768:, close to Lyon. Father Coutourier wrote to Le Corbusier in 1953: "I hope that you can go to Le Thoronet, and that you will like that place. It seems to me that there you will find the essence of what a monastery must have been like at the time it was built; a place where men lived by a vow of silence, devoted themselves to reflection and meditation and a communal life which has not changed very much over time." Le Corbusier visited Thoronet, and wrote an article about his visit, including the observation, "the light and the shadow are the loudspeakers of this architecture of truth." The convent that he eventually built has a number of features inspired by Thoronet, including the tower and the simple volumes, and the alternating full and empty spaces created by bright light falling on the walls.
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667:, in the middle of the monastery, was the center of monastery life. It measures about thirty meters on a side, is in the shape of an elongated trapezoid, and follows the terrain, sloping downward from the monks' building toward the river. Despite its odd shape, and its location on very uneven ground, it manages to maintain its architectural unity, and to blend with its natural environment; in some places the rock of the hillside becomes part of the architecture.
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389:, declared bankruptcy. Le Thoronet was deconsecrated in 1785, and the seven remaining monks moved to other churches or monasteries. The building was to be sold in 1791, but the state officials in charge of the sale declared that the church, cemetery, fountain and row of chestnut trees were "treasures of art and architecture", which should remain "the Property of the Nation." The rest of the monastery buildings and lands were sold.
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628:, or The Capitulary Hall, was the room where the monks met daily for a reading of one chapter of the rule of St. Benedict, and to discuss community issues. Election of new abbots also took place in this room. Its architecture - with cross-ribbed vaults resting on two columns with decorated capitals, was the most refined in the monastery, and showed the influence of the new
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The wing of the monastery for the lay brothers dates to the thirteenth century, well after the other buildings. The building was two stories high, with a dining room on the ground floor and a dormitory above. Two arches of the building cross the
Tombareu River. The latrines were located in this part
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of the Abbey, the semi-circular space behind the altar, has no decoration, but the refinement of the workmanship, as well as the perfectly rounded form, was itself an expression of the religious ideas of the
Cistercians. The circle was supposed to approach the perfection of the divine, as opposed to
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The Abbey church is placed on the highest point of the site, and is in the form of a Latin cross, about forty metres long and twenty metres wide, oriented east-west, with the choir and altar at the east end, as is usual. The exterior is perfectly plain, with no decoration. Since only the monks were
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Construction began in 1175, making the cloister of
Thoronet one of the oldest existing Cistercian cloisters. The south gallery is the oldest, followed by the east gallery, next to the chapter house, which has a more modern slightly pointed barrel vault ceiling. The construction was completed by the
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above, draw attention to the altar. Facing east, they catch the first morning light, and face the same direction from which Christ was expected to return to earth. They and the four small windows in the transept let in just enough light to give life to the stone inside, particularly at the time of
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In the 13th century, there were no more than twenty-five monks in the monastery, but money came in from donations, and the Abbey owned extensive lands between upper
Provence and the Mediterranean coast. The most important industry for the monastery was raising cattle and sheep. The meat was sold on
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During the reading of the Rule and discussions, the monks were seated upon wooden benches, and the Abbot was seated at the east, facing the entry. The main sculptural element is a simple cross of the order on the south column, before which the monks would bow briefly. A hand holding a cross, the
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The design of the Abbey was an expression of the religious beliefs of the
Cistercians. It used the most basic and pure elements; rock, light, and water, to create an austere, pure and simple world for the monks who inhabited it. The placement of the church literally atop a rock symbolized the
597:(library) is a three-meter by three-meter room on the lower level of the monks' building, opening onto the cloister. The armarium contained the secular books used regularly by the monks. It is believed that it contained books of medicine, geometry, music, astrology, and the classical works of
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Thoronet Abbey is one of the best examples of the spirit of the
Cistercian order. Even the acoustics of the church imposed a certain discipline upon the monks; because of the stone walls, which created a long echo, the monks were forced to sing slowly and perfectly together.
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with three semicircular arched windows, symbolizing the
Trinity. Three arcades in the nave give access to the other parts of the building. There are two small chapels in the apses of the transept, aligned the same way as the main sanctuary, as in the Cistercian abbeys of
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The cellar is a long rectangular room attached to the east gallery of the cloister. This building has undergone numerous remodelings, and is no longer its original shape. In the sixteenth century it was turned into a wine cellar, and the wine presses can still be seen.
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Inside, the church consists of a main nave with three bays covered with a pointed barrel vault, and two side aisles. The arches supporting the vault rest upon half-columns, which rest upon carefully carved stone bases about two meters halfway up the walls of the nave.
269:. The first site apparently was not satisfactory for their system of agriculture, so in about 1157 they moved twenty-five kilometers south, to land they already owned at Le Thoronet. The new site had the advantages of more fertile lands, several streams and a spring.
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The Abbey was constructed of plainly-cut stones taken from a quarry close by. All the stones were the same kind and colour and matched the stony ground around the church, giving a harmony to the ensemble. The stones were carefully cut and placed to provide smooth
697:, or washing fountain, stands in the cloister in front of what had been the entrance to the refectory. It is placed in its own hexagonal structure, with a ribbed vault roof. The water came from a nearby spring, and was used by the monks for washing, shaving,
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Following the Rule of St. Benedict, Thoronet Abbey was designed to be an autonomous community, taking care of all of its own needs. The monks lived isolated in the center of this community, where access by laymen was strictly forbidden.
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In the 18th century, the abbot decided the order's rules were too strict, and added decorative features, such as statues, a fountain. and an avenue of chestnut trees. The Abbey was deeply in debt, and in 1785, the abbot, who lived in
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received a share of the monastery's income, but did not reside there. By the 16th century, while the abbey church was maintained, the other buildings were largely in ruins. The monastery was probably abandoned for a time during the
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The north wing of a
Cistercian monastery, facing the church, traditionally contains the refectory (dining room), the kitchens and the calefactory, or heated sitting room. The north wing fell into ruins and was abandoned in 1791.
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was in charge of the treasury of the Abbey, rang the dormitory bell for the night services, and climbed to the roof to make astronomical observations to determine the exact time for religious services, depending upon the season.
276:. The entire monastery was built at once, which helps explain its unusual architectural unity. The church was probably built first, at the end of the 12th century, followed by the rest of the monastery in the early 13th century.
402:, and restoration of the church and bell tower began in 1841. In 1854 the state bought the cloister, chapter-house, courtyard and dormitory, and in 1938, bought the remaining parts of the monastery still in private ownership.
437:, which took place once a week. The monks devised an ingenious water system, which probably provided running water in the kitchen and for the fountains where the monks washed, as well as pure water for religious ceremonies.
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The simple bell tower was probably constructed between 1170 and 1180, and is more than thirty meters high. Order rules prohibited bell towers of stone or of immoderate height, but exceptions were made in
Provence, where
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is on the upper floor of the monks' building. The abbot had a separate cell on the left side, up a short stairway. The dormitory was lit by rows of semicircular windows. A monk slept in front of each window.
528:. The light coming through the windows changed the color of the stone and created slowly moving shapes of darkness and light, marking the passage of time, the essential element of the life in the monastery.
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symbol of authority of the abbot, is sculpted on the capital of the north column. He was sometimes buried in this room, so that after death his memory would add to the authority of the living abbot.
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The thick walls of the galleries, their double arcades, the simple round openings over each central column, and the plain capitals give the cloister a particular power and simplicity.
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287:, a composer and singer of secular love songs, who was famous throughout medieval Europe. In 1195 he left his musical career and became a monk, then abbot, then, in 1205, the
262:, the Cistercian Order began a rapid expansion. By the time of his death in 1154, there were 280 Cistercian monasteries in France - by the end of the 12th century, over 500.
340:, who were educated and often from noble families. The lay brothers did not participate in the choir or in the decisions of the monastery, and slept in a separate building.
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The first
Cistercian community in Provence had settled at Notre-Dame de Florielle, on the Florieyes river near Tourtour. where they had been given land by the local lords of
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The door for the monks was known as the "Door of the Dead", for the bodies of monks who had died were taken out through this door after a mass. They were first placed on a
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The water supply was a crucial factor for the Cistercian monks; it was used for drinking and cooking, for powering the mill, and for religious ceremonies, such as the
120:- A group of Cistercian monks from the Abbey of Mazan, a "granddaughter" of the monastery at Citeaux, found a new monastery called Notre-dame-des-Floriéges, in the
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By the 14th century, the monastery was in decline. In 1328, the Abbot accused his own monks of trying to rob the local villagers, being only a few years after the
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364:. In the 15th century, this privilege was taken over by the kings of France, who often chose abbots for financial or political reasons. The new abbots
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The monks building is located to the north of the church, and is connected to it by stairways, which allowed the monks direct access to services.
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north gallery, beside the former refectory, and the west gallery. At a later date a second level of galleries was built, also since disappeared.
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It is not known exactly when the monastery was built, but work was probably underway in 1176, when the title to the property was confirmed by the
570:, a room two meters high, three meters wide and four meters long, with a single window, built against the church transept, was where the church
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precept of building upon strong faith. The simplicity of the design was supposed to inspire a simple life, and the avoidance of distractions.
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permitted inside, there is no monumental entrance, but only two simple doors, for the lay brothers on the left and the monks on the right.
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The pale stained-glass windows date to 1935 - they were recreated following the model of 12th-century stained glass from
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The Fountain, the only decorative element in the Abbey, was added in the 18th century when the Abbot relaxed the rules
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built in the late twelfth and early thirteenth century, now restored as a museum. It is sited between the towns of
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976:. Abteilung Architekturgeschichte des Kunsthistorischen Instituts der Universität zu Köln. Cologne University.
283:, elected in 1199. Born about 1150 into a family of Genoese merchants, he had a remarkable career, first as a
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and sacred vestments were kept. It had direct access to the church through a door into the transept. The
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which further reduced the population. By 1433, there were only four monks living at Le Thoronet.
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Thoronet Abbey is one of the first buildings in France to be classified an historical monument.
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donate land for a new monastery in a remote mountain valley 45 kilometers northwest of Fréjus.
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the sunrise and sunset, which were also the times of the most important religious services,
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Die Baukunst der Zisterzienser in der Provence: SĂ©nanque - Le Thoronet - Silvacane
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also used Thoronet as an inspiration for the cistercian abbey of Novy Dvur in the
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style. The walls and columns date to about 1170, the vaulting to 1200-1240.
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began the practice of naming outsiders as the abbots of monasteries, held
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as "a fascinating contribution to the understanding of the Middle Ages."
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honored him by placing him as one of the inhabitants of Paradise, in
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Thoronet Abbey had a significant influence upon the Swiss architect
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210:- the rest of the monastery is purchased by the French Government.
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The choir at the eastern end finishes with a half-dome vaulted
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priest and artist, who had contacts with contemporary artists
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the local market, and the skins of sheep were used for making
78:, that together are known as "the Three Sisters of Provence."
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Le Thoronet was a source of inspiration for the Belgian poet
347:. In 1348, Provence was devastated again, this time by the
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of the monastery. The Abbey also operated salt ponds at
985:, 2004: Monum, Éditions du patrimoine/Guides Gallimard.
845:(English Edition), Monum - Editions de Patromoine, p. 6
833:(English Edition), Monum - Editions de Patromoine, p. 6
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In 1840, the ruined buildings came to the attention of
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Much of the farming and administration was done by the
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In 1098 Robert de Molesme founded a "new monastery" at
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The Dormitory: one monk slept in front of each window.
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Christian monasteries established in the 12th century
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surfaces, to avoid any flaws or visual distractions.
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Lucabardello.it: Le Thoronet Abbey, photos and plan
689:The Lavabo, where the monks washed before services
409:, have been celebrating Sunday Mass in the abbey.
405:Since 1978, the members of a religious order, the
512:the square, which belonged in the secular world.
180:- The Abbey is declared bankrupt and secularized.
1118:Religious organizations established in the 1130s
476:winds blew away more fragile wooden structures.
1148:Monuments of the Centre des monuments nationaux
1033:Romanes.com: Le Thoronet Abbey, photos and plan
1025:Visitez l'abbaye du Thoronet en quelques photos
764:, invited Le Corbusier to design a convent at
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1103:Buildings and structures in Var (department)
1015:L'Abbaye du Thoronet sur Abbayes en Provence
620:The Chapter House, where the monks met daily
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144:The monks move from Floriéges to Le Thoronet
964:Histoire Visuelle des Monuments de France
949:. Editions Zodiaque: La Pierre-qui-Vire.
515:The three windows in the apse, the round
279:The first known abbot of le Thoronet was
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291:. Less than a century after his death,
186:A sale of Abbey property is announced -
198:- Restoration of the monastery begins.
452:on the south wall of the abbey church
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247:monasteries, under the direction of
1093:Romanesque architecture in Provence
913:Romanesque architecture of Provence
791:(born 1913), who published in 1966
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993:Les Chemins de la Provence Romane
959:, Monum - Editions du patrimoine.
1098:Cistercian monasteries in France
740:Following the Second World War,
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1113:1120s establishments in France
798:In 1964, the French architect
674:Eastern arcade of the cloister
164:, confirms the Abbey property.
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1108:1120 establishments in Europe
972:Fleischhauer, Carsten, 2003:
174:becomes Abbot of Le Thoronet.
150:Construction of the monastery
1128:Churches in Var (department)
945:Dimier, Père Anselme, 1982:
772:The Influence of Le Thoronet
732:Le Thoronet and Le Corbusier
86:Chronology of Thoronet Abbey
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1133:Museums in Var (department)
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1020:L'architecture du Thoronet
810:(1965) and was praised by
1143:History museums in France
995:. Éditions Ouest-France.
714:Building for Lay Brothers
354:In the 14th century, the
962:Denizeau, GĂ©rard, 2003:
955:Molina, Nathalie, 1999:
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1069:43.46028°N 6.26389°E
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966:. Larousse: Paris.
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98:monastery at
97:
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61:
57:
53:
50:
46:
45:
40:
36:
28:
21:
1050:
1038:(in Italian)
992:
982:
973:
963:
956:
946:
939:
935:
926:Bibliography
881:
876:
868:
863:
855:
850:
842:
838:
830:
826:
803:
797:
792:
786:
775:
750:Marc Chagall
738:Le Corbusier
735:
726:
717:
708:
694:
692:
681:
677:
662:
651:The Cloister
640:
638:
634:
625:
623:
594:
592:
587:
567:
565:
559:
557:
546:
530:
514:
506:
490:
478:
470:
461:
459:
455:
449:
434:
432:
424:
420:
416:
404:
397:
391:
383:
366:in commendam
365:
361:in commendam
359:
353:
349:Black Plague
345:Great Famine
342:
334:lay brothers
331:
327:Saint-Maxime
303:
296:
278:
271:
264:
257:
234:
207:
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127:
117:
91:
80:
43:
34:
33:
30:The cloister
1072: /
1030:(in French)
997:(in French)
987:(in French)
978:(in German)
968:(in French)
951:(in French)
916: [
812:Umberto Eco
778:John Pawson
766:La Tourette
645:scriptorium
464:depositoire
450:Depositoire
338:choir monks
311:scriptorium
245:Benedictine
1087:Categories
1057:43°27′37″N
802:published
723:The Cellar
301:Canto IX.
285:troubadour
267:Castellane
158:Alphonse I
142:about 1157
96:Cistercian
56:Draguignan
49:Cistercian
1060:6°15′50″E
746:Dominican
599:Aristotle
576:Sacristan
572:vestments
560:dormitory
502:Clairvaux
319:Martigues
307:parchment
76:Silvacane
60:Brignoles
934:, 1964.
892:See also
884:, pg. 13
880:Molina,
867:Molina,
784:(2004).
665:cloister
595:armarium
588:armarium
568:Sacristy
435:mandatum
298:Paradiso
241:Burgundy
108:Burgundy
68:Provence
871:, pg. 7
858:, pg. 2
699:tonsure
537:Corrèze
535:in the
526:vespers
498:Cîteaux
474:Mistral
387:Bourges
237:Cîteaux
215:History
132:Raimond
124:region.
102:, near
100:Cîteaux
62:in the
1046:Photos
695:lavabo
630:Gothic
607:Horace
517:oculus
509:chevet
428:ashlar
323:Hyères
315:Hyères
258:Under
160:, the
39:French
920:]
611:Plato
522:lauds
293:Dante
249:Cluny
110:, by
106:, in
104:Dijon
52:abbey
760:and
744:, a
663:The
639:The
624:The
609:and
603:Ovid
593:The
566:The
558:The
524:and
507:The
500:and
493:apse
325:and
208:1938
202:1854
196:1841
190:1840
184:1791
178:1785
168:1199
154:1176
134:and
128:1140
118:1136
92:1098
74:and
58:and
373:.
239:in
122:Var
64:Var
1089::
918:fr
795:.
756:,
752:,
693:A
613:.
605:,
601:,
539:.
504:.
321:,
156:-
130:-
41::
942:)
938:(
114:.
37:(
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