332:
1560:
214:
The
Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex thus developed natively in the North Pontic region over the course of the 9th to mid-7th centuries BC from elements which had earlier arrived from Central Asia, due to which it itself exhibited similarities with the other early nomadic cultures of the Eurasian
113:
The arrival of the
Central Asian formative element of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex in Europe was thus part of the larger process of westwards movement of Central Asian Iranic nomads towards South-East and Central Europe which lasted from the 1st millennium BC to the 1st millennium AD, and
152:
to become nomadic pastoralists, so that by the 9th century BC all the steppe settlements of the sedentary Bronze Age populations had disappeared, and therefore led to the development of population mobility and the formation of warrior units necessary to protect herds and take over new areas. These
366:
The peoples of the
Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex shared a common culture and origin with the Scythians and lived an equestrian nomadic pastoralist way of life similar to that of the Scythians, which is reflected by how West Asian sources mentioned Cimmerian arrows, bows and horse equipment,
232:
Thanks to their development of highly mobile mounted nomadic pastoralism and the creation of effective weapons suited to equestrian warfare, all based on equestrianism, these nomads from the Pontic-Caspian
Steppes were able to gradually infiltrate into Central and Southeast Europe and therefore
350:
The characteristic objects of the
Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex are Kabardino-Pyatigorsk daggers, Ciscaucasian horse-bits, specific arrowhead shapes, and less specific spearheads. Many decorative parts of horse harnesses and personal ornaments are rare in the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk
168:
The
Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex thus developed natively in the North Pontic region over the course of the 9th to mid-7th centuries BC from elements which had earlier arrived from Central Asia. Therefore, three main cultural influences are contributed to the development of the
347:, so that these various pre-Scythian early nomadic cultures were thus part of a unified Aržan-Chernogorovka cultural layer originating from Central Asia, with the early Scythian culture being materially indistinguishable from the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex.
199:
cultures from
Central Asia and Siberia is visible in the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex; of Inner Asian origin were especially dagger and arrowhead types, horse gear such as bits with stirrup-shaped terminals, deer stone-like carved stelae and Animal Style
342:
Due to the
Central Asian contribution in its formation, the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex exhibited similarities with the other early nomadic cultures of the Eurasian steppe and forest-steppe which existed before the 7th century BC, such as the
308:
The arrival of the
Scythians and their establishment in this region in the 7th century BC corresponded to a disturbance of the development of Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex, which was thus replaced through a continuous process over the course of
410:) from Homer's Odyssey might have been a reference to Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk peoples such as the Cimmerians, who had this lifestyle in common with the Scythians, as attested by Hesiod's description of the Scythians as living in the same way.
1431:
1326:
1519:
299:
Another direction of expansion of the Arzhan-Chernogorovka cultural layer was represented by the movements of the
Cimmerians and Scythians to the south of the Caucasus into West Asia during the 8th to 7th centuries BC.
164:
The archaeological and historical records regarding the migrations which formed the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex are however scarce and permit to sketch only a very broad outline of this complex development.
207:
of Ciscaucasia also played an important contribution in the development of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex, especially regarding the adoption of Kuban culture-types of mace heads and bimetallic
418:
The Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex covered a wide territory ranging from Central Europe and the Pannonian Plain in the west to Caucasia in the east, including present-day Southern Russia.
291:
of Central Europe: among these influences was the adoption of trousers, which were not used by the native populations of Central Europe before the arrival of the Central Asian steppe nomads.
173:
present in the development of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex is a strong impact of the native Belozerka culture, especially in the form of pottery styles and burial traditions;
457:
Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk type remains found in the eastern parts of Central Europe, especially in Transylvania and on the Hungarian Plain were previously designated as "
1601:
1174:
1630:
283:
In the 8th century BC, a part of the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex expanded into the Pannonian Steppe, where it contributed to the formation of the
219:, so that these various pre-Scythian early nomadic cultures were thus part of a unified Aržan-Chernogorovka cultural layer originating from Central Asia.
1625:
1620:
98:
The Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex originated in the first wave of nomadic populations who originated in the parts of Central Asia corresponding to
1036:
Adalı, Selim Ferruh (2017). "Cimmerians and the Scythians: the Impact of Nomadic Powers on the Assyrian Empire and the Ancient Near East". In
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by the early Scythian culture in southern Europe, which itself nevertheless still showed links to the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex.
1655:
157:
pastoralists constantly moving their herds from one pasture to another in the steppe, and to search for better pastures to the west, in
1640:
1541:
1224:
1042:
Eurasian Empires in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages Contact and Exchange between the Graeco- Roman World, Inner Asia and China
38:, is an archaeological complex associated with the first steppe nomads of ancient eastern and central Europe, especially with the
1587:
903:"Arzhan 2 : la tombe d'un prince scythe en Sibérie du Sud. Rapport préliminaire des fouilles russo-allemandes de 2000-2002"
1465:
352:
138:
106:, and who had, beginning in the 10th century BC and lasting until the 9th to 8th centuries BC, migrated westwards into the
1489:
1469:
400:
380:
1100:(2001). "Cimmerians and Early Scythians: the Transition from Geometric to Orientalising Style in the Pontic Area". In
1501:
1300:
1049:
426:
The Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex corresponds to tribal confederations of Iranic equestrian nomads such as:
273:
107:
1486:
The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries B.C
110:
regions, where they formed new tribal confederations which constituted the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex.
268:
in the east. The Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex thus covered the area ranging from Central Europe and the
1248:
1528:
1211:
1147:
1079:
358:
The transition from the Chernogorovka to Novocherkassk phases was marked by a change of horse gear styles.
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bronze artifacts: horsebit with horseshoe shape, decorative pole cover and daggers, circa 800 BCE.
1461:
103:
287:. This in turn allowed the Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex itself to strongly influence the
148:
to become cooler and drier than before. These changes caused the sedentary mixed farmers of the
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1505:
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1377:
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1151:
1121:
1083:
1053:
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134:
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1545:
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1245:
The Art of the Scythians: The Interpenetration of Cultures at the Edge of the Hellenic World
1228:
1202:
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914:
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216:
184:
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461:" due to their then identification with possible westwards migrations of the Cimmerians.
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1393:"Remarks on the Presence of Iranian Peoples in Europe and Their Asiatic Relations"
331:
17:
1567:
1282:
1256:
1113:
1067:
248:
phases of the complex are spread across a large area ranging from north-eastern
1426:
Petrenko, Vladimir G. (1995). "1. Scythian Culture in the North Caucasus". In
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438:
215:
steppe and forest steppe which existed before the 7th century BC, such as the
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123:
39:
1097:
1493:
1292:
1045:
918:
431:
115:
1404:
1369:
1358:"The Cimmerian Problem Re-Examined: the Evidence of the Classical Sources"
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355:
were used for rituals, and Maltese crosses had a religious significance.
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142:
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1143:
1109:
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Chugunov, Konstantin; Nagler, Anatoli; Parzinger, Hermann (2004).
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to which also later participated other Iranic nomads such as the
233:
expand deep into this region over a very long period of time.
699:
697:
695:
50:
The Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex covered two phases:
1072:
Rome and the Nomads: The Pontic-Danubian Realm in Antiquity
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541:
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1040:; Vervaet, Frederik Juliaan; Adalı, Selim Ferruh (eds.).
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870:
1106:
North Pontic Archaeology: Recent Discoveries and Studies
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498:
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731:
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climatic conditions in turn led nomadic groups become
141:
which caused the environment in the Central Asian and
1436:
Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age
1331:
Nomads of the Eurasian Steppes in the Early Iron Age
236:
Graves of both the Chernogorovka (Chornohorivka, in
1321:(1995). "2. Scythians of Southeastern Europe". In
161:and the forest steppe regions of western Eurasia.
203:in addition to this Central Asian influence, the
176:the two other influences were of foreign origin:
1018:
1006:
647:
1595:
1175:Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia
179:attesting of the Inner Asian origin from the
8:
1170:"The Current State of the Cimmerian Problem"
1281:(1990). "The Scythians and Sarmatians". In
1140:The Scythians: Nomad Warriors of the Steppe
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504:
1288:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
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1366:Collectanea Celto-Asiatica Cracoviensia
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187:, a strong material influence from the
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943:
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34:, sometimes conventionally called the
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931:
169:Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex:
7:
1556:
1554:
367:which are typical of steppe nomads.
183:accompanied by connections with the
32:Chernogorovka-Novocherkassk complex
1631:Archaeological cultures in Ukraine
1574:. You can help Knowledge (XXG) by
25:
1626:Archaeological cultures in Russia
1621:Archaeological cultures of Europe
1558:
256:in the west through Ukraine and
1542:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
1341:: Zinat Press. pp. 27–61.
1225:Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
1446:: Zinat Press. pp. 5–25.
70:the Novocherkassk phase, from
54:the Chernogorovka phase, from
1:
1490:The Cambridge Ancient History
1391:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000b).
1356:Olbrycht, Marek Jan (2000a).
317:
310:
133:itself happened in the early
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71:
62:
55:
1468:(1991). "The Scythians". In
1019:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
1007:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
648:Sulimirski & Taylor 1991
406:
386:
1636:Iron Age cultures of Europe
1484:; Walker, C. B. F. (eds.).
1672:
1656:European archaeology stubs
1553:
1502:Cambridge University Press
1301:Cambridge University Press
1249:Handbuch der Orientalistik
1050:Cambridge University Press
395:
375:
370:Thus, the "mare-milkers" (
1641:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
1566:This article relating to
1430:; Bashilov, Vladimir A.;
1325:; Bashilov, Vladimir A.;
1243:Jacobson, Esther (1995).
1188:10.1163/15700570152758043
351:complex, while open-work
129:The formation of genuine
453:Thraco-Cimmerian culture
448:in the Pannonian Steppe.
390:) and "milk consumers" (
1428:Davis-Kimball, Jeannine
1399:; Fear, Andrew (eds.).
1364:; Fear, Andrew (eds.).
1323:Davis-Kimball, Jeannine
1148:Oxford University Press
1080:Oxford University Press
919:10.3406/arasi.2004.1513
441:in the Caspian Steppe,
339:
27:Archaeological complex
1520:Tokhtas’ev, Sergei R.
1409:Księgarnia Akademicka
1374:Księgarnia Akademicka
434:in the Pontic Steppe;
334:
108:Pontic-Caspian Steppe
1529:Encyclopædia Iranica
1504:. pp. 547–590.
1432:Yablonsky, Leonid T.
1411:. pp. 101–140.
1397:Pstrusińska, Jadwiga
1362:Pstrusińska, Jadwiga
1327:Yablonsky, Leonid T.
1212:Encyclopædia Iranica
278:Ciscaucasian Steppes
1462:Sulimirski, Tadeusz
1376:. pp. 71–100.
1303:. pp. 97–117.
272:in the west to the
131:nomadic pastoralism
1319:Melyukova, Anna I.
1120:. pp. 33–44.
1102:Tsetskhladze, G.R.
1052:. pp. 60–82.
750:, p. 103-104.
611:, p. 104-106.
599:, p. 112-113.
340:
266:Volga-Kama regions
104:Altai-Sayan region
100:eastern Kazakhstan
1583:
1582:
1511:978-1-139-05429-4
1478:Hammond, N. G. L.
1474:Edwards, I. E. S.
1453:978-1-885979-00-1
1418:978-8-371-88337-8
1383:978-8-371-88337-8
1348:978-1-885979-00-1
1310:978-0-521-24304-9
1270:978-9-004-09856-5
1203:Ivantchik, Askold
1166:Ivantchik, Askold
1157:978-0-198-82012-3
1127:978-9-004-12041-9
1089:978-0-198-14936-1
1059:978-1-107-19041-2
444:and possibly the
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384:
289:Hallstatt culture
135:1st millennium BC
36:Cimmerian culture
18:Thraco-Cimmerians
16:(Redirected from
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1182:(3): 307–339.
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862:Melyukova 1990
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825:
823:, p. 105.
821:Olbrycht 2000b
808:
806:, p. 108.
796:
794:, p. 103.
792:Olbrycht 2000b
779:
767:
765:, p. 104.
752:
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691:
689:, p. 111.
679:
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663:Melyukova 1995
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635:, p. 101.
633:Olbrycht 2000b
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623:, p. 105.
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573:Olbrycht 2000b
558:
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554:Olbrycht 2000b
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490:Ivantchik 2001
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478:Olbrycht 2000a
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1015:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1000:
996:
991:
988:
985:, p. 43.
984:
979:
976:
973:, p. 93.
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
956:Cunliffe 2019
952:
949:
945:
940:
937:
934:, p. 61.
933:
928:
925:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
894:
890:
885:
882:
879:, p. 36.
878:
877:Jacobson 1995
873:
871:
867:
864:, p. 98.
863:
858:
856:
854:
850:
847:, p. 37.
846:
845:Jacobson 1995
841:
838:
834:
833:Cunliffe 2019
829:
826:
822:
817:
815:
813:
809:
805:
804:Cunliffe 2019
800:
797:
793:
788:
786:
784:
780:
776:
771:
768:
764:
763:Cunliffe 2019
759:
757:
753:
749:
748:Cunliffe 2019
744:
741:
738:, p. 36.
737:
732:
730:
726:
723:, p. 34.
722:
717:
715:
713:
709:
705:
704:Jacobson 1995
700:
698:
696:
692:
688:
687:Cunliffe 2019
683:
680:
676:
675:Petrenko 1995
671:
668:
665:, p. 27.
664:
659:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
629:
626:
622:
621:Cunliffe 2019
617:
614:
610:
609:Cunliffe 2019
605:
602:
598:
597:Cunliffe 2019
593:
590:
586:
585:Cunliffe 2019
581:
578:
574:
569:
567:
565:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
546:
544:
542:
540:
538:
534:
530:
529:Cunliffe 2019
525:
522:
519:, p. 33.
518:
513:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
491:
486:
483:
480:, p. 94.
479:
474:
471:
464:
462:
460:
452:
447:
443:
440:
436:
433:
429:
428:
427:
421:
419:
413:
411:
408:
407:galaktophagoi
402:
393:
392:Ancient Greek
388:
382:
373:
372:Ancient Greek
368:
361:
359:
356:
354:
348:
346:
345:Aržan culture
337:
333:
326:
324:
321: 600 BC
303:
301:
294:
292:
290:
286:
281:
280:in the east.
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:Novocherkassk
243:
239:
234:
227:
222:
220:
218:
217:Aržan culture
206:
205:Kuban culture
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:
175:
172:
171:
170:
166:
162:
160:
156:
151:
147:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
111:
109:
105:
101:
93:
88:
82: 650 BC
69:
66: 750 BC
53:
52:
51:
45:
43:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1576:expanding it
1565:
1527:
1524:"Cimmerians"
1485:
1435:
1400:
1365:
1330:
1287:
1283:Sinor, Denis
1244:
1232:. Retrieved
1210:
1191:. Retrieved
1179:
1173:
1139:
1105:
1071:
1068:Batty, Roger
1041:
1014:
1002:
990:
978:
951:
939:
927:
910:
906:
896:
884:
840:
828:
799:
770:
743:
682:
677:, p. 5.
670:
628:
616:
604:
592:
580:
524:
512:
485:
473:
458:
456:
425:
417:
414:Distribution
396:γαλακτοφαγοι
369:
365:
357:
349:
341:
307:
298:
295:In West Asia
282:
235:
231:
213:
167:
163:
128:
120:Sauromatians
112:
97:
49:
35:
31:
29:
1568:archaeology
1257:Netherlands
1207:"Scythians"
1114:Netherlands
1098:Bouzek, Jan
983:Bouzek 2001
944:Bouzek 2001
913:(1): 5–29.
775:Bouzek 2001
736:Bouzek 2001
721:Bouzek 2001
517:Bouzek 2001
387:hippēmolgoi
159:Ciscaucasia
155:transhumant
1646:Cimmerians
1615:Categories
995:Batty 2007
932:Adalı 2017
465:References
439:Cimmerians
376:ιππημολγοι
362:Population
314: 750
150:Bronze Age
124:Sarmatians
75: 750
59: 900
40:Cimmerians
1494:Cambridge
1293:Cambridge
1193:17 August
1046:Cambridge
432:Agathyrsi
401:romanized
381:romanized
228:In Europe
116:Scythians
1522:(1991).
1440:Berkeley
1434:(eds.).
1335:Berkeley
1329:(eds.).
1234:8 August
1205:(2018).
1168:(2001).
1138:(2019).
1070:(2007).
446:Sigynnae
336:Arzhan I
254:Moldavia
250:Bulgaria
208:daggers.
143:Siberian
1285:(ed.).
1104:(ed.).
1029:Sources
403::
383::
353:rattles
242:Ukraine
238:Siversk
197:Karasuk
146:steppes
137:due to
102:or the
94:Origins
89:History
1508:
1450:
1415:
1405:Kraków
1380:
1370:Kraków
1345:
1307:
1267:
1253:Leiden
1154:
1144:Oxford
1124:
1110:Leiden
1086:
1076:Oxford
1056:
274:Pontic
258:Crimea
244:) and
223:Spread
193:Arzhan
122:, and
46:Phases
1395:. In
1360:. In
262:Kuban
189:Altai
1572:stub
1506:ISBN
1448:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1378:ISBN
1343:ISBN
1305:ISBN
1265:ISBN
1236:2022
1195:2022
1152:ISBN
1122:ISBN
1084:ISBN
1054:ISBN
437:the
430:the
276:and
264:and
252:and
200:art;
195:and
30:The
1184:doi
915:doi
316:to
304:End
77:to
61:to
1617::
1544:;
1540::
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1500::
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1488:.
1480:;
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1048::
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318:c.
311:c.
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1603:e
1596:t
1589:v
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1456:.
1421:.
1386:.
1351:.
1313:.
1273:.
1238:.
1197:.
1186::
1180:7
1160:.
1130:.
1092:.
1062:.
921:.
917::
891:.
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20:)
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