2626:
944:
1194:, the CCP's program of thought reform emerged as one of the most powerful efforts at propaganda ever undertaken, and included imposed doctrines, ideological purges, and mass-conversion movements carried out in an organized and comprehensive way. The thought-reform program applied in universities, schools, special "revolutionary colleges", prisons, businesses, government offices, and peasant organisations. It brought significant personal upheaval to the individuals affected.
2638:
956:
2662:
980:
2650:
968:
51:
1217:
Theodore Chen writes that it is possible to discern a few major characteristics of the model man envisioned by communist planners. These include: absolute selflessness; obedience to the
Communist Party; class consciousness; ideological study; participation in labor and production; versatility; and being a "Red expert".
1216:
Chen reports that the CCP selected "model citizens" from various walks of life, including laborers, peasants, women, and youth to popularize the attributes of the concept. From the virtues put forth in indoctrination and propaganda, and from the various "models" selected to promote desired behaviors,
1220:
The
Chinese notion of the "new man" was significantly influenced by its Soviet predecessor. In psychology, it was linked to Ivan Pavlov's theory of higher nervous activity and the method of conditioning, which were taken up by Chinese revolutionaries to promise the possibility of the "new man" to be
1212:
According to a 1969 thesis by
Theodore Chen, an important concept in thought reform is that of the "New Socialist Man", based on the idea that communist revolution is predicated on "new men with new minds, new ideas, new emotions, and new attitudes". Thus, before the new way of life can prevail, the
2488:
804:
1229:
The thought reform project on
Chinese intellectuals is indicative of the nationwide program, according to Lifton. The most intensive of the thought reform programs for intellectuals were conducted in "revolutionary colleges", set up all over China immediately after the
1171:" and engage in self-criticism. During the movement, many school curricula were restructured, with science and engineering adapting the Soviet models, while courses seen as "pseudo-bourgeois", such as sociology, political science, and economics, were abolished.
1213:
old must be abolished. In China both the old and new generations were to be remolded according to communist ideology, so the making and remaking of "new men" became a fundamental task of the communist revolution and the main aim of education.
1155:
called for teachers and college staff to "arm oneself with the thought of
Marxism–Leninism" and to "throw away the vulgar perspectives of individualism and liberalism, and the cultural thought of European-American
1166:
Intellectuals who studied overseas were forced to confess to their role as "implementers of the imperialist cultural invasion", while writers across the country were ordered to study Mao's lectures in the
2274:
588:
1234:. They were most active between 1948 and 1952, when they represented an ideological hard core for the entire thought reform movement, and an extreme model for reform efforts throughout the population.
2269:
2264:
2259:
583:
578:
573:
2121:
433:
2171:
483:
1907:
210:
2687:
2213:
525:
1073:
2438:
754:
2421:
2254:
1143:
737:
568:
2281:
595:
2463:
779:
2443:
1010:
759:
2495:
2483:
2478:
811:
799:
794:
2697:
1861:
162:
2370:
2189:
1589:
1490:
1446:
1413:
1326:
1287:
684:
501:
2605:
923:
2548:
866:
1358:
2426:
1279:
742:
2448:
1371:
1077:
764:
1897:
200:
2692:
2563:
2326:
1741:
881:
640:
2015:
320:
2343:
657:
2181:
1318:
1180:
493:
2355:
1581:
1363:
669:
2453:
1184:
769:
2375:
689:
2249:
1794:
1672:
1619:
1525:
1003:
563:
95:
2365:
2075:
1248:
679:
385:
17:
1769:
1482:
70:
1887:
190:
2468:
2385:
1231:
1207:
784:
699:
325:
2458:
2205:
2197:
1821:
774:
517:
509:
122:
2543:
2411:
2232:
2163:
1851:
1405:
1053:
996:
861:
727:
546:
475:
152:
2333:
1118:(思想工作, lit. "thought work"; also translated as thought-work or thoughtwork) "ideological education", with
1093:
647:
1856:
1670:
Lifton, Robert J. (November 1956). "Thought Reform of
Chinese Intellectuals: A Psychiatric Evaluation".
157:
2020:
1811:
1057:
330:
112:
1273:
2516:
2431:
2301:
2147:
1831:
1734:
1615:"Pavlovianism in China: Politics and differentiation across scientific disciplines in the Maoist era"
834:
747:
615:
459:
132:
2600:
2473:
2360:
2338:
2311:
2306:
1871:
1799:
1243:
918:
789:
674:
652:
625:
620:
172:
100:
2558:
2511:
2390:
2348:
2296:
2070:
1990:
1965:
1866:
1846:
1764:
1705:
1697:
1652:
1595:
1558:
1550:
1332:
1314:
The Great Wall of
Confinement: The Chinese Prison Camp through Contemporary Fiction and Reportage
1061:
876:
829:
704:
662:
610:
380:
295:
270:
167:
147:
65:
2588:
2291:
2155:
2005:
1784:
1689:
1644:
1614:
1585:
1542:
1486:
1452:
1442:
1419:
1409:
1377:
1367:
1322:
1293:
1283:
1269:
1191:
1151:
906:
605:
467:
310:
85:
2654:
2642:
2583:
2131:
2085:
1779:
1774:
1681:
1636:
1628:
1534:
1395:
1069:
1027:
972:
960:
901:
443:
395:
80:
75:
2666:
2395:
1935:
1902:
1841:
1727:
984:
709:
240:
205:
142:
34:
1836:
1168:
137:
2521:
2237:
2105:
2055:
2045:
2000:
1476:
1353:
1312:
1203:
839:
551:
415:
365:
355:
305:
2661:
979:
2681:
2380:
2321:
2050:
2010:
1960:
1826:
1709:
1656:
1562:
694:
635:
360:
315:
265:
127:
2630:
2416:
2090:
2080:
1955:
1950:
1336:
948:
732:
400:
390:
260:
255:
1399:
1275:
Thought Reform and the
Psychology of Totalism: A Study of "Brainwashing" in China
1142:
The
Thought Reform Movement first began in September 1951, following a speech by
2573:
2139:
2095:
1995:
1945:
1892:
1160:
1157:
1123:
1108:
1101:
891:
451:
405:
300:
250:
195:
2595:
2316:
2286:
2244:
2100:
2060:
2030:
2025:
1940:
1930:
1925:
1146:
913:
630:
600:
558:
410:
370:
340:
335:
245:
235:
230:
1693:
1648:
1632:
1546:
1456:
1423:
1297:
2531:
1985:
1980:
1816:
1804:
1789:
1381:
849:
290:
285:
117:
105:
90:
1599:
2578:
2568:
2526:
2065:
2040:
2035:
1975:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1401:
Marketing
Dictatorship: Propaganda and Thought Work in Contemporary China
896:
886:
844:
375:
350:
345:
280:
2649:
1578:
Creating the "New Man": From Enlightenment Ideals to Socialist Realities
967:
1701:
1640:
1554:
2553:
1970:
1750:
1065:
1035:
871:
275:
50:
42:
1685:
1187:
took ideological control of China's cultural and education systems.
1538:
1068:) from 1951 to 1952. Techniques employed included indoctrination, "
2537:
855:
1056:(CCP) to reform the thinking of Chinese citizens into accepting
1723:
1179:
The Thought Reform Movement ended by 1952 and merged with the
27:
1951–52 ideological campaign of the Chinese Communist Party
1719:
1523:
Chen, Theodore Hsi-en (1969). "The New Socialist Man".
1149:
calling for intellectuals to reform their thought. The
1092:(思想改造, lit. "thought reform") "ideological remolding"
18:
Thought reform in the People's Republic of China
2504:
2404:
2225:
2114:
1918:
1880:
1757:
2214:Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat
1130:"thought work" is a more inconspicuous term for
526:Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat
1439:Organizing Rural China, Rural China Organizing
1111:"transform; reform; remold; remake; correct".
1735:
1004:
8:
2489:International Conference of Marxist–Leninist
2422:National Democratic Front of the Philippines
1359:ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary
805:International Conference of Marxist–Leninist
738:National Democratic Front of the Philippines
2282:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
596:Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries
2439:Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist
1742:
1728:
1720:
1504:
1502:
1169:Talk at Yan'an Forum on Literature and Art
1104:) "thought; thinking; idea; ideology" and
1011:
997:
755:Communist Party of Turkey/Marxist–Leninist
29:
2172:On the Correct Handling of Contradictions
2122:Report on an Investigation of the Peasant
1478:Autocratic Tradition and Chinese Politics
484:On the Correct Handling of Contradictions
434:Report on an Investigation of the Peasant
2688:Campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party
2444:Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)
760:Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)
2484:Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan
2479:Revolutionary Internationalist Movement
1311:Williams, Philip F.; Wu, Yenna (2004).
1261:
800:Communist (Maoist) Party of Afghanistan
795:Revolutionary Internationalist Movement
41:
2417:Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path
733:Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path
2190:Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung
1437:Bislev, Ane; Thøgersen, Stig (2012).
1183:of 1951-1952. As a result, the CCP's
1126:) "work; job". In modern CCP usage,
1080:, and a variety of other techniques.
502:Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung
7:
2606:Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang
2464:Communist Party of Ecuador – Red Sun
1518:
1516:
1514:
1348:
1346:
924:Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang
780:Communist Party of Ecuador – Red Sun
2469:Serve the People – Communist League
785:Serve the People – Communist League
2427:Communist Party of the Philippines
1280:University of North Carolina Press
1175:Three-anti and Five-anti Campaigns
743:Communist Party of the Philippines
25:
2449:Communist Party of India (Maoist)
765:Communist Party of India (Maoist)
2660:
2648:
2636:
2624:
2327:Down to the Countryside Movement
978:
966:
954:
942:
641:Down to the Countryside Movement
49:
1441:. Lexington Books. p. 53.
1225:Thought reform of intellectuals
2496:International Communist League
2182:A Critique of Soviet Economics
2164:On the Ten Major Relationships
1319:University of California Press
1181:Three-anti/five-anti campaigns
1040:
812:International Communist League
494:A Critique of Soviet Economics
476:On the Ten Major Relationships
1:
2698:Political repression in China
2454:Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party
1185:Central Propaganda Department
770:Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party
2250:Chinese Communist Revolution
1795:Continuous revolution theory
1673:The Journal of Asian Studies
1526:Comparative Education Review
564:Chinese Communist Revolution
96:Continuous revolution theory
2564:National Democracy Movement
2366:Maoist insurgency in Turkey
2356:New People's Army rebellion
1613:Gao, Zhipeng (March 2015).
1582:University of Hawai'i Press
1364:University of Hawai'i Press
1249:Engineers of the human soul
882:National Democracy Movement
680:Maoist insurgency in Turkey
670:New People's Army rebellion
2714:
2344:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
2255:People's Republic of China
1770:Antagonistic contradiction
1483:Cambridge University Press
1201:
658:Naxalite–Maoist insurgency
569:People's Republic of China
71:Antagonistic contradiction
2619:
2549:Mao's cult of personality
2491:Parties and Organizations
2386:Internal conflict in Peru
1208:New Man (utopian concept)
1031:
867:Mao's cult of personality
807:Parties and Organizations
700:Internal conflict in Peru
2459:Communist Party of Burma
2376:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
2371:Death and funeral of Mao
2206:Bombard the Headquarters
2198:Historic Eight Documents
1822:Newborn socialist things
1633:10.1177/0073275314567436
1576:Cheng, Yinghong (2009).
1406:Rowman & Littlefield
1052:, was a campaign of the
775:Communist Party of Burma
690:Cambodian–Vietnamese War
685:Death and funeral of Mao
518:Bombard the Headquarters
510:Historic Eight Documents
123:Newborn socialist things
2693:Maoist China propaganda
2611:Thought reform in China
2544:Left communism in China
2412:Chinese Communist Party
2233:Chinese Soviet Republic
1898:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
1852:Revolutionary base area
1054:Chinese Communist Party
1024:Thought reform in China
929:Thought reform in China
862:Left communism in China
728:Chinese Communist Party
547:Chinese Soviet Republic
201:Marxism–Leninism–Maoism
153:Revolutionary base area
2334:New Communist movement
1508:Lifton (1962), p. 4-5.
1475:Fu, Zhengyuan (1993).
648:New Communist movement
2071:Muppala Lakshmana Rao
1888:Maoism–Third Worldism
1857:Seek truth from facts
1202:Further information:
1046:ideological remolding
381:Muppala Lakshmana Rao
191:Maoism–Third Worldism
158:Seek truth from facts
2655:Socialism portal
2643:Communism portal
2517:Big-character poster
2302:Black Power movement
2148:On Guerrilla Warfare
1832:One Divides into Two
1232:communist revolution
973:Socialism portal
961:Communism portal
835:Big-character poster
616:Black Power movement
460:On Guerrilla Warfare
133:One Divides into Two
2667:Politics portal
2601:Red Star Over China
2474:Black Panther Party
2361:Sino-Albanian split
2339:Cambodian Civil War
2312:16 May Notification
2307:Cultural Revolution
1872:Three Worlds Theory
1800:Cultural Revolution
1337:10.1525/j.ctt1pnrnr
1251:, Stalinist concept
1244:Cultural Revolution
1198:"New Socialist Man"
985:Politics portal
919:Red Star Over China
790:Black Panther Party
675:Sino-Albanian split
653:Cambodian Civil War
626:16 May Notification
621:Cultural Revolution
173:Three Worlds Theory
101:Cultural Revolution
2559:National communism
2512:Anarchism in China
2391:Nepalese Civil War
2349:Naxalbari uprising
2297:Great Leap Forward
2021:İbrahim Kaypakkaya
1991:Pushpa Kamal Dahal
1966:Charles Bettelheim
1867:Social imperialism
1847:Proletarian nation
1765:Agrarian socialism
1620:History of Science
1270:Lifton, Robert Jay
1134:"thought reform".
1062:Mao Zedong Thought
1050:ideological reform
877:National communism
830:Anarchism in China
705:Nepalese Civil War
663:Naxalbari uprising
611:Great Leap Forward
331:İbrahim Kaypakkaya
296:Pushpa Kamal Dahal
271:Charles Bettelheim
168:Social imperialism
148:Proletarian nation
66:Agrarian socialism
2675:
2674:
2432:New People's Army
2292:Sino-Soviet split
2156:On Protracted War
2124:Movement in Hunan
2115:Theoretical works
1785:Capitalist roader
1591:978-0-8248-3074-8
1492:978-0-521-44228-2
1448:978-0-7391-7009-0
1415:978-0-7425-4057-6
1396:Brady, Anne-Marie
1328:978-0-520-22779-8
1289:978-0-8078-8288-7
1192:Robert Jay Lifton
1114:The related term
1088:The Chinese term
1070:struggle sessions
1044:), also known as
1021:
1020:
748:New People's Army
606:Sino-Soviet split
468:On Protracted War
436:Movement in Hunan
428:Theoretical works
86:Capitalist roader
16:(Redirected from
2705:
2665:
2664:
2653:
2652:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2631:China portal
2629:
2628:
2627:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2174:Among the People
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2132:On Contradiction
2128:
2086:Jose Maria Sison
1812:Marxism–Leninism
1780:Anti-revisionism
1775:Anti-imperialism
1744:
1737:
1730:
1721:
1714:
1713:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1520:
1509:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1472:
1461:
1460:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1266:
1076:, criticism and
1058:Marxism–Leninism
1042:
1033:
1013:
1006:
999:
983:
982:
971:
970:
959:
958:
957:
949:China portal
947:
946:
945:
530:
522:
514:
506:
498:
490:
486:Among the People
480:
472:
464:
456:
448:
444:On Contradiction
440:
396:Jose Maria Sison
113:Marxism–Leninism
81:Anti-revisionism
76:Anti-imperialism
53:
30:
21:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2637:
2635:
2625:
2623:
2615:
2500:
2490:
2400:
2396:Chongqing model
2221:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2123:
2110:
1936:Louis Althusser
1914:
1903:Gonzalo Thought
1876:
1842:Probable defeat
1753:
1748:
1718:
1717:
1686:10.2307/2941547
1669:
1668:
1664:
1612:
1611:
1607:
1592:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1522:
1521:
1512:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1474:
1473:
1464:
1449:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1416:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1374:
1354:DeFrancis, John
1352:
1351:
1344:
1329:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1290:
1278:. Chapel Hill:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1240:
1227:
1210:
1200:
1177:
1140:
1128:sīxiǎng gōngzuò
1116:sīxiǎng gōngzuò
1086:
1017:
977:
965:
955:
953:
943:
941:
934:
933:
825:
817:
816:
806:
723:
715:
714:
710:Chongqing model
542:
534:
533:
528:
520:
512:
504:
496:
488:
485:
478:
470:
462:
454:
446:
438:
435:
429:
421:
420:
241:Louis Althusser
226:
218:
217:
206:Gonzalo Thought
186:
178:
177:
143:Probable defeat
61:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2711:
2709:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2657:
2645:
2633:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2522:Feudal fascism
2519:
2514:
2508:
2506:
2505:Related topics
2502:
2501:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2238:Jiangxi Soviet
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
2179:
2169:
2161:
2153:
2145:
2137:
2129:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2106:Zhang Chunqiao
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2076:Narayan Sanyal
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2056:Huey P. Newton
2053:
2048:
2046:Charu Majumdar
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2006:Abimael Guzmán
2003:
2001:Norm Gallagher
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1908:Prachanda Path
1905:
1895:
1890:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1862:Self-criticism
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1715:
1662:
1605:
1590:
1568:
1539:10.1086/445389
1510:
1498:
1491:
1462:
1447:
1429:
1414:
1387:
1372:
1342:
1327:
1317:(1 ed.).
1303:
1288:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1226:
1223:
1204:New Soviet man
1199:
1196:
1176:
1173:
1152:People's Daily
1139:
1136:
1132:sīxiǎng gǎizào
1090:sīxiǎng gǎizào
1085:
1082:
1078:self-criticism
1041:sīxiǎng gǎizào
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1001:
993:
990:
989:
988:
987:
975:
963:
951:
936:
935:
932:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
910:
909:
904:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
852:
847:
842:
840:Feudal fascism
837:
832:
826:
824:Related topics
823:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
809:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
751:
750:
745:
735:
730:
724:
721:
720:
717:
716:
713:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
666:
665:
655:
650:
645:
644:
643:
638:
633:
628:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
592:
591:
586:
581:
576:
566:
561:
556:
555:
554:
552:Jiangxi Soviet
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
532:
531:
523:
515:
507:
499:
491:
481:
473:
465:
457:
449:
441:
430:
427:
426:
423:
422:
419:
418:
416:Zhang Chunqiao
413:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
386:Narayan Sanyal
383:
378:
373:
368:
366:Huey P. Newton
363:
358:
356:Charu Majumdar
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
326:George Jackson
323:
318:
313:
311:Abimael Guzmán
308:
306:Norm Gallagher
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
227:
224:
223:
220:
219:
216:
215:
214:
213:
211:Prachanda Path
208:
198:
193:
187:
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
170:
165:
163:Self-criticism
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
109:
108:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
62:
59:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2710:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2634:
2632:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:Organizations
2403:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2381:Two Whatevers
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2322:January Storm
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2199:
2196:
2191:
2188:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2051:Pierre Mulele
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:Harry Haywood
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:Afzal Bangash
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:New Democracy
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1731:
1726:
1725:
1722:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1609:
1606:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1391:
1388:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1373:0-8248-2766-X
1369:
1365:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1321:. p. 6.
1320:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1190:According to
1188:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1148:
1145:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1029:
1025:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1000:
995:
994:
992:
991:
986:
981:
976:
974:
969:
964:
962:
952:
950:
940:
939:
938:
937:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
857:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
827:
821:
820:
813:
810:
808:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
749:
746:
744:
741:
740:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
722:Organizations
719:
718:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
695:Two Whatevers
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
664:
661:
660:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
642:
639:
637:
636:January Storm
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
623:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
553:
550:
549:
548:
545:
544:
538:
537:
527:
524:
519:
516:
511:
508:
503:
500:
495:
492:
487:
482:
477:
474:
469:
466:
461:
458:
453:
450:
445:
442:
437:
432:
431:
425:
424:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
362:
361:Pierre Mulele
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
332:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
316:Harry Haywood
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
289:
287:
284:
282:
279:
277:
274:
272:
269:
267:
266:Afzal Bangash
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
222:
221:
212:
209:
207:
204:
203:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
188:
182:
181:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
128:New Democracy
126:
124:
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
63:
57:
56:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
2610:
2536:
2275:2002–present
2091:Wang Hongwen
2081:Siraj Sikder
1956:Mohan Baidya
1951:Alain Badiou
1837:People's war
1680:(1): 75–88.
1677:
1671:
1665:
1627:(1): 57–85.
1624:
1618:
1608:
1577:
1571:
1533:(1): 88–95.
1530:
1524:
1477:
1438:
1432:
1400:
1390:
1362:. Honolulu:
1357:
1313:
1306:
1274:
1264:
1228:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1189:
1178:
1165:
1150:
1141:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1087:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1023:
1022:
928:
854:
589:2002–present
401:Wang Hongwen
391:Siraj Sikder
261:Mohan Baidya
256:Alain Badiou
138:People's war
2574:Nazi-Maoism
2201:(1965—1966)
2140:On Practice
2096:Yao Wenyuan
1996:Saroj Dutta
1946:Bob Avakian
1893:Mao-spontex
1641:10315/33009
1600:j.ctt6wqzq7
1161:bourgeoisie
1158:reactionary
1084:Terminology
892:Nazi-Maoism
513:(1965—1966)
452:On Practice
406:Yao Wenyuan
301:Saroj Dutta
251:Bob Avakian
196:Mao-spontex
2682:Categories
2596:Red Guards
2317:Red August
2287:Korean War
2245:Long March
2101:Akram Yari
2061:Nie Yuanzi
2031:Kang Sheng
2026:Jiang Qing
1941:Samir Amin
1931:Faiz Ahmad
1926:Mao Zedong
1256:References
1147:Zhou Enlai
1096:the words
1074:propaganda
914:Red Guards
631:Red August
601:Korean War
559:Long March
411:Akram Yari
371:Nie Yuanzi
341:Kang Sheng
336:Jiang Qing
246:Samir Amin
236:Faiz Ahmad
231:Mao Zedong
2532:Guevarism
2270:1989–2002
2265:1976–1989
2260:1949–1976
1986:Chin Peng
1981:Chen Boda
1817:Mass line
1805:Four Olds
1790:Comprador
1710:144589833
1694:0021-9118
1657:146989176
1649:0073-2753
1563:145116780
1547:0010-4086
1457:802495081
1424:968245349
1298:769189698
1221:created.
1094:compounds
850:Guevarism
584:1989–2002
579:1976–1989
574:1949–1976
291:Chin Peng
286:Chen Boda
118:Mass line
106:Four Olds
91:Comprador
2589:Japanese
2579:New Left
2569:Naxalite
2527:Hoxhaism
2066:Qi Benyu
2041:Lin Biao
2036:Li Minqi
2016:Ted Hill
1976:Bo Xilai
1881:Variants
1758:Concepts
1398:(2008).
1382:51607147
1356:(2003).
1272:(1953).
1238:See also
907:Japanese
897:New Left
887:Naxalite
845:Hoxhaism
376:Qi Benyu
351:Lin Biao
346:Li Minqi
321:Ted Hill
281:Bo Xilai
185:Variants
60:Concepts
35:a series
33:Part of
2584:Chinese
2226:History
1702:2941547
1555:1186949
1144:premier
1138:History
1120:gōngzuò
1098:sīxiǎng
1028:Chinese
902:Chinese
541:History
2554:Nanjie
2217:(1983)
2209:(1966)
2193:(1964)
2185:(1960)
2177:(1957)
2167:(1956)
2159:(1938)
2151:(1937)
2143:(1937)
2135:(1937)
2127:(1927)
1971:Biplav
1919:People
1751:Maoism
1708:
1700:
1692:
1655:
1647:
1598:
1588:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1489:
1455:
1445:
1422:
1412:
1380:
1370:
1335:
1325:
1296:
1286:
1106:gǎizào
1066:Maoism
1038::
1036:pinyin
1030::
872:Nanjie
529:(1983)
521:(1966)
505:(1964)
497:(1960)
489:(1957)
479:(1956)
471:(1938)
463:(1937)
455:(1937)
447:(1937)
439:(1927)
276:Biplav
225:People
43:Maoism
2538:Juche
1706:S2CID
1698:JSTOR
1653:S2CID
1596:JSTOR
1559:S2CID
1551:JSTOR
1333:JSTOR
856:Juche
1690:ISSN
1645:ISSN
1586:ISBN
1543:ISSN
1487:ISBN
1453:OCLC
1443:ISBN
1420:OCLC
1410:ISBN
1378:OCLC
1368:ISBN
1323:ISBN
1294:OCLC
1284:ISBN
1206:and
1060:and
1032:思想改造
1682:doi
1637:hdl
1629:doi
1535:doi
1163:".
1072:",
1048:or
2684::
1704:.
1696:.
1688:.
1678:16
1676:.
1651:.
1643:.
1635:.
1625:53
1623:.
1617:.
1594:.
1584:.
1580:.
1557:.
1549:.
1541:.
1531:13
1529:.
1513:^
1501:^
1485:.
1481:.
1465:^
1451:.
1418:.
1408:.
1404:.
1376:.
1366:.
1345:^
1331:.
1292:.
1282:.
1124:工作
1109:改造
1102:思想
1034:;
37:on
1743:e
1736:t
1729:v
1712:.
1684::
1659:.
1639::
1631::
1602:.
1565:.
1537::
1495:.
1459:.
1426:.
1384:.
1339:.
1300:.
1167:"
1122:(
1100:(
1064:(
1026:(
1012:e
1005:t
998:v
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
