Knowledge (XXG)

Three-Day Week

Source πŸ“

729:. Aware of the damage that could be done to the Labour Party's electoral prospects by media coverage of picket-line violence, the NUM instituted strict controls over pickets. Pickets had to wear armbands saying "official picket" and had to be authorised by areas. Unlike in 1972, students were discouraged from joining miners' picket lines. Every picket line had to be authorised by the local NUM area with a chief picket to ensure that no violence took place. 112:, which reported on miners' pay in 1972. In November 1973, the national executive committee of the NUM rejected the pay offer from the NCB and held a national ballot on a strike. The vote was rejected by 143,006 to 82,631. However, an overtime ban was implemented with the aim of halving production. This action hurt the coal industry and was unpopular amongst the British media, although the 1136: 76:
and British sociologist Peter Fleming, among others, have proposed the re-introduction of a three-day work week. The arguments for its re-introduction include a better work-life balance, more family time, improved health and well-being, greater sustainability (such as via reduced carbon emissions),
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Throughout the 1970s the British economy was troubled by high rates of inflation. To tackle this, the government capped public sector pay rises and publicly promoted a clear capped level to the private sector. This caused unrest amongst trade unions as wages did not keep pace with price increases.
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In the aftermath of the vote, there was speculation that the army would be used to transport coal and man the power stations. McGahey called in a speech for the army to disobey orders, and either stay in the barracks or join picket lines, if they were asked to break the strike. In response, 111
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From 1 January 1974, commercial users of electricity were limited to three specified consecutive days' consumption each week and prohibited from working longer hours on those days. Services deemed essential (e.g. hospitals, data centres, supermarkets and newspaper printing presses) were exempt.
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on 13 December 1973, including the Three-Day Work Order, which came into force at midnight on 31 December. Commercial consumption of electricity would be limited to three consecutive days each week. Heath's objectives were business continuity and survival and to avoid further inflation and a
743:, which ran an emotive campaign to support the NUM. Its edition on election day in 1974 showed hundreds of crosses on its front page to represent the miners who had died since nationalisation in 1947, accompanied by the message, "Before you use your cross, remember these crosses". 161:
On 24 January 1974, 81% of NUM members voted to strike, having rejected the offer of a 16.5% pay rise. In contrast to the regional divisions of other strikes, every region of the NUM voted by a majority in favour of strike action. The only area that did not was the
141:. Rather than risk a total shutdown, working time was reduced to prolong the life of available fuel stocks. Television broadcasts were to shut down at 22:30 each evening, and most pubs were closed; due to the power surges generated at 22:30, the 708:
while the Three-Day Week was in force. His government emphasised the pay dispute with the miners and used the slogan "Who governs Britain?". Heath believed that the public sided with the Conservatives on the issues of strikes and union power.
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On 21 February 1974, the government's Pay Board reported that the NUM's pay claim was within the Phase 3 system for claims and would return miners' wages to the levels recommended by the Wilberforce Inquiry in 1972.
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running into that year, Labour reminded voters of the Three-Day Week, with a poster showing a lit candle and bearing the slogan "Remember the last time the Tories said they had all the answers?"
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The new Labour government increased miners' wages by 35% immediately after the February 1974 election. In February 1975, a further increase of 35% was achieved without any industrial action.
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returned to power in a minority government. The normal working week was restored on 8 March, but other restrictions on the use of electricity remained in force. A
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In the 1970s, most of the UK's electricity was produced by coal-burning power stations. To reduce electricity consumption, and thus conserve coal stocks, the
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as vice-president. The national conference passed resolutions for a 35% wage increase, regardless of any government guidelines, and for the election of a
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Grawe, Nathan D. "The three-day week of 1974 and measurement error in the FES and NCDS data sets" (No. 2002-11. ISER Working Paper Series, 2002).
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This extended to most industries, including coal mining, which provided the majority of the country's fuel and had a powerful trade union.
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Television companies were required to cease broadcasting at 22:30 to conserve electricity, although this restriction was dropped after a
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The measure was a major disaster for the Heath government, contributing to the losses in both the February election and the subsequent
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As inflation increased, miners' wages fell in real terms and, by October 1973, average wages were 2.3% lower than recommended by the
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government committed to "true socialist policy" including nationalisation of land and all key monopolies.
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was held in October 1974 cementing the Labour administration, which gained a majority of three seats.
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Labour MPs signed a statement to condemn McGahey. He responded "You can't dig coal with bayonets."
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increased work productivity, and a reduction of overwork, unemployment and over-consumption.
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to conserve electricity, the generation of which was severely restricted owing to
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Most of the media were strongly opposed to the NUM strike. An exception was the
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The strike began officially on 5 February and, two days later, Heath called the
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In the 21st century, those such as Anna Coote, the head of social policy at the
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was one of several measures introduced in the United Kingdom in 1973–1974 by
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was called. The Three-Day Week restrictions were lifted on 7 March 1974.
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took the largest share of the vote, but lost its majority, with
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There had been some violence on miners' picket lines during the
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Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities
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State of Emergency: the way we were: Britain, 1970-1974
839:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 21 October 2010 823:"British Economics and Trade Union politics 1973–1974" 982: 980: 978: 2080: 2059: 1943: 1793: 1617: 1582: 1499: 1338: 1231: 976: 974: 972: 970: 968: 966: 964: 962: 960: 958: 97:– were becoming more militant with the election of 1167:When the lights went out: Britain in the seventies 825:. The National Archives (UK Government records). 2159:February 1974 United Kingdom general election 1873:February 1974 United Kingdom general election 1857: 1204: 1044:"1974: Heath calls snap election over miners" 8: 2113:October 1974 United Kingdom general election 1123:"1975: Miners set for 35 per cent pay rises" 132:, announced a number of measures under the 27:1973–74 UK electricity conservation measure 1864: 1850: 1842: 1211: 1197: 1189: 2149:Energy conservation in the United Kingdom 164:Colliery Officials and Staff Association 2144:Political history of the United Kingdom 886:"Save the world with a 3-day work week" 809: 190:Voting figures for strike action (NUM) 134:Fuel and Electricity (Control) Act 1973 1109:"1974: Miners' strike comes to an end" 884:Schachter, Harvey (10 February 2012). 7: 1063:The Politics of the Yorkshire Miners 817: 815: 813: 143:Central Electricity Generating Board 46:by coal miners and railway workers. 1220:Miners' Federation of Great Britain 1065:. London: Croom Helm. p. 258. 145:argued for a staggered shutdown on 936:Veal, Anthony (24 December 2018). 25: 865:from the original on 16 July 2012 1087:"1974 Oct: Wilson makes it four" 990:Strike, not the end of the story 184:Strike, not the end of the story 2154:1974 labor disputes and strikes 1182:(Penguin UK, 2011) pp 584–606. 706:February 1974 general election 1: 1640:Colliery Officials and Staffs 1224:National Union of Mineworkers 1125:. BBC News. 13 February 1975. 987:Douglass, David John (2005). 910:Hart, Anna (30 August 2016). 763:having the most seats in the 116:supported the NUM's actions. 91:National Union of Mineworkers 2139:Labour in the United Kingdom 210:Votes against strike action 751:The election resulted in a 89:By the middle of 1973, the 2175: 2134:1974 in the United Kingdom 1928:Appointed prime minister: 1169:(Faber & Faber, 2009). 182:Taken from John Douglass' 2036:Democratic Unionist Party 1909: 1879: 1137:"The power of persuasion" 1111:. BBC News. 6 March 1974. 723:unofficial strike of 1969 1089:. BBC News. 5 April 2005 792:In the campaign for the 717:NUM control of picketing 558:Northumberland mechanics 204:Votes for strike action 74:New Economics Foundation 2046:Democratic Labour Party 1986:Scottish National Party 1670:Lancashire and Cheshire 1061:Taylor, Andrew (1984). 784:second general election 727:official strike of 1972 61:. Following the losses 40:Conservative government 2098:Pro-Assembly Unionists 69:and subsequently won. 65:challenged Heath to a 2103:Sunningdale Agreement 1996:Ulster Unionist Party 837:"The UK in the 1970s" 794:1979 general election 438:Group no 2 (Scotland) 114:Trades Union Congress 1759:Mid and West Lothian 1754:Mid and East Lothian 1618:Affiliates and areas 1178:Sandbrook, Dominic. 861:. The TV Room Plus. 798:Winter of Discontent 1689:North Staffordshire 1500:General Secretaries 916:The Daily Telegraph 658:Yorkshire enginemen 191: 178:Results by NUM area 110:Wilberforce Inquiry 95:National Coal Board 1944:Parties elected to 1050:. 7 February 1974. 1032:. 8 February 1974. 1028:"TV Curb Lifted". 890:The Globe and Mail 757:Conservative Party 189: 120:The Three-Day Week 67:leadership contest 2121: 2120: 1839: 1838: 697: 696: 213:% of total votes 207:% of total votes 63:Margaret Thatcher 44:industrial action 16:(Redirected from 2166: 2093:Campbell Adamson 2067:Northern Ireland 1948:House of Commons 1866: 1859: 1852: 1843: 1775:South Derbyshire 1744:Fife and Kinross 1680:Midland Counties 1213: 1206: 1199: 1190: 1153: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1133: 1127: 1126: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1058: 1052: 1051: 1040: 1034: 1033: 1025: 1019: 1018: 1017:. 18 March 2017. 1011: 1005: 1004: 984: 953: 952: 950: 948: 942:The Conversation 933: 927: 926: 924: 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Jones 1264:Richards 1147:16 April 1093:16 April 1048:BBC News 863:Archived 725:and the 318:Scotland 298:C.O.S.A. 1976:Liberal 1794:Strikes 1699:Pelsall 1635:Cokemen 1625:Bristol 1597:Abraham 1574:Kitchen 1562:Vacant? 1538:Paynter 1479:Stanley 1455:McGahey 1413:Lawther 1353:Smillie 1312:Gormley 1288:Lawther 1252:Smillie 1240:Pickard 769:Liberal 684:188,393 681:232,615 458:Cokemen 195:Area / 1956:Labour 1934:Labour 1655:Durham 1603:Robson 1532:Horner 1514:Hodges 1508:Ashton 1491:Thomas 1485:Wilson 1467:Vacant 1419:Bowman 1407:Davies 1359:Harvey 1330:Wilson 1324:Lavery 1300:Machen 1174:online 1069:  997:  778:; and 761:Labour 755:: the 693:19.01 690:44,222 673:14.59 653:11.93 633:39.40 613:41.49 593:20.67 573:17.12 553:10.30 533:38.35 513:29.84 493:43.76 473:32.88 453:18.72 433:22.69 413:15.97 393:17.98 373:13.46 361:10,679 353:26.75 341:12,309 333:12.60 324:14,497 321:16,587 313:60.53 301:15,368 293:14.30 284:14,862 281:17,341 278:Durham 264:25,058 261:26,901 253:22.92 244:21,801 241:28,284 224:49,278 221:54,570 197:Groups 103:Labour 1894:Wales 1607:1921 1601:1918 1595:1904 1589:1889 1572:2007 1566:2002 1560:1992 1554:1992 1548:1984 1542:1968 1536:1959 1530:1946 1524:1932 1518:1924 1512:1919 1506:1889 1489:2012 1483:2010 1477:2002 1471:1992 1465:1989 1459:1987 1453:1973 1447:1969 1441:1963 1435:1961 1429:1954 1423:1950 1417:1939 1411:1934 1405:1933 1399:1932 1393:1931 1387:1929 1381:1924 1377:Walsh 1375:1922 1371:Smith 1369:1917 1365:House 1363:1914 1357:1912 1351:1909 1347:Woods 1345:1889 1328:2012 1322:2002 1316:1982 1310:1971 1304:1960 1298:1960 1292:1954 1286:1939 1280:1934 1274:1932 1268:1931 1262:1929 1258:Smith 1256:1922 1250:1912 1244:1904 1238:1889 1226:(NUM) 804:Notes 733:Media 687:80.99 678:Total 667:85.41 647:88.07 627:60.60 607:58.51 601:1,164 587:79.33 581:1,200 567:82.88 564:1,816 561:2,191 547:89.70 544:2,117 541:2,360 527:61.65 524:1,553 521:2,519 507:70.16 504:1,827 501:2,604 490:1,742 487:56.24 484:2,239 481:3,981 470:1,507 467:67.12 464:3,076 461:4,583 447:81.28 444:3,929 441:4,834 430:1,347 427:77.31 424:4,590 421:5,937 410:1,345 407:84.03 404:7,075 401:8,420 390:1,553 387:82.02 384:7,084 381:8,637 370:1,437 367:86.54 364:9,242 350:3,293 347:73.25 344:9,016 330:2,090 327:87.40 310:9,302 307:39.47 304:6,066 290:2,479 287:85.70 273:6.85 270:1,843 267:93.12 250:6,483 247:77.08 233:9.70 230:5,292 227:90.30 2026:SDLP 1946:the 1826:1974 1821:1972 1816:1969 1811:1926 1806:1912 1801:1893 1665:Kent 1568:Kemp 1544:Daly 1520:Cook 1473:Cave 1306:Ford 1149:2012 1095:2012 1067:ISBN 995:ISBN 949:2023 923:2023 897:2023 871:2012 845:2012 771:and 538:Kent 168:APEX 149:and 30:The 1395:Lee 1276:Lee 776:MPs 664:316 661:370 650:105 644:775 641:880 630:353 624:543 621:896 610:483 604:681 590:248 584:952 570:375 550:243 530:966 510:777 450:905 151:ITV 147:BBC 38:'s 2130:: 1917:: 1139:. 1046:. 957:^ 940:. 914:. 888:. 812:^ 670:54 2052:) 2048:( 2042:) 2038:( 2032:) 2028:( 2022:) 2018:( 2012:) 2008:( 2002:) 1998:( 1992:) 1988:( 1982:) 1978:( 1972:) 1968:( 1962:) 1958:( 1936:) 1932:( 1925:) 1921:( 1865:e 1858:t 1851:v 1766:) 1737:( 1716:) 1682:( 1212:e 1205:t 1198:v 1151:. 1097:. 1075:. 1003:. 951:. 925:. 899:. 873:. 847:. 20:)

Index

Three-day week
Edward Heath
Conservative government
industrial action
general election
October election
Margaret Thatcher
leadership contest
New Economics Foundation
National Union of Mineworkers
National Coal Board
Mick McGahey
Labour
Wilberforce Inquiry
Trades Union Congress
Conservative
Edward Heath
Fuel and Electricity (Control) Act 1973
currency crisis
Central Electricity Generating Board
BBC
ITV
Colliery Officials and Staff Association
APEX
February 1974 general election
unofficial strike of 1969
official strike of 1972
Daily Mirror
hung parliament
Conservative Party

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