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1352:. In order to maintain order and protect gun shops from looters, military patrols throughout the city were established, strengthened, and expanded. However, no special measures were taken to protect either the arm depots or gunpowder factories. For a time, those precautions seemed premature, but at 7:00 pm, with the coming of twilight, the fighting began. "Parisians, rather than soldiers, were the aggressor. Paving stones, roof tiles, and flowerpots from the upper windows... began to rain down on the soldiers in the streets". At first, soldiers fired warning shots into the air. But before the night was over, twenty-one civilians were killed. Rioters then paraded the corpse of one of their fallen throughout the streets shouting "
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1420:, to repress the disturbances. Marmont was personally liberal, and opposed to the ministry's policy, but was bound tightly to the King because he believed such to be his duty; and possibly because of his unpopularity for his generally perceived and widely criticized desertion of Napoleon in 1814. The king remained at Saint-Cloud, but was kept abreast of the events in Paris by his ministers, who insisted that the troubles would end as soon as the rioters ran out of ammunition.
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to popular acclaim. During the ceremony, while presenting the King the keys to the city, the comte de
Chabrol, Prefect of the Seine, declared: "Proud to possess its new king, Paris can aspire to become the queen of cities by its magnificence, as its people aspire to be foremost in its fidelity, its devotion, and its love."
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a crowd of agitated people pass by and disappear, then a troop of cavalry succeed them... In every direction and at intervals... Indistinct noises, gunshots, and then for a time all is silent again so for a time one could believe that everything in the city was normal. But all the shops are shut; the
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Because of what
Charles X's government perceived to be growing, relentless, and increasingly vitriolic criticism of both the government and the Church, it introduced a proposal at the Chamber of Deputies for a law to tighten censorship, especially of newspapers. The Chamber, for its part, objected so
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It was a hot, dry summer, pushing those who could afford it to leave Paris for the country. Most businessmen could not, and so were among the first to learn of the Saint-Cloud "Ordinances", which banned them from running as candidates for the
Chamber of Deputies. Such membership was indispensable to
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On 30 April, on the grounds that it had behaved in an offensive manner towards the crown, the king abruptly dissolved the
National Guard of Paris, a voluntary group of citizens formerly considered a reliable conduit between the monarchy and the people. Cooler heads were appalled: " would rather have
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On 16 September 1824, after a lingering illness of several months, the 68-year-old Louis XVIII died. As he was childless, his younger brother, Charles, aged 66, inherited the throne of France. He was known to have more reactionary politics. On 27 September
Charles X made his state entry into Paris
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The second matter, that of financial indemnities, was far more opportunistic than the first. Since the restoration of the monarchy, there had been demands from all groups to settle matters of property ownership in order to reduce, if not eliminate, the uncertainties in the real estate market. But
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Marmont lacked either the initiative or the presence of mind to call for additional troops from Saint-Denis, Vincennes, Lunéville, or Saint-Omer; neither did he ask for help from reservists or those
Parisians still loyal to Charles X. The Bourbon opposition and supporters of the July Revolution
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with the people of Paris, the king's relationship with the élite—both the
Bourbon supporters and Bourbon opposition—had remained solid. This, too, was about to change. On 12 April, propelled by both genuine conviction and the spirit of independence, the Chamber of Deputies roundly rejected the
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After signing the petition, committee members went directly to
Marmont to beg for an end to the bloodshed, and to plead with him to become a mediator between Saint-Cloud and Paris. Marmont acknowledged the petition, but stated that the people of Paris would have to lay down arms first for a
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refused to lend money, and business owners shuttered their factories. Workers were unceremoniously turned out into the street to fend for themselves. Unemployment, which had been growing through early summer, spiked. "Large numbers of... workers therefore had nothing to do but protest."
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swarmed to his headquarters demanding the arrest of
Polignac and the other ministers, while supporters of the Bourbon and city leaders demanded he arrest the rioters and their puppet masters. Marmont refused to act on either request, instead awaiting orders from the king.
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were well organized and very well armed. In only a day and a night, over 4,000 barricades had been thrown up throughout the city. The tricolor flag of the revolutionaries – the "people's flag" – flew over buildings, an increasing number of them important buildings.
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1200:, dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, suspended the liberty of the press, excluded the commercial middle class from future elections, and called for new elections. On Monday 26 July, these decrees were published in the leading conservative newspaper in Paris,
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A few hours later, politicians entered the battered complex and set about establishing a provisional government. Though there would be spots of fighting throughout the city for the next few days, the revolution, for all intents and purposes, was over.
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Sire, it is no longer a riot, it is a revolution. It is urgent for Your
Majesty to take measures for pacification. The honour of the crown can still be saved. Tomorrow, perhaps, there will be no more time... I await with impatience Your Majesty's
1379:. These lanterns were hung on ropes looped-on-looped from one pole to another, as opposed to being secured on posts. The rioting lasted well into the night until most of them had been destroyed by 10:00 PM, forcing the crowds to slip away.
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It is hardly a quarter past eight, and already shouts and gun shots can be heard. Business is at a complete standstill.... Crowds rushing through the streets... the sound of cannon and gunfire is becoming ever louder.... Cries of
95:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge (XXG).
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had fallen, even more quickly. Swiss troops of the Royal Army, confronted by the mob and under orders from Marmont not to fire unless fired upon, were withdrawn by their officers who feared a repetition of the massacre of
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Critics of the first accused the king and his new ministry of pandering to the Catholic Church, and by so doing of violating guarantees of equality of religious belief as specified in the Charter of 1814.
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1497:". From Polignac they received even less satisfaction. He refused to see them, perhaps because he knew that discussions would be a waste of time. Like Marmont, he knew that Charles X considered the
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was mostly loyal for the moment, but the attached line units were wavering: a small but growing number of troops were deserting; some merely slipping away, others leaving, not caring who saw them.
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to be withdrawn. The petition was critical "not of the King, but his ministers", thereby countering the conviction of Charles X that his liberal opponents were enemies of his dynasty.
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Eight months later, the mood of the capital had sharply worsened in its opinion of the new king. The causes of this dramatic shift in public opinion were many, but the main two were:
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THE GREAT NUTCRACKER OF JULY 25th. In this caricature, Charles X attempts to break a billiard ball marked "charter" with his teeth, but finds the nut too hard to crack.
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has begun... in the situation in which we are now placed obedience has ceased to be a duty... It is for France to judge how far its own resistance ought to extend.
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Throughout the day, Paris grew quiet as the milling crowds grew larger. At 4:30 pm commanders of the troops of the First Military division of Paris and the
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1455:. This plan was both ill-considered and wildly ambitious; not only were there not enough troops, but there were also nowhere near enough provisions. The
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met to redraw the continent's political map. Many European countries attended the Congress, but decision-making was controlled by four major powers: the
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and available line units of the city garrison guard the vital thoroughfares and bridges of the city, as well as protect important buildings such as the
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and the First Empire of Napoleon—these indemnities to be paid to anyone, whether noble or non-noble, who had been declared "enemies of the revolution."
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That evening, when police raided a news press and seized contraband newspapers, they were greeted by a sweltering, unemployed mob angrily shouting, "
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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At 4 pm, Charles X received Colonel Komierowski, one of Marmont's chief aides. The colonel was carrying a note from Marmont to his Majesty:
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Two years later, Parisian republicans, disillusioned by the outcome and underlying motives of the uprising, revolted in an event known as the
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On Sunday, 25 July 1830, the king, with the agreement of Polignac, set out to alter the Charter of 1814 by decree. His decrees, known as the
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The Journalists and the July Revolution in France: The Role of the Political Press in the Overthrow of the Bourbon Restoration, 1827–1830
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had already ceased publication in compliance with the new law, nearly 50 journalists from a dozen city newspapers met in the offices of
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on 29 May 1825. In an elaborate ceremony the King swore both to uphold the Charter but also France's ancient "fundamental laws".
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upon hearing the news, "than have counseled such an act: the only further measure needed to cause a revolution is censorship."
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abdicated their rights to the throne and departed for Great Britain. Although Charles had intended that his grandson, the
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Knowledge (XXG) article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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France... falls back into revolution by the act of the government itself... the legal regime is now interrupted, that of
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is almost completely dark, the stupefaction visible on every face reminds us all too much of the crisis we face....
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settlement to be reached. Discouraged but not despairing, the party then sought out the king's chief minister,
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28 Juillet 1830: Premier Rassemblement des Citoyens et des Elèves de l'école Polytechnique Place du Panthéon
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Price, Roger (December 1974). "Legitimist Opposition to the Revolution of 1830 in the French Provinces".
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Perhaps for the same reason, royalists were nowhere to be found; perhaps another reason was that now the
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The revolution of July 1830 created a constitutional monarchy. On 2 August, Charles X and his son the
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and the Chamber of Deputies skyrocketed, and the popularity of the king and his ministry dropped. The
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pronounced this refusal "a victory over the forces of counter-revolutionaries and reactionism."
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vital to the safety and dignity of the throne of France. Thus, the King would not withdraw the
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1586:' ('I receive! I receive!') Others drank wine from the palace cellars." Earlier that day, the
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2184:(June 1989). "The Economic Crisis of 1827–32 and the 1830 Revolution in Provincial France".
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2386:(2012) pp 105–36; ten original documents in English translation regarding July Revolution
2218:(December 1983). "The 'Three Glorious Days': The Revolution of 1830 in Provincial France".
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violently that the humiliated government had no choice but to withdraw its proposals.
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In Paris, a committee of the Bourbon opposition, composed of banker-and-kingmaker
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Historical Dictionary of France from the 1815 Restoration to the Second Empire
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Louis-Phillipe going from the Palais Royal to the HĂ´tel de Ville, 31 July 1830
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Despite public anger over the police raid, Jean-Henri-Claude Magin, the Paris
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Full Annals of the Revolution in France, 1830 ... Illustrated with engravings
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those who sought the ultimate in social prestige. In protest, members of the
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government's proposal to change the inheritance laws. The popular newspaper
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The provisions for financial indemnities for properties confiscated by the
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Pinkney, David H. (1961). "A New Look at the French Revolution of 1830".
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Fighting in Paris continued throughout the night. One eyewitness wrote:
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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Up to this time, thanks to the popularity of the constitution and the
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Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution
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On 17 March 1830, the majority in the Chamber of Deputies passed a
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The king asked Polignac for advice, and the advice was to resist.
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Political Imagery of the 1830 Revolution and the July Monarchy
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Populist religion and left-wing politics in France, 1830–1852
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had been sacked. A man wearing a ball dress belonging to the
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1830 overthrow of the Bourbons by the July Monarchy in France
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The July monarchy: a political history of France, 1830–1848
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were ordered to concentrate their troops, and guns, on the
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910:("Three Glorious "), was a second French Revolution after
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Duc de Dolberg, Castellan, II, 176 (letter 30 April 1827)
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The Perilous Crown: France Between Revolutions, 1814-1848
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The arrival of the duc d'Orléans (Louis Phillipe) at the
1359:" ("Death to the ministers! Down with the aristocrats!")
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Imposition of the death penalty for anyone profaning the
2337:"Die 1830er Revolution als europäisches Medienereignis"
2053:, III, 120; Fontaine II, 849 (letter of 9 August 1830).
1683:, commemorates the events of the Three Glorious Days.
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In 1828, the city of Paris had installed some 2,000
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
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Marie Amélie, 356; (17 April 1827); Antonetti, 527.
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3720:List of places named for the Marquis de Lafayette
2170:Newman, Edgar Leon, and Robert Lawrence Simpson.
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1429:Fight in front of the City Hall on 28 July 1830
2131:Collingham, Hugh AC, and Robert S. Alexander.
1690:in Brussels and the Southern Provinces of the
248:to the French throne and establishment of the
113:accompanying your translation by providing an
79:Click for important translation instructions.
71:expand this article with text translated from
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961:. Supporters of the Bourbons would be called
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1698:. There was also a successful revolution in
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1852:Une Famille Parisienne (le 30 Juillet 1830)
1833:Une Famille Parisienne (le 28 Juillet 1830)
1007:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
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914:in 1789. It led to the overthrow of King
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3955:Michel du Motier, Marquis de La Fayette
3907:Lafayette in the Somewhat United States
3647:1824–25 Grand Tour of the United States
3473:Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette
2152:(Second ed.). London: Thomas Tegg.
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2158:Citizen King: Life of Louis-Philippe
2140:France and 1848: The end of monarchy
1905:La Presse Ă l'assaut de la monarchie
1001:, represented by the Chief Minister
2128:(Princeton University Press, 2014).
2110:. Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard.
1280:" ("Down with the Bourbons!") and "
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3764:Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.
1406:Ă€ bas le roi!', 'Ă€ la guillotine!!
125:{{Translated|fr|Trois Glorieuses}}
25:
2135:. Longman Publishing Group, 1988.
1692:United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1521:Thursday, 29 July 1830: Day Three
3949:Georges Washington de La Fayette
3496:
2335:Schmidt-Funke, Julia A. (2011).
1840:
1821:
1802:
1787:
1768:
1762:Bibliothèque nationale de France
1746:
1727:
1383:Wednesday, 28 July 1830: Day Two
836:
821:
287:
194:painting of the July Revolution.
58:
34:July Revolution (disambiguation)
3840:Lafayette (We Hear You Calling)
2094:. New York: St. Martin's Press.
1962:Pinkey (1972), 83–84; Rémusat,
1439:Marmont's plan was to have the
1284:" ("Long live the Charter!").
2754:Government of National Defense
2075:. Princeton University Press.
1476:Georges Mouton, comte de Lobau
1324:Seizure of the presses of the
1316:Tuesday, 27 July 1830: Day One
123:You may also add the template
1:
3882:(1997 documentary miniseries)
2663:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
2658:War of the Spanish Succession
2347:Institute of European History
2071:The French Revolution of 1830
1922:. Pan Macmillan. p. 119.
1249:While newspapers such as the
1209:Les trois journées de juillet
1054:Bourbon Restoration in France
1034:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand
3740:Lafayette Hill, Pennsylvania
3725:Fayetteville, North Carolina
3689:Château de la Grange-Bléneau
1622:, and other places as well.
1566:, by Jean-Baptiste Carbillet
3598:Women's March on Versailles
2384:Liberté, Vol. II: 1827-1847
1595:that had occurred when the
1412:Charles X ordered Maréchal
1123:The popularity of both the
1032:France's foreign minister,
136:Knowledge (XXG):Translation
4065:
3834:1825 Samuel Morse painting
3625:War of the First Coalition
3144:French subdivisions by GDP
2891:2022 presidential election
2876:2017 presidential election
2067:Pinkney, David H. (1972).
1530:Battle at the Rue de Rohan
1051:
1027:King Frederick William III
183:Liberty Leading the People
87:Machine translation, like
38:
31:
3977:Honorary U.S. citizenship
3494:
3405:
3205:
3092:
2985:
2914:
2648:Second Hundred Years' War
2490:Liberalism and radicalism
2302:10.1017/S0018246X00007895
2263:10.1017/s003467050002307x
2234:10.1017/S0018246X00012711
2200:10.1017/S0018246X00012176
973:supporting the return of
939:restored House of Bourbon
928:French Revolution of 1848
884:French Revolution of 1830
174:
160:
73:the corresponding article
4039:Henri, Count of Chambord
3999:19th-century revolutions
3890:(2002 television series)
3798:Lafayette College statue
3561:Franco-American alliance
2919:Administrative divisions
2382:Olchar E. Lindsann, ed.
2174:(Greenwood Press, 1987)
2167:(1923) pp. 174–368.
1782:no. 3, 1830, Rijksmuseum
1741:no. 1, 1830, Rijksmuseum
1065:in coronation robes, by
900:Second French Revolution
646:
608:
438:
427:
406:
39:Not to be confused with
3863:La Révolution française
3588:National Guard (France)
3583:Estates General of 1789
3139:Franc (former currency)
2744:Coup of 2 December 1851
2717:Long nineteenth century
2342:European History Online
2106:Antonetti, Guy (2002).
2090:Mansel, Philip (2001).
1966:II, 313–314; Lendré 107
1903:Ledré, Charles (1960).
1357:Ă€ bas les aristocrates!
1216:The Three Glorious Days
1187:elections that followed
1177:, against the king and
1171:motion of no confidence
935:constitutional monarchy
134:For more guidance, see
3943:Adrienne de La Fayette
3620:Champ de Mars massacre
3551:Battle of Green Spring
3541:Battle of Rhode Island
3159:Science and technology
2816:Provisional Government
2785:
2764:
2624:
2289:The Historical Journal
2221:The Historical Journal
2187:The Historical Journal
2163:Lucas-Dubreton, Jean.
2146:Hone, William (1830).
2051:MĂ©moires d'outre-tombe
2028:Mansel (2001), p. 247.
2019:Mansel (2001), p. 245.
2010:(28 July 1830) p. 247.
2008:Paris en 1830, Journal
1995:Paris en 1830, Journal
1984:Mansel (2001), p. 239.
1975:Pickney (1972), p. 93.
1893:Mansel (2001), p. 200.
1884:Mansel (2001), p. 198.
1780:Souvenirs patriotiques
1758:Souvenirs patriotiques
1739:Souvenirs patriotiques
1645:
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482:Valois-AngoulĂŞme kings
151:
4029:Insurgencies in Paris
4014:Wars involving France
3685:(birthplace and home)
3609:Fête de la Fédération
3536:Battle of Barren Hill
2324:Reid, Lauren (2012).
2092:Paris Between Empires
2041:, 33, (29 July 1830).
1997:(27 July 1830) p.244.
1953:Mansel (2001), p. 238
1918:Price, Munro (2010).
1637:
1610:—whose paintings and
1584:Je reçois! Je reçois!
1574:By 1:30 pm, the
1559:
1538:
1528:
1510:
1426:
1401:
1390:
1364:
1323:
1296:
1228:
1183:departments of France
1156:
1129:Coronation of Charles
1061:
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991:surrender in May 1814
896:révolution de Juillet
107:copyright attribution
4019:Rebellions in France
3810:Lafayette Escadrille
3752:New York City statue
3730:Lafayette, Louisiana
3695:Lafayette Land Grant
3683:Château de Chavaniac
3652:New York City parade
3577:Assembly of Notables
3526:Battle of Gloucester
3521:Battle of Brandywine
3513:French frigate
2964:World Heritage Sites
2881:Coronavirus pandemic
2375:Collins, Irene, ed.
2138:Fortescue, William.
1866:Bourgeois revolution
1681:Place de la Bastille
1350:Place de la Bastille
1221:Monday, 26 July 1830
1011:Viscount Castlereagh
886:, also known as the
690:Provisional Republic
472:Valois-Orléans kings
32:For other uses, see
4034:Revolutions of 1830
3657:Philadelphia parade
3506:American Revolution
3102:Automotive industry
2886:2021 labor protests
2643:Peace of Westphalia
2511:History of Normandy
2506:History of Brittany
1848:Jean-Baptiste Goyet
1829:Jean-Baptiste Goyet
1620:Archbishop's Palace
1434:Jean-Victor Schnetz
1362:One witness wrote:
1354:Mort aux Ministres!
1278:Ă€ bas les Bourbons!
1230:Scenes of July 1830
1113:Chamber of Deputies
1019:Emperor Alexander I
959:popular sovereignty
219:The July Revolution
169:Revolutions of 1830
163:Bourbon Restoration
157:
18:Three Glorious Days
3972:Order of Lafayette
3871:Jefferson in Paris
3804:Los Angeles statue
3792:Lafayette Memorial
3758:LaFayette Fountain
3546:Battle of Monmouth
3169:Telecommunications
2871:2015 Paris attacks
2734:Revolution of 1848
2562:Visigothic Kingdom
2251:Review of Politics
2142:(Routledge, 2004).
2124:Berenson, Edward.
2039:Journal d'un poète
2037:de Vigny, Alfred,
1810:Eugène Lepoittevin
1795:Eugène Lepoittevin
1776:Eugène Lepoittevin
1754:Eugène Lepoittevin
1735:Eugène Lepoittevin
1715:overthrown in 1848
1696:Kingdom of Belgium
1646:
1568:
1537:
1437:
1408:" can be heard....
1397:
1338:Place du Carrousel
1330:
1264:Le Constitutionnel
1252:Journal des débats
1238:
1175:Address of the 221
1159:
1118:Le Constitutionnel
1086:Anti-Sacrilege Act
1070:
995:Congress of Vienna
941:, to another, the
843:History portal
339: until 50 BC
115:interlanguage link
4009:Conflicts in 1830
3986:
3985:
3926:(2024 miniseries)
3745:Lafayette College
3691:(home and museum)
3570:French Revolution
3556:Siege of Yorktown
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3071:Political parties
3007:Foreign relations
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2684:French Revolution
2638:Thirty Years' War
2619:Absolute monarchy
2584:Kingdom of France
2480:Foreign relations
2460:Political history
2320:(Springer, 2013).
2316:Rader, Daniel L.
1704:November Uprising
1616:Palais de Justice
1580:duchesse de Berry
1534:Hippolyte Lecomte
1449:Palais de Justice
1048:Charles X's reign
1025:, represented by
1017:, represented by
1003:Prince Metternich
987:Napoleonic France
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828:France portal
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519:French Revolution
510:Long 19th century
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418:Kingdom of France
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16:(Redirected from
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4044:Louis Philippe I
4024:July 1830 events
3781:Lafayette dollar
3500:
3480:Principal author
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3119:Economic history
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2668:Seven Years' War
2633:Wars of Religion
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2614:House of Bourbon
2609:Early modern era
2589:Fundamental laws
2465:Military history
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2156:Howarth, T.E.B.
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1654:Duke of Bordeaux
1576:Tuileries Palace
1464:Jacques Laffitte
1309:Préfet de police
1232:, a painting by
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1125:Chamber of Peers
955:hereditary right
951:House of Orléans
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2370:Primary sources
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1282:Vive la Charte!
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1198:July Ordinances
1191:Ultra-royalists
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2296:(4): 755–778.
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2257:(4): 490–506.
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2228:(4): 831–844.
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2194:(2): 319–338.
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2176:online edition
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1472:Étienne Gérard
1468:Casimir Perier
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1391:Taking of the
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389:
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379:
366:
361:
360:
357:
356:
351:
350:
349:50 BC – 486 AD
347:
341:
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337:
331:
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329:600 BC – 49 BC
327:
325:Greek colonies
321:
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309:
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274:
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259:
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250:constitutional
246:Louis Philippe
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238:Abdication of
235:
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227:French society
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41:June Rebellion
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2:
4061:
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3842:" (1918 song)
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3215:Birth control
3213:
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3208:
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3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
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2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:Constitutions
2988:
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2975:
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2787:Années folles
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2749:Second Empire
2747:
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2737:
2735:
2732:
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2728:
2727:July Monarchy
2725:
2723:
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2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2626:Ancien RĂ©gime
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
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2598:
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2348:
2345:(in German).
2344:
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2319:
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2117:2-2135-9222-5
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2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1911:
1907:. p. 70.
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1760:no. 2, 1830,
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1712:
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1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1682:
1679:, located on
1678:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1666:July Monarchy
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1643:Horace Vernet
1640:
1636:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1621:
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1372:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1346:Place VendĂ´me
1343:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1322:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:Armand Carrel
1285:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1247:
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1199:
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1192:
1188:
1184:
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1165:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1144:Champ de Mars
1141:
1136:
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1126:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1109:
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1101:
1094:
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1060:
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1024:
1020:
1016:
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1008:
1004:
1000:
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980:
978:
977:descendants.
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
943:July Monarchy
940:
936:
931:
929:
925:
921:
918:, the French
917:
913:
909:
907:
901:
897:
893:
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865:
863:
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743:
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693:
691:
688:
687:
683:
678:
675:
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670:
669:
667:
666:
662:
660:
659:Années folles
656:
655:
651:
649:
645:
644:
640:
638:
635:
634:
629:
624:
623:
613:
611:
607:
606:
602:
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597:
596:
592:
590:
589:Second Empire
587:
586:
582:
580:
577:
576:
572:
570:
569:July Monarchy
567:
566:
562:
560:
557:
556:
552:
550:
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536:
532:
530:
527:
526:
522:
520:
517:
516:
511:
506:
505:
495:
493:
492:Bourbon kings
490:
489:
485:
483:
480:
479:
475:
473:
470:
469:
466:
465:
464:Ancien RĂ©gime
459:
454:
453:
443:
441:
437:
436:
432:
430:
426:
425:
421:
419:
416:
415:
411:
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398:
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358:
348:
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307:
302:
301:
298:
295:
294:
290:
286:
285:
282:
275:
270:
264:
254:
253:July Monarchy
251:
247:
244:Ascension of
243:
241:
237:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
216:Also known as
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
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189:
185:
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178:
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159:
155:
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122:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
94:
90:
86:
84:
83:
76:
74:
69:You can help
65:
56:
55:
50:
46:
42:
35:
30:
19:
3921:
3913:
3905:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3855:Valley Forge
3853:
3845:
3816:
3663:
3640:Other events
3629:
3607:
3531:Valley Forge
3514:
3320:Coat of arms
3310:Architecture
3282:Social class
3240:Homelessness
3225:Demographics
3179:Trade unions
3112:Central bank
3054:criminal law
3017:Human rights
3000:presidential
2844:Algerian War
2827:Contemporary
2801:Vichy France
2796:World War II
2766:Belle Époque
2699:First Empire
2601:Early Modern
2572:West Francia
2383:
2376:
2358:. Retrieved
2340:
2326:
2317:
2293:
2287:
2254:
2250:
2225:
2219:
2191:
2185:
2171:
2164:
2157:
2148:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2107:
2091:
2070:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2007:
2002:
1994:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1913:
1904:
1898:
1889:
1880:
1851:
1832:
1813:
1779:
1757:
1738:
1708:
1685:
1674:
1647:
1638:
1624:
1612:objets d'art
1611:
1601:
1593:Swiss Guards
1583:
1573:
1569:
1563:Palais-Royal
1560:
1549:
1547:
1539:
1529:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:Jeanne d'Arc
1491:
1484:
1479:
1461:
1457:Garde Royale
1456:
1445:Palais Royal
1441:Garde Royale
1440:
1438:
1428:
1418:Garde Royale
1417:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1377:street lamps
1374:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1353:
1334:Garde Royale
1333:
1331:
1325:
1307:
1305:
1299:
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1286:
1281:
1277:
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1262:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1234:LĂ©on Cogniet
1229:
1202:
1195:
1168:
1160:
1148:
1140:Garde Royale
1139:
1137:
1122:
1117:
1110:
1106:Bonapartists
1102:
1098:
1075:
1071:
1031:
984:
971:Bonapartists
947:cadet branch
937:, under the
932:
903:
899:
887:
883:
881:
878:
831:
789:Christianity
677:Vichy France
628:20th century
610:Belle Époque
549:First Empire
462:
458:Early modern
408:West Francia
397:Carolingians
387:Merovingians
224:Participants
181:
161:Part of the
152:
111:edit summary
102:
70:
29:
3918:(2021 book)
3910:(2015 book)
3874:(1995 film)
3866:(1989 film)
3858:(1975 film)
3850:(1961 film)
3769:1891 statue
3430:WikiProject
3245:Immigration
3235:Health care
3097:Agriculture
3049:enforcement
2806:Free France
2775:World War I
2722:Restoration
2709:Late Modern
2579:Middle Ages
2554:Middle Ages
2539:Celtic Gaul
2388:online free
2360:21 February
1706:in Poland.
1677:July Column
1670:Legitimists
1503:ordonnances
1499:ordonnances
1495:en culottes
1488:de Polignac
1480:ordonnances
1470:, Generals
1340:facing the
1326:Le National
1292:Le National
1270:Le National
1258:Le Moniteur
1203:Le Moniteur
1038:Louis XVIII
963:Legitimists
957:by that of
742:Health care
672:Free France
559:Restoration
363:Middle Ages
335:Celtic Gaul
278:History of
192:allegorical
49:July Crisis
3993:Categories
3847:La Fayette
3710:Honors and
3664:Brandywine
3373:Philosophy
3358:Literature
3270:secularism
3066:Parliament
2861:2005 riots
2811:Liberation
2677:Revolution
2544:Roman Gaul
2529:Prehistory
2485:Journalism
1872:References
1451:, and the
1348:, and the
981:Background
975:Napoleon's
967:Orléanists
378:settlement
345:Roman Gaul
315:Prehistory
3900:2020 film
3817:Lafayette
3815:USS
3712:memorials
3662:USS
3230:Education
3184:Transport
3034:Judiciary
2995:Elections
2949:Mountains
2907:Geography
2653:Louis XIV
2443:Overviews
2355:704840169
2349:, Mainz.
2330:(Thesis).
2310:154214035
2279:143524193
2242:154242989
2208:154412637
1700:Brunswick
1369:Pont Neuf
1342:Tuileries
1164:Rhineland
1082:Eucharist
1063:Charles X
916:Charles X
912:the first
811:Territory
704:1946–1958
694:1944–1946
684:1940–1944
663:1920–1929
652:1919–1939
641:1870–1940
614:1871–1914
603:1870–1940
593:1852–1870
583:1848–1852
573:1830–1848
563:1814–1830
553:1804–1814
543:1792–1804
533:1791–1792
523:1789–1799
496:1589–1792
486:1515–1589
476:1498–1515
444:1328–1498
240:Charles X
129:talk page
75:in French
45:July Days
3957:(father)
3923:Franklin
3895:Hamilton
3879:Liberty!
3515:Hermione
3420:Category
3353:Language
3265:Religion
3210:Abortion
3164:Taxation
3061:Military
3022:Intersex
3012:Politics
2978:Politics
2780:Interwar
2475:Economic
2470:Language
2455:Timeline
1964:MĂ©moires
1860:See also
1550:révoltés
1179:Polignac
806:Taxation
784:Religion
779:Politics
772:Consorts
767:Monarchs
762:Military
757:Medicine
433:987–1328
422:987–1792
376:Frankish
374:and the
297:Timeline
269:a series
267:Part of
208:Location
105:provide
3965:Related
3411:Outline
3393:Theatre
3388:Symbols
3348:Gardens
3338:Fashion
3330:Cuisine
3297:Culture
3287:Welfare
3260:Poverty
3198:Society
3174:Tourism
3134:Exports
3107:Banking
3085:Economy
3044:history
2939:Islands
2934:Borders
2567:Francia
2521:Ancient
2499:Regions
2450:History
2435:History
2271:1405706
2160:(1975).
2061:Sources
1854:, 1830.
1835:, 1830.
1721:Gallery
1660:of the
1650:Dauphin
1513:orders.
1142:in the
1023:Prussia
920:Bourbon
799:Judaism
737:Economy
716:present
412:843–987
401:751–987
391:481–751
372:Francia
306:Ancient
232:Outcome
127:to the
109:in the
3979:(2002)
3945:(wife)
3935:Family
3827:Legacy
3806:(1937)
3800:(1921)
3794:(1917)
3783:(1899)
3760:(1887)
3754:(1876)
3632:(1830)
3579:(1787)
3489:(1789)
3425:Portal
3325:Cinema
3305:Anthem
3277:Racism
3255:People
3149:Mining
3124:Energy
2959:Rivers
2924:Cities
2856:May 68
2427:topics
2424:France
2353:
2308:
2277:
2269:
2240:
2206:
2114:
2079:
1816:, 1830
1630:Result
1618:, the
1608:Louvre
1588:Louvre
1344:, the
1261:, and
1243:Bourse
1185:. The
1173:, the
1021:; and
1013:; the
1005:; the
985:After
949:, the
892:French
832:·
830:
728:Topics
440:Valois
381:
319:
280:France
271:on the
211:France
3951:(son)
3383:Sport
3368:Music
3363:Media
3220:Crime
2944:Lakes
2306:S2CID
2275:S2CID
2267:JSTOR
2238:S2CID
2204:S2CID
1641:, by
1532:, by
1432:, by
1300:force
1084:(see
902:, or
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714:1958–
190:: an
89:DeepL
47:, or
3676:Life
3343:Flag
3129:Euro
3027:LGBT
2362:2013
2351:OCLC
2112:ISBN
2077:ISBN
1675:The
1474:and
882:The
752:LGBT
200:Date
167:the
103:must
101:You
3315:Art
3039:Law
2298:doi
2259:doi
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