129:. Comparing the useless information obtainable from a black hole to "burning an encyclopedia", Hawking later joked, "I gave John an encyclopedia of baseball, but maybe I should just have given him the ashes." Thorne, however, remained unconvinced of Hawking's proof and declined to contribute to the award. Hawking's argument that he solved the paradox has not yet been wholly accepted by the scientific community, and a consensus has not yet been reached that Hawking provided a strong enough argument that this is in fact what happens.
27:
41:
55:
121:
of microcausality, quantum mechanics would need to be rewritten. Preskill argued the opposite, that since quantum mechanics suggests that the information emitted by a black hole relates to information that fell in at an earlier time, the view of black holes given by general relativity must be
237:
While
Hawking described the bet as having been made in 1975, the written bet itself—in Thorne's handwriting, with his and Hawking's signatures—bears witness signatures under the legend "Witnessed this tenth day of December 1974". Thorne confirmed this date on the 10 January 2018 episode of
228:, Hawking states, "Although the situation with Cygnus X-1 has not changed much since we made the bet in 1975, there is now so much other observational evidence in favour of black holes that I have conceded the bet. I paid the specified penalty, which was a one year subscription to
194:
This was a form of insurance policy for me. I have done a lot of work on black holes, and it would all be wasted if it turned out that black holes do not exist. But in that case, I would have the consolation of winning my bet, which would win me four years of the magazine
180:
independent of the initial state. Thus the total path integral is unitary and information is not lost in the formation and evaporation of black holes. The way the information gets out seems to be that a true event horizon never forms, just an apparent
136:
at the centre of a black hole could form a bridge to a "baby universe", into which the lost information could pass; such theories have been very popular in science fiction. But according to
Hawking's new idea, presented at the 17th
125:
In 2004, Hawking announced that he was conceding the bet, and that he now believed that black hole horizons should fluctuate and leak information, in doing so providing
Preskill with a copy of
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721:
689:
673:
634:
997:
503:
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modified in some way. The winning side of the bet would receive an encyclopedia of their choice, "from which information can be retrieved at will".
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935:
780:
903:
321:
943:
883:
992:
753:
426:
713:
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190:
An older bet from 1974 – about the existence of black holes – was described by
Hawking as an "insurance policy" of sorts:
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was a black hole. By now, I would say that we are about 95% certain, but the bet has yet to be settled.
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356:
230:
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on the other, according to the document they signed 6 February 1997, as shown in
Hawking's 2001 book
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165:
372:
346:
145:, black holes eventually transmit, in a garbled form, information about all matter they swallow:
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40:
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80:
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176:. On the other hand, the path integral over all topologically non-trivial metrics is
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84:
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to radiate, and lose information, the mass-energy and information carried by
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Hawking, S. W. (October 2005). "Information loss in black holes".
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must be "new", and must not originate from inside the black hole
558:
245:
139:
International
Conference on General Relativity and Gravitation
16:
Wager over the solution to the black hole information paradox
207:. When we made the bet in 1975, we were 80% certain that
310:
From Quanta to Quarks: More
Anecdotal History of Physics
201:. If black holes do exist, Kip will get one year of
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852:
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772:
665:
658:
592:
127:Total Baseball, The Ultimate Baseball Encyclopedia
690:Black Holes and Baby Universes and Other Essays
192:
147:
570:
8:
234:, to the outrage of Kip's liberated wife."
662:
577:
563:
555:
350:
117:. Since this contradicted the idea under
132:Hawking had earlier speculated that the
920:Stephen Hawking: Master of the Universe
674:The Large Scale Structure of Space–Time
274:
224:In the updated and expanded edition of
71:was a public bet on the outcome of the
936:Into the Universe with Stephen Hawking
904:God, the Universe and Everything Else
101:Thorne and Hawking argued that since
7:
944:Brave New World with Stephen Hawking
645:Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems
781:George's Secret Key to the Universe
754:Brief Answers to the Big Questions
635:Gibbons–Hawking–York boundary term
427:California Institute of Technology
288:California Institute of Technology
75:made in 1997 by physics theorists
14:
746:The Dreams That Stuff Is Made Of
615:Chronology protection conjecture
396:Stephen Hawking Official Website
53:
39:
25:
805:George and the Unbreakable Code
448:"17th International Conference"
421:Preskill, John (24 July 2004).
156:over all topologically trivial
1003:Black hole information paradox
218:A Brief History of Time (1988)
73:black hole information paradox
1:
789:George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt
698:The Nature of Space and Time
284:"Black hole information bet"
1008:Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet
69:Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet
1065:
912:Stephen Hawking's Universe
714:On the Shoulders of Giants
706:The Universe in a Nutshell
369:10.1103/PhysRevD.72.084013
186:Earlier Thorne–Hawking bet
90:The Universe in a Nutshell
952:Genius by Stephen Hawking
722:A Briefer History of Time
605:Black hole thermodynamics
473:Hawking, Stephen (1988).
423:"On Hawking's Concession"
885:The Theory of Everything
813:George and the Blue Moon
765:(2023, posthume message)
730:God Created the Integers
861:A Brief History of Time
797:George and the Big Bang
682:A Brief History of Time
534:"Black Hole Apocalypse"
508:University of Leicester
475:A Brief History of Time
308:Capri, Anton Z (2007).
226:A Brief History of Time
105:made it impossible for
820:Unlocking the Universe
625:Gibbons–Hawking effect
620:Gibbons–Hawking ansatz
504:"Hawking–Thorne wager"
450:. GR17. Archived from
222:
183:
170:analytically continued
762:On the Origin of Time
630:Gibbons–Hawking space
141:, on 21 July 2004 in
83:on the one side, and
1049:February 1997 events
640:Hartle–Hawking state
392:"Into a Black Hole"
361:2005PhRvD..72h4013H
993:In popular culture
970:Jane Wilde Hawking
923:(2008 documentary)
915:(1997 documentary)
454:on 3 December 2007
390:Hawking, Stephen.
312:. Hackensack, NJ:
103:general relativity
1016:
1015:
928:Genius of Britain
848:
847:
600:Hawking radiation
339:Physical Review D
323:978-981-270-916-5
258:Hawking radiation
216:Stephen Hawking,
119:quantum mechanics
111:Hawking radiation
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838:My Brief History
738:The Grand Design
663:
610:Micro black hole
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510:. Archived from
502:Vaughan, Simon.
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398:. Archived from
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314:World Scientific
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282:Preskill, John.
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263:Scientific wager
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1044:1997 in science
1034:Stephen Hawking
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316:. p. 139.
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160:can be done by
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81:Stephen Hawking
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49:
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46:Stephen Hawking
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12:
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650:Hawking energy
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514:on 13 May 2020
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947:(2011 series)
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939:(2010 series)
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931:(2010 series)
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115:event horizon
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85:John Preskill
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60:John Preskill
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28:
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1007:
976:Lucy Hawking
972:(first wife)
950:
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541:. Retrieved
537:
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516:. Retrieved
512:the original
507:
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479:Bantam Books
474:
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456:. Retrieved
452:the original
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430:. Retrieved
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404:. Retrieved
400:the original
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291:. Retrieved
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162:time slicing
148:
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88:
68:
66:
18:
1029:Black holes
198:Private Eye
134:singularity
107:black holes
1023:Categories
978:(daughter)
896:Television
543:4 February
518:9 February
269:References
209:Cygnus X-1
174:Lorentzian
164:and so is
77:Kip Thorne
32:Kip Thorne
998:Namesakes
406:6 October
377:118893360
231:Penthouse
204:Penthouse
151:Euclidean
345:(8): 4.
293:14 March
252:See also
214:—
181:horizon.
97:Overview
877:Hawking
869:Hawking
830:Memoirs
773:Fiction
666:Science
593:Physics
538:PBS.org
357:Bibcode
172:to the
166:unitary
158:metrics
1039:Wagers
963:Family
907:(1988)
888:(2014)
880:(2013)
872:(2004)
864:(1991)
841:(2013)
822:(2020)
816:(2016)
808:(2014)
800:(2011)
792:(2009)
784:(2007)
757:(2018)
749:(2011)
741:(2010)
733:(2005)
725:(2005)
717:(2002)
709:(2001)
701:(1996)
693:(1993)
685:(1988)
677:(1973)
485:
458:19 May
432:19 May
375:
320:
143:Dublin
986:Other
853:Films
659:Books
373:S2CID
347:arXiv
168:when
545:2018
520:2018
483:ISBN
460:2008
434:2008
408:2015
318:ISBN
295:2018
241:Nova
149:The
79:and
67:The
365:doi
246:PBS
244:on
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