2826: (CA9 Cal 1969) ("One purpose of the statute may have been to prevent assaults upon the President. Another purpose may have been to prevent statements that would have the effect of inciting others to assault the President. The statute seems to be designed to prevent a further mischief or evil, for if Congress desired to prevent an actual assault upon the President, then it could have drafted the statute to make it a crime to assault, attempt to assault, or conspire to assault the President. There would have been no need to direct the statute to threats. Similarly, if Congress desired to prevent incitement of others to assault the President, then it could have limited the statute to make it a crime to incite or induce others to assault or attempt to assault the President. Thus, it appears that the statute was designed in part to prevent an evil other than assaults upon the President or incitement to assault the President. It is our view that the other evil is the detrimental effect upon Presidential activity and movement that may result simply from a threat upon the President's life.").
3299: (CA5 La 1974) ("The District Court's instructions on the law are literally in accord with the precedents of the majority of Circuits which have construed the statute. See, e. g., Roy v. United States, 9 Cir., 1969, 416 F.2d 874. And in approving them we reject appellant's importunities that we adopt the holding of United States v. Patillo, 4 Cir. (en banc), 1971, 438 F.2d 13, affirming 431 F.2d 293 to the effect that "where * * * a true threat against the person of the President is uttered without communication to the President intended, the threat can form a basis for conviction under the terms of Section 871(a) only if made with the present intention to do injury to the President." (Emphasis added). We decline to do so and instead follow the great majority of the Circuits which have held that it is not necessary to prove an intention to carry out the threat under Sec. 871(a).").
3367: (CA4 Va 2004) ("Finally, the threat is not conditional in the same manner as the threat in Watts. Watts involved a threat made "expressly conditional" on being drafted into the United States military. Watts, 394 U.S. at 708, 89 S.Ct. 1399. Miss Lockhart's threat, while grammatically conditionalâit begins with the phrase "f George Bush refuses to see the truth and uphold the Constitution"âdoes not indicate what events or circumstances would prevent the threat from being carried out beyond the broad statement that the President must "see the truth" and "uphold the Constitution." Likewise, Miss Lockhart did not say or do anything upon giving the letter to the Food Lion manager that would indicate the threat was intended to be conditional. Thus, in the context in which it was delivered, the threat was not "expressly conditional" in nature as that term is described in Watts.").
2097:, 692 (DC Del 1918) ("Whatever prior to the passage of the act may have been the essential nature of a criminally punishable threat or its technical significance or description, that act recognizes as punishable an oral as well as a written threat, though not communicated or intended to be communicated to the President. The question whether the threat has a tendency to cause action or non-action on his part is wholly foreign to any proper consideration of a given case. The vital inquiry under the act is whether the threat is of such a nature as to create or tend to create sedition or disloyalty, or to stir up violence toward or resistance to the lawful authority of the President, as commander-in-chief of the army and navy, or as chief executive of the nation.").
2878: (CA6 Ky 1988) ("We believe the threats made in the letters sent to the President were of a nature that a reasonable person would foresee that the receiver of the letters would perceive them to be a serious intention to inflict bodily harm upon or take the life of the President. If the appellant's argument were accepted, no prisoner could be convicted under this statute, since his argument seems to be premised on the idea that prisoners are incapable of carrying out threats, therefore, no reasonable person could consider such a threat to be a true threat. This premise is faulty. See United States v. Leaverton, 835 F.2d 254 (10th Cir.1987) (inmates convicted for sending simulated mail bomb to Senator Robert Dole).").
3223: (CA6 Tenn 1972) ("By inserting the words knowingly and willfully in the statute Congress was referring to the intentional nature of the threat. The words knowingly and willfully were intended to signify that the defendant at the time of making the threat charged against him knew what he was doing and with that knowledge proceeded in violation of the law to make it. Thus, a threat is knowingly made if the maker of it comprehends the meaning of the words uttered by him and it is willfully made if in addition to comprehending the meaning of the words the maker voluntarily and intentionally utters them as the declaration of an apparent determination to carry them into execution.").
1444:
can apply if the offender evidenced an intent to carry out the threat (6-level enhancement); made more than two threats (2-level enhancement); caused substantial disruption of public, governmental, or business functions or services (4-level enhancement); or created a substantial risk of inciting others to harm federal officials (2-level enhancement). Since each 6-level increase approximately doubles the
Guidelines sentencing range, it is not particularly rare for an offender who threatens the president to receive a sentence at or near the statutory maximum, especially if he/she has a criminal history and/or does not qualify for a reduction for
3259: (CA6 Mich 1982) ("This Court therefore construes the willfulness requirement of the statute to require only that the defendant intentionally make a statement, written or oral, in a context or under such circumstances wherein a reasonable person would foresee that the statement would be interpreted by those to whom the maker communicates the statement as a serious expression of an intention to inflict bodily harm upon or to take the life of the President, and that the statement not be the result of mistake, duress, or coercion. The statute does not require that the defendant actually intend to carry out the threat.").
2221:, 153 (SD Ohio 1917) ("In this country sovereignty resides in the people, not in the President, who is merely their chosen representative. To threaten to kill him or to inflict upon him bodily harm stimulates opposition to national policies, however wise, even in the most critical times, incites the hostile and evil-minded to take the President's life, adds to the expense of his safekeeping, is an affront to all loyal and right-thinking persons, inflames their minds, provokes resentment, disorder, and violence, is akin to treason, and is rightly denounced as a crime against the people as the sovereign power.").
2851: (1975). Justice Marshall (concurring): "Plainly, threats may be costly and dangerous to society in a variety of ways, even when their authors have no intention whatever of carrying them out. Like a threat to blow up a building, a serious threat on the President's life is enormously disruptive and involves substantial cost to the government. A threat made with no present intention of carrying it out may still restrict the President's movements and require a reaction from those charged with protecting the President."
3205: (CA1 Mass 1997) ("We believe that the appropriate standard under which a defendant may be convicted for making a threat is whether he should have reasonably foreseen that the statement he uttered would be taken as a threat by those to whom it is made. This standard not only takes into account the factual context in which the statement was made, but also better avoids the perils that inhere in the "reasonable-recipient standard," namely that the jury will consider the unique sensitivity of the recipient.").
1172:
3095:, 645 (CA7 Ill 1918) ("A threat is knowingly made, if the maker of it comprehends the meaning of the words uttered by him; a foreigner, ignorant of the English language, repeating these same words without knowledge of their meaning, may not knowingly have made a threat. And a threat is willfully made, if in addition to comprehending the meaning of his words, the maker voluntarily and intentionally utters them as the declaration of an apparent determination to carry them into execution.").
1136:
will strangle you with my own hands. May your soul be exterminated in hell." Months later, newspapers reported that a dumbfounded Palmer was arrested after federal agents, who'd spent months tracking him down, showed up at the doorstep of his luxury apartment. His servant accompanied him to his arraignment, where he was charged with sending threatening letters to the
President. Palmer pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 90 days in jail.
1382:. c. 2), which made it a crime to "compass or imagine" the death of the king. The statute prohibiting threats against the president was enacted by Congress in 1917. The maximum fine it allowed was $ 1,000. The law was amended in 1994 to increase the maximum fine to $ 250,000. Additionally, a 1982 law extended Section 871 to cover former presidents and candidates of major parties by adding Section 879 to
1621:. Psychiatrists divide people who threaten the president into three classes: Class 1 includes persons who have expressed overt threatening statements but have made no overt action, Class 2 comprises individuals who have a history of assaultive behaviors toward authority figures, and Class 3 includes person who are considered dangerous and typically have been prosecuted under Section 871.
35:
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on his threats, so he was not an immediate safety risk. It also considered the patient's psychiatrist, not
Portnoy, the appropriate person to assess the gravity of his threats. In a study found that in those who threaten the president, the primary differentiating variable related to lethality was "opportunity and happenstance". Conversely, a defendant's writings in his
1485:, which contains debate over a rejected amendment that would have eliminated the words "knowingly and willfully" from the statute, reflects that the word "willfully" was included in order to avoid criminalizing behavior carried out with innocent intent (e.g. mailing to a friend, for informational purposes, a newspaper article containing a threat to the president). The
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a serious expression of an intention to harm the president. The statement must also not be the result of mistake, duress or coercion. A true threat is a serious threat and not words uttered as a mere political argument, idle talk, or jest. The standard definition of a true threat does not require actual subjective intent to carry out the threat.
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the expense of the president's safeguarding; to be an affront to all loyal and right-thinking persons; to inflame their minds; to provoke resentment, disorder, and violence; and to disrupt presidential activity and movement. It has also been argued that such threats are akin to treason and can be rightly denounced as a crime against
1641:
it in carrying out its protective duties. The Ninth
Circuit ruled that it is constitutional to hold a presidential threatener beyond Section 871's prescribed five-year statutory maximum if he is found to be dangerous and mentally ill. It is possible under federal law to hold some presidential threateners indefinitely.
3241: (CA5 Fla 1974) ("Appellant's final point, that the trial judge erred in refusing to instruct the jury that specific intent to harm the President was a requisite element of the offense, is foreclosed by our recent decision to the contrary in United States v. Rogers, 488 F.2d 512 (5th Cir. 1974).").
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does not indicate what events or circumstances will prevent the threat from being carried out. However, the statement "if I got hold of
President Wilson, I would shoot him" was not an indictable offense because the conditional threat was ambiguous as to whether it was an expression of present or past intent.
2898: (CA6 1997) ("Manifestly, an incarcerated individual who may be associated with a radical political organization, a lunatic fringe element, or any other criminally inclined gang or other affiliation may pose a significant risk of igniting or inspiring criminal activity outside the institution.").
1597:
The posting of a paper in a public place with a statement that it would be an acceptable sacrifice to God to kill an unjust president was ruled not to be in violation of the statute. The statute does not penalize imagining, wishing, or hoping that the act of killing the president will be committed by
1593:
conveyed a threatening message. The sending of non-toxic white powder alone to the president has been deemed to be a threat. A broad statement that the president must "see truth" and "uphold
Constitution" or else the letter writer will put a bullet in his head count as not expressly conditional as it
1584:
Courts have held that a person is guilty of the offense if certain criteria are met. Specifically, the person must intentionally make a threat in a context, and under such circumstances, that a reasonable person would foresee that the statement would be interpreted by persons hearing or reading it as
1477:
held that a threat to the president could lead to a verdict of guilty "only if made with the present intention to do injury to the president". Specifically, the court opined that "The word often denotes an act which is intentional, or knowing, or voluntary, as distinguished from accidental. But when
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Among the justifications that have been given for the statute include arguments that threats against the president have a tendency to stimulate opposition to national policies, however wise, even in the most critical times; to incite the hostile and evil-minded to take the president's life; to add to
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A number of Nazi sympathizers were prosecuted for threatening
Roosevelt. In 1940, Edward De Roulhac Blount was arrested for saying he would kill the president at the first opportunity he got. He pleaded guilty to two counts of threatening the president and was sentenced to two to six years in prison.
1624:
Dilemmas related to patient confidentiality sometimes arise when a mentally ill subject makes a threat against the president. The termination of nurse Linda
Portnoy was upheld after she reported such a statement to the Secret Service. The court noted that the patient was restrained and unable to act
1616:
According to the 2018 U.S. Attorney's Manual, "Of the individuals who come to the Secret
Service's attention as creating a possible danger to one of their protectees, approximately 75 percent are mentally ill." The Secret Service notes, "These are probably Secret Service's most serious cases because
1588:
A defendant's statement that if they got the chance they would harm the president is a threat; merely because a threat has been conditional upon the ability of the defendant to carry it out does not render it any less of a threat. It has been ruled that taken together, envelopes containing ambiguous
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held that a threat was knowingly made if the maker comprehended the meaning of the words uttered by him. It was willingly made, if in addition to comprehending the meaning of his words, the maker voluntarily and intentionally uttered them as a declaration of apparent determination to carry them into
1398:
noted, "That is one reason why we want this statute â in order to decrease the possibility of actual assault by punishing threats to commit an assault ... A bad man can make a public threat, and put somebody else up to committing a crime against the Chief
Executive, and that is where the harm comes.
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on Blount's yacht. In 1943, William Thomas Reid, a known Nazi sympathizer, was arrested for telling an associate in the oil business, "President Roosevelt is one guy I hate. If I had the money, I would go to Washington and kill the president and if he ever comes south I will." Reid was convicted and
1127:
Convictions under 18 U.S.C. § 871 have been sustained for declaring that "President Wilson ought to be killed. It is a wonder some one has not done it already. If I had an opportunity, I would do it myself"; and for declaring that "Wilson is a wooden-headed son of a bitch. I wish Wilson was in hell,
1640:
of a Section 871 violation shall prepare annual or semiannual reports concerning the mental condition of the person and containing recommendations about the need for his continued hospitalization; a copy of the reports shall be submitted to the Director of the United States Secret Service to assist
1562:
affirmed his conviction, but the Supreme Court reversed, stating, "We agree with petitioner that his only offense here was 'a kind of very crude offensive method of stating a political opposition to the president.' Taken in context, and regarding the expressly conditional nature of the statement
1346:
and her staff. His sentence came six weeks after a jury found him guilty of threatening to kill a former United States president, transmitting a threat in interstate commerce and making a threat to influence, impede or retaliate against a federal official. At his sentencing, Taubert said âIâm sorry
1135:
In 1935, 52-year-old Austin Phelps Palmer, a mechanical engineer, wrote two letters to President Roosevelt, blaming him for the loss of his $ 1 million fortune. In one letter, he wrote, "Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Communist and destroyer of private business. I warn you, if you destroy my business I
1607:
notes, "It can be argued that the punishment of an attempt against the life of the president is not sufficient; by the time all the elements of an attempt have come into existence the risk to the president becomes too great. On the other hand, the punishment of conduct short of an attempt runs the
1443:
set a base offense level of 12 for sending threatening communication, but when a threat to the president is involved, a 6-level "official victim" enhancement applies. Moreover, "an upward departure may be warranted due to the potential disruption of the governmental function." Further enhancements
1110:
According to the U.S. Attorneys' Manual, "Media attention given to certain kinds of criminal activity seems to generate further criminal activity; this is especially true concerning presidential threats which is well documented by data previously supplied by the United States Secret Service. For
1617:
it must be determined whether the person making the threat really wants to hurt or whether they may have some medical problems of their own, for which they need help." It is not uncommon for judges to order psychological evaluations of defendants charged under this statute in accordance with
1598:
someone else. Conversely, the mailing of letters containing the words "kill Reagan" and depicting the president's bleeding head impaled on a stake was considered a serious threat. An oral threat against the president unheard by anyone does not constitute a threat denounced by statute.
1608:
risk of violating the established principle that intent alone is not punishable ... While ordinarily mere preparation to commit an offense is not punishable, an exception may perhaps be justified by the seriousness of the consequences of an executed threat on the president's life."
1167:
opined, "It is one thing to say that 'I (or we) will kill Richard Nixon' when you are the leader of an organization which advocates killing people and overthrowing the Government; it is quite another to utter the words which are attributed to Mr. Marx, an alleged comedian."
1557:
the cannabis evidence because he found that there had been no probable cause for the Secret Service agents to believe the defendant's words constituted a threat to the president. This did not prevent a federal court from convicting him for threatening the president. The
1520:
They always holler at us to get an education. And now I have already received my draft classification as 1-A and I have got to report for my physical this Monday coming. I am not going. If they ever make me carry a rifle the first man I want to get in my sights is
1436:
1407:; prisoners are able to make true threats as they could carry out the threat by directing people on the outside to harm the president. Sometimes prisoners make such threats to manipulate the system; e.g., a case arose in which an inmate claiming to be "
3712:
1618:
1032:
mailing or otherwise making "any threat to take the life of, to kidnap, or to inflict great bodily harm upon the president of the United States". The law also includes presidential candidates, vice presidents, and former presidents. The
1402:
Prisoners are sometimes charged for threatening the president though they lack the ability to personally carry out such a threat. The courts have upheld such convictions, reasoning that actual ability to carry out the threat is not an
2143:
1528:
According to court testimony, the accused in speaking made a gesture of sighting down the barrel of a rifle. The audience responded with laughter and applause, which the Court of Appeals would later view as potentially ominous:
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1300:
On July 19, 2011, the 9th Circuit U.S. Court of Appeals reversed the conviction of Walter Bagdasarian for making online threats against Obama. The court found that his speech urging Obama's assassination ("Re: Obama fk the
1478:
used in a criminal statute it generally means an act done with a bad purpose...We believe that a 'bad purpose' assumes even more than its usual importance in a criminal prosecution based upon the bare utterance of words."
3705:
1115:, the average number of threats against protectees of the Secret Service increased by over 150 percent from a similar period during the prior year." For this reason, the agency recommends considering the use of sealed
3855:
3831:
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1448:. There is a 4-level decrease available for a threat involving a "single instance evidencing little or no deliberation", which would usually apply to spur-of-the-moment verbal threats. The maximum penalty for
1347:
for the offensive language. Thatâs all it was. It does get me upset when I listen to the news and they attack . Heâs a good person and heâs done a lot for this country and the veterans.â After his sentencing,
3427: (CA9 Ariz 1984) ("Whether any given form of written or oral expression constitutes a true threat for the statute's purposes is a question for the trier of fact under all of the circumstances.").
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constituted one of our sorriest chapters; and I had thought we had done away with them forever ... Suppression of speech as an effective police measure is an old, old device, outlawed by our Constitution."
1262:
have come under Secret Service investigation, including ones that said "ASSASSINATION! America, we survived the Assassinations of Lincoln & Kennedy. We'll surely get over a bullet to Barrack [
1286:: "People, the time has come for revolution. It is time for Obama to die. I am dedicating my life to the death of Obama and every employee of the federal government. As I promised in a previous post, if
1629:
workbook threatening to kill the president upon the defendant's release from the penitentiary were ruled to have fallen within the dangerous patient exception to psychotherapist-patient privilege.
3187: (CA7 Wis 1986) ("Contrary to the dissent's interpretation of case law, the government is not required to establish that the defendant actually intended to carry out the threat.").
2149:
1064:, "Hundreds of celebrity howlers threaten the president of the United States every year, sometimes because they disagree with his policies, but more often just because he is the president."
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1057:
1460:
There has been some controversy among the federal appellate courts as to how the term "willfully" should be interpreted. Traditional legal interpretations of the term are reflected by
3776:
2170:
1601:
Since other statutes make it a crime to assault or to attempt to kill the president, some question has arisen as to whether it is necessary to have a statute banning threats. As the
1537:'s predictions of the future of the German Jews. Even earlier, the Roman holidays celebrated in the Colosseum often were punctuated by cheers and laughter when the Emperor gestured
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website. He apologized in court, saying that he was, as WHAS news put it, "upset about his mother's death and had fallen in with a white supremacist group that had helped him kick a
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Most of the other circuits have held that it is not necessary that the threat be intended to be communicated to the president or that it have tendency to influence his action. The
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1411:" threatened the president in order to stay in prison; there was also a case in which a state prisoner threatened the president because he wanted to go to a federal institution.
1271:
In 2010, Johnny Logan Spencer Jr. was sentenced in Louisville, Kentucky, to 33 months in prison for posting a poem entitled "The Sniper" about the president's assassination on a
1366:
threatened to assassinate Joe Biden and the Manhattan D.A. in multiple posts made on Facebook. He was killed while a search warrant was being served by FBI agents on his home.
3771:
3319: (CA6 Ohio 1991) ("I recognize that the objective standard adopted in this circuit does not require proof of an actual, subjective intent to carry out a threat.").
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2661:
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grounds, a member of the assembled group suggested that the young people present should get more education before expressing their views. The accused, an 18-year-old, replied:
1076:, and the decisions handed down by the courts in these early cases reflected intolerance for any words demonstrating even a vague spirit of disloyalty. There was a relative
1533:
t has not been unknown for laughter and applause to have sinister implications for the safety of others. History records that applause and laughter frequently greeted
1931:
18 USC § 871(a), making it a felony to knowingly and wilfully threaten the President of the United States, initially requires the government to prove a true "threat.
1042:
2638:
3743:
1486:
1268:] Obama's head," and "The next American with a Clear Shot should drop Obama like a bad habit. 4get Blacks or his claims to b Black. Turn on Barack Obama."
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1474:
3437:
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investigates suspected violations of this law and monitors those who have a history of threatening the president. Threatening the president is considered a
3870:
3798:
2122:
3622:
Logan, William S.; Reuterfors, David L.; Bohn Jr., Martin J.; Clark, Charles L. (1984), "The description and classification of presidential threateners",
1212:. One student "had taken a photo of George Bush out of a magazine and tacked the picture to a wall with a red thumb tack through his head. Then he made a
3753:
1399:
The man who makes the threat is not himself very dangerous, but he is liable to put devilment in the mind of some poor fellow who does try to harm him."
1287:
3808:
3803:
1650:
3850:
3788:
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2686:
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in the head soon" and "shoot the nig country fkd for another 4 years+, what nig has done ANYTHING right???? long term???? never in history, except
3813:
1428:
1250:
should be assassinated. Some question has arisen as to how to handle Facebook groups such as "LETS KILL BUSH WITH SHOES" (a reference to the 2008
2504:
3818:
1293:
Later in 2010, Michael Stephen Bowden, who said that President Obama was not doing enough to help African Americans, was arrested after making
996:
2544:
2273:
2051:
1637:
2176:
1128:
and if I had the power I would put him there." In a later era, a conviction was sustained for displaying posters urging passersby to "hang
1171:
2567:
1359:, said in a statement, âRacist threats to kill present and former public officials are not protected free speech, but serious crimes."
3733:
3575:
3052:
2995:
2978:
2961:
2944:
2928:
2781:
2454:
1942:
1680:
1383:
1363:
1021:
1958:
2025:
1408:
2708:
1208:
In 2005, a teacher instructed her senior civics and economics class to take photographs to illustrate the rights contained in the
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632:
396:
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1819:
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s definition, which includes descriptions such as "malicious, done with evil intent, or with a bad motive or purpose." In
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878:
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1209:
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The first prosecutions under the statute, enacted in 1917, occurred during the highly charged, hyperpatriotic years of
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sentenced him to federal prison for 46 months for that crime and for making threats against the life of Congresswoman
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with his own hand next to the president's picture, and he had a photo taken of that, and he pasted it on a poster." A
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and, in a rant full of racial slurs, said he was going to âhangâ former President Barack Obama. On April 29, 2019,
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989:
552:
200:
2598:
2582:
1052:, the courts have issued rulings attempting to balance the government's interest in protecting the president with
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Assessment and Management of Patients Who Make Threats Against the President in the Psychiatric Emergency Service
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2218:
1550:
1462:
1198:
846:
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2128:
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such as a prohibition on access to email have been imposed on offenders who made their threats by computer. The
2364:
1846:
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1202:
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era. They have tended to fall when the country has not been directly embroiled in a national crisis situation.
1029:
893:
116:
17:
2836:
1220:
photo department employee reported it to police, and the Secret Service investigated. No charges were filed.
3690:
3494:
3290:
3279: (CA2 NY 1994) ("It is well settled that Sec. 871 requires only a showing of general intent.").
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1827:
1746:
1690:
1660:
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Federal law provides that the director of the facility in which a person is hospitalized due to being found
1572:
1323:
711:
3793:
3330:
3105:
1983:"18 U.S. Code § 3559 - Sentencing classification of offenses | US Law | LII / Legal Information Institute"
1864:
1603:
1590:
1404:
1352:
883:
622:
612:
298:
96:
49:
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1205:) at point-blank range. The cartoon prompted a visit from the Secret Service, but no charges were filed.
3114:
2845:
1892:
1883:
1873:
1854:
1836:
1809:
1791:
1773:
1754:
1736:
1717:
1699:
1554:
1164:
1129:
982:
903:
607:
527:
3511:
3478:
2109:
Comment, Threatening the President: Protected Dissenter or Potential Assassin, 57 Geo. L.J. 553 (1969)
3758:
697:
617:
602:
386:
1709:
1513:
1482:
1391:
1335:
1316:
841:
229:
181:
111:
101:
3424:
3783:
3663:
2537:""Louisville Man Sentenced to 33 Mos. for Poem About President Obama," WHAS=TV, December 6, 2010"
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1568:
1564:
1432:
1420:
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1327:
945:
762:
752:
401:
381:
333:
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141:
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received about four times that amount. This figure has been disputed by Secret Service director
783:
2662:"Trump Fan Who Made Racist Death Threats to Obama and Maxine Waters Receives 46-Month Sentence"
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and the reaction of the listeners, we do not see how it could be interpreted otherwise." In a
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1038:
924:
898:
406:
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239:
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2709:"Utah man suspected of threatening President Joe Biden shot and killed as FBI served warrant"
2365:"Threatening the president is no joke, even when it is one. - Manhattan, New York, NY - News"
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Stalking, Threatening, and Attacking Public Figures: A Psychological and Behavioral Analysis
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683:
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is 10 years imprisonment — double the maximum penalty for threatening the president.
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that depicted a man pointing a gun at President Bushâs head; it was a takeoff on the 1969
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507:
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321:
219:
157:
147:
87:
72:
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messages, white powder, and cigarette butts that were mailed to the president after the
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In 2010, Brian Dean Miller was sentenced in Texas to 27 months in prison for posting to
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2889:
2848:
2751:
2583:
Associated Press, "Man Who Threatened to Kill Obama Sentenced to Two Years in Prison",
2440:
Student Convicted of Threatening to Kill President Bush, Faces Up to 35 Years in Prison
1895:
1812:
1794:
1776:
1757:
1739:
1720:
1702:
1424:
1294:
1096:
1092:
1091:
The number of reported threats rose from 2,400 in 1965 to 12,800 in 1969. According to
929:
887:
446:
441:
304:
2999:
2965:
2948:
1857:
3844:
3667:
3530:
2487:
2438:
1876:
1839:
1538:
1395:
1343:
1228:
1224:
1213:
1161:
1157:
1107:, who says that Obama received about as many threats as the previous two presidents.
693:
547:
259:
209:
3579:
3056:
2520:
2265:
Hunting the President: Threats, Plots and Assassination Attempts--From FDR to Obama
1247:
1149:
1141:
1100:
1081:
934:
497:
421:
411:
294:
279:
191:
42:
2422:
1982:
1508:
ruled that mere political hyperbole must be distinguished from true threats. At a
2932:
2785:
2569:
Arraignment ahead for Dallas man accused of Craigslist death threat against Obama
2405:
2263:
1946:
1916:
1239:." The defense had argued that the defendant never explicitly threatened anyone.
3763:
3659:
1085:
1073:
1053:
1049:
1009:
949:
705:
701:
567:
391:
224:
153:
77:
2639:"Syracuse man gets 4 years for Obama threats: 'I should stay off' social media"
3463:
1619:
United States federal laws governing offenders with mental diseases or defects
1331:
1283:
1276:
1236:
970:
856:
808:
663:
658:
492:
284:
264:
254:
234:
186:
106:
59:
3477:
Zitek, Brook; Lewis, Roya; O'Donnell, John; Dubin, William R. (August 2005),
1175:
This cartoon by Michael Ramirez led to his questioning by the Secret Service.
3615:
Mens Rea, the First Amendment, and Threats Against the Life of the President
1254:) which had 484 members as of September 2009; similar issues have arisen on
1116:
1025:
798:
793:
767:
736:
726:
688:
582:
562:
502:
477:
451:
431:
416:
34:
3635:
3548:
3539:
3038:
3018:
1419:
Threatening the president of the United States is a class D felony under
1243:
1232:
1217:
919:
851:
803:
757:
721:
673:
648:
586:
522:
487:
371:
348:
343:
326:
289:
269:
66:
2770:
1235:
and stating, "Call for the assassination of GW Bush" and "Rape and Kill
2687:"Syracuse man found guilty of threatening to kill Maxine Waters, Obama"
2145:
Barack Obama faces 30 death threats a day, stretching US Secret Service
1312:
1259:
1255:
836:
788:
731:
678:
653:
627:
557:
537:
532:
512:
482:
353:
338:
249:
214:
176:
1450:
threatening a United States judge or a Federal law enforcement officer
3220:
3202:
1534:
1302:
1017:
716:
542:
376:
309:
137:
3643:
3597:
3316:
3296:
3256:
3238:
3184:
3074:
2895:
2875:
3276:
2805:
2249:, 44 F. Supp. 592, 593 (D.C. N. D. Ill. 1942).)
1671:
List of United States presidential assassination attempts and plots
1560:
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit
1170:
572:
517:
467:
1362:
In August 2023, firearms collector and former welding inspector
1290:
passed I would become a terrorist. Today I become a terrorist."
939:
668:
426:
3694:
3644:"A Psychometric Study of Incarcerated Presidential Threateners"
2473:
Should Facebook remove groups that want to kill George W. Bush?
1111:
example, in the six-month period following the March 30, 1981,
1307:
1264:
2614:"Ninth Circuit Overturns Conviction for Threat against Obama"
1423:
Title 18, Section 871. It is punishable by up to 5 years in
3856:
Attempted assassinations of presidents of the United States
2456:
Secret Service Probing Obama Assassination Poll on Facebook
2489:
Teen Questioned Over Online Threats Against President Bush
2042:
Meloy, J. Reid; Sheridan, Lorraine; Hoffman, Jens (2008).
2391:
Threatening the president is no joke, even when it is one
1915:
United States. Supreme Court; Walter Malins Rose (1970).
1099:
received about 3,000 threats a year, while his successor
3130:
public domain material from this U.S government document
3335:, 220 F Supp 2d 548 (SD W Va 2002).
2235:, 250 F. 449 (C. A. 5th Cir. 1918).
3832:
List of presidential assassination attempts and plots
3499:, vol. 38, Nursing2008, January 2008, p. 19
2522:
Kentucky man charged with threatening President Obama
2506:
Health Care Bill Spurs Assassination Calls on Twitter
2503:
Goldman, Russell & Ryan, Jason (March 22, 2010),
2172:
Secret Service Director: Threats Against Obama Not Up
1676:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 395
1156:
magazine, "I think the only hope this country has is
2006:
Million, Elmer M. (April 1940). "Political Crimes".
1545:
Watts was arrested and found to be in possession of
1140:
Federal prosecutors found two birthday greetings to
3565:, F Supp 2d 1169 (DC Or 2003).
1197:that showed South Vietnamese National Police Chief
1119:to keep news of threats from leaking to the press.
1062:
Stalking, Threatening, and Attacking Public Figures
3395:, 148 F Supp 75 (DC Ill 1957).
2924:
2922:
2618:Silha Center for the Study of Media Ethics and Law
1242:In September 2009 the Secret Service investigated
3409:, 60 F Supp 235 (DC La 1945).
3349:, 535 F3d 608 (CA7 Ind 2008).
1959:"U.S.C. Title 18 - CRIMES AND CRIMINAL PROCEDURE"
3381:, 252 F 933 (DC Mont 1918).
2074:, 252 F 931 (DC Mich 1918).
1084:era. The number increased during the turbulent
2407:Officials See Threat in Bush Newspaper Cartoon
1374:The prototype for Section 871 was the British
1223:In 2007, Purdue University teaching assistant
18:Threatening the President of the United States
3706:
1487:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
1080:on prosecutions under this statute until the
990:
8:
2206:
2204:
2202:
1475:U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
3713:
3699:
3691:
3141:
3139:
2633:
2631:
2105:
2103:
1041:. Immigrants who commit this crime can be
997:
983:
29:
3538:
2795:
2793:
1651:Security incidents involving Barack Obama
1319:") was protected by the First Amendment.
2065:
2063:
1322:In 2017, Stephen Taubert, a 59-year-old
1185:published a Sunday editorial cartoon by
3617:, vol. 18, Ariz L Rev, p. 863
2290:"Article clipped from The Evening News"
2117:
2115:
2084:
2082:
2080:
1907:
1427:, a maximum fine of $ 250,000, a $ 100
1113:attempt on the life of President Reagan
962:
911:
816:
775:
744:
640:
594:
459:
361:
199:
166:
129:
85:
48:
41:
2421:Matthew Rothschild (October 7, 2005),
2268:. Regnery Publishing. pp. 10â13.
1201:executing a Viet Cong prisoner (Capt.
3675:"2.36: Threats Against the President"
3462:, U.S. Secret Service, archived from
2424:Civics Student...or Enemy of America?
2257:
2255:
1638:not guilty only by reason of insanity
1227:was convicted of posting messages to
7:
3512:"Threats to the President Revisited"
3166:Watts v. United States, 394 U.S. 705
3861:Illegal speech in the United States
2394:, New York Press, November 11, 2003
2148:, London: Telegraph, archived from
2127:, Time, Sep 7, 1970, archived from
1918:United States Supreme Court Reports
1246:polls that asked whether President
3871:United States federal criminal law
3682:Criminal Pattern Jury Instructions
3483:, American Psychiatric Association
3442:, 19 February 2015, archived from
2741: (2nd Cir. March 1, 1982).
2599:"US man arrested for Obama threat"
2175:, December 3, 2009, archived from
2124:The Law: Threatening the President
1384:Title 18 of the United States Code
1145:sentenced to 18 months in prison.
25:
3624:Behavioral Sciences & the Law
3600: (9th Cir. May 26, 1995).
2470:Charlie Spiering (Sep 29, 2009),
2443:, Associated Press, June 29, 2007
1392:the people as the sovereign power
3510:Bort, Robert F. (MayâJun 1977),
3121:
2566:Trahan, Jason (April 29, 2010),
1252:Muntadhar al-Zaidi shoe incident
1048:Because the offense consists of
633:Perverting the course of justice
33:
3851:Presidency of the United States
3723:presidents of the United States
1820:Masses Publishing Co. v. Patten
1330:, called the office of Senator
528:Intellectual property violation
2909:U.S. v. Timothy Curtis Ballard
2459:, Fox News, September 29, 2009
1148:In a 1971 interview, comedian
1024:, Section 871. It consists of
1014:president of the United States
1:
3648:Criminal Justice and Behavior
2612:File, Patrick (Summer 2011).
1357:Northern District of New York
3531:10.1016/0300-9432(77)90088-7
2492:, Fox News, October 14, 2006
2142:Harnden, Toby (3 Aug 2009),
1921:. LEXIS Law Pub. p. 665
1446:acceptance of responsibility
1336:United States District Court
863:Ignorantia juris non excusat
3660:10.1177/0093854886013003001
3642:Megargee, Edwin I. (1986),
2860:53 Cong.Rec. 9377-78 (1916)
2046:. Oxford University Press.
1728:Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire
1506:United States Supreme Court
1288:the health care reform bill
1022:United States Code Title 18
3887:
3721:Assassination attempts on
3459:Frequently Asked Questions
3128:This article incorporates
2660:Gold, Michael (May 2019).
2213:United States v. Stickrath
1802:Korematsu v. United States
1634:incompetent to stand trial
1441:U.S. Sentencing Guidelines
553:Possessing stolen property
201:Offense against the person
27:Crime in the United States
3829:
3729:
3378:United States v. Metzdorf
3360:United States v. Lockhart
3088:Ragansky v. United States
2525:, WKYT, February 19, 2010
2262:Ayton, Mel (2014-04-14).
1551:Court of General Sessions
1504:394 U.S. 705 (1969), the
847:Diminished responsibility
641:Crimes against the public
3562:United States v. Lincoln
3496:Reporting Hollow Threats
3420:United States v. Merrill
3406:United States v. Daulong
3271:United States v. Johnson
3252:United States v. Vincent
3216:United States v. Lincoln
3180:United States v. Hoffman
2734:United States v. Carrier
2030:§ 1227(a)(2)(D)(ii)
1847:Schenck v. United States
1656:Clear and present danger
1326:veteran and resident of
1060:. According to the book
776:Crimes against the state
696:(such as prohibition of
3392:United States v. Marino
3346:United States v. Magers
3291:United States v. Rogers
3198:United States v. Fulmer
2871:United States v. Glover
2837:Rogers v. United States
2410:, Reuters, Jul 21, 2003
2346:. 1940-11-16. p. 3
2321:. 1940-10-29. p. 2
2319:The Punxsutawney Spirit
2296:. 1936-01-11. p. 1
2071:United States v. Jasick
1828:Sacher v. United States
1747:Dennis v. United States
1691:Abrams v. United States
1661:Imminent lawless action
1573:Alien and Sedition Laws
1541:on a fallen gladiator.
1431:, and up to 3 years of
1297:threats against Obama.
460:Crimes against property
150:(also called violation)
3636:10.1002/bsl.2370020205
3331:United States v. Lewis
3311:United States v. Smith
3147:Watts v. United States
3106:Watts v. United States
2753:Act September 13, 1994
2344:The Stockman's Journal
2232:Clark v. United States
2090:United States v. Stobo
1865:Terminiello v. Chicago
1604:Georgetown Law Journal
1591:9/11 anthrax outbreaks
1543:
1526:
1502:Watts v. United States
1495:Watts v. United States
1463:Black's Law Dictionary
1405:element of the offense
1353:United States attorney
1311:], he will have a
1191:Pulitzer Prize-winning
1176:
912:Other common-law areas
745:Crimes against animals
613:Miscarriage of justice
595:Crimes against justice
3749:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3439:USAM Chapter 9-65.140
3234:United States v. Hall
2739:672 F. 2d 300
2476:, Washington Examiner
2246:United States v. Apel
2192:USAM Chapter 9-65.140
1884:Whitney v. California
1531:
1518:
1437:Internet restrictions
1174:
1165:James L. Browning Jr.
818:Defenses to liability
608:Malfeasance in office
3598:56 F.3d 1026
3446:on November 29, 2019
3221:462 F2d 1368
3203:108 F3d 1486
3152:402 F.2d 676
3075:431 F.2d 293
2983:§ 3013(a)(2)(A)
2819:Roy v. United States
2808: (CA4 1971).
2547:on December 10, 2010
2131:on February 23, 2009
1685:in a crowded theater
1512:public rally on the
664:Censorship violation
387:Cybersex trafficking
3425:746 F2d 458
3365:382 F3d 447
3317:928 F2d 740
3297:488 F2d 512
3257:681 F2d 462
3239:493 F2d 904
3185:806 F2d 703
2876:846 F2d 339
2824:416 F2d 874
2179:on December 7, 2009
2008:Missouri Law Review
1987:www.law.cornell.edu
1710:Brandenburg v. Ohio
1612:Psychiatric matters
1514:Washington Monument
1483:legislative history
1160:'s assassination."
842:Defense of property
694:Illegal consumption
230:Criminal negligence
130:Severity of offense
3744:Theodore Roosevelt
3277:14 F3d 766
2914:6 F3d 1502
2806:438 F2d 13
2666:The New York Times
2587:, November 1, 2010
2195:, 19 February 2015
1765:Feiner v. New York
1569:William O. Douglas
1565:concurring opinion
1523:L. B. J.
1433:supervised release
1429:special assessment
1421:United States Code
1380:25 Edw. 3. Stat. 5
1328:Syracuse, New York
1179:In July 2003, the
1177:
763:Wildlife smuggling
753:Cruelty to animals
382:Child sexual abuse
334:Negligent homicide
245:False imprisonment
142:Indictable offense
86:Scope of criminal
3838:
3837:
3093:253 F 643
3000:§ 3583(b)(2)
2966:§ 3571(b)(3)
2949:§ 3559(a)(4)
2916: (11th Cir.).
2427:, The Progressive
2340:"Edward Blount 2"
2315:"Edward Blount 1"
2275:978-1-62157-207-7
2095:251 F 689
2053:978-0-19-532638-3
1409:institutionalized
1273:white supremacist
1214:thumb's-down sign
1182:Los Angeles Times
1082:World War II
1056:rights under the
1039:political offense
1007:
1006:
407:Indecent exposure
275:Human trafficking
240:Domestic violence
168:Inchoate offenses
16:(Redirected from
3878:
3866:Political crimes
3715:
3708:
3701:
3692:
3685:
3679:
3670:
3638:
3618:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3566:
3564:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3542:
3516:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3410:
3408:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3374:
3368:
3362:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3306:
3300:
3294:
3286:
3280:
3274:
3266:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3230:
3224:
3218:
3212:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3124:
3102:
3096:
3090:
3084:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3059:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3037:, archived from
3029:
3023:
3022:
3017:, archived from
3009:
3003:
3002:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2941:
2935:
2926:
2917:
2911:
2905:
2899:
2893:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2858:
2852:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2788:
2779:
2773:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2657:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2589:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2543:. Archived from
2533:
2527:
2526:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2435:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2361:
2355:
2354:
2352:
2351:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2294:The Evening News
2286:
2280:
2279:
2259:
2250:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2208:
2197:
2196:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2152:on 5 August 2009
2139:
2133:
2132:
2119:
2110:
2107:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2075:
2073:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1955:
1949:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1912:
1627:anger management
1468:
1376:Treason Act 1351
1349:Grant C. Jaquith
1340:Glenn T. Suddaby
1231:criticizing the
1199:Nguyá»
n Ngá»c Loan
1074:World War I
999:
992:
985:
956:
827:Actual innocence
684:Ethnic cleansing
578:Trespass to land
473:Arms trafficking
37:
30:
21:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3875:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3825:
3759:John F. Kennedy
3754:Harry S. Truman
3739:Abraham Lincoln
3725:
3719:
3677:
3673:
3641:
3621:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3574:
3573:
3569:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3514:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3493:
3492:
3488:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3145:
3144:
3137:
3122:
3103:
3099:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3070:U.S. v. Patillo
3068:
3067:
3063:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3034:U.S.S.G. §2A6.1
3031:
3030:
3026:
3014:U.S.S.G. §3A1.2
3011:
3010:
3006:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2927:
2920:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2834:
2830:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2801:U.S. v. Patillo
2799:
2798:
2791:
2780:
2776:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2749:
2745:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2718:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2690:
2689:. 20 March 2019
2685:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2654:
2644:
2642:
2641:. 30 April 2019
2637:
2636:
2629:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2581:
2577:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2299:
2297:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2210:
2209:
2200:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2155:
2153:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2121:
2120:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2088:
2087:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2005:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1989:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1967:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1941:
1937:
1924:
1922:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1784:Hess v. Indiana
1647:
1614:
1582:
1500:In the case of
1498:
1471:U.S. v. Patillo
1466:
1458:
1417:
1372:
1364:Craig Robertson
1187:Michael Ramirez
1125:
1070:
1058:First Amendment
1003:
944:
508:False pretenses
437:Sex trafficking
363:Sexual offenses
322:Preterintention
158:Summary offense
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3884:
3882:
3874:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3843:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3816:
3806:
3801:
3799:George W. Bush
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3734:Andrew Jackson
3730:
3727:
3726:
3720:
3718:
3717:
3710:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3686:
3671:
3654:(3): 243â260,
3639:
3630:(2): 151â167,
3619:
3613:Finer (1976),
3608:
3607:Other articles
3605:
3603:
3602:
3593:U.S. v. Sahhar
3584:
3580:§ 4247(e)
3567:
3553:
3502:
3486:
3469:
3449:
3429:
3411:
3397:
3383:
3369:
3351:
3337:
3321:
3301:
3281:
3261:
3243:
3225:
3207:
3189:
3171:
3156:
3135:
3097:
3079:
3061:
3044:
3024:
3004:
2987:
2970:
2953:
2936:
2929:18 U.S.C.
2918:
2900:
2890:U.S. v. Miller
2880:
2862:
2853:
2828:
2810:
2789:
2782:18 U.S.C.
2774:
2758:
2743:
2725:
2700:
2678:
2652:
2627:
2604:
2590:
2575:
2558:
2528:
2512:
2495:
2479:
2462:
2446:
2430:
2413:
2397:
2381:
2356:
2331:
2306:
2281:
2274:
2251:
2237:
2223:
2219:242 F. 151
2198:
2182:
2162:
2134:
2111:
2099:
2076:
2059:
2052:
2034:
2017:
1998:
1974:
1950:
1943:18 U.S.C.
1935:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1880:
1861:
1843:
1824:
1816:
1798:
1780:
1761:
1743:
1724:
1706:
1687:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1613:
1610:
1581:
1578:
1497:
1492:
1457:
1456:Interpretation
1454:
1416:
1413:
1394:. Congressman
1371:
1368:
1295:murder-suicide
1210:Bill of Rights
1203:Nguyá»
n VÄn LĂ©m
1124:
1121:
1097:George W. Bush
1093:Ronald Kessler
1069:
1066:
1035:Secret Service
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
994:
987:
979:
976:
975:
974:
973:
965:
964:
960:
959:
958:
957:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
914:
913:
909:
908:
907:
906:
901:
896:
891:
881:
876:
871:
866:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
821:
820:
814:
813:
812:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
778:
777:
773:
772:
771:
770:
765:
760:
755:
747:
746:
742:
741:
740:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
691:
686:
681:
679:Hostage-taking
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
643:
642:
638:
637:
636:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
597:
596:
592:
591:
590:
589:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
462:
461:
457:
456:
455:
454:
449:
447:Sexual slavery
444:
442:Sexual assault
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
366:
365:
359:
358:
357:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
330:
329:
319:
318:
317:
307:
302:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
204:
203:
197:
196:
195:
194:
189:
184:
179:
171:
170:
164:
163:
162:
161:
151:
145:
132:
131:
127:
126:
125:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
91:
90:
83:
82:
81:
80:
75:
70:
63:
53:
52:
46:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3883:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3833:
3828:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3789:Ronald Reagan
3787:
3785:
3782:
3778:
3777:San Francisco
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3765:
3764:Richard Nixon
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3704:
3702:
3697:
3696:
3693:
3689:
3684:, p. 137
3683:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3640:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3540:2027.42/23034
3536:
3532:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3519:Forensic Sci.
3513:
3506:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3490:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3473:
3470:
3466:on 2010-12-16
3465:
3461:
3460:
3453:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3412:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3347:
3341:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3312:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3293:
3292:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3273:
3272:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3253:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3120: (1969).
3119:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3057:§ 876(c)
3054:
3048:
3045:
3041:on 2010-06-18
3040:
3036:
3035:
3028:
3025:
3021:on 2010-06-18
3020:
3016:
3015:
3008:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2688:
2682:
2679:
2667:
2663:
2656:
2653:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2605:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2579:
2576:
2572:, Dallas News
2571:
2570:
2562:
2559:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2508:
2507:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2474:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2457:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2441:
2434:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2385:
2382:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2238:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2193:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2166:
2163:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1988:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1920:
1919:
1911:
1908:
1902:
1897:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1786:
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1781:
1778:
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1767:
1766:
1762:
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1756:
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1729:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
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1679:
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1674:
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1654:
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1635:
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1620:
1611:
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1606:
1605:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1542:
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1536:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1517:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1464:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1397:
1396:Edwin Y. Webb
1393:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1344:Maxine Waters
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:Yahoo Finance
1226:
1225:Vikram Buddhi
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1173:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:U.S. Attorney
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1105:Mark Sullivan
1102:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1016:is a federal
1015:
1011:
1000:
995:
993:
988:
986:
981:
980:
978:
977:
972:
969:
968:
967:
966:
961:
955:
951:
947:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
917:
916:
915:
910:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
889:
885:
882:
880:
879:Justification
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
864:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
824:
823:
822:
819:
815:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
781:
780:
779:
774:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
750:
749:
748:
743:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
712:Miscegenation
710:
707:
703:
699:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
646:
645:
644:
639:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
600:
599:
598:
593:
588:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
548:Pickpocketing
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
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496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
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471:
469:
466:
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464:
463:
458:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
397:Homosexuality
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
368:
367:
364:
360:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
328:
325:
324:
323:
320:
316:
313:
312:
311:
308:
306:
303:
300:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
260:Home invasion
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
210:Assassination
208:
207:
206:
205:
202:
198:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
174:
173:
172:
169:
165:
159:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
139:
136:
135:
134:
133:
128:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
93:
92:
89:
84:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
68:
64:
62:
61:
57:
56:
55:
54:
51:
47:
44:
40:
36:
32:
31:
19:
3814:Pennsylvania
3809:Donald Trump
3804:Barack Obama
3794:Bill Clinton
3784:Jimmy Carter
3768:Gerald Ford
3688:
3681:
3651:
3647:
3627:
3623:
3614:
3592:
3587:
3570:
3561:
3556:
3525:(3): 173â8,
3522:
3518:
3505:
3495:
3489:
3479:
3472:
3464:the original
3458:
3452:
3444:the original
3438:
3432:
3419:
3414:
3405:
3400:
3391:
3386:
3377:
3372:
3359:
3354:
3345:
3340:
3329:
3324:
3309:
3304:
3289:
3284:
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498:Embezzlement
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412:Masturbation
295:Manslaughter
280:Intimidation
192:Solicitation
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2896:115 361
2369:NYPress.com
1963:www.gpo.gov
1898: (1927)
1879: (1949)
1860: (1919)
1842: (1952)
1815: (1944)
1797: (1973)
1779: (1951)
1760: (1951)
1742: (1942)
1723: (1969)
1705: (1919)
1580:Other cases
1539:thumbs down
1510:DuBois Club
1490:execution.
1195:Eddie Adams
1086:Vietnam War
1054:free speech
1050:pure speech
1010:Threatening
899:Provocation
623:Obstruction
603:Compounding
568:Tax evasion
392:Fornication
225:Child abuse
154:Misdemeanor
78:Concurrence
3845:Categories
3772:Sacramento
2933:§ 871
2786:§ 879
2719:2023-08-10
2551:October 7,
2541:WHAS11.com
2509:, ABC News
2374:October 7,
2350:2023-11-20
2325:2023-11-20
2300:2023-11-20
1992:2015-08-07
1968:2015-08-07
1947:§ 871
1903:References
1555:suppressed
1332:Al Franken
1305: [
1284:Craigslist
1277:drug habit
1237:Laura Bush
1117:affidavits
1078:moratorium
857:Entrapment
832:Automatism
809:Subversion
768:Bestiality
737:War crimes
732:Usurpation
659:Corruption
618:Misprision
493:Cybercrime
285:Kidnapping
265:Hate crime
255:Harassment
235:Defamation
187:Incitement
182:Conspiracy
148:Infraction
107:Complicity
102:Accomplice
60:Actus reus
3668:144526957
3576:18 U.S.C.
3053:18 U.S.C.
2996:18 U.S.C.
2979:18 U.S.C.
2962:18 U.S.C.
2945:18 U.S.C.
1681:Shouting
1415:Penalties
1324:Air Force
1193:photo by
1130:Roosevelt
1123:Incidents
1068:Frequency
1030:willfully
1026:knowingly
920:Contracts
894:Necessity
799:Secession
794:Espionage
727:Terrorism
689:Smuggling
583:Vandalism
563:Smuggling
503:Extortion
478:Blackmail
452:Voyeurism
432:Pederasty
417:Obscenity
299:corporate
122:Vicarious
117:Principal
112:Corporate
97:Accessory
88:liability
73:Causation
2765:96
2693:June 26,
2671:June 26,
2645:June 26,
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1355:for the
1244:Facebook
1233:Iraq War
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925:Defenses
874:Insanity
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674:Genocide
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587:Mischief
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488:Burglary
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349:Stabbing
344:Stalking
327:Homicide
290:Menacing
270:Homicide
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2156:May 25,
1925:25 July
1370:History
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963:Portals
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702:alcohol
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628:Perjury
558:Robbery
538:Looting
533:Larceny
513:Forgery
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543:Payola
402:Incest
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