaya (p. 263, 264). Cambridge University Press. (Kindle Edition.)

2827: 2771: 2575: 2232: 860: 495: 3890:

Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk. A History of Ayutthaya, p. 265, 267. Cambridge University Press. (Kindle Edition.)

2630:

Dee was put into a judiciary trial of walking into fire to prove his innocence, which he failed, was sacked from his

2168:

was in disarray and its former tributary states faced political uncertainties. The Malay sultanates that used to pay

6426: 6421: 6165: 5959: 5929: 5900: 5890: 5790: 5484: 5459: 5017: 2731: 2662: 2428: 1780:

became Burmese vassals. After the Siamese capture of Chiang Mai in 1775, the Burmese influence in Laos waned. King

1758:

chance to pursue the retreating Burmese. The Burmese had all left Siam by August 1776 and the war came to the end.

1499:

Prince Chui was captured and brought to be executed at Thonburi, while Prince Sisang died in 1772. The Nguyen Lord

676: 4736: 4166:

Nibhatsukit, Warangkana (20 November 2019). "บทบาทของชาวจีนทางด้านเศรษฐกิจไทย จากสมัยอยุธยาจนถึงสมัยรัชกาลที่ 5".

4129:

Dutch East India Company Merchants at the Court of Ayutthaya: Dutch Perceptions of the Thai Kingdom, Ca. 1604-1765

1809: 1598:, the Burmese general who had previously conquered Ayutthaya in 1767, to be in charge of Burmese forces in Lanna. 6456: 6386: 6175: 6150: 6043: 5922: 5917: 5880: 5870: 5858: 5836: 5621: 5454: 4956: 2884: 2671:. King Taksin even composed his own meditation manual in 1775. He sent monks to Ligor and Cambodia in search for 2420: 2285: 2264: 2228: 2165: 1773: 1206: 1190: 202: 4875: 4560:

Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk. A History of Ayutthaya, p. 266. Cambridge University Press. (Kindle Edition.)

3856:

Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk. A History of Ayutthaya, p. 265. Cambridge University Press. (Kindle Edition.)

1720: 1594:, the renowned general from the Sino-Burmese War, to be the supreme commander of the new campaigns and assigned 6411: 6128: 6019: 6007: 5699: 5672: 5389: 5344: 4834: 3945:

Forging Islamic Power and Place: The Legacy of Shaykh Daud bin 'Abd Allah al-Fatani in Mecca and Southeast Asia

2684: 2424: 1447:. After the fall of Ayutthaya, two Ayutthayan princes: Prince Chao Sisang and Prince Chao Chui, took refuge at 1440: 1399: 1038: 1023: 583: 185: 1986:

to pacify Thonburi. Phraya San ordered Taksin's nephew Prince Anurak Songkhram to attack Phra Suriya Aphai at

1390:

Fall of Ayutthaya, Taksin managed to reconquer and establish his powers in Central Siam. A Burmese force from

5221: 5209: 4797: 6325: 5823: 5704: 4782: 4751: 4746: 2460: 2105: 2037: 1940: 1339: 1338:

as the rest of Siam fell into the hands of various warlord regimes that sprang up. In the northeast, Prince

5255: 4741: 6431: 6320: 5997: 5694: 5556: 4787: 4647: 3460:

Erika, Masuda (2007). "The Fall of Ayutthaya and Siam's Disrupted Order of Tribute to China (1767-1782)".

2913:, on leading Thonburi military expeditions, such as the 1781 expedition to Cambodia, immediately prior to 2455:

or the Minister of Trade. Chen Lian was appointed as the governor of Hà Tiên in 1771 and was succeeded as

2090: 1974:

of two corrupted officials. Chinese merchants had to renounce almost all commerce, some were even killed.

1363: 1347: 648: 639: 125: 5238: 1524:

princes gone, the Qing court had improved attitudes towards Taksin.The Qing finally recognized Taksin as

1403: 6254: 6170: 6090: 6031: 5944: 5716: 5677: 5611: 5544: 5204: 3978: 2951: 2808: 2801: 2613: 2591: 2240: 1926: 1395: 4052:

Prachum phongsawadan phak thi 65 Phra ratchaphongsawadan Krung Thonburi chabap Phanchanthanumat (Choem)

2667:

meditational practices. He seriously studied meditation methods with the monk Phra Wannarat Thongyu at

1955: 1517: 2887:, situated in the complex of Wang Derm Palace, now part of the Royal Thai Navy HQ, as it appears today 6271: 6085: 6063: 6053: 6048: 5987: 5758: 5751: 5736: 5726: 5650: 5444: 5439: 5288: 5283: 4961: 4951: 4696: 2968: 2595: 2268: 2260: 2236: 2231:) states of the Thonburi Kingdom at its height in 1782, to varying degrees of autonomy, included the 2128: 2059: 1987: 1790: 1777: 1638: 1613: 1198: 1194: 1018: 870: 209: 181: 1825: 1355: 1220:

and later monarchs sharing close connections and close family ties with the Sino-Siamese community.

6351: 6344: 6313: 6308: 6115: 5939: 5811: 5667: 5616: 5571: 5424: 5416: 5070: 4937: 4777: 4331:

Buddhism, Education and Politics in Burma and Thailand: From the Seventeenth Century to the Present

2929: 2910: 2668: 2097: 2083: 2067: 1694: 1634: 1367: 1327: 609: 315: 2214:. Thonburi took control of Lanna in 1775, ending the 200 years of Burmese vassalage, which became 1555: 1314: 6286: 6145: 6080: 6058: 5853: 5773: 5586: 5328: 4519: 4502:

Simmonds, E.H.S (1963). "The Thalang Letters, 1773-94: political aspects and the trade in arms".

4221: 3724: 3569: 3478:

Rungswasdisab, Puangthong (1995). "War and Trade: Siamese Interventions in Cambodia; 1767-1851".

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Van Roy, Edward (2009). "Under Duress: Lao war captives at Bangkok in the nineteenth century".

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During the early years of Thonburi, a Teochew Chinese Phraya Phiphit Chen Lian was the acting

2215: 1983: 1702: 1655: 1547: 1382: 1178: 935: 925: 745: 439: 189: 2622:

or the Buddhist hierophant of Thonburi in 1769. However, an accusation was filed against the

2552:

Phitsanulok, 7,000 men in Sawankhalok and 5,000 men in Sukhothai. A decade later, during the

1737:

relieve the siege of the city. Maha Thiha Thura managed to attack the Siamese supply line at

1483:) to bring the army of 10,000 men to invade Cambodia by land, while King Taksin himself with 6303: 6291: 6259: 5841: 4824: 4814: 4690: 4511: 4454:

Creolization and Diaspora in the Portuguese Indies: The Social World of Ayutthaya, 1640-1720

4205: 4094: 4011: 3658: 2203: 2109: 2020: 1906: 1712: 1682: 1617: 1595: 1591: 1567: 1444: 1437: 1335: 1323: 1295: 900: 302: 272: 149: 3420:. Bangkok: Foundation for the promotion of Social Sciences and Humanities Textbook Project. 2860:

the British merchant, in his private venture, procured 1,400 flintlocks from the Danish at

1901:. Lao inhabitants of Vientiane, including members of royalty Nanthasen and the future king 1897:

of the Vientiane kingdom, were taken by the victorious Siamese to Thonburi to be placed at

1471:

Siamese invasion of Cambodia and Hà Tiên in 1771 and Vietnamese counter-offensives in 1772.

1373: 6365: 6281: 6185: 5746: 5741: 5721: 5372: 5318: 2211: 2183: 2132: 2124: 1910: 1673: 1071: 1043: 880: 6296: 6249: 6123: 5250: 5141: 4792: 4622: 2528: 2190:

mentioned that Kedah had sent tributes to Siam but did not specify a year. Despite the

2175: 2016: 1996: 1886: 1874: 1816: 1318:

The five states that emerged following the dissolution of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1767

1278: 1162: 850: 785: 172: 143: 134: 4551:

Baker, Chris; Phongpaichit, Pasuk. A History of Ayutthaya. Cambridge University Press.

2641: 2519:

served in alternating months and were allowed free time to return to their homes, the

2036:

the minister of military, led the central government. In the early years of Thonburi,

1212:

The Thonburi Kingdom saw the consolidation and continued growth of Chinese trade from

6380: 6202: 6180: 6075: 5298: 5293: 5162: 4819: 4726: 4523: 4244:

The Institutional Imperative: The Politics of Equitable Development in Southeast Asia

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district as the premier Portuguese Catholic parish and would remain the seat of the

2503:

or the Conscription Department would take the task of registering the recruits into

2475: 2054:

Phitsanulok, while for Southern Siam was Nakhon Si Thammarat. After his conquest of

1479:

on the Cambodian throne. King Taksin ordered Phraya Yommaraj Thongduang (later King

1381:

In October 1767, Phraya Tak left Chanthaburi and took his fleet of 5,000 men to the

6155: 5131: 5053: 5032: 4730: 2441: 2405: 2063: 1738: 1690: 1452: 1298:. There, Phraya Tak competed with Pu Lan the Phraya Chanthaburi or the governor of 755: 695: 685: 405: 377: 239: 130: 4381:

Of Beggars and Buddhas: The Politics of Humor in the Vessantara Jataka in Thailand

3719:. Wisdom of the Land Foundation & Thai Association of Qualitative Researchers. 2678: 3014: 1612:

The Burmese forces from Chiang Mai attacked the Northern Siamese border towns of

6190: 6138: 6024: 5449: 5177: 4716: 4257:

Bunnag, Amornrat (January 2012). "Toward an Historical Demography of Thailand".

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write a letter to the Danish. In the letter dated to December 1776, the Siamese

2762: 2113: 1742: 1664: 1583: 1563: 1488: 1351: 1299: 1263: 1158: 725: 587: 467: 328: 2826:

ammunitions from the Dutch and also urged Batavia to forward the letter to the

2586: 1909:. All three Lao kingdoms of Luang Phrabang, Vientiane and Champasak became the 1873:

who was taken to Thonburi. Chakri and Surasi then converged on Vientiane. King

1250: 17: 5167: 5098: 4829: 4632: 4515: 4484: 4364:

Cholvijarn, Porprecha (2022). "Meditation Manual of King Taksin of Thonburi".

4209: 4098: 4015: 3958:

Bisalputra, Pimpraphai; Sng, Jeffery (2020). "The Hokkien Rayas of Songkhla".

3662: 2618: 2600: 2248: 2179: 2046: 1870: 1571: 1551: 1509: 1476: 1467: 1331: 1213: 1186: 815: 735: 658: 341: 2742:

until 1821. The current structure, its third version, was rebuilt in 1913 in

1801:

was the highest possible a noble could attain with honors equal to a prince.

6276: 6197: 6159: 5828: 5172: 5136: 5048: 2823: 2766: 2735: 2609: 2537: 2437: 2170: 2149: 1890: 1878: 1832: 1754: 1410: 805: 795: 765: 364: 4217: 4075:(Royal chronicles of Thonburi, King Taksin the Great, Dr Bradley ed.). 2677:

treatise on meditation. In 1777, King Taksin declared that he had become a

1708: 2648:, who had earlier taken refuge from Burmese invasion in Ligor, as the new 1723:

in the Thonburi Period, when the Burmese invaded Siam in three directions.

1528:(王) or King or the ruler of Siam in 1777 in the Chinese tributary system. 1516:. However, this Siamese-Vietnamese War coincided with the uprising of the 1277:, personal name Sin, Zheng Zhao (鄭昭) or Zheng Xin (鄭信), was a nobleman of 1141: 6133: 5412: 3057: 2963: 2547:

or Northern Siam, the area comprising the former core territories of the

2480: 2145: 2136: 1970: 1902: 1898: 1854: 1850: 1849:

From 1779 to 1784, the Emerald Buddha was housed in one of the wihans of

1781: 1461: 1415: 1386: 1359: 1304: 1170: 1166: 551: 536: 285: 101: 3633:

Asian Expansions: The Historical Experiences of Polity Expansion in Asia

1601: 6264: 5115: 5082: 4603: 4573: 4488: 3717:

The Organization of Thai Society in the Early Bangkok Period, 1782-1873

3562:

Intercourse between Burma and Siam as recorded in Hmannan Yazawindawgyi

2901:

often personally led his troops on campaign and into battle. Later on,

2252: 2244: 1746: 1729: 1626: 1575: 1456: 775: 715: 546: 4906: 2796: 2131:(Thonburi Palace), the former royal palace of Taksin, now used as the 5233: 4772: 4703: 2941: 2925: 2914: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2758: 2101: 1992: 1630: 1622: 1605: 1543: 1480: 1448: 1343: 1291: 1274: 1255: 1224: 1217: 1182: 1174: 840: 705: 453: 289: 228: 5381: 3904:(2nd ed.). Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. pp. 125–26, 27–28. 2604:

or Buddhist patriarch from 1770 to 1780 and again from 1782 to 1794.

2404:

In the Late Ayutthaya Period, Siam was a prominent rice exporter to

1869:

cross the Liphi waterfall and capture Champasak including the king

4296:

Contemporary Socio-Cultural and Political Perspectives in Thailand

2879: 2569: 2474: 2448:

them again to the merchants of the town at 100 percent interest".

2256: 1707: 1466: 1391: 1372: 1313: 1249: 1127: 4586: 4504:

The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

3544:

A Brief History of Lanna: Northern Thailand from Past to Present

2638: 2096:

With the exception of Bunma (later Chao Phraya Surisi and later

1308: 1136: 541: 5385: 4910: 4636: 3498:

Lost Goddesses: The Denial of Female Power in Cambodian History

3382:

Andaya, Barbara Watson; Andaya, Leonard Y. (19 February 2015).

3056:"Within a decade or so, a new Siam already had succeeded where 2699:. In 1780, King Taksin commanded that the monks should perform 4403:

Seditious Histories: Contesting Thai and Southeast Asian Pasts

3418:

From Japan to Arabia; Ayutthaya's Maritime Relations with Asia

2932:, who later overthrew Taksin in an elite-backed coup in 1782. 2779: 1929:, Thonburi, which is said to contain the ashes of King Taksin 4114:

China on the Sea: How the Maritime World Shaped Modern China

1905:, were deported to settle in Thonburi and various places in 4002:

Wyatt, David (September 1963). "Siam and Laos, 1767-1827".

3649:

Wyatt, David (September 1963). "Siam and Laos, 1767-1827".

1451:

the royal city of Cambodia and Hà Tiên, respectively. The

4152:. Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia (ANRI). October 2018. 3044:(2nd ed.). Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books. p. 122. 1697:, where he encamped at Bangkaeo (modern Tambon Nangkaeo, 3816:

Thailand Condensed: 2,000 Years of History & Culture

1512:

and Cambodia in July 1772, prompting Ang Non to move to

2540:

in his efforts to solve the manpower shortage problem.

2719:, praising him for undeterred adherence to orthodoxy. 1377:

Taksin's coronation at Thonburi (Bangkok), 28 Dec 1767

1270:

in 1767, according to traditional Thai historiography.

4485:"2017 07 13 Ayutthaya and Writing Thai History Today" 1322:

Ayutthaya fell in April 1767. Due to the intervening

1231:, the fourth and present ruling kingdom of Thailand. 4311:

Revitalizing Endangered Languages: A Practical Guide

4168:

Journal of the Faculty of Arts, Silpakorn University

6114: 5974: 5810: 5649: 5543: 5508: 5432: 5423: 5337: 5311: 5271: 5197: 5190: 5150: 5124: 5091: 5041: 5025: 5016: 4970: 4944: 3384:

A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400-1830

2040:the Muslim of Persian descent hold the position of 1330:to the north of Ayutthaya under the command of the 529: 401: 387: 374: 361: 351: 338: 325: 312: 299: 282: 268: 252: 238: 222: 208: 198: 158: 107: 97: 34: 4183:Charting Thoughts: Essays on Art in Southeast Asia 3687:The Kingdoms of Laos: Six Hundred Years of History 2683:the 'stream-enterer' who had entered the first of 1334:Thugyi. The Burmese were in control only in Lower 1177:, who reunited Siam following the collapse of the 53: 4181:Low Sze Wee; Flores, Patrick (31 December 2017). 3355:พงษาวดารเรื่องเรารบพม่า ครั้งกรุงธน ฯ แลกรุงเทพ ฯ 3143:China and Southeast Asia: Historical Interactions 2598:, was the residence of Sangharaja Si who was the 2164:After the Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767, the Siamese 3818:. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. 3560:Phraison Salarak (Thien Subindu), Luang (1919). 2905:would increasingly delegate his chief generals, 3870:(Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2992:(Kindle ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2687:. In 1778, Taksin ordered the recompliation of 2015:Cartographic map of Southeast Asia in 1780, by 1958:took power. Taksin's relationship with his son 1165:from 1767 to 1782, centered around the city of 2523:of Thonburi served government all year round. 6452:States and territories disestablished in 1782 5397: 4922: 4648: 3702:Vientiane: Transformations of a Lao Landscape 1944:meditations. In 1777, Taksin declared before 1443:, arose to become the economic center of the 1089: 8: 3729:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2893:History of the Thai armed forces before 1852 1789:rebelled against Thonburi with support from 1432:In the eighteenth century, the port city of 1394:arrived to attack the Chinese encampment of 3983:. London: T. Fisher Unwin, Ltd. p. 272 6447:States and territories established in 1767 5980: 5816: 5655: 5549: 5429: 5404: 5390: 5382: 5194: 5022: 4929: 4915: 4907: 4672: 4655: 4641: 4633: 4566: 3574:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3480:University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 3367:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3182:The King and the Making of Modern Thailand 1402:. King Taksin repelled the Burmese in the 1096: 1082: 633: 594: 86: 39: 31: 3462:Taiwan Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 4298:. Springer Science & Business Media. 4259:Journal of Population and Social Studies 2897:Much like Naresuan two centuries prior, 2807:In September 1767, Li Shiyao (李侍堯), the 2795: 2726: 2585: 2278: 2123: 2010: 1920: 1663: 1600: 4281:The Rise and Decline of Thai Absolutism 4046: 4044: 4042: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3846:. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3263: 2980: 608: 597: 584:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 4465: 4463: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4274: 4272: 4237: 4235: 4161: 4159: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4084: 4082: 4063: 4061: 4027: 4025: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3722: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3567: 3491: 3489: 3473: 3471: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3393: 3360: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3234:Maritime China in Transition 1750-1850 3019:. Yale University Press. p. 122. 2070:were given exceptionally high rank of 1995:, founding the new and current-ruling 1285:, Phraya Tak had been the governor of 6402:Former countries in Malaysian history 4033:ประชุมพงษาวดาร ภาคที่ ๘ จดหมายเหตุโหร 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3644: 3642: 3587: 3585: 3555: 3553: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3227: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3217: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 2023:, Siam (green) shown on the peninsula 1819:without its decoration, taken in 1932 1239: 1152: 386: 373: 360: 350: 337: 324: 311: 298: 281: 277: 251: 247: 237: 221: 217: 207: 7: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3167: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3070: 1366:or Chao Nakhon became the leader of 6407:Former monarchies of Southeast Asia 6397:Former countries in Burmese history 4861:Expedition to Chiangmai (1774–1775) 4835:Phraya Rachasetthi Yuan (Mo Shilin) 4346:Buddhism, Power and Political Order 3180:Rappa, Antonio L. (21 April 2017). 2536:fellow Teochew Chinese people from 2186:sent tributes to Thonburi in 1769. 1508:led the armies to seize control of 4856:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1771–1773) 4279:Mead, Kullada Kesboonchoo (2005). 4198:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 4004:Journal of Southeast Asian History 3651:Journal of Southeast Asian History 3616:Prachakitkarachak, Phraya (1908). 3013:Wyatt, David K. (1 January 2003). 2202:With the exception of the western 1621:the Siamese invasion, joined with 1428:Siamese–Vietnamese War (1771–1773) 25: 4452:Smith, Stefan Halikowski (2011). 1719:was the largest and most intense 1538:Siamese conquest of Lan Na (1775) 6477:1760s establishments in Thailand 6392:Former countries in Thai history 5366: 4897:Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932) 4383:. University of Wisconsin Press. 3781:การเมืองไทยสมัยพระเจ้ากรุงธนบุรี 3715:Rabibhadana, Akin, M.R. (1996). 3141:Wade, Geoff (19 December 2018). 2028:Ayutthaya. Two prime ministers; 1842: 1824: 1808: 1422:Invasion of Cambodia and Hà Tiên 1229:Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932) 1065: 619: 564: 513: 488: 474: 460: 446: 432: 70: 6482:1780s disestablishments in Siam 6223:Traditional musical instruments 4866:Burmese–Siamese War (1775–1776) 3902:Thailand : A Short History 3700:Askew, Marc (7 December 2006). 3631:Wade, Geoff (17 October 2014). 3042:Thailand : A Short History 2922:Burmese–Siamese War (1775–1776) 2761:in Burma. Brigot later went to 2135:'s HQ, view from Phra Prang of 2078:ministers were ranked lower as 1660:Burmese–Siamese War (1775–1776) 1358:founded a theocratic regime in 1227:, who subsequently founded the 6472:1782 disestablishments in Asia 6462:1767 establishments by country 4851:Taksin's reunification of Siam 4803:Phraya Rachasetthi (Chen Lian) 4773:Chaophraya Chakri (Thongduang) 4722:Queen Mother Phithak Thephamat 4537:Davidson, J. H. C. S. (2003). 3542:Penth, Hans (1 January 2001). 3520:Ongsakul, Sarasawadee (2005). 2947:Coronation of the Thai monarch 2695:and personally practising the 1554:returned to the Burmese rule. 1542:After the Burmese conquest of 1246:Taksin's reunification of Siam 1240:Taksin's reunification of Siam 1: 6487:Tributaries of Imperial China 4893:Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351–1767) 4487:. 15 August 2017 – via 4313:. Cambridge University Press. 4185:. National Gallery Singapore. 3947:. University of Hawaii Press. 3803:. Cambridge University Press. 3386:. Cambridge University Press. 3292:. Cambridge University Press. 3160:. Cambridge University Press. 2734:, was founded in 1768 in the 2685:four-stage path to Buddhahood 1948:council that he had become a 1717:Invasion of Siam in 1775-1776 1348:Chaophraya Phitsanulok Rueang 1283:Burmese Invasion of 1765-1767 1173:. The kingdom was founded by 4379:Bowie, Katherine A. (2017). 4329:Dhammasami, Khammai (2018). 4294:Liamputtong, Pranee (2014). 4246:. Stanford University Press. 3943:Bradley, Francis R. (2015). 3288:Baker, Chris (11 May 2017). 3206:Mishra, Patit Paban (2010). 3156:Baker, Chris (30 May 2014). 2957:Family tree of Thai monarchs 389:• Deposition of Taksin 6467:1767 establishments in Asia 6101:Water supply and sanitation 4871:Lao–Siamese War (1778–1779) 4727:Prince Inthraphithak (Chui) 4664:Thonburi Period (1767–1782) 4401:Reynolds, Craig J. (2006). 4366:Journal of the Siam Society 3960:Journal of the Siam Society 3801:A History of the Vietnamese 3757:Journal of the Siam Society 3236:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. 2828:Prince of Orange and Nassau 2233:Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom 1917:Downfall of Thonburi regime 1797:Maha Kasatsuk. The rank of 1768:Lao–Siamese War (1778–1779) 1550:) in 1763, Lanna including 1354:, while the heterodox monk 1290:and his retinue settled in 1142: 1128: 353:• Fall of Phitsanulok 54: 27:Siamese kingdom (1767–1782) 6503: 5955:Controlled-access highways 4437:Smithies, Michael (1995). 4127:Ruangsilp, Bhawan (2007). 3866:Lieberman, Victor (2003). 3592:Phayre, Arthur P. (1883). 3416:Breazeale, Kennon (1999). 2988:Lieberman, Victor (2003). 2890: 2732:Santa Cruz Church, Bangkok 2590:Wat Bangwayai temple, now 2284:(2m) of rice in Siam (See 2259:, and the Lao Kingdoms of 1913:of Siam on this occasion. 1765: 1653: 1535: 1425: 1243: 376:• Recognition by the 6338: 6037:Universities and colleges 5983: 5819: 5658: 5552: 5363: 4889: 4778:Chaophraya Surasi (Bunma) 4670: 4615: 4601: 4593: 4569: 4516:10.1017/S0041977X00070348 4441:(1st ed.). New York. 4210:10.1017/S0022463400012200 4099:10.1163/15685322-984500A5 4016:10.1017/S0217781100002787 3779:Eoseewong, Nidhi (2007). 3663:10.1017/S0217781100002787 3083:Thailand: A Short History 3016:Thailand: A Short History 2744:Renaissance Revival style 2543:Unlike Central Siam, the 2425:Dutch East Indies Company 2286:Thai units of measurement 2280:Historical prices of one 1772:In 1765, Lao kingdoms of 1169:, in Siam or present-day 1161:kingdom which existed in 1117: 411: 397: 278: 264: 248: 234: 218: 85: 67: 62: 40: 5769:House of Representatives 5663:Administrative divisions 4793:Phraya Phichai (Thongdi) 4439:Descriptions of Old Siam 4333:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3900:Wyatt, David K. (2003). 3842:Van Roy, Edward (2018). 3618:Ruang phongsawadan Yonok 3596:. Trubner & Company. 3496:Jacobsen, Trudy (2008). 3081:Wyatt, David K. (2003). 3040:Wyatt, David K. (2003). 2740:vicars apostolic of Siam 2634:position and defrocked. 2421:Chinese tributary system 2084:Chaophraya Surasi Boonma 1485:Phraya Phiphit Chen Lian 1281:descent. By the time of 4798:Chaophraya Phichairacha 4783:Chaophraya Chakri (Mud) 4737:Prince Anurak Songkhram 3208:The History of Thailand 2755:vicar apostolic of Siam 2032:the prime minister and 1342:established himself in 1340:Kromma Muen Thepphiphit 5908:Science and technology 5876:Special economic zones 5345:Constitutional history 4876:Phraya San's Rebellion 4788:Chaophraya Nakhon (Nu) 4424:"Olivier-Simon LE BON" 4309:Olko, Justyna (2021). 4242:Kuhonta, Erik (2011). 4112:Zheng Yangwen (2011). 3814:London, Ellen (2009). 3290:A History of Ayutthaya 2888: 2804: 2747: 2605: 2583: 2484: 2461:Phraya Phichai Aisawan 2140: 2024: 1930: 1724: 1677: 1609: 1472: 1378: 1319: 1271: 572:This article contains 6437:18th century in Burma 6265:Mythological creature 5796:Deputy Prime Minister 5712:Intelligence agencies 5092:Northeastern Thailand 3977:Wood, W.A.R. (1924). 3799:Taylor, K.W. (2013). 3685:Simms, Peter (2001). 3232:Wang, Gungwu (2004). 3158:A History of Thailand 2952:List of Thai monarchs 2942:King Taksin the Great 2883: 2809:viceroy of Liangguang 2802:Viceroy of Liangguang 2799: 2730: 2589: 2573: 2478: 2127: 2038:Chaophraya Chakri Mud 2014: 1924: 1711: 1667: 1604: 1470: 1376: 1317: 1296:eastern Siamese coast 1253: 301:• Coronation of 108:Common languages 6442:18th century in Siam 5923:Traditional medicine 5637:World Heritage Sites 5592:Environmental issues 4962:Peopling of Thailand 4619:Rattanakosin Kingdom 4471:"Joseph-Louis COUDÉ" 4344:Harris, Ian (2007). 3783:. Bangkok: Matichon. 2969:Thon Buri (district) 2800:Li Shiyao (李侍堯) the 2596:Bangkok Noi District 2483:on Chao Phraya River 2463:Yang Jinzong (楊進宗). 2380:(1,200 g of silver) 2346:(3,600 g of silver) 2329:(2,400 g of silver) 2139:, Thonburi, Bangkok. 2129:Phra Racha Wang Derm 2091:Chaophraya Nakhon Nu 2074:, while the central 2001:Rattanakosin Kingdom 1982:to lead armies from 1960:Prince Inthraphithak 1019:Peopling of Thailand 955:Rattanakosin Kingdom 509:Rattanakosin Kingdom 6417:Indianized kingdoms 5373:Thailand portal 5279:Nakhon Si Thammarat 4938:History of Thailand 4283:. Psychology Press. 3844:Siamese Melting Pot 3689:. Psychology Press. 2852:Britain and Denmark 2669:Wat Hong Rattanaram 2582:from Wat Arun, 1865 2459:by another Chinese 2289: 2098:Maha Sura Singhanat 1721:Burmese-Siamese War 1588:king of Hanthawaddy 1368:Nakhon Si Thammarat 1268:reconquer Ayutthaya 1207:sphere of influence 1154:[tʰōnbūrīː] 1072:Thailand portal 861:Nakhon Si Thammarat 496:Nakhon Si Thammarat 316:Nakhon Si Thammarat 5935:Telecommunications 5587:Floods in Thailand 5485:Siamese Revolution 4101:– via Brill. 4069:Bradley, Dan Beach 3351:Damrong Rajanubhab 2930:Chao Phraya Surasi 2926:Chao Phraya Chakri 2911:Chao Phraya Surasi 2907:Chao Phraya Chakri 2889: 2885:Wichai Prasat Fort 2805: 2772:Holy Rosary Church 2748: 2610:Theravada Buddhism 2606: 2584: 2566:Theravada Buddhism 2485: 2479:Historical map of 2397:(420 g of silver) 2363:(600 g of silver) 2312:(720 g of silver) 2279: 2239:principalities of 2212:tributary kingdoms 2141: 2025: 1931: 1911:tributary kingdoms 1815:Photograph of the 1725: 1701:), hence the name 1699:Photharam district 1687:Three Pagodas Pass 1678: 1670:Battle of Bangkaeo 1642:years until 1804. 1610: 1473: 1404:Battle of Bangkung 1379: 1320: 1272: 1266:and his return to 1225:Chao Phraya Chakri 1205:under the Siamese 363:• Capture of 340:• Capture of 327:• Capture of 314:• Capture of 284:• Capture of 169:Theravada Buddhism 6427:1770s in Thailand 6422:1760s in Thailand 6374: 6373: 6334: 6333: 6321:Traditional games 5970: 5969: 5806: 5805: 5786:Political parties 5690:Foreign relations 5645: 5644: 5539: 5538: 5470:Ayutthaya Kingdom 5465:Sukhothai Kingdom 5379: 5378: 5307: 5306: 5272:Southern Thailand 5198:Northern Thailand 5191:Regional kingdoms 5186: 5185: 5151:Southern Thailand 5125:Northern Thailand 4904: 4903: 4884: 4883: 4706:(Borommaracha IV) 4629: 4628: 4616:Succeeded by 4597:Ayutthaya Kingdom 3980:A History of Siam 3546:. Silkworm Books. 3524:. Silkworm Books. 3522:History of Lan Na 3353:, Prince (1918). 3085:. Silkworm Books. 3026:978-0-300-08475-7 2964:Thonburi province 2664:Borān Kammaṭṭhāna 2646:Wat Phanan Choeng 2580:Chao Phraya River 2549:Sukhothai kingdom 2402: 2401: 2216:Northern Thailand 2156:, respectively). 1984:Nakhon Ratchasima 1980:Phra Suriya Aphai 1956:Chauvea Tolaha Mu 1885:Buddha images of 1799:Somdet Chaophraya 1795:Somdet Chaophraya 1703:Bangkaeo Campaign 1693:and continued to 1656:Bangkaeo Campaign 1650:Burmese Invasions 1631:Chaophraya Chakri 1548:Northern Thailand 1532:Conquest of Lanna 1501:Nguyễn Phúc Thuần 1455:Chinese court at 1350:made his base in 1179:Ayutthaya Kingdom 1140: 1126: 1106: 1105: 1004: 1003: 998: 997: 936:Ayutthaya Kingdom 926:Sukhothai Kingdom 909: 908: 833:Regional kingdoms 824: 823: 667: 666: 653:9000 BCE–5500 BCE 580:rendering support 560: 559: 525: 524: 521: 520: 501: 500: 440:Ayutthaya Kingdom 321:21 September 1769 224:• 1767–1782 150:Chinese languages 16:(Redirected from 6494: 6457:1767 in Thailand 6387:Thonburi Kingdom 6354: 6347: 6096:Waste management 5981: 5832: 5817: 5656: 5550: 5480:Rattanakosin era 5475:Thonburi Kingdom 5430: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5383: 5371: 5370: 5369: 5355:Economic history 5350:Military history 5312:Regional history 5264: 5247: 5230: 5218: 5195: 5112: 5079: 5067: 5042:Central Thailand 5023: 4931: 4924: 4917: 4908: 4825:Maha Thiha Thura 4815:Qianlong Emperor 4742:Prince Ramphubet 4691:Thonburi dynasty 4673: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4634: 4609:Thonburi Kingdom 4594:Preceded by 4581:Thonburi dynasty 4567: 4561: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4542: 4534: 4528: 4527: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4467: 4458: 4457: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4420: 4407: 4406: 4398: 4385: 4384: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4361: 4350: 4349: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4326: 4315: 4314: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4276: 4267: 4266: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4239: 4230: 4229: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4163: 4154: 4153: 4146: 4133: 4132: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4086: 4077: 4076: 4065: 4056: 4055: 4048: 4037: 4036: 4029: 4020: 4019: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3940: 3925: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3897: 3891: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3839: 3820: 3819: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3796: 3785: 3784: 3776: 3765: 3764: 3752: 3735: 3734: 3728: 3720: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3682: 3667: 3666: 3646: 3637: 3636: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3613: 3607: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3589: 3580: 3579: 3573: 3565: 3557: 3548: 3547: 3539: 3526: 3525: 3517: 3502: 3501: 3493: 3484: 3483: 3475: 3466: 3465: 3457: 3422: 3421: 3413: 3388: 3387: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3366: 3358: 3347: 3312: 3311: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3285: 3238: 3237: 3229: 3212: 3211: 3203: 3186: 3185: 3177: 3162: 3161: 3153: 3147: 3146: 3138: 3087: 3086: 3078: 3065: 3055: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2985: 2554:Nine Armies' War 2507:registers. This 2501:Krom Suratsawadi 2290: 2204:Tenasserim Coast 2021:Guillaume Raynal 1846: 1828: 1812: 1762:Conquest of Laos 1713:Maha Thiha Thura 1592:Maha Thiha Thura 1568:Konbaung dynasty 1362:. To the south, 1346:. To the north, 1324:Sino-Burmese War 1175:Taksin the Great 1156: 1151: 1147: 1135: 1133: 1121: 1119: 1110:Thonburi Kingdom 1098: 1091: 1084: 1070: 1069: 1068: 946:Thonburi Kingdom 922: 921: 837: 836: 682: 681: 663:2,100 BCE–200 CE 645: 644: 634: 623: 613: 595: 586: instead of 568: 567: 517: 516: 505: 504: 492: 491: 478: 477: 464: 463: 450: 449: 436: 435: 429: 428: 413: 412: 308:28 December 1767 303:Taksin the Great 273:Early modern era 90: 74: 57: 55:Anachak Thonburi 51: 43: 42: 36:Thonburi Kingdom 32: 21: 6502: 6501: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6412:Former kingdoms 6377: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6357: 6350: 6343: 6330: 6235:Public holidays 6230:Performing arts 6110: 6013:Sex trafficking 5966: 5830: 5802: 5641: 5607:Protected areas 5535: 5504: 5419: 5410: 5380: 5375: 5367: 5365: 5359: 5338:Topical history 5333: 5303: 5267: 5258: 5241: 5224: 5212: 5182: 5146: 5120: 5106: 5087: 5073: 5061: 5037: 5012: 4966: 4940: 4935: 4905: 4900: 4885: 4880: 4839: 4761: 4757:Prince Thong-in 4747:Princess Samlee 4694: 4666: 4661: 4625: 4621: 4612: 4607: 4599: 4589: 4585:Founding year: 4583: 4578: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4536: 4535: 4531: 4501: 4500: 4496: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4469: 4468: 4461: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4435: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4410: 4400: 4399: 4388: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4363: 4362: 4353: 4343: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4327: 4318: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4278: 4277: 4270: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4240: 4233: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4165: 4164: 4157: 4148: 4147: 4136: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4088: 4087: 4080: 4067: 4066: 4059: 4050: 4049: 4040: 4031: 4030: 4023: 4001: 4000: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3942: 3941: 3928: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3899: 3898: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3840: 3823: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3797: 3788: 3778: 3777: 3768: 3754: 3753: 3738: 3721: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3699: 3698: 3694: 3684: 3683: 3670: 3648: 3647: 3640: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3590: 3583: 3566: 3559: 3558: 3551: 3541: 3540: 3529: 3519: 3518: 3505: 3495: 3494: 3487: 3477: 3476: 3469: 3459: 3458: 3425: 3415: 3414: 3391: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3359: 3349: 3348: 3315: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3286: 3241: 3231: 3230: 3215: 3205: 3204: 3189: 3179: 3178: 3165: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3140: 3139: 3090: 3080: 3079: 3068: 3052: 3039: 3038: 3034: 3027: 3012: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2938: 2917:'s deposition. 2895: 2878: 2854: 2794: 2789: 2725: 2568: 2563: 2545:Hua Mueang Nuea 2533:Sipsong Chuthai 2473: 2442:Hokkien Chinese 2388:(Rattanakosin) 2371:(Rattanakosin) 2277: 2162: 2133:Royal Thai Navy 2122: 2056:Hua Mueang Nuea 2009: 2003:in April 1782. 1971:Nguyễn Phúc Ánh 1919: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1858: 1857: 1847: 1838: 1837: 1836: 1831:Replica of the 1829: 1821: 1820: 1813: 1770: 1764: 1734:Hua Mueang Nuea 1674:Thonburi Palace 1662: 1654:Main articles: 1652: 1596:Nemyo Thihapate 1566:of the Burmese 1540: 1534: 1436:, ruled by the 1430: 1424: 1400:Samut Songkhram 1370:(Ligor) regime. 1279:Teochew Chinese 1248: 1242: 1237: 1149: 1102: 1066: 1064: 1059: 1058: 1014: 1006: 1005: 1000: 999: 919: 911: 910: 834: 826: 825: 679: 669: 668: 642: 631: 611: 604: 593: 592: 591: 578:Without proper 569: 565: 556: 514: 489: 475: 461: 447: 433: 390: 380: 367: 354: 347:14 January 1775 344: 331: 318: 305: 292: 255: 225: 203:Mandala kingdom 194: 154: 93: 81: 76: 75: 58: 52: 45: 37: 28: 23: 22: 18:Thonburi period 15: 12: 11: 5: 6500: 6498: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6379: 6378: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6356: 6355: 6348: 6340: 6339: 6336: 6335: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6317: 6316: 6314:Solar calendar 6311: 6309:Lunar calendar 6301: 6300: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6194: 6193: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6131: 6126: 6120: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6040: 6039: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5964: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5942: 5937: 5932: 5930:Stock Exchange 5927: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5873: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5851: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5834: 5826: 5820: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5799: 5798: 5791:Prime Minister 5788: 5783: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5761: 5756: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5567:Municipalities 5564: 5559: 5553: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5460:Initial states 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5436: 5434: 5427: 5421: 5420: 5411: 5409: 5408: 5401: 5394: 5386: 5377: 5376: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5341: 5339: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5275: 5273: 5269: 5268: 5266: 5265: 5253: 5248: 5236: 5231: 5219: 5207: 5201: 5199: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5154: 5152: 5148: 5147: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5101: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5068: 5056: 5051: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5020: 5018:Initial states 5014: 5013: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4974: 4972: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4948: 4946: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4926: 4919: 4911: 4902: 4901: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4724: 4719: 4708: 4707: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4652: 4645: 4637: 4627: 4626: 4623:Chakri dynasty 4617: 4614: 4604:Ruling dynasty 4600: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4584: 4579: 4570: 4563: 4562: 4553: 4544: 4529: 4510:(3): 592–619. 4494: 4476: 4459: 4444: 4429: 4408: 4386: 4371: 4351: 4336: 4316: 4301: 4286: 4268: 4249: 4231: 4188: 4173: 4155: 4134: 4119: 4104: 4078: 4057: 4038: 4021: 3994: 3969: 3950: 3926: 3917: 3910: 3892: 3883: 3877:978-0521800860 3876: 3858: 3849: 3821: 3806: 3786: 3766: 3736: 3707: 3692: 3668: 3638: 3623: 3608: 3599: 3581: 3549: 3527: 3503: 3485: 3467: 3423: 3389: 3374: 3313: 3295: 3239: 3213: 3187: 3163: 3148: 3088: 3066: 3050: 3032: 3025: 3005: 2999:978-0521800860 2998: 2979: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2960: 2959: 2949: 2944: 2937: 2934: 2920:Following the 2891:Main article: 2877: 2874: 2853: 2850: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2724: 2721: 2574:Photograph by 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2493:Sak Lek Mai Mu 2472: 2469: 2400: 2399: 2390: 2383: 2382: 2373: 2366: 2365: 2356: 2349: 2348: 2339: 2332: 2331: 2322: 2315: 2314: 2305: 2298: 2297: 2294: 2276: 2273: 2265:Luang Phrabang 2166:mandala system 2161: 2158: 2121: 2118: 2034:Samuha Kalahom 2017:Rigobert Bonne 2008: 2005: 1997:Chakri dynasty 1918: 1915: 1887:Emerald Buddha 1864:served as the 1848: 1841: 1840: 1839: 1830: 1823: 1822: 1817:Emerald Buddha 1814: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1804: 1803: 1774:Luang Phrabang 1766:Main article: 1763: 1760: 1730:Mae Lamao Pass 1651: 1648: 1582:, a nephew of 1562:In 1772, King 1536:Main article: 1533: 1530: 1506:Nguyễn Cửu Đàm 1426:Main article: 1423: 1420: 1356:Chao Phra Fang 1244:Main article: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1191:Luang Phrabang 1163:Southeast Asia 1157:) was a major 1104: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1093: 1086: 1078: 1075: 1074: 1061: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1024:Constitutional 1021: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1007: 1002: 1001: 996: 995: 993: 987: 986: 984: 978: 977: 975: 969: 968: 966: 960: 959: 956: 952: 951: 948: 942: 941: 938: 932: 931: 928: 920: 917: 916: 913: 912: 907: 906: 903: 897: 896: 893: 887: 886: 883: 877: 876: 873: 867: 866: 863: 857: 856: 853: 847: 846: 843: 835: 832: 831: 828: 827: 822: 821: 818: 812: 811: 810:671 CE–1025 CE 808: 802: 801: 800:638 CE–1292 CE 798: 792: 791: 790:629 CE–1292 CE 788: 782: 781: 778: 772: 771: 770:500 CE–1200 CE 768: 762: 761: 760:468 CE–1388 CE 758: 752: 751: 748: 742: 741: 740:100 CE–1500 CE 738: 732: 731: 730:100 CE–1277 CE 728: 722: 721: 718: 712: 711: 710:200 BCE–700 CE 708: 702: 701: 700:691 BCE–638 CE 698: 692: 691: 688: 680: 677:Initial states 675: 674: 671: 670: 665: 664: 661: 655: 654: 651: 643: 638: 637: 632: 629: 628: 625: 624: 616: 615: 606: 605: 598: 582:, you may see 570: 563: 562: 561: 558: 557: 555: 554: 549: 544: 539: 533: 531: 527: 526: 523: 522: 519: 518: 511: 502: 499: 498: 493: 485: 484: 479: 471: 470: 465: 457: 456: 451: 443: 442: 437: 425: 424: 419: 409: 408: 403: 399: 398: 395: 394: 391: 388: 385: 384: 381: 375: 372: 371: 368: 362: 359: 358: 355: 352: 349: 348: 345: 339: 336: 335: 332: 326: 323: 322: 319: 313: 310: 309: 306: 300: 297: 296: 293: 283: 280: 279: 276: 275: 270: 269:Historical era 266: 265: 262: 261: 256: 253: 250: 249: 246: 245: 242: 236: 235: 232: 231: 226: 223: 220: 219: 216: 215: 212: 206: 205: 200: 196: 195: 193: 192: 176: 162: 160: 156: 155: 153: 152: 146: 137: 128: 123: 118: 111: 109: 105: 104: 99: 95: 94: 91: 83: 82: 77: 69: 68: 65: 64: 60: 59: 41:อาณาจักรธนบุรี 38: 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6499: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6432:1780s in Siam 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6382: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6349: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6337: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6220: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6167: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6125: 6122: 6121: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6044:Ethnic groups 6042: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6033: 6030: 6026: 6023: 6022: 6021: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5961: 5958: 5956: 5953: 5951: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5871:Manufacturing 5869: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5542: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5507: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5455:Early history 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5402: 5400: 5395: 5393: 5388: 5387: 5384: 5374: 5362: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5262: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5163:Raktamaritika 5161: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5071:Suphannabhumi 5069: 5065: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4957:Early history 4955: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4932: 4927: 4925: 4920: 4918: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4820:Francis Light 4818: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4810: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4712: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4700: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4681: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4658: 4653: 4651: 4646: 4644: 4639: 4638: 4635: 4631: 4624: 4620: 4611: 4610: 4605: 4598: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4577: 4575: 4568: 4557: 4554: 4548: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4498: 4495: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4477: 4472: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4448: 4445: 4440: 4433: 4430: 4425: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4409: 4404: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4372: 4367: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4337: 4332: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4305: 4302: 4297: 4290: 4287: 4282: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4253: 4250: 4245: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4177: 4174: 4169: 4162: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4135: 4130: 4123: 4120: 4115: 4108: 4105: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4083: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4058: 4053: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3995: 3982: 3981: 3973: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3951: 3946: 3939: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3918: 3913: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3893: 3887: 3884: 3879: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3845: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3810: 3807: 3802: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3782: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3762: 3758: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3737: 3732: 3726: 3718: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3696: 3693: 3688: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3645: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3627: 3624: 3619: 3612: 3609: 3603: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3571: 3563: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3523: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3500:. NIAS Press. 3499: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3474: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3378: 3375: 3370: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3308:พระราชวังเดิม 3305: 3304:"King Taksin" 3299: 3296: 3291: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3235: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3159: 3152: 3149: 3144: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3043: 3036: 3033: 3028: 3022: 3018: 3017: 3009: 3006: 3001: 2995: 2991: 2984: 2981: 2974: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2858:Francis Light 2851: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2803: 2798: 2791: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2775: 2773: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2751:Pierre Brigot 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2722: 2720: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2704: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2675: 2674:Visuddhimagga 2670: 2666: 2665: 2658: 2656: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2602: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2565: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2550: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2489: 2482: 2477: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2439: 2433: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2389: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2378: 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1073: 1063: 1062: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1010: 1009: 994: 992: 989: 988: 985: 983: 980: 979: 976: 974: 971: 970: 967: 965: 962: 961: 957: 954: 953: 949: 947: 944: 943: 939: 937: 934: 933: 929: 927: 924: 923: 915: 914: 904: 902: 899: 898: 894: 892: 889: 888: 884: 882: 879: 878: 874: 872: 869: 868: 864: 862: 859: 858: 854: 852: 849: 848: 844: 842: 839: 838: 830: 829: 820:790 CE–974 CE 819: 817: 814: 813: 809: 807: 804: 803: 799: 797: 794: 793: 789: 787: 784: 783: 780:600 CE–800 CE 779: 777: 774: 773: 769: 767: 764: 763: 759: 757: 754: 753: 750:300 CE–700 CE 749: 747: 744: 743: 739: 737: 734: 733: 729: 727: 724: 723: 719: 717: 714: 713: 709: 707: 706:Raktamaritika 704: 703: 699: 697: 694: 693: 689: 687: 684: 683: 678: 673: 672: 662: 660: 657: 656: 652: 650: 647: 646: 641: 636: 635: 627: 626: 622: 618: 617: 614: 607: 602: 596: 589: 585: 581: 577: 575: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 534: 532: 530:Today 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Routledge. 4538: 4532: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4479: 4473:(in French). 4453: 4447: 4438: 4432: 4426:(in French). 4405:. NUS Press. 4402: 4380: 4374: 4365: 4348:. Routledge. 4345: 4339: 4330: 4310: 4304: 4295: 4289: 4280: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4243: 4204:(1): 43–68. 4201: 4197: 4191: 4182: 4176: 4167: 4149: 4128: 4122: 4113: 4107: 4090: 4072: 4051: 4032: 4010:(2): 19–47. 4007: 4003: 3997: 3985:. Retrieved 3979: 3972: 3963: 3959: 3953: 3944: 3920: 3901: 3895: 3886: 3867: 3861: 3852: 3843: 3815: 3809: 3800: 3780: 3760: 3756: 3716: 3710: 3704:. Routledge. 3701: 3695: 3686: 3657:(2): 19–47. 3654: 3650: 3635:. Routledge. 3632: 3626: 3617: 3611: 3602: 3593: 3561: 3543: 3521: 3497: 3479: 3461: 3417: 3383: 3377: 3354: 3307: 3298: 3289: 3233: 3207: 3184:. Routledge. 3181: 3157: 3151: 3145:. Routledge. 3142: 3082: 3041: 3035: 3015: 3008: 2989: 2983: 2919: 2896: 2869: 2865: 2855: 2846: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2819: 2815: 2813: 2806: 2776: 2770:founded the 2749: 2723:Christianity 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2679: 2672: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2607: 2599: 2576:John Thomson 2544: 2542: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2465: 2456: 2452: 2450: 2444: 2434: 2418: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2396: 2393: 2387: 2379: 2376: 2370: 2362: 2359: 2353: 2345: 2342: 2336: 2328: 2325: 2319: 2311: 2308: 2303:(Ayutthaya) 2302: 2281: 2225: 2223:incursions. 2208:Prathetsarat 2207: 2201: 2191: 2169: 2163: 2142: 2095: 2088: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2064:Nakhon Sawan 2055: 2052: 2045: 2042:Samuha Nayok 2041: 2033: 2030:Samuha Nayok 2029: 2026: 1976: 1964: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1932: 1927:Wat Intharam 1907:Central Siam 1884: 1865: 1862: 1798: 1794: 1771: 1751: 1739:Nakhon Sawan 1733: 1728:through the 1726: 1691:Kanchanaburi 1685:through the 1683:Western Siam 1679: 1644: 1616:in 1771 and 1611: 1561: 1559:domination. 1556:Thado Mindin 1541: 1525: 1522: 1498: 1474: 1445:Gulf of Siam 1441:Mạc Thiên Tứ 1431: 1408: 1380: 1336:Central Siam 1321: 1273: 1222: 1211: 1143: 1129: 1109: 1107: 991:2001–present 958:1782–present 945: 918:Main history 720:52 CE–600 CE 696:Singhanavati 686:Suvarnabhumi 571: 422:Succeeded by 421: 416: 393:1 April 1782 378:Qing dynasty 295:January 1767 186:Christianity 178: 165: 29: 6326:Video games 5918:Measurement 5824:Agriculture 5577:Earthquakes 5516:Archaeology 5450:Tai peoples 5324:Phitsanulok 5259: [ 5242: [ 5225: [ 5213: [ 5178:Tambralinga 5142:Haripuñjaya 5107: [ 5074: [ 5062: [ 4717:Yong Saetae 4679:Individuals 4574:Royal house 4539:Lai Su Thai 3987:10 February 3210:. ABC-CLIO. 2814:The acting 2763:Pondicherry 2697:Kammaṭṭhāna 2614:Wat Rakhang 2592:Wat Rakhang 2354:(Thonburi) 2337:(Thonburi) 2320:(Thonburi) 2160:Territories 2114:Phitsanulok 2106:Thepphiphit 2060:Sawankhalok 1993:King Rama I 1988:Bangkok Noi 1941:Kammaṭṭhāna 1875:Surinyavong 1866:casus belli 1639:Chiang Saen 1614:Sawankhalok 1584:Binnya Dala 1580:Binnya Sein 1564:Hsinbyushin 1489:Cochinchina 1383:Chao Phraya 1352:Phitsanulok 1300:Chanthaburi 1264:Chanthaburi 1254:Journey of 1049:Phitsanulok 786:Haripuñjaya 726:Tambralinga 649:Spirit Cave 610:History of 588:Thai script 468:Phitsanulok 417:Preceded by 329:Phitsanulok 6381:Categories 6186:Literature 5998:Corruption 5913:Inventions 5831:(currency) 5764:Parliament 5732:Ministries 5695:Government 5683:Commission 5582:Ecoregions 5500:since 2001 5440:Prehistory 5433:Chronology 5205:Chiang Mai 5168:Langkasuka 5104:Khottrabun 5099:Canasapura 5008:Since 2001 4952:Prehistory 4845:Key events 4830:Ang Non II 4809:Foreigners 4752:Prince Noi 4682:Key events 4613:1767–1782 4091:T'oung Pao 3911:974957544X 3564:. Bangkok. 3357:. Bangkok. 3051:974957544X 2975:References 2870:Phrakhlang 2866:Phrakhlang 2862:Tranquebar 2844:position. 2820:Phrakhlang 2816:Phrakhlang 2717:Sangharaja 2712:Sangharaja 2650:Sangharaja 2632:Sangharaja 2628:Sangharaja 2624:Sangharaja 2619:Sangharaja 2601:Sangharaja 2471:Demography 2457:Phrakhlang 2453:Phrakhlang 2445:Phrakhlang 2406:Qing China 2241:Chiang Mai 2180:Terengganu 2076:Chatusadom 2072:Chaophraya 2068:Sankhaburi 2047:Chatusadom 2007:Government 1871:Sayakumane 1743:Uthaithani 1732:to invade 1695:Ratchaburi 1552:Chiang Mai 1510:Phnom Penh 1275:Phraya Tak 1256:Phraya Tak 1214:Qing China 1189:kingdoms ( 1150:pronounced 816:Canasapura 736:Langkasuka 659:Ban Chiang 640:Prehistory 482:Sawangburi 370:March 1779 342:Chiang Mai 199:Government 117:(official) 79:Trade flag 6176:Festivals 6171:Etiquette 6124:Animation 6091:Squatting 6032:Education 5945:Transport 5864:Renewable 5752:Air Force 5717:Judiciary 5678:Elections 5627:Volcanoes 5612:Provinces 5602:Mountains 5557:Addresses 5545:Geography 5526:Education 5495:1973–2001 5490:1932–1973 5173:Srivijaya 5137:Ngoenyang 5059:Phip Phli 5049:Dvaravati 5026:Legendary 4983:Ayutthaya 4978:Sukhothai 4945:Antiquity 4524:153506132 3725:cite book 3570:cite book 3363:cite book 3062:Ayutthaya 2856:In 1776, 2824:flintlock 2787:Diplomacy 2767:Kudi Chin 2736:Kudi Chin 2680:sotapanna 2642:Tripitaka 2538:Guangdong 2438:Guangzhou 2269:Vientiane 2261:Champasak 2192:bunga mas 2171:bunga mas 2150:Vientiane 2110:Sukhothai 1951:sotapanna 1925:Stupa of 1891:Phra Bang 1879:Nanthasen 1833:Phra Bang 1791:Champasak 1778:Vientiane 1755:Singu Min 1672:from the 1586:the last 1438:Cantonese 1406:in 1768. 1328:Phosamton 1260:Ayutthaya 1199:Champasak 1195:Vientiane 1144:Dhanapura 982:1973–2001 973:1932–1973 964:1782–1932 950:1767–1782 940:1351–1767 930:1238–1438 905:1810–1902 895:1808–1916 885:1457–1902 875:1605–1680 865:1278–1782 855:1094–1338 845:1292–1775 806:Srivijaya 796:Ngoenyang 766:Dvaravati 690:Legendary 574:Thai text 406:Photduang 383:1781/1782 365:Vientiane 179:Minority: 166:Majority: 159:Religion 63:1767–1782 6361:Category 6203:Marriage 6181:Folklore 6151:Clothing 6086:Religion 6076:Language 6069:COVID-19 6054:Gambling 6049:Feminism 5988:Abortion 5960:Railways 5950:Airports 5759:Monarchy 5737:Military 5727:Localism 5651:Politics 5632:Wildlife 5531:Military 5521:Economic 5509:By topic 5445:Peopling 5417:articles 5413:Thailand 4988:Thonburi 4676:Monarchs 4456:. BRILL. 4226:38248222 4218:12266027 4131:. BRILL. 4116:. BRILL. 4071:(1863). 3060:and his 3058:Naresuan 2936:See also 2876:Military 2689:Traiphum 2561:Religion 2481:Thonburi 2412:per one 2394:Tamlueng 2360:Tamlueng 2309:Tamlueng 2196:Kelantan 2146:Wat Arun 2137:Wat Arun 2120:Kingship 1903:Anouvong 1899:Wat Arun 1895:palladia 1855:Thonburi 1851:Wat Arun 1787:Nangrong 1782:Ong Boun 1576:Martaban 1574:town of 1546:(modern 1494:Châu Đốc 1411:Koeichai 1396:Bangkung 1387:Thonburi 1305:Chonburi 1203:Cambodia 1171:Thailand 1167:Thonburi 1130:Thonburi 1034:Economic 1029:Military 630:Timeline 612:Thailand 601:a series 599:Part of 552:Cambodia 537:Thailand 402:Currency 286:Chonburi 182:Hinduism 173:official 148:Various 102:Thonburi 6345:Outline 6255:Aquatic 6245:Symbols 6156:Cuisine 6116:Culture 5976:Society 5940:Tourism 5859:Nuclear 5812:Economy 5668:Cabinet 5617:Regions 5597:Islands 5572:Climate 5562:Borders 5425:History 5329:Bangkok 5289:Pattani 5284:Singora 5222:Lamphun 5210:Lampang 5158:Pan Pan 5116:Wen Dan 5083:Tun Sun 4971:History 4767:Siamese 4711:Royalty 4489:YouTube 4035:. 1917. 2759:Rangoon 2578:of the 2529:Tai Dam 2509:Sak Lek 2505:Hangwow 2429:Batavia 2275:Economy 2253:Lamphun 2245:Lampang 2229:mandala 2176:Pattani 1999:of the 1747:Phichit 1627:Lampang 1618:Phichai 1518:Tây Sơn 1477:Ang Non 1462:Ang Ton 1457:Beijing 1434:Hà Tiên 1416:Chainat 1294:on the 1235:History 1201:), and 1187:Laotian 1159:Siamese 1125:: 1054:Bangkok 881:Pattani 871:Singora 776:Wen Dan 746:Pan Pan 716:Tun Sun 547:Vietnam 240:Viceroy 210:Monarch 98:Capital 6366:Portal 6297:Flower 6287:Emblem 6272:Anthem 6250:Animal 6240:Sports 6191:Poetry 6146:Cinema 6139:Comics 6081:Racism 6059:Health 6025:People 5854:Energy 5781:Police 5774:Senate 5622:Rivers 5415: 5251:Phayao 5234:Lan Na 4704:Taksin 4606:of the 4522: 4224: 4216: 3908: 3874: 3048: 3023: 2996: 2915:Taksin 2903:Taksin 2899:Taksin 2753:, the 2707:Sangha 2693:Sangha 2655:Sangha 2296:Price 2267:, and 2255:, and 2235:, the 2102:Rama I 2080:Phraya 1946:Sangha 1893:, the 1835:Buddha 1635:Surasi 1623:Kawila 1606:Kawila 1514:Kampot 1481:Rama I 1449:Oudong 1344:Phimai 1292:Rayong 1218:Taksin 1185:, the 1183:Lan Na 1118:ธนบุรี 1013:Topics 851:Phayao 841:Lan Na 603:on the 454:Phimai 290:Rayong 244: 229:Taksin 214: 44: 6352:Index 6282:Deity 6218:Music 6213:Media 6198:Names 6166:Drama 6106:Women 5993:Crime 5837:Banks 5829:Baht 5299:Reman 5294:Satun 5263:] 5256:Phrae 5246:] 5229:] 5217:] 5111:] 5078:] 5066:] 4697:Kings 4520:S2CID 4222:S2CID 2792:China 2521:Phrai 2517:Phrai 2513:Phrai 2497:Phrai 2414:Kwian 2410:Chang 2386:1821 2377:Chang 2369:1785 2352:1775 2343:Chang 2335:1770 2326:Chang 2318:1769 2301:1758 2293:Year 2282:Kwian 2257:Phrae 2210:s or 2184:Kedah 1544:Lanna 1392:Tavoy 1307:) to 1258:from 901:Reman 891:Satun 190:Islam 144:Malay 135:Khmer 6304:Time 6292:Flag 6260:Bird 6160:wine 5896:NEEC 5886:CWEC 5747:Navy 5742:Army 5705:LGBT 5319:Isan 5054:Lavo 4587:1767 4214:PMID 3989:2022 3906:ISBN 3872:ISBN 3731:link 3576:link 3369:link 3046:ISBN 3021:ISBN 2994:ISBN 2928:and 2909:and 2841:Wang 2639:Pāli 2152:and 2112:and 2066:and 2019:and 1889:and 1776:and 1741:and 1658:and 1526:Wang 1453:Qing 1309:Trat 1137:IAST 1123:RTGS 1114:Thai 1108:The 1044:Isan 1039:LGBT 756:Lavo 542:Laos 288:and 140:Shan 115:Thai 48:Thai 6134:Art 6064:HIV 5901:SEC 5891:NEC 5881:EEC 5722:Law 5239:Nan 4512:doi 4206:doi 4095:doi 4012:doi 3964:108 3659:doi 2780:Goa 2702:wai 2594:in 2531:of 2427:at 2358:10 2307:12 2249:Nan 2220:Nan 1965:wai 1715:'s 1625:of 1572:Mon 1398:in 1332:Mon 1287:Tak 1262:to 131:Lao 6383:: 5261:th 5244:th 5227:th 5215:th 5109:th 5076:th 5064:th 4895:• 4891:← 4572:— 4518:. 4508:26 4506:. 4462:^ 4411:^ 4389:^ 4354:^ 4319:^ 4271:^ 4263:20 4261:. 4234:^ 4220:. 4212:. 4202:15 4200:. 4158:^ 4137:^ 4093:. 4081:^ 4060:^ 4041:^ 4024:^ 4006:. 3962:. 3929:^ 3824:^ 3789:^ 3769:^ 3761:97 3759:. 3739:^ 3727:}} 3723:{{ 3671:^ 3653:. 3641:^ 3584:^ 3572:}} 3568:{{ 3552:^ 3530:^ 3506:^ 3488:^ 3470:^ 3426:^ 3392:^ 3365:}} 3361:{{ 3316:^ 3306:. 3242:^ 3216:^ 3190:^ 3166:^ 3091:^ 3069:^ 2774:. 2392:7 2375:1 2341:3 2324:2 2288:) 2271:. 2263:, 2251:, 2247:, 2243:, 2178:, 2082:. 2062:, 2050:. 1853:, 1311:. 1209:. 1197:, 1193:, 1148:, 1134:, 1120:, 1116:: 188:, 184:, 142:, 133:, 6162:) 6158:( 5405:e 5398:t 5391:v 4930:e 4923:t 4916:v 4899:→ 4733:) 4729:( 4656:e 4649:t 4642:v 4576:— 4526:. 4514:: 4491:. 4368:. 4265:. 4228:. 4208:: 4170:. 4097:: 4054:. 4018:. 4014:: 4008:4 3991:. 3966:. 3914:. 3880:. 3763:. 3733:) 3665:. 3661:: 3655:4 3620:. 3578:) 3482:. 3464:. 3371:) 3310:. 3054:. 3029:. 3002:. 2746:. 2227:( 1676:. 1303:( 1139:: 1112:( 1097:e 1090:t 1083:v 590:. 576:. 175:) 171:( 50:) 46:( 20:)

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