Three Kingdoms - Knowledge (XXG)

2140:, an imperial relative, received a secret edict from Emperor Xian to assassinate Cao Cao. He collaborated with Liu Bei on this effort, but Cao Cao soon found out about the plot and had Dong Cheng and his conspirators executed, with only Liu Bei surviving and fleeing to join Yuan Shao in the north. After settling the nearby provinces, including a rebellion led by former Yellow Turbans, and internal affairs with the court, Cao Cao turned his attention north to Yuan Shao, who himself had eliminated his northern rival Gongsun Zan that same year. Yuan Shao, himself of higher nobility than Cao Cao, amassed a large army and camped along the northern bank of the Yellow River. In the summer of 200, after months of preparations, the armies of Cao Cao and Yuan Shao clashed at the 3358: 3052: 1767:), leading officials' dissatisfaction with the eunuchs' usurpation of power reached a peak, and many began to openly protest against them. The first and second protests met with failure, and the court eunuchs persuaded the emperor to execute many of the protesting scholars. Some local rulers seized the opportunity to exert despotic control over their lands and citizens, since many feared to speak out in the oppressive political climate. Emperors Huan and Ling's reigns were recorded as particularly dark periods of Han dynasty rule. In addition to political oppression and mismanagement, China experienced a number of natural disasters during this period, and local rebellions sprung up throughout the country. 2341:

administrator under Cao Cao, had established agricultural garrisons at Hefei and Shouchun to defend Cao's territory near the Huai river. Sun Quan resented the fact that Liu Bei, a weaker ally, had gained so much territory west of him and demanded a larger share of the Xiang River basin. In 215, Lü Meng (Sun Quan's officer) was sent to capture Jing province's southern commanderies, but Guan Yu (Liu Bei's general) launched a counterattack. Later that year, Liu Bei and Sun Quan reached a settlement that the Xiang River would serve as the border between their territories. In the south, Sun Quan had sent He Qin, Lu Xun, and others to expand and conquer territory in what are now southern

2333:

summer of 214, Liu Bei received the surrender of Liu Zhang, capturing Yi Province, and established his regime at Chengdu. In 215, Cao Cao captured Hanzhong after attacking and receiving the surrender of Zhang Lu. He had launched the attack from Chang'an through the Qinling Mountain passes to Hanzhong. The conquest threatened Liu Bei's territory located directly to the south. Cao Cao progressively acquired additional titles and power under the puppet Emperor Xian. He became the Chancellor in 208, the Duke of Wei in 214, and the King of Wei in 217. He also compelled Sun Quan to accept suzerainty to Wei, but it had no real effect in practice.

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Biao's court to the local government. Meanwhile, Liu Qi had joined Liu Bei to establish a line of defence at the Yangtze River against the surrender to Cao Cao, but they suffered defeat at the hands of Cao Cao. In the aftermath, they retreated and sought support from Sun Quan. Guan Yu (Liu Bei's subordinate lieutenant) had managed to retrieve most of Jing Province's fleet from the Han River. Cao Cao occupied the naval base at Jiangling on the Yangtze River. He would now begin proceeding eastwards towards Sun Quan with his armies and new fleet, while sending messengers to demand Sun Quan's surrender.

2425: 2569: 2553: 5840: 2561: 3278:

self-sufficient manorial system. The system of strongholds and manors also had effects on the economical mode of following dynasties. In addition, because of the collapse of the imperial court, those worn copper coins were not melted and reminted and many privately minted coins appeared. In the Three Kingdoms period, newly minted coins never made their way into currency. Due to the collapse of the coinage, Cao Wei officially declared silk cloth and grains as the main currencies in 221.

2520: 3601:, the Three Kingdoms era is one of the most well-known non-modern Chinese eras in terms of iconic characters, deeds and exploits. This is reflected in the way that fictional accounts of the Three Kingdoms, mostly based on the novel, play a significant role in East Asian popular culture. Books, television dramas, films, cartoons, anime, games, and music on the topic are still regularly produced in mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korea, Vietnam, Japan, and Southeast Asia. 2715: 1932:, an imperial relative, as emperor, and gradually its members began to fall out. Most of the warlords in the coalition, with a few exceptions, sought the increase of personal military power in the time of instability instead of seriously wishing to restore the Han dynasty's authority. The Han empire was divided between a number of regional warlords. As a result of the complete collapse of the central government and eastern alliance, the 62: 1724: 2312: 2417:) Afterwards in 222, Sun Quan renounced his suzerainty to Wei and declared the independence of Wu. In 223, Liu Bei perished at Baidi. Zhuge Liang now acted as a regent for the 17-year-old Liu Shan, and held control of the Shu government. Shu and Wu resumed their diplomatic relations by re-establishing peace and alliance in the winter of 223. On 23 June 229, Sun Quan proclaimed himself as the Emperor of Wu. 3494:(e.g. Cao Pi is referred to as the "Civil Emperor" 文帝), while the Shu and Wu emperors are mere "rulers" (e.g. Liu Bei is referred to as the "First Ruler" 先主 and Sun Quan as "Ruler of Wu" 吳主). Chen Shou, as a subject of Jin, could not write in a way that implies Jin as illegitimate by denying Cao Wei's claim to the mandate, despite what sympathies he might have had toward his home state of Shu. 2950: 2454: 3285:, 700 years after the Three Kingdoms period, it was possible to think of China as being composed of three great regional markets. (The status of the northwest was slightly ambivalent, as it had links with the northern region and Sichuan). These geographical divisions are underscored by the fact that the main communication routes between the three main regions were all human-made: the 2936:) to Jiangling while the Sichuan fleet sailed downriver to Jing Province. Under the strain of such an enormous attack, the Wu forces collapsed and Jianye fell in the third month of 280. Sun Hao surrendered and was given a fiefdom on which to live out his days. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms era, and the beginning of a break in the forthcoming 300 years of disunity. 1716: 1998:) and Lü Bu. Cao Cao forced the Yellow Turbans to surrender in 192, drove Yuan Shu to the south of the Huai River in 193, inflicted devastation upon Tao Qian in 194, received the surrender of Liu Bei (then a commander under Tao Qian) in 196, and captured and executed Lü Bu in 198. Cao was now in complete control of the southern part of the North China Plain. 5852: 2866:. Sima Yan immediately began plotting to become emperor but faced stiff opposition. Following advice from his advisors, Cao Huan decided the best course of action would be to abdicate, unlike his predecessor Cao Mao. Sima Yan seized the throne in 266 after forcing Cao Huan's abdication, effectively overthrowing the Wei dynasty and establishing the successor 1899:. When Yuan Shao's troops reached Luoyang, they stormed the palace complex, killing the Ten Attendants and 2,000 of the eunuchs' supporters. Though this move effectively ended the century-long feud between the eunuchs and the imperial family, this event prompted the invitation of Dong Zhuo to the outskirts of Luoyang from the northwest boundary of China. 2711:, sent its king fleeing, and broke the tributary relationships between Goguryeo and the other tribes of Korea that formed much of Goguryeo's economy. Although the king evaded capture and eventually settled in a new capital, Goguryeo was reduced to such insignificance that for half a century there was no mention of the state in Chinese historical texts. 2821:. In deliberations, Cao Shuang placed his own supporters in important posts and excluded Sima Yi, whom he regarded as a dangerous threat. The power of the Sima clan, one of the great landowning families of the Han dynasty, was bolstered by Sima Yi's military victories. Additionally, Sima Yi was an extremely capable strategist and politician. In 238 he 2742: 2133:) to support his army. Although the system imposed a heavy tax on hired civilian farmers (40% to 60% of agricultural production), the farmers were more than pleased to be able to work with relative stability and professional military protection in a time of chaos. This was later said to be his second important policy for success. 3475:. In the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu all laid claim to the Mandate by virtue of their founders declaring themselves as emperors. Later historians would disagree on which of the Three Kingdoms (primarily between Wei and Shu) should be considered the sole legitimate successor to the Han dynasty. 2687:

only Sima Yi as the senior minister and military commander. In 226, Sima Yi successfully defended Xiangyang against an offensive from Wu; this battle was the first time he had command in the field. In 227, Sima Yi was appointed to a post at Chang'an where he managed the military affairs along the Han River.

2073:, fled to Cao Cao, who accepted him. Soon, preparations were made for an attack on Lü Bu, and the combined forces of Cao Cao and Liu Bei invaded Xu Province. Lü Bu's men deserted him, Yuan Shu's forces never arrived as reinforcements, and he was bound by his own subordinates and executed on Cao Cao's order. 3277:

In the late Eastern Han dynasty, due to natural disasters and social unrest, the economy was badly depressed, leading to the massive waste of farmland. Some local landlords and aristocracy established their own strongholds to defend themselves and developed agriculture, which gradually evolved into a

3077:

of China. After his coming to power, Dong Zhuo gave full swing to his army to loot and plunder the population, and abduct women into forced marriages, servants or consorts. When the Guandong Coalition was starting the campaign against Dong Zhuo, he embarked upon a scorched earth campaign, proclaiming

2686:

In 226, Cao Pi died at the age of 40, and was succeeded by his eldest son Cao Rui (aged 22) Minister Chen Qun, General Cao Zhen, General Cao Xiu, and General Sima Yi were appointed as regents, even though Cao Rui was able to manage the government in practice. Eventually the former three died, leaving

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At the end of 221, Shu invaded Wu in response for Guan Yu's killing and the loss of Jing Province by Wu. In the spring of 222, Liu Bei arrived at the scene to personally take command of the invasion. Sun Quan dispatched Lu Xun to command over the defence of Wu against the invasion by Shu. Against the

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control—rigorously followed the formalities of the court and justified his actions as a loyal minister of the Han. By then, most of the smaller contenders for power had either been absorbed by larger ones or destroyed. This was an extremely important move for Cao Cao following the suggestion from his

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In 238, Cao Rui perished at age 35. He was succeeded by his adopted son Cao Fang (aged 7), who was a close member of the imperial family. Cao Rui had appointed Cao Shuang and Sima Yi to be Cao Fang's regents, even though he had contemplated to establish a regency council dominated by imperial family

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begins its narrative. The Yellow Turbans were ultimately defeated and its surviving followers dispersed throughout China, but due to the turbulent situation throughout the empire, many were able to survive as bandits in mountainous areas, thus continuing their ability to contribute to the turmoil of

3107:

The following table shows the severe decrease of population during that period. From the late Eastern Han to the Western Jin dynasty, despite the length of about 125 years, the peak population only equalled 35.3% of the peak population during the Eastern Han dynasty. From the Western Jin dynasty to

2356:

by defeating and killing General Xiahou Yuan, who served Cao Cao. Cao Cao sent reinforcements in an unsuccessful attempt to reclaim the territory. Liu Bei had now secured his territory against the north and declared himself the King of Hanzhong. In the east, Sun Quan attempted to capture Hefei from

2175:

In 193, Huang Zu led the forces of Liu Biao in a campaign against Sun Jian (Yuan Shu's subordinate general) and killed him. In 194, Sun Ce (aged 18) came into the military service under Yuan Shu. He was given the command of some troops who formerly had been commanded by his late father Sun Jian. In

1514:

The Three Kingdoms period including the collapse of the Han is one of the bloodiest in Chinese history. A nationwide census taken in 280, following the reunification of the Three Kingdoms under the Jin shows a total of 2,459,840 households and 16,163,863 individuals which was only a fraction of the

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for aiding the latter against a threat from the north, namely Zhang Lu of Hanzhong. Liu Bei met people within Liu Zhang's court who wished that he would replace Liu Zhang as the ruler of Yi Province. A year after his arrival, Liu Bei came into conflict with Liu Zhang and turned against him. In the

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had seized Yan Province in his absence, and accordingly he retreated, putting a halt to hostilities with Tao Qian for the time being. Tao Qian died in the same year, leaving his province to Liu Bei. A year later, in 195, Cao Cao managed to drive Lü Bu out of Yan Province. Lü Bu fled to Xu Province

1782:. Their movement quickly attracted followers and soon numbered several hundred thousand and received support from many parts of China. They had 36 bases throughout China, with large bases having 10,000 or more followers and minor bases having 6,000 to 7,000, similar to Han armies. Their motto was: 1627:

There is no set time period for the era. The majority view uses the years 220–280 as endpoints, beginning with the abdication of the last Han emperor and ending with the reunification of China by the first Jin emperor. Strictly speaking, the Three Kingdoms, or independent states, only existed from

2256:

through political manoeuvring. Liu Bei had become the head of the opposition to a surrender when Cao Cao's army marched southward to Jing. After the advice of his supporters, Liu Cong surrendered to Cao Cao. Cao Cao took control of the province and began appointing scholars and officials from Liu

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succeeded him and quickly established his authority. By 203, he was expanding westward. In 208, Sun Quan defeated Huang Zu (Liu Biao's subordinate commander) around present-day Wuhan. He now held control over the territories south of the Yangtze (below Wuhan, Poyang region, and Hangzhou Bay). His

2127:, who joined his cause to create his first sizeable army. He continued the effort and absorbed approximately 300,000 Yellow Turban rebels into his army as well as a number of clan-based military groups from the eastern part of Qing Province. Since 192, he developed military agricultural colonies ( 2087:

Yuan Shu, after being driven south in 193, established himself at his new capital Shouchun (present-day Anhui). He attempted to regain lost territory north of the Huai River. In 197, Yuan Shu declared himself emperor of his own dynasty. The move was a strategic blunder, as it drew the ire of many

1902:

On the evening of 24 September 189, General Dong Zhuo observed that Luoyang was set ablaze—as a result of a power struggle between the eunuchs and civil service—and commanded his army forward to strike down the disorder. As the emperor had lost any remaining military or political power, Dong Zhuo

2420:

Shu controlled the upper Han valley and the territory west of the Yangtze Gorges. The Qinling Mountains divided Shu and Wei. Wei held control over the Wei and Huai valley, where agricultural garrisons were established at Shouchun and Hefei to defend Huai. Military sorties by Wu against Hefei and

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by sailing up the Yangtze towards Jiangling, resulting in its capture. Guan Yu was unable to hold his position as most of his army surrendered. He was captured and executed on Sun Quan's order. Cao Cao regained the Han valley, while Sun Quan captured all the territory east of the Yangtze Gorges.

2096:

In August 195, Emperor Xian fled the tyranny of Li Jue at Chang'an and made a year long hazardous journey east in search of supporters. In 196, Emperor Xian came under the protection and control of Cao Cao after he had succeeded in fleeing from the warlords of Chang'an. Establishing the imperial

1739:

in 105 AD. A series of Han emperors ascended the throne while still youths, and "de facto" imperial power often rested with the emperors' older relatives. As these relatives occasionally were loath to give up their influence, emperors would, upon reaching maturity, be forced to rely on political

2340:

from Liu Zhang in 214, Sun Quan—who had been engaged with Cao Cao in the southeast at the region between the Huai and Yangtze rivers during the intervening years—turned his attention to the middle Yangtze. Cao Cao and Sun Quan had gained no success in breaking each other's positions. Liu Fu, an

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Cao Cao, whose zone of control was the precursor to the state of Cao Wei, had raised an army in 189. In several strategic movements and battles, he controlled Yan Province and defeated several factions of the Yellow Turban rebels. This earned him the aid of other local militaries controlled by

1915:

began to rise, with leaders such as Yuan Shao, Yuan Shu, and Cao Cao. Many provincial officials were compelled to join or risk elimination. In 191, Sun Jian (Yuan Shu's subordinate) led an army against Dong Zhuo and drove him from Luoyang to Chang'an. In the following year, Dong Zhuo's former

2800:

thus surrendered. The state of Shu had come to an end after 43 years. Liu Shan was reinstated to the Wei capital of Luoyang and was given the new title of the "Duke of Anle". Directly translated, it meant the "Duke of Safety and Happiness" and was a trivial position with no actual power.

2540:

peoples rose in revolt against Shu authority, captured and looted cities in Yi Province. Zhuge Liang, recognising the importance of stability in the south, ordered the advance of the Shu armies in three columns against the Nanman. He fought a number of engagements against the chieftain

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While Lu Su had been chief commander for Sun Quan in Jing Province, their policy was to maintain the alliance with Liu Bei while Cao Cao was still a threat. This changed when Sun Quan appointed Lü Meng when Lu Su died in 217. In 219, Guan Yu sailed from Jiangling up the Han River

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Shouchun would consistently end in failure, thereby confirming Wei's hold over Huai. Wu controlled all of the Yangtze valley. The territory between the Huai and Yangtze was a desolate area, where a largely-static frontier between Wei and Wu had formed at the lower Han valley.

2788:, Zhuge Liang's protégé, Shu was unable to secure any decisive achievement. In 263, Wei launched a three-pronged attack and the Shu army was forced into general retreat from Hanzhong. Jiang Wei hurriedly held a position at Jiange but he was outflanked by the Wei commander 2584:

was the scene of many bitter battles and under constant pressure from Wei after the Battle of Red Cliffs. Warfare had grown so intense that many of the residents chose to migrate and resettle south of the Yangtze. After Zhuge Liang's death, attacks on the southern

1515:

10,677,960 households, and 56,486,856 individuals reported during the Han era. While the census may not have been particularly accurate due to a multitude of factors of the times, in 280, the Jin did make an attempt to account for all individuals where they could.

3118:

contains population figures for the Three Kingdoms. As with many Chinese historical population figures, these numbers are likely to be less than the actual populations, since census and tax records went hand in hand, and tax evaders were often not on records.

1830:

suggesting he grant direct administrative power over feudal provinces and direct command of regional military to local governors, as well as promoting them in rank and filling such positions with members of the Liu family or court officials. This move made

3486:. As Western Jin succeeded Cao Wei, Chen was careful in his compilation to imply Cao Wei was the legitimate state. Despite the description of events being mostly balanced and fair, Chen Shou legitimised Wei by placing the Wei annals first, using the 2323:

basin commanderies, establishing control over the southern territories of Jing province. Sun Quan was forced to cede the territory around Jiangling to Liu Bei, because he could not establish a proper authority over it after Zhou Yu's death in 210.

1839:) official administrative units, and although they had power to combat rebellions, the later intra-governmental chaos allowed these local governors to easily rule independently of the central government. Liu Yan was also promoted as governor of 2535:

ended a three-year siege of Danyang with the surrender of 100,000 Shanyue. Of these, 40,000 were drafted as auxiliaries into the Wu army. Meanwhile, Shu was also experiencing troubles with the indigenous tribes of their south. The southwestern

3522:

criticised Sima Guang's choice, taking the position that Shu Han was the true successor to the Han dynasty since Liu Bei was related to the imperial Liu clan by blood, and thus used Shu's calendar in his rewrite of Sima Guang's work, the

3514:. Sima Guang explained that his choice was merely out of convenience, and he was "not honouring one and treating another with contempt, nor making distinction between orthodox and intercalary positions." Nonetheless, the influential 2592:

Sun Quan's long reign is regarded as a time of plenty for his southern state. Migrations from the north and the settlement of the Shanyue increased manpower for agriculture, especially along the lower reaches of the Yangtze and in

2236:

had been appointed as the governor of Jing Province. His territory was located around his capital Xiangyang and the territory to the south around the Han and Yangtze River. Beyond his eastern border was the territory of Sun Quan.

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and the Shu army was forced to withdraw. In the next six years Zhuge Liang attempted several more offensives, but supply problems limited the capacity for success. In 234, he led his last great northern offensive, reaching the

2303:. Cao Cao was defeated decisively and forced to retreat in disarray back to the north. The allied victory at Red Cliffs ensured the survival of Liu Bei and Sun Quan, and provided the basis for the states of Shu and Wu. 2932:, the last great general of Wu, died leaving no competent successor. The planned Jin offensive finally came at the end of 279. Sima Yan launched five simultaneous offensives along the Yangtze from Jianye (present-day 5912: 2240:

In 200, during the time of the campaign around Guandu between Cao Cao and Yuan Shao, Liu Bei's forces had been defeated by a detachment of Cao Cao's army, forcing Liu Bei to flee and seek refuge with Liu Biao in

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control of the government located at Luoyang. On 28 September, Dong Zhuo deposed Liu Bian from the imperial Han throne in favour of Liu Xie. In the following weeks, rebellions broke out throughout all of China.

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action games. The games evoked a fascination with the period among many Western players, similar to the interest stoked among East Asians by local pop culture and media, albeit to a lesser extent in the West.

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While it is clear that warfare undoubtedly took many lives during this period, the census figures do not support the idea that tens of millions were wiped out solely from warfare. Other factors such as mass

2706:

and severely devastated that state. The northeastern frontier of Wei was now secured from any possible threats. The invasions, a retaliation against a Goguryeo raid in 242, destroyed the Goguryeo capital of

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to achieve control of the government. Political posturing and infighting between imperial relatives and eunuch officials were a constant problem in the Chinese government at the time. During the reigns of

2327:

In 211, Cao Cao defeated a warlord coalition in the Wei valley, ending in the Battle of Huayin, capturing the territory around Chang'an. In 211, Liu Bei accepted an invitation from Liu Zhang to come to

1920:

assassinated Dong Zhuo. It is said that Dong Zhuo's body was thrown into the street with a lit wick in his navel, which supposedly burned with the same brilliance of the sun for a period of four days.

1895:, Inspector of Bing Province, to bring troops to the capital to reinforce his position of authority. The eunuchs learned of He Jin's plot, and had him assassinated before Dong Zhuo reached the capital 3390:

in the third century AD. The work synthesises the histories of the rival states of Cao Wei, Shu Han and Eastern Wu in the Three Kingdoms period into a single compiled text. An expanded version of the

2037:, led the theocratic government at Hanzhong commandery on the upper Han River. Liu Biao held control over his province as the Governor of Jing Province. Sun Quan held control over the lower Yangtze. 1507:

across China as Han authority collapsed. The period from 220 to 263 was marked by a comparatively stable arrangement between Cao Wei, Shu Han, and Eastern Wu. This stability broke down with the

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governence" (仁政) as a mark of legitimate dynastic succession, and saw Liu Bei as an idealised Confucian monarch. The pro-Shu bias then found its way into popular forms of entertainment such as

2110:, commenting that by supporting the authentic emperor, Cao Cao would have the formal legal authority to control the other warlords and force them to comply in order to restore the Han dynasty. 3578: 2393:

as the Emperor of Wei. On 15 May 221, Liu Bei responded by proclaiming himself as the Emperor of Han. His state would become generally known as Shu Han. Sun Quan continued to recognise his

2025:. In 209, Kang invaded Goguryeo again, took the capital of Goguryeo and forced them to submit. Goguryeo was forced to move its capital further east. In Liang Province (present-day Gansu), 3104:

area, "there remained hundreds of thousands of people, but Li Jue allowed his army to plunder the cities and the people, thus making the people have nothing but eat each other to death."

2245:. In this exile, Liu Bei maintained his followers who had accompanied him and made new connections within Liu Biao's entourage. It was during this time that Liu Bei also met Zhuge Liang. 3088:". Considering the hardships of that time this amounted to a death sentence for many, and cries of discontent rose as the population of Luoyang decreased sharply. When Cao Cao attacked 2299:

that winter. After an initial skirmish, an attack was set in motion beginning with a plan to set fire to Cao Cao's immobilised fleet through the feigned surrender of Sun Quan's general

2840:, Sima Yi carried out a putsch in Luoyang, forcing Cao Shuang's faction from authority. Many protested against the overwhelming power of the Sima family; notable among these were the 1975:, a northern warlord, and remained with him for a time before briefly joining Yuan Shao, but it was clear that Lü Bu was far too independent to serve another. Yuan Shao operated from 2271:

In 208, Cao Cao marched south with his army hoping to quickly unify the empire. Liu Cong surrendered Jing Province, and Cao Cao was able to capture a sizeable fleet at Jiangling.

3920: 3112:, the population never recovered. High militarisation of the population was common. For example, the population of Shu was 900,000, but the military numbered over 100,000. The 2733:

members. Cao Shuang held the principal control over the court. Meanwhile, Sima Yi was received the honorific title of Grand Tutor, but had virtually no influence at the court.

1826:

With the widespread increase in bandits across the Chinese nation, the Han army had no way to repel each and every raiding party. In 188, Emperor Ling accepted a memorial from

2144:(near present-day Kaifeng). Cao Cao's army was heavily outnumbered by Yuan Shao. Due to a raid in Yuan's supply train, Yuan's army fell into disorder as they fled back north. 1816:

to lead the Han armies against the rebels, and decreed that local governments had to supply soldiers to assist in their efforts. It is at this point that the historical novel

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In 209, Zhou Yu captured Jiangling, establishing the south's complete dominance over the Yangtze River. Meanwhile, Liu Bei and his principal adviser Zhuge Liang captured the

3616:) introduced multiple generations of young gamers in the West to the Three Kingdoms period through its retelling of the history across its long and successful franchises of 2389:

At the beginning of 220, Cao Cao died and was succeeded by his son Cao Pi. On 11 December, Emperor Xian abdicated and Cao Pi ascended the imperial throne by proclaiming his

1594:. It has been retold and dramatised in folklore, opera, and novels, as well as film, television, and video games. The most well-known fictional adaptation of the history is 1632:

in 263. Interpretations of the period outside performative political acts push the beginning back into the later years of the Han, with the decline of the Han royal house.

1983:, extending his power north of the Yellow River. Han Fu had formerly been the Governor of Ji Province, but he came under the control of Yuan Shao and was replaced by him. 2601:. River transport blossomed, with the construction of the Zhedong and Jiangnan canals. Trade with Shu flourished, with a huge influx of Shu cotton and the development of 3617: 2013:

in 204. In the north across the frontier, since the fall of imperial control, the region had become chaotic as the Xiongnu remnants came into conflict with the Xianbei.

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in the fourth century, found support in Zhu Xi's time since the Song dynasty found itself in a similar situation as Shu Han, as it was forced out of north China by the

3654: 2912:(grandson of Sima Yi), overthrew the Wei emperor and proclaimed his own dynasty of Jin in 266, ending 46 years of Cao dominion in the north. After Jin's rise, emperor 3301:

joining Sichuan with the northwest. The break into three separate entities was quite natural and even anticipated by such political foresight as that of Zhuge Liang.

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supplemented the original with sizeable excerpts of texts unused by Chen Shou and provided commentaries. The resulting work nearly doubled the size of the original

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warlords across the land, including Yuan Shu's own subordinates who almost all abandoned him. Abandoned by almost all his allies and followers, he perished in 199.

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To Establish Peace: being the Chronicle of the Later Han dynasty for the years 189 to 200 AD as recorded in Chapters 59 to 63 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang

2505:

deduced Zhuge Liang's demise and ordered an attack. Shu struck back almost immediately, causing Sima Yi to second guess and allow Shu to withdraw successfully.

3357: 2924:, a Jin commander in the south, started preparing for the invasion of Wu by ordering the construction of a fleet and the training of marines in Sichuan under 5897: 4216:

Earlier, in 217, Sima Yi had become a member of the heir apparent Cao Pi's entourage. He steadily rose in position during Cao Pi's reign. (Crespigny 1991,31)

3404: 1583: 2668:

to deal with the rebels. He managed to pacify the rebels with a combination of threats and persuasion. However the rebels regrouped under the leadership of

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region directly under Wei control. Ultimately, he outmanoeuvred Cao Shuang in power play. Taking advantage of an excursion by the imperial clansmen to the

5037: 1458: 1398: 1778:

movement, along with his two brothers Zhang Liang and Zhang Bao, led the movement's followers in a rebellion against the government that was called the

3879: 2401:

advice of his subordinates, Lu Xun waited until Liu Bei was committed along the Yangtze below the Yangtze Gorges. Finally, in the sixth month of 222,

2366: 3433:(a contemporary of Pei Songzhi), which mainly draws from documents of the Han court. For the later years, biographies of the Jin dynasty progenitors 2501:. Due to the death of Zhuge Liang in 234, the Shu army was forced once again to withdraw, but were pursued by Wei. The Shu forces began to withdraw; 5786: 3913: 3051: 2065:

Afterwards, Lü Bu betrayed Liu Bei and seized Xu Province, forming an alliance with Yuan Shu's remnant forces. Liu Bei, together with his followers

3490:

from Wei's calendar, and reserving regal nomenclature for the leaders of Wei. Specifically, emperors of Cao Wei are referred to by their imperial

2195:

In 198, Sun Ce (aged 23) declared his independence from Yuan Shu who recently had declared himself emperor. He held control over Danyang, Wu, and

3501:

dynasty. Despite maintaining that none of the three states truly held the Mandate of Heaven since they all failed to unify China, Song historian

2621:. As the economy prospered, so too did the arts and culture. In the Yangtze delta, the first Buddhist influences reached the south from Luoyang. 2589:

region intensified but nonetheless, Wei could not break through the line of the river defences erected by Wu, which included the Ruxu fortress.

5907: 5504: 5105: 3930: 2469:

following his father's defeat and death. From 224 to 225, during his southward campaigns, Zhuge Liang conquered the southern territories up to

1699: 1088: 5524: 5451: 4999: 4583: 4316: 4291: 4257: 4114: 3974: 2920:. Sun Hao was a promising young man, but upon ascension he became a tyrant, killing or exiling all who dared oppose him in the court. In 269 2448: 2219:) and Lujiang north of the Yangtze. In 200, Sun Ce was ambushed and assassinated by the former retainers of a defeated rival from Wu. At 18, 2033:

since his appointment in 188. He was succeeded by his son Liu Zhang in 194. Directly north of Liu Zhang's territory, Zhang Lu, leader of the

1621: 1388: 3583:

Numerous people and affairs from the period later became Chinese legends. The most complete and influential example is the historical novel

3082:

be forced to move to Chang'an, all the palaces, temples, official residences and homes be burnt, no one should stay within that area of 200

2147:

Cao Cao took advantage of Yuan Shao's death in 202, which resulted in division among his sons, and advanced to the north. In 204, after the

3647: 1855:

In the same year, Emperor Ling died, and another struggle began between the court eunuchs for control of the imperial family. Court eunuch

4971: 3839: 3731: 2337: 5058: 4034: 3959: 3906: 3885: 2057:

and Gongsun Zan, but even then it seemed as if Cao Cao's superior forces would overrun Xu Province entirely. Cao Cao received word that

1430: 592: 5639: 4061: 3964: 3741: 2672:

in Jiuzhen and renewed the rebellion with a march on Jiaozhi. After several months of warfare she was defeated and committed suicide.

2444: 582: 1259: 5493: 5476: 5371: 5316:

Craig J. Reynolds. Seditious Histories: Contesting Thai and Southeast Asian Pasts, Washington: University of Washington Press, 2006.

5151: 4556: 3746: 3033: 1847:). Soon after this move, Liu Yan severed all of his region's ties to the Han imperial court, and several other areas followed suit. 5482:

Knechtges, David R. (2010). "From the Eastern Han Through the Western Jin (AD 25-317)". In Kang-yi Sun Chang; Stephen Owen (eds.).

2792:, who force-marched his army from Yinping through territory formerly considered impassable. By the winter of the year, the capital 2378: 2224:

navy established local superiority over the Yangtze. Nevertheless, he would soon come under the threat of Cao Cao's larger armies.

2698:

in Liaodong, resulting in Sima Yi's capture of his capital Xiangping and massacre of his government. Between 244 and 245, General

1559: 3854: 2908:

reduced any opportunity of Wu influence. The fall of Shu signalled a change in Wei politics. After Liu Shan surrendered to Wei,

3948: 3640: 2967: 2841: 2424: 1683: 1013: 31: 5872: 5727: 4648:守尸吏暝以為大炷，置卓臍中以為灯，光明達旦，如是積日。 According to the Annal of Heroes, the light from his corpse could be compared to that of the sun! 4548: 3014: 2971: 2809:

From the late 230s, tensions began to become visible between the imperial Cao clan and the Sima clan. Following the death of

1451: 1403: 438: 314: 135: 5723: 4004: 2822: 2691: 2986: 2580:'s northern offensives, the state of Wu had always been on the defensive against invasions from the north. The area around 5877: 4191:

record that Zhang Jiao declared himself Yellow Emperor and took their movement's name from a headscarf worn by followers .

4086: 3796: 3585: 3565: 3378: 3114: 3092:, it was said that "hundreds of thousands of men and women were buried alive, even dogs and chickens did not survive. The 2160: 1827: 1818: 1686:" (or even "Northern and Southern dynasties" alone, though that more commonly means 420–589 between Jin and Sui), or "the 1596: 1571: 1425: 1351: 1286: 251: 151: 5830: 2896:

to the throne in 252, the state of Wu went into steady decline. Successful Wei suppression of rebellions in the southern

5882: 5779: 5746: 4046: 2829: 2695: 1535: 1361: 2211:

coast), while expanding westward in a series of campaigns. By 200, he had conquered Yuzhang commandery (at present-day

1170: 5887: 5393: 2993: 2295:, joined the alliance with his troops, and the combined armies of 50,000 met Cao Cao's fleet and 200,000-man force at 1413: 551: 3281:

In economic terms the division of the Three Kingdoms reflected a reality that long endured. Even during the Northern

2640:, ruled Vietnam as an autonomous warlord for forty years and was posthumously deified by later Vietnamese emperors. 2568: 2552: 5363:

Empresses and consorts : selections from Chen Shou's Records of the Three States with Pei Songzhi's commentary

4109: 3694: 2292: 2253: 2167:. He now controlled China's heartland, including Yuan Shao's former territory, and half of the Chinese population. 1912: 1875:), though his plan was unsuccessful. Liu Bian took the Han throne as Emperor Shao, and He Jin plotted with warlord 1832: 1503:

in 280. The period immediately preceding the Three Kingdoms from 184 to 220 was marked by chaotic infighting among

1418: 5756: 5326: 2960: 2867: 1496: 961: 951: 919: 4029: 3816: 3761: 3716: 3506: 2837: 2082: 1444: 1381: 1346: 615: 525: 3000: 2656:

betrayed Shi Hui and executed the entire Shi family, the Vietnamese became greatly upset. In 248, the people of

2409:

against the flank of Liu Bei's extended position which caused disorder in the Shu army and Liu Bei's retreat to

5892: 5042: 4009: 3699: 3684: 3262: 3066: 2929: 2649: 2494: 2137: 2026: 764: 498: 4076: 3336:

of lyric poetry. Cao Zhi is considered by most modern critics to be the most important Chinese writer between

1511:

in 263, followed by the usurpation of Cao Wei by Jin in 266, and ultimately the conquest of Wu by Jin in 280.

2531:. A collection of successes against the rebellious tribesmen culminated in the victory of 224. In that year, 5902: 5772: 3689: 3679: 2665: 2402: 2120: 1779: 1710: 1636: 2982: 842: 4071: 4066: 3849: 3828: 3736: 3665: 3553: 2925: 2755: 2249: 2046: 1991: 1964: 1948: 1555: 1508: 1488: 1393: 1371: 1356: 561: 88: 5511:, The Cambridge History of China, vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 317–376, 4096: 4056: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3525: 3425: 3074: 2887: 2560: 2484:

to attack from Ji Gorge as a diversion while Zhuge himself led the main force to Mount Qi. The vanguard

1813: 1500: 1366: 783: 4024: 3721: 3269:, due to the collapse of sustaining governance and migrations out of China must be taken into account. 2703: 1952: 3221:

At Wu's demise, the population had 32,000 officials, 230,000 soldiers, and 5,000 imperial concubines.

2519: 4119: 3864: 3844: 3808: 3370: 3097: 2296: 2266: 1972: 1956: 1809: 1408: 621: 96: 5109: 1499:. Academically, the periodisation begins with the establishment of Cao Wei in 220 and ends with the 4081: 3706: 3482:, hailed from Shu Han and became an official of the Western Jin dynasty when he was working on the 3286: 3266: 3242: 2871: 2185: 1868: 1757: 1648: 1590:. While comparatively short, the Three Kingdoms period has been romanticised in the culture of the 1543: 1492: 573: 368: 2287:

was placed in command of Sun Quan's navy, along with a veteran general who served the Sun family,

5618: 5577: 5569: 5438:(Internet ed.). Australia Centre on China in the World, The Australian National University. 5086: 4578:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, Asia Center for the Harvard-Yenching Institute. p. 11. 4051: 3969: 3954: 3874: 3832: 3803: 3542: 3430: 2796:

fell due to the strategic invasion of Wei by Deng Ai who invaded Chengdu personally. The emperor

2761: 2625: 2406: 2362: 2034: 2022: 2006: 1531: 556: 350: 342: 104: 5709: 5422: 4509:

China's Six Dynasties Administrative History (This Nation's Total History in 100 Volumes, no 7)

4142:, is specifically the colour of an old person's hair, alluding to the decrepit state of the Han 3191:

At Shu's demise, the population contained 102,000 armed soldiers and 40,000 various officials.

2714: 2545:, at the end of which Meng Huo submitted. A tribesman was allowed to reside at the Shu capital 1735:

had steadily declined owing to a variety of political and economic problems after the death of

1682:

unification (220–589) is sometimes periodised together as "the period of disunity", "Wei, Jin,

5635: 5610: 5561: 5520: 5489: 5472: 5447: 5389: 5377: 5367: 5147: 5078: 4995: 4989: 4579: 4552: 4312: 4287: 4253: 4019: 3979: 3869: 3824: 3726: 3711: 3547: 3468: 3333: 3313: 2645: 2629: 2594: 2489: 2390: 2196: 2181: 2164: 1933: 1736: 1670:

As the Jin unification was itself short-lived, lasting at least until the independence of the

1304: 627: 273: 265: 4919: 4573: 2527:

Sun Quan turned to the aborigines of the southeast, whom the Chinese collectively called the

5658: 5602: 5553: 5512: 5439: 5344: 5143: 5136: 5070: 4091: 3820: 3784: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3756: 3621: 3487: 3472: 3413: 3123: 3007: 2141: 1929: 1788: 1601: 983: 541: 533: 194: 5686:

The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms (220–265) Chapters 69–78 from the Tz*U Chih T'ung Chien

4600: 4279: 4039: 4014: 3792: 3751: 3632: 3491: 2605:

and metal industries. Sea journeys were made to Liaodong and the island of Yizhou (modern

61: 5424:

Generals of the South: the foundation and early history of the Three Kingdoms state of Wu

2669: 235: 4248:

Dreyer, Edward L. 2009. “Military Aspects of the War of the Eight Princes, 300–307.” In

3505:

used Wei's era names and thus affirmed the legitimacy of Wei's succession to Han in his

3122:

During the Three Kingdoms period, a number of statuses intermediate between freedom and

2365:(near Xianyang), but was unable to capture it. In the autumn of 219, Lü Meng launched a 1723: 5856: 4183: 3510: 3126:

developed, but none of them are thought to have exceeded 1 per cent of the population.

2311: 1880: 1376: 802: 5692:, Glen William Baxter and Bernard S. Solomon. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 5327:"How Creative Assembly and Koei Tecmo bring the Romance of the Three Kingdoms to life" 4269:

Hans Bielenstein. Chinese historical demography A.D. 2-1982. Östasiatiska museet. p 17

2652:'s rebellion against Eastern Wu and attacked him for it. However, when the Wu general 5866: 5689: 5622: 5581: 5131: 5090: 3984: 3590: 3538: 3515: 3498: 3456: 3294: 2618: 2242: 2177: 1844: 1687: 1609: 675: 642: 5394:"The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD ~ I" 3497:

Chen Shou's treatment of the legitimacy issue was generally accepted through to the

1628:

the proclamation of the Eastern Wu ruler to be emperor in 229 until the downfall of

382: 5844: 5460: 5059:"Review: The Halberd at Red Cliff: Jian'an and the Three Kingdoms, by Xiaofei Tian" 3859: 3788: 3594: 3452: 3341: 3298: 3290: 3282: 3254:

After reuniting China, the Jin dynasty's population was greatest around this time.

2862:. Soon after, Sima Zhao died and his title as Duke of Jìn was inherited by his son 2825: 2776:, in that order. But after 258, Shu politics became increasingly controlled by the 2699: 2598: 2204: 2148: 2018: 2010: 1937: 1805: 1746: 1605: 1250: 1226: 1213: 1200: 1144: 1125: 1115: 1103: 1041: 755: 745: 722: 289: 201: 171: 75: 5591:"Writing History, Writing Fiction: The Remaking of Cao Cao in Song Historiography" 5516: 5509:

The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220

5427:(Internet ed.). Faculty of Asian Studies, The Australian National University. 2049:

of Xu Province, because Tao's subordinate Zhang Kai had murdered Cao Cao's father

1936:

fell into warfare and anarchy with many contenders vying for success or survival.

1635:

Several other starting points for the period are given by Chinese historians: the

5483: 4542: 2480:, and opened up the battle for the northwest with Wei. The next year, he ordered 2155:. By the end of 207, after a victorious campaign beyond the frontier against the 5739: 5106:"The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A history of China in the Third Century CE" 4173: 3447: 3399: 3383: 3150: 3109: 3089: 2949: 2644:

pledged loyalty to Eastern Wu. Originally satisfied with Eastern Wu's rule, the

2577: 2329: 2320: 2212: 2030: 2009:

and its environs, where he had established a state. He was succeeded by his son

1995: 1980: 1840: 1732: 1679: 1656: 1587: 1527: 1519: 1341: 1157: 1028: 872: 862: 852: 830: 817: 651: 461: 158: 142: 3563:

performances, and was eventually codified in the 14th century historical novel

2549:

as an official and the Nanman formed their own battalions within the Shu army.

2453: 66:

Evolution of territory controlled by Chinese states between 190 and 280 AD

5817: 5606: 5557: 5038:"China has been plagued, and shaped, by epidemics – it has also overcome them" 4972:"Control or Conquer? Koguryǒ's Relations with States and Peoples in Manchuria" 3613: 3502: 3196: 2897: 2814: 2586: 2514: 2410: 2383: 2315:

Provinces and commanderies in the penultimate year of the Han dynasty (219 AD)

2002: 1976: 1884: 1771: 1591: 1547: 1539: 1484: 909: 698: 282: 17: 5614: 5565: 5082: 5074: 3898: 1986:

Between the Yellow and Huai rivers, a conflict had erupted between Yuan Shu,

5590: 5546:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

5542:"History Repackaged in the Age of Print: The "Sanguozhi" and "Sanguo yanyi"" 5381: 3530: 3467:

Traditional Chinese political thought is concerned with the concept of the "

3442: 3387: 3101: 3084: 2901: 2893: 2859: 2785: 2781: 2765: 2726: 2633: 2498: 2470: 2300: 2189: 2152: 2124: 2070: 1892: 1888: 1876: 1856: 1671: 1640: 1566: 1523: 475: 307: 5764: 4252:, edited by Nicola Di Cosmo. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 112–142. 2653: 2062:

and was received by Liu Bei, and an uneasy alliance began between the two.

1786:"The Grey Sky has perished, the Yellow Sky will soon rise; in this year of 1715: 2248:

In the autumn of 208, Liu Biao died and was succeeded by his youngest son

1542:. He invented a hydraulic-powered, mechanical puppet theatre designed for 5361: 3534: 3438: 3423:, the years 189 to 220 are also covered by the previous standard history 3395: 3093: 3057: 2909: 2905: 2863: 2851: 2833: 2810: 2797: 2773: 2542: 2532: 2481: 2477: 2462: 2353: 2342: 2288: 2272: 2233: 2220: 2058: 2050: 2014: 1968: 1944: 1917: 1864: 1675: 1644: 328: 215: 5573: 5541: 5812: 5807: 5443: 4433:

The Complete Military History of China: Three Kingdoms Military History

4205: 4201: 3434: 3337: 3317: 3309: 3226: 3166: 3079: 2974: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2933: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2855: 2845: 2818: 2793: 2789: 2718: 2681: 2661: 2657: 2641: 2637: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2546: 2502: 2466: 2438: 2414: 2284: 2280: 2216: 2200: 2129: 2098: 2066: 2054: 1987: 1896: 1872: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1629: 1551: 1504: 1480: 1476: 1052: 903: 897: 5503:

Mansvelt Beck, B. J. (1986), Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.),

5138:

Chinese Lyricism:: Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century

4163:

is the first step of the sexagenary cycle, signifying a new beginning

4138:

Referring to the Han dynasty government; the word 蒼, here glossed as

3519: 3362: 3329: 3324:(187–226). Cao Pi wrote the earliest work of literary criticism, the 3321: 2875: 2777: 2769: 2708: 2610: 2537: 2528: 2346: 2208: 2156: 2107: 1960: 1863:, a relative of the imperial family, and to replace the crown prince 1860: 1775: 1741: 1518:

Technology advanced significantly during this period. Shu chancellor

401: 5433: 4414:

The Complete Economic History of China: Economy of the Six Dynasties

3096:

was blocked. From then on, these five towns never recovered." When

2745:

Three Kingdoms in 262, on the eve of the conquest of Shu, Wei and Wu

1719:

Map of Chinese provinces on the eve of Three Kingdoms period, 189 AD

30:

This article is about the time period in China. For other uses, see

2741: 2572:

Zhuge Liang's fourth and fifth northern expeditions against Cao Wei

2556:

Zhuge Liang's first and second northern expeditions against Cao Wei

3609: 3356: 3073:

After the Yellow Turban Rebellion, serious famine followed in the

3062: 2848:, was executed as part of the purges after Cao Shuang's downfall. 2740: 2581: 2567: 2559: 2551: 2518: 2485: 2452: 2423: 2377: 2310: 2276: 1722: 1714: 415: 1678:

states in 304, the entire period between the fall of Han and the

4454:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. 3605: 3559: 1911:

In East China, in an attempt to restore the power of the Han, a

5768: 4991:

Encyclopedia of Antislavery and Abolition [Two Volumes]

3902: 3636: 1943:

Dong Zhuo, confident in his success, was slain by his follower

1887:

who controlled much of the imperial court. He Jin also ordered

5706:: A Third Century Chinese Account Composed between 239 and 265 5240: 5238: 4755: 4753: 2943: 1928:

In 192, there was some talk among the coalition of appointing

5710:

University of Washington, Draft annotated English translation

4954: 4952: 4397:] (in Chinese). Taipei: Chinese Culture University Press. 2457:

Map showing Battle of Yiling between Shu Han and Wu kingdoms.

1971:. Wang Yun and his whole family were executed. Lü Bu fled to 5414:

A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms

5347:(1947), "The census of China during the period 2–742 A.D.", 4770: 4768: 4728: 4726: 3541:. The revisionist private histories of the time emphasised " 1639:

in 184; the year after the beginning of the rebellion, 185;

5913:

Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia

5488:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–198. 4528:

The Complete History of Chinese Agriculture: Six Dynasties

3579:

List of media adaptations of Romance of the Three Kingdoms

3412:, and the composite work of Chen and Pei are canonised as 2892:

Following Sun Quan's death and the ascension of the young

5189: 5187: 1538:

is considered by many to be the equal of his predecessor

347: 333: 319: 4530:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Chinese Agricultural Press. 4309:

Reconstruction Designs of Lost Ancient Chinese Machinery

3312:, the founder of the Wei kingdom and his four sons were 2784:, and corruption rose. Despite the energetic efforts of 296: 4357:

184–280: It Turns Out the Three Kingdoms Were Like This

2564:

Zhuge Liang's third northern expedition against Cao Wei

2476:

In 227, Zhuge Liang transferred his main Shu armies to

2397:

suzerainty to Wei and was enfeoffed as the King of Wu.

4490:

The Complete History of Chinese Customs: Six Dynasties

2613:). In the south, Wu merchants reached Linyi (southern 1487:

dominated China from 220 to 280 AD following the

503: 5828: 4416:] (in Chinese). Hong Kong: Economics Daily Press. 3289:

linking north and south, the hauling-way through the

1940:

fell into the hands of various warlords in Chang'an.

270: 256: 240: 220: 206: 5360:

Cutter, Robert Joe; Crowell, William Gordon (1999).

4922:. University of California Press – via Google Books. 4484:Zhang Chengzong (張承宗); Wei Xiangdong (魏向東) (2001). 4435:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Military Science Press. 1269: 1191: 1071: 1004: 934: 808: 443: 497: 492: 474: 460: 455: 437: 432: 414: 400: 395: 381: 367: 362: 341: 327: 313: 306: 288: 281: 264: 250: 234: 214: 200: 193: 188: 170: 150: 134: 129: 120: 81: 71: 41: 5135: 2232:During Dong Zhuo's reign over the Han government, 1565:The authoritative historical record of the era is 5349:Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 3471:", from which a ruler derives legitimacy to rule 3445:are only found in the following standard history 2916:of Wu died, and his ministers gave the throne to 1558:, a non-magnetic directional compass operated by 5108:. Australian National University. Archived from 387: 373: 5659:"Chinese History – Three Kingdoms 三國 (220–280)" 4359:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Xiandai chubanshe. 2870:. This situation was similar to the deposal of 2283:, himself a recent refugee from the north, and 4511:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe. 4473:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe. 4378:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Renmin chubanshe. 1891:, the frontier general in Liang Province, and 480: 466: 5780: 5256: 5229: 5178: 5022: 3914: 3648: 3055:Pottery dwelling around a large courtyard, a 2624:The Eastern Wu era was a formative period in 2163:, Cao Cao achieved complete dominance of the 1795: 1452: 156: 140: 45: 8: 5244: 5205: 4958: 4943: 4906: 4894: 4882: 4870: 4858: 4846: 4834: 4822: 4810: 4798: 4786: 4774: 4759: 4744: 4732: 4717: 4705: 4693: 4681: 4669: 4657: 4636: 4624: 4492:] (in Chinese). Shanghai People's Press. 3405:Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms 3297:linking southern China with Sichuan and the 2690:In 238, Sima Yi was dispatched to command a 2029:. In the west, Liu Yan had been Governor of 420: 406: 27:Period of Chinese history from 220 to 280 AD 5485:The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature 4395:Administrative History of the Six Dynasties 2760:After Zhuge Liang's death, his position as 5787: 5773: 5765: 5733: 5471:. Shanghai: Fudan University Press, 2002. 4376:Historical Highlights of the Six Dynasties 3921: 3907: 3899: 3655: 3641: 3633: 3376:The standard history of the period is the 1459: 1445: 1275: 1270: 1192: 1077: 1072: 1005: 940: 935: 809: 520: 489: 429: 185: 5166: 3034:Learn how and when to remove this message 1663:placing the emperor under his control in 5366:. Honolulu: University of Hawaiì Press. 5020:Zhongguo Tongshi – Weijin Nanbeichao Shi 4236: 4151:Referring to the Yellow Turban Rebellion 3128: 3100:and his army were advancing towards the 3065:built during the kingdom of Eastern Wu, 3050: 2713: 1792:, let there be prosperity in the world!" 1774:, leader of the Way of Supreme Peace, a 5835: 5698:The Peoples of the West from the Weilue 5304: 5292: 5280: 5268: 5217: 5193: 5057:Mazanec, Thomas J. (1 September 2020). 4522:Wang Lihua (王利華); et al. (2009). 4452:The Social History of the Six Dynasties 4338:Rise and Fall over Thousands of Autumns 4229: 4131: 2664:commanderies rebelled. Eastern Wu sent 2176:the south, he defeated the warlords of 1953:attacked by Dong Zhuo's former officers 1727:Map showing the Yellow Turban Rebellion 1526:, suggested to be an early form of the 532: 4931: 4471:China's Six Dynasties Military History 4446:Zhu Dawei (朱大渭); et al. (1998). 4284:Breverton's Encyclopedia of Inventions 2692:military campaign against Gongsun Yuan 1700:Military history of the Three Kingdoms 349: 272: 117: 38: 5142:. Columbia University Press. p. 4918:Taylor, Keith Weller (1 April 1991). 4115:Lists of people of the Three Kingdoms 2854:succeeded to the throne in 260 after 1871:, the Prince of Chenliu (present-day 1622:Timeline of the Three Kingdoms period 7: 5632:Dynastic China: An Elemental History 5104:de Crespigny, Rafe (November 2003). 4340:] (in Chinese). Changchun Press. 4311:. Dordrecht: Springer. p. 129. 3597:. Possibly due to the popularity of 2972:adding citations to reliable sources 2858:was killed in a failed coup against 1883:, a clique of twelve eunuchs led by 1740:alliances with senior officials and 5898:Former countries in Chinese history 4988:Williams, R. Owen (November 2006). 4427:Luo Kun (羅琨); et al. (1998). 2813:, factionalism was evident between 2101:in Henan, Cao Cao—who now held the 2053:. Tao Qian received the support of 5724:Online Three Kingdoms publications 5465:History of the Population of China 4978:volume 4, number 1 (June 2007):93. 4976:Journal of Northeast Asian History 4544:Three Kingdoms: A Historical Novel 4250:Military Culture in Imperial China 3130:Three Kingdoms Period Populations 2449:Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions 1554:, and the ingenious design of the 1491:. This period was preceded by the 25: 4599:Theobald, Ulrich (28 June 2011). 3529:. This position, first argued by 3061:. Unearthed in 1967 in a tomb of 2357:Cao Cao, but he did not succeed. 2275:continued to resist; his advisor 2045:In 194, Cao Cao went to war with 1913:large coalition against Dong Zhuo 1804:Emperor Ling dispatched generals 5850: 5838: 5652:, University of California Press 4286:(Unabridged ed.). Quercus. 3537:in 1127 and became known as the 3332:, sponsored a resurgence of the 2948: 2338:Liu Bei had captured Yi Province 540: 60: 3478:Chen Shou, the compiler of the 3361:A fragment of the biography of 2959:needs additional citations for 2842:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove 2523:Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign 2445:Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign 2374:Emergence of the Three Kingdoms 2199:commanderies (from present-day 2151:, Cao Cao captured the city of 1859:planned to kill Regent Marshal 1762: 1751: 1684:Northern and Southern dynasties 1620:For a chronological guide, see 348: 334: 320: 297: 32:Three Kingdoms (disambiguation) 5728:Australian National University 5023: 4549:University of California Press 4465:Zhang Wenqiang (張文強) (1994). 4389:Zhang Binsheng (張儐生) (1982). 3604:Japanese video game developer 2488:suffered a tactical defeat at 1796: 1399:Science and technology history 504: 444: 388: 271: 257: 241: 222: 221: 207: 157: 141: 1: 5908:Wars involving Imperial China 5517:10.1017/chol9780521243278.007 4200:The area between present-day 3618:Romance of the Three Kingdoms 3599:Romance of the Three Kingdoms 3586:Romance of the Three Kingdoms 3566:Romance of the Three Kingdoms 3480:Records of the Three Kingdoms 3421:Records of the Three Kingdoms 3392:Records of the Three Kingdoms 3379:Records of the Three Kingdoms 3367:Records of the Three Kingdoms 3115:Records of the Three Kingdoms 2382:Bronze turtle holding a cup, 2161:Battle of White Wolf Mountain 1819:Romance of the Three Kingdoms 1597:Romance of the Three Kingdoms 1576: 1572:Records of the Three Kingdoms 1550:for irrigation of gardens in 769: 728: 704: 681: 657: 598: 5747:Dynasties in Chinese history 5432:de Crespigny, Rafe (2020) . 5421:de Crespigny, Rafe (2018) . 4885:, pp. 12–13, 16, 20–22. 4601:"The Yellow Turban Uprising" 4572:Wilkinson, Endymion (2000). 3078:that "all the population of 2597:along the southern shore of 2027:rebellion had erupted in 184 1947:, who plotted with minister 5650:The Birth of the Vietnamese 5412:de Crespigny, Rafe (2007), 4408:Gao Min (高敏), ed. (1998). 3250: 3247: 3234: 3231: 3217: 3214: 3204: 3201: 3187: 3184: 3174: 3171: 3158: 3155: 2694:of the self-proclaimed the 2207:, and some outposts at the 1770:In the third month of 184, 5929: 5726:of Dr. Rafe de Crespigny, 4503:He Dezhang (何德章) (1994). 4370:Han Guopan (韓國磐) (1983). 4179:Record of Emperor Xiaoling 4110:Game of the Three Kingdoms 3695:Campaign against Dong Zhuo 3576: 2885: 2753: 2679: 2512: 2442: 2436: 2307:Final years of the dynasty 2264: 2080: 1708: 1697: 1655:and moving the capital to 1651:in 189, Dong Zhuo sacking 1619: 1534:. Wei mechanical engineer 29: 5803: 5753: 5744: 5736: 5730:(archived 23 August 2004) 5657:Theobald, Ulrich (2000), 5607:10.1179/mon.2012.60.1.003 5589:McLaren, Anne E. (2012). 5558:10.1017/S0041977X06000139 5540:McLaren, Anne E. (2006). 5230:Cutter & Crowell 1999 5179:Cutter & Crowell 1999 5063:Studies in Late Antiquity 5015: 4575:Chinese history: A manual 4351:Jiang Lang (姜狼) (2011). 3942: 3675: 3573:Legacy in popular culture 3328:. Cao Zhi, together with 2428:Map of the Three Kingdoms 2291:. Liu Biao's second son, 2279:secured an alliance with 2083:Campaign against Yuan Shu 2021:in 204, resulting in the 1924:Collapse of central power 1867:with his younger brother 1731:The power of the Eastern 1273: 1195: 1075: 1008: 938: 812: 515: 488: 481: 467: 428: 421: 407: 184: 180: 166: 125: 59: 54: 46: 5075:10.1525/sla.2020.4.3.353 5043:South China Morning Post 4825:, pp. 10–11, 21–22. 4523: 4504: 4485: 4466: 4447: 4428: 4409: 4390: 4371: 4352: 4333: 3067:National Museum of China 2495:Battle of Wuzhang Plains 136:Traditional Chinese 4332:Guo Jian (郭建) (1999). 2363:towards the city of Fan 2352:In 219, Liu Bei seized 2017:was invaded by warlord 1780:Yellow Turban Rebellion 1711:Yellow Turban Rebellion 1705:Yellow Turban Rebellion 1637:Yellow Turban Rebellion 152:Simplified Chinese 5630:San, Tan Koon (2014), 4920:"The Birth of Vietnam" 4541:Roberts, Moss (1991). 4307:Yan, Hong-Sen (2007). 3667:end of the Han dynasty 3373: 3070: 2756:Conquest of Shu by Wei 2746: 2729: 2573: 2565: 2557: 2524: 2465:rose to the throne of 2458: 2429: 2407:series of fire attacks 2386: 2316: 1951:. Lü Bu, in turn, was 1843:(roughly covering the 1802: 1728: 1720: 1582:), in tandem with the 1556:south-pointing chariot 1530:, and improved on the 1509:conquest of Shu by Wei 1489:end of the Han dynasty 374: 89:End of the Han dynasty 5873:3rd-century conflicts 5271:, p. 53 note 41. 5220:, p. 46 note 14. 3747:Cao Cao vs. Zhang Xiu 3577:Further information: 3526:Zizhi Tongjian Gangmu 3426:Book of the Later Han 3394:was published by the 3360: 3054: 2888:Conquest of Wu by Jin 2744: 2717: 2571: 2563: 2555: 2522: 2456: 2427: 2381: 2314: 1784: 1726: 1718: 1501:conquest of Wu by Jin 1264:(mainland, 1912–1949) 42:Three Kingdoms period 5878:3rd century in China 5696:Hill, John E. 2004. 5684:Sima, Guang (1952). 5648:Taylor, Jay (1983), 4505:中國魏晉南北朝政治史（百卷本國全史第7） 4120:Six Dynasties poetry 3975:Northern Expeditions 3463:The legitimacy issue 3371:Dunhuang manuscripts 2968:improve this article 2928:. Four years later, 2844:. One of the sages, 2817:and the Grand Tutor 2723:Goddess of Luo River 2632:(modern Vietnam and 2267:Battle of Red Cliffs 2261:Battle of Red Cliffs 2252:over the eldest son 2171:South of the Yangtze 2091: 2041:Xu and Yan provinces 2005:held control of the 1797:蒼天已死，黃天當立。歲在甲子，天下大吉。 1586:published in 429 by 1495:and followed by the 439:Revised Romanization 97:Battle of Red Cliffs 5883:Civil wars in China 5634:, The Other Press, 5329:. 19 February 2020. 5283:, pp. 295–296. 5259:, pp. 374–375. 5046:. 21 December 2021. 4994:. Greenwood Press. 4801:, pp. 8–9, 21. 4035:Jiang's Expeditions 3880:Jing Province (219) 3855:Jing Province (215) 3620:strategy games and 3608:(later merged with 3419:In addition to the 3326:Essay on Literature 3267:infectious diseases 3243:Western Jin dynasty 3131: 2872:Emperor Xian of Han 2828:'s self-proclaimed 2159:culminating in the 2092:Emperor Xian's fate 1879:to assassinate the 1649:Emperor Xian of Han 1645:Emperor Shao of Han 1604:written during the 1544:Emperor Ming of Wei 1497:Western Jin dynasty 1493:Eastern Han dynasty 5888:Dynasties of China 5401:East Asian History 5390:de Crespigny, Rafe 5257:Mansvelt Beck 1986 4970:Byington, Mark E. 3949:End of Han dynasty 3382:, compiled by the 3374: 3129: 3071: 2878:40 years earlier. 2747: 2730: 2702:was dispatched to 2626:Vietnamese history 2574: 2566: 2558: 2525: 2459: 2430: 2413:(near present-day 2387: 2317: 2035:Five Pecks of Rice 2023:Daifang Commandery 2007:Liaodong Peninsula 2001:In the northeast, 1851:Dong Zhuo in power 1729: 1721: 1580: 290 AD 1532:repeating crossbow 1279: 1089:Five Dynasties and 1081: 1016:Southern dynasties 944: 843:Chu–Han Contention 835:(206 BCE – 220 CE) 105:Battle of Xiaoting 5826: 5825: 5763: 5762: 5754:Succeeded by 5526:978-0-521-24327-8 5505:"The fall of Han" 5453:978-0-7315-2537-9 5345:Bielenstein, Hans 5245:de Crespigny 2018 5206:de Crespigny 2020 5001:978-0-313-01524-3 4959:de Crespigny 1991 4946:, pp. 31–32. 4944:de Crespigny 1991 4907:de Crespigny 1991 4895:de Crespigny 1991 4883:de Crespigny 1991 4871:de Crespigny 1991 4861:, pp. 11–12. 4859:de Crespigny 1991 4847:de Crespigny 1991 4835:de Crespigny 1991 4823:de Crespigny 1991 4811:de Crespigny 1991 4799:de Crespigny 1991 4787:de Crespigny 1991 4775:de Crespigny 1991 4760:de Crespigny 1991 4745:de Crespigny 1991 4733:de Crespigny 1991 4718:de Crespigny 1991 4706:de Crespigny 1991 4694:de Crespigny 2007 4682:de Crespigny 1991 4670:de Crespigny 1991 4658:de Crespigny 1991 4637:de Crespigny 1991 4625:de Crespigny 1991 4585:978-0-674-00249-4 4318:978-1-402-06460-9 4293:978-1-623-65234-0 4258:978-0-674-03109-8 4105: 4104: 4043: 3965:Southern Campaign 3896: 3895: 3836: 3800: 3703: 3664:Conflicts at the 3548:Sanguozhi Pinghua 3507:universal history 3469:Mandate of Heaven 3314:influential poets 3258: 3257: 3044: 3043: 3036: 3018: 2595:Kuaiji Commandery 2165:North China Plain 2114:North China Plain 2106:primary adviser, 1934:North China Plain 1584:later annotations 1469: 1468: 1426:Transport history 1352:Education history 1324: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1305:Republic of China 1287:People's Republic 1260:Republic of China 1239: 1238: 1188: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1068: 1067: 1001: 1000: 996: 995: 932: 931: 765:Spring and Autumn 628:Liao civilization 519: 518: 511: 510: 451: 450: 358: 357: 315:Yale Romanization 252:Yale Romanization 195:Standard Mandarin 116: 115: 16:(Redirected from 5920: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5834: 5789: 5782: 5775: 5766: 5737:Preceded by 5734: 5693: 5688:. translated by 5672: 5671: 5669: 5653: 5644: 5626: 5595:Monumenta Serica 5585: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5499: 5457: 5428: 5417: 5408: 5398: 5385: 5356: 5331: 5330: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5191: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5167:Knechtges (2010) 5164: 5158: 5157: 5141: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5054: 5048: 5047: 5034: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5017: 5014:From Zou Jiwan ( 5012: 5006: 5005: 4985: 4979: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4916: 4910: 4904: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4856: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4826: 4820: 4814: 4813:, pp. 9–10. 4808: 4802: 4796: 4790: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4763: 4757: 4748: 4747:, pp. 4, 6. 4742: 4736: 4730: 4721: 4715: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4481: 4475: 4474: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4280:Breverton, Terry 4276: 4270: 4267: 4261: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4217: 4214: 4208: 4198: 4192: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4143: 4136: 4037: 3937: 3923: 3916: 3909: 3900: 3814: 3813:Northwest China 3782: 3697: 3670: 3668: 3657: 3650: 3643: 3634: 3622:Dynasty Warriors 3492:posthumous names 3473:all under heaven 3414:official history 3212:Eastern Wu, 280 3132: 3039: 3032: 3028: 3025: 3019: 3017: 2983:"Three Kingdoms" 2976: 2952: 2944: 2832:and brought the 2780:faction, led by 2576:In the times of 2391:heavenly mandate 2142:Battle of Guandu 1799: 1798: 1766: 1764: 1755: 1753: 1602:historical novel 1581: 1578: 1546:, square-pallet 1461: 1454: 1447: 1389:Military history 1347:Economic history 1335:Related articles 1312: 1294: 1276: 1271: 1265: 1232: 1219: 1206: 1193: 1176: 1163: 1150: 1131: 1121: 1109: 1096: 1078: 1073: 1057: 1047: 1034: 1021: 1006: 989: 984:Sixteen Kingdoms 967: 957: 941: 936: 925: 891: 878: 868: 858: 857:(202 BCE – 9 CE) 848: 836: 823: 810: 788: 780: 778: 774: 771: 761: 751: 739: 737: 733: 730: 715: 713: 709: 706: 692: 690: 686: 683: 668: 666: 662: 659: 609: 607: 603: 600: 544: 534:History of China 521: 507: 506: 490: 484: 483: 470: 469: 447: 446: 430: 424: 423: 410: 409: 391: 390: 377: 354: 353: 352: 337: 336: 323: 322: 302: 301: 300: 277: 276: 275: 260: 259: 246: 245: 244: 230: 229: 228: 226: 210: 209: 186: 162: 161: 146: 145: 118: 109: 101: 93: 64: 50: 49: 48: 39: 21: 5928: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5893:Former kingdoms 5863: 5862: 5861: 5851: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5829: 5827: 5822: 5799: 5793: 5759: 5750: 5742: 5720: 5715: 5683: 5679: 5677:Further reading 5667: 5665: 5656: 5647: 5642: 5629: 5588: 5539: 5531: 5529: 5527: 5502: 5496: 5481: 5454: 5431: 5420: 5411: 5396: 5388: 5374: 5359: 5343: 5340: 5335: 5334: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5315: 5311: 5303: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5243: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5216: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5192: 5185: 5177: 5173: 5165: 5161: 5154: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5112:on 4 March 2016 5103: 5102: 5098: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5013: 5009: 5002: 4987: 4986: 4982: 4969: 4965: 4957: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4930: 4926: 4917: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4857: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4833: 4829: 4821: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4797: 4793: 4785: 4781: 4773: 4766: 4762:, pp. 7–8. 4758: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4731: 4724: 4720:, pp. 3–4. 4716: 4712: 4708:, pp. 6–8. 4704: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4684:, pp. 2–4. 4680: 4676: 4672:, pp. 2–3. 4668: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4643: 4639:, pp. 1–3. 4635: 4631: 4627:, pp. 1–2. 4623: 4619: 4609: 4607: 4598: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4506: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4487: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4459: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4430: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4410:中國經濟通史魏晉南北朝經濟卷 4407: 4406: 4402: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4373: 4369: 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5641:978-9839541885 5640: 5627: 5586: 5552:(2): 293–313. 5537: 5525: 5500: 5494: 5479: 5458: 5452: 5429: 5418: 5409: 5386: 5372: 5357: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5332: 5318: 5309: 5297: 5295:, p. 302. 5285: 5273: 5261: 5249: 5247:, p. 353. 5234: 5222: 5210: 5198: 5196:, p. 294. 5183: 5181:, p. 149. 5171: 5169:, p. 174. 5159: 5152: 5123: 5096: 5069:(3): 353–359. 5049: 5029: 5007: 5000: 4980: 4963: 4948: 4936: 4924: 4911: 4899: 4887: 4875: 4863: 4851: 4839: 4827: 4815: 4803: 4791: 4779: 4764: 4749: 4737: 4722: 4710: 4698: 4696:, p. 988. 4686: 4674: 4662: 4650: 4641: 4629: 4617: 4605:Chinaknowledge 4591: 4584: 4564: 4557: 4533: 4514: 4495: 4476: 4457: 4438: 4419: 4400: 4381: 4362: 4353:184–280：三國原來這樣 4343: 4324: 4317: 4299: 4292: 4271: 4262: 4241: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4209: 4193: 4189:Guanghe Year 6 4184:Zizhi Tongjian 4165: 4153: 4144: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4087:Tufa Shujineng 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 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3075:Central Plains 3048: 3045: 3042: 3041: 2956: 2954: 2947: 2941: 2938: 2886:Main article: 2883: 2880: 2806: 2803: 2754:Main article: 2751: 2748: 2738: 2735: 2680:Main article: 2677: 2674: 2513:Main article: 2510: 2507: 2437:Main article: 2434: 2431: 2375: 2372: 2308: 2305: 2265:Main article: 2262: 2259: 2229: 2226: 2172: 2169: 2115: 2112: 2093: 2090: 2081:Main article: 2078: 2075: 2042: 2039: 1925: 1922: 1881:Ten Attendants 1852: 1849: 1765: 168–189 1754: 146–168 1709:Main article: 1706: 1703: 1695: 1692: 1617: 1614: 1473:Three Kingdoms 1467: 1466: 1464: 1463: 1456: 1449: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1385: 1384: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1362:Jewish history 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1328: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1314: 1313: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1295: 1293:(1949–present) 1282: 1280: 1274: 1267: 1266: 1255: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1234: 1233: 1221: 1220: 1208: 1207: 1196: 1186: 1185: 1181: 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317: 311: 310: 308:Yue: Cantonese 304: 303: 294: 286: 285: 279: 278: 268: 262: 261: 254: 248: 247: 238: 232: 231: 218: 212: 211: 204: 198: 197: 191: 190: 189:Transcriptions 182: 181: 178: 177: 174: 168: 167: 164: 163: 154: 148: 147: 138: 132: 131: 127: 126: 123: 122: 121:Three Kingdoms 114: 113: 111: 110: 102: 94: 85: 83: 79: 78: 73: 69: 68: 65: 57: 56: 52: 51: 26: 24: 18:Three kingdoms 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5925: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5858: 5848: 5846: 5836: 5832: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5802: 5797: 5790: 5785: 5783: 5778: 5776: 5771: 5770: 5767: 5758: 5749: 5748: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5690:Achilles Fang 5687: 5682: 5681: 5676: 5664: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5646: 5643: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5538: 5528: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5501: 5497: 5495:9780521855587 5491: 5487: 5486: 5480: 5478: 5477:7-309-03520-8 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5430: 5426: 5425: 5419: 5415: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5373:0-585-32007-1 5369: 5365: 5364: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5341: 5337: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5313: 5310: 5307:, p. 46. 5306: 5301: 5298: 5294: 5289: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5262: 5258: 5253: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5232:, p. 71. 5231: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5214: 5211: 5208:, p. xi. 5207: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5172: 5168: 5163: 5160: 5155: 5153:0-231-03464-4 5149: 5145: 5140: 5139: 5133: 5132:Burton Watson 5127: 5124: 5111: 5107: 5100: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5053: 5050: 5045: 5044: 5039: 5033: 5030: 5021: 5011: 5008: 5003: 4997: 4993: 4992: 4984: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4967: 4964: 4961:, p. 32. 4960: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4940: 4937: 4934:, p. 70. 4933: 4928: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4912: 4909:, p. 22. 4908: 4903: 4900: 4897:, p. 13. 4896: 4891: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4876: 4873:, p. 12. 4872: 4867: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4852: 4849:, p. 11. 4848: 4843: 4840: 4837:, p. 10. 4836: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4795: 4792: 4789:, p. 21. 4788: 4783: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4727: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4711: 4707: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4678: 4675: 4671: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4618: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4592: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4568: 4565: 4560: 4558:0-520-22503-1 4554: 4550: 4546: 4545: 4537: 4534: 4529: 4524:中國農業通史魏晉南北朝卷 4518: 4515: 4510: 4499: 4496: 4491: 4486:中國風俗通史魏晉南北朝卷 4480: 4477: 4472: 4461: 4458: 4453: 4442: 4439: 4434: 4423: 4420: 4415: 4404: 4401: 4396: 4385: 4382: 4377: 4366: 4363: 4358: 4347: 4344: 4339: 4328: 4325: 4320: 4314: 4310: 4303: 4300: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4245: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4230: 4223: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4185: 4180: 4176: 4175: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4157: 4154: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4125: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4067:Jiao Province 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4030:Gaoping Tombs 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3950: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3936: 3932: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3912: 3910: 3905: 3904: 3901: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3758: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3701: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3677: 3674: 3669: 3658: 3653: 3651: 3646: 3644: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3591:Luo Guanzhong 3589:, written by 3588: 3587: 3580: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3540: 3539:Southern Song 3536: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3521: 3517: 3516:Neo-Confucian 3513: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3499:Northern Song 3495: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3462: 3460: 3458: 3457:Fang Xuanling 3454: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3334:Jian'an style 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3299:gallery roads 3296: 3295:Yangtze River 3292: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3253: 3244: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3228: 3225: 3224: 3220: 3211: 3210: 3207: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3182:Shu Han, 263 3181: 3180: 3177: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3152: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3127: 3125: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3111: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3059: 3053: 3046: 3038: 3035: 3027: 3024:December 2017 3016: 3013: 3009: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2992: 2988: 2985: – 2984: 2980: 2979:Find sources: 2973: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2957:This section 2955: 2951: 2946: 2945: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2889: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2838:Gaoping Tombs 2835: 2831: 2827: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2804: 2802: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2757: 2749: 2743: 2736: 2734: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2619:Funan Kingdom 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2570: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2521: 2516: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2497:south of the 2496: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2440: 2432: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2380: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2331: 2325: 2322: 2313: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2243:Jing Province 2238: 2235: 2228:Jing Province 2227: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2178:Yang Province 2170: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2139: 2134: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2104: 2100: 2089: 2084: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1994:(Governor of 1993: 1989: 1984: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1906: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1845:Sichuan Basin 1842: 1838: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1801: 1791: 1790: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1759: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1725: 1717: 1712: 1704: 1701: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1688:Six Dynasties 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1631: 1623: 1616:Periodization 1615: 1613: 1611: 1610:Luo Guanzhong 1607: 1603: 1599: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1574: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1522:invented the 1521: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1450: 1448: 1443: 1442: 1440: 1439: 1432: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1394:Naval history 1392: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1379: 1378: 1377:Music history 1375: 1373: 1372:Media history 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1357:Legal history 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1331: 1330: 1311:1949–present) 1307: 1306: 1302: 1301: 1299: 1291: 1290: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1246: 1245: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1203: 1202: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1173: 1172: 1168: 1165: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1138: 1136: 1128: 1127: 1126:Southern Song 1123: 1118: 1117: 1116:Northern Song 1113: 1112: 1106: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1093: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1074: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1018: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1007: 986: 985: 981: 978: 975: 974: 972: 964: 963: 959: 954: 953: 949: 948: 946: 943: 942: 937: 922: 921: 917: 916: 912: 911: 906: 905: 900: 899: 895: 894: 888: 887: 883: 882: 875: 874: 870: 865: 864: 860: 855: 854: 850: 847:(206–202 BCE) 845: 844: 840: 839: 833: 832: 828: 827: 822:(221–207 BCE) 820: 819: 815: 814: 811: 804: 798: 797: 787:(475–221 BCE) 785: 782: 766: 763: 762: 760:(771–256 BCE) 758: 757: 753: 748: 747: 743: 742: 725: 724: 720: 719: 701: 700: 696: 695: 678: 677: 673: 672: 654: 653: 649: 648: 644: 638: 637: 630: 629: 624: 623: 618: 617: 613: 612: 595: 594: 590: 589: 585: 584: 580: 579: 575: 569: 568: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 549: 548: 547: 543: 539: 538: 535: 531: 527: 523: 522: 514: 502: 500: 496: 491: 487: 479: 477: 473: 465: 463: 459: 456:Japanese name 454: 442: 440: 436: 431: 427: 419: 417: 413: 405: 403: 399: 394: 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 370: 366: 361: 351: 346: 344: 340: 332: 330: 326: 318: 316: 312: 309: 305: 295: 291: 287: 284: 280: 274: 269: 267: 263: 255: 253: 249: 239: 237: 233: 219: 217: 213: 205: 203: 199: 196: 192: 187: 183: 179: 175: 173: 169: 165: 160: 155: 153: 149: 144: 139: 137: 133: 128: 124: 119: 106: 103: 98: 95: 90: 87: 86: 84: 80: 77: 74: 70: 63: 58: 53: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5795: 5745: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5685: 5666:, retrieved 5662: 5649: 5631: 5601:(1): 45–69. 5598: 5594: 5549: 5545: 5530:, retrieved 5508: 5484: 5468: 5464: 5461:Ge Jianxiong 5434: 5423: 5413: 5404: 5400: 5362: 5352: 5348: 5338:Bibliography 5321: 5312: 5305:McLaren 2012 5300: 5293:McLaren 2006 5288: 5281:McLaren 2006 5276: 5269:McLaren 2012 5264: 5252: 5225: 5218:McLaren 2012 5213: 5201: 5194:McLaren 2006 5174: 5162: 5137: 5126: 5114:. Retrieved 5110:the original 5099: 5066: 5062: 5052: 5041: 5032: 5019: 5010: 4990: 4983: 4975: 4966: 4939: 4927: 4914: 4902: 4890: 4878: 4866: 4854: 4842: 4830: 4818: 4806: 4794: 4782: 4777:, p. 8. 4740: 4735:, p. 4. 4713: 4701: 4689: 4677: 4665: 4660:, p. 2. 4653: 4644: 4632: 4620: 4608:. Retrieved 4604: 4594: 4574: 4567: 4543: 4536: 4527: 4517: 4508: 4498: 4489: 4479: 4470: 4460: 4451: 4441: 4432: 4429:中國軍事通史三國軍事史 4422: 4413: 4403: 4394: 4384: 4375: 4365: 4356: 4346: 4337: 4327: 4308: 4302: 4283: 4274: 4265: 4249: 4244: 4232: 4212: 4196: 4188: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4168: 4160: 4156: 4147: 4139: 4134: 3947: 3934: 3884: 3860:Ba (215-216) 3850:Xiaoyao Ford 3737:Yan Province 3603: 3598: 3595:Ming dynasty 3584: 3582: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3524: 3509: 3496: 3483: 3479: 3477: 3466: 3453:Tang dynasty 3446: 3424: 3420: 3418: 3409: 3403: 3391: 3377: 3375: 3366: 3342:Tao Yuanming 3325: 3308: 3291:Three Gorges 3283:Song dynasty 3280: 3276: 3259: 3121: 3113: 3106: 3083: 3072: 3056: 3030: 3021: 3011: 3004: 2997: 2990: 2978: 2966:Please help 2961:verification 2958: 2891: 2850: 2826:Gongsun Yuan 2808: 2759: 2731: 2725:(detail) by 2722: 2700:Guanqiu Jian 2689: 2685: 2623: 2599:Hangzhou Bay 2591: 2575: 2526: 2475: 2460: 2419: 2399: 2394: 2388: 2359: 2351: 2335: 2326: 2318: 2270: 2247: 2239: 2231: 2205:Hangzhou Bay 2194: 2180:, including 2174: 2149:Battle of Ye 2146: 2135: 2128: 2117: 2102: 2095: 2086: 2064: 2044: 2019:Gongsun Kang 2011:Gongsun Kang 2000: 1985: 1942: 1938:Emperor Xian 1927: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1854: 1836: 1825: 1817: 1806:Huangfu Song 1803: 1787: 1785: 1769: 1758:Emperor Ling 1747:Emperor Huan 1730: 1669: 1634: 1626: 1606:Ming dynasty 1595: 1570: 1564: 1560:differential 1517: 1513: 1472: 1470: 1367:LGBT history 1303: 1285: 1258: 1225: 1212: 1199: 1169: 1156: 1143: 1124: 1114: 1102: 1091:Ten Kingdoms 1087: 1040: 1027: 1014:Northern and 1012: 982: 960: 950: 918: 908: 902: 896: 890:(220–280 CE) 885: 884: 871: 861: 851: 841: 829: 816: 756:Eastern Zhou 754: 746:Western Zhou 744: 721: 697: 674: 650: 626: 620: 614: 591: 581: 499:Romanization 293:Romanization 290:Shanghainese 202:Hanyu Pinyin 172:Hanyu Pinyin 130:Chinese name 76:China proper 36: 5757:Jin dynasty 5740:Han dynasty 5532:17 November 5444:1885/212581 5024:中國通史·魏晉南北朝史 4932:Taylor 1983 4174:Book of Han 4072:Fall of Shu 4057:Hefei (253) 4000:Hefei (234) 3995:Hefei (233) 3990:Hefei (231) 3840:Yi Province 3732:Xu Province 3593:during the 3448:Book of Jin 3400:Pei Songzhi 3384:Western Jin 3287:Grand Canal 3251:16,163,863 3159:56,486,856 3156:10,679,600 3151:Han dynasty 3141:Population 3138:Households 3110:Sui dynasty 3090:Xu Province 2868:Jin dynasty 2830:Yan Kingdom 2805:Fall of Wei 2750:Fall of Shu 2696:Yan Kingdom 2636:) prefect, 2578:Zhuge Liang 2473:in Yunnan. 2405:launched a 2330:Yi Province 2321:Xiang River 2213:Lake Poyang 2031:Yi Province 1996:Xu Province 1981:Ji Province 1903:seized the 1841:Yi Province 1733:Han dynasty 1659:in 190, or 1588:Pei Songzhi 1548:chain pumps 1528:wheelbarrow 1520:Zhuge Liang 1414:Discoveries 1409:Cartography 1404:Archaeology 1342:Art history 1231:(1644–1912) 1218:(1368–1644) 1205:(1271–1368) 1175:(1115–1234) 1162:(1038–1227) 1158:Western Xia 1130:(1127–1279) 962:Eastern Jin 952:Western Jin 877:(25–220 CE) 873:Eastern Han 853:Western Han 732: 1046 712: 1046 708: 1250 685: 1600 661: 2070 602: 8500 583:Paleolithic 574:Prehistoric 396:Korean name 335:Saam1 gwok3 5867:Categories 5818:Eastern Wu 5702:by Yu Huan 5116:31 January 4467:中國魏晉南北朝軍事史 4448:魏晉南北朝社會生活史 4224:References 4097:Fall of Wu 3865:Ruxu (217) 3845:Ruxu (213) 3614:Koei Tecmo 3557:tale, and 3503:Sima Guang 3455:historian 3398:historian 3386:historian 3305:Literature 3248:2,495,804 3235:4,432,881 3218:2,535,000 3205:2,567,000 3197:Eastern Wu 3188:1,082,000 3047:Population 2994:newspapers 2900:region by 2898:Huai River 2882:Fall of Wu 2815:Cao Shuang 2762:chancellor 2670:Lady Triệu 2646:Vietnamese 2587:Huai River 2515:Eastern Wu 2443:See also: 2384:Eastern Wu 2297:Red Cliffs 2138:Dong Cheng 2121:Zhang Miao 2077:Huai River 2003:Gongsun Du 1973:Zhang Yang 1916:bodyguard 1885:Zhang Rang 1772:Zhang Jiao 1737:Emperor He 1698:See also: 1592:Sinosphere 1540:Zhang Heng 1485:Eastern Wu 1419:Inventions 1149:(916–1125) 1120:(960–1127) 1108:(960–1279) 775: – c. 773: 770 734: – c. 710: – c. 699:Late Shang 687: – c. 663: – c. 604: – c. 369:Vietnamese 236:Wade–Giles 82:Key events 5798:(220–280) 5623:193917398 5615:0254-9948 5582:154489082 5566:0041-977X 5463:, 中国人口史 ( 5355:: 125–163 5091:225333779 5083:2470-6469 5027:, (1992). 4077:Zhong Hui 3817:Tong Pass 3742:Jiangdong 3717:Xiangyang 3707:Yangcheng 3531:Xi Zuochi 3518:moralist 3488:era names 3443:Sima Zhao 3388:Chen Shou 3365:from the 3102:Guanzhong 3069:, Beijing 2902:Sima Zhao 2894:Sun Liang 2860:Sima Zhao 2786:Jiang Wei 2782:Huang Hao 2766:Jiang Wan 2727:Gu Kaizhi 2634:Guangzhou 2499:Wei River 2471:Lake Dian 2301:Huang Gai 2190:Yan Baihu 2186:Wang Lang 2125:Chen Gong 2097:court at 2071:Zhang Fei 1893:Ding Yuan 1889:Dong Zhuo 1877:Yuan Shao 1857:Jian Shuo 1833:provinces 1823:the era. 1690:period". 1672:Cheng-Han 1643:deposing 1641:Dong Zhuo 1567:Chen Shou 1524:wooden ox 1095:(907–979) 1056:(690–705) 1046:(618–907) 1033:(581–618) 1020:(420–589) 988:(304–439) 966:(317–420) 956:(266–316) 924:(266–420) 867:(9–23 CE) 593:Neolithic 557:Dynasties 476:Shinjitai 108:(221–222) 92:(189–220) 5751:220–280 5574:20182040 5392:(1991). 5382:45843016 5134:(1971). 4391:魏晉南北朝政治史 4282:(2013). 4181:and the 4052:Dongxing 4047:Shouchun 4025:Goguryeo 4005:Liaodong 3970:Xincheng 3955:Xiaoting 3875:Fancheng 3870:Hanzhong 3833:Yangping 3829:Qi Mtns. 3804:Jiangxia 3762:Yuan Shu 3722:Chang'an 3700:Xingyang 3629:See also 3612:to form 3535:Jurchens 3439:Sima Shi 3396:Liu Song 3232:663,423 3215:530,000 3202:520,000 3185:280,000 3175:900,000 3172:200,000 3149:Eastern 3094:Si River 3058:siheyuan 2926:Wang Jun 2910:Sima Yan 2906:Sima Shi 2864:Sima Yan 2852:Cao Huan 2834:Liaodong 2811:Cao Zhen 2798:Liu Shan 2774:Dong Yun 2764:fell to 2648:opposed 2630:Jiaozhou 2543:Meng Huo 2533:Zhuge Ke 2482:Zhao Yun 2478:Hanzhong 2463:Liu Shan 2461:In 223, 2354:Hanzhong 2343:Zhejiang 2289:Cheng Pu 2273:Sun Quan 2250:Liu Cong 2234:Liu Biao 2221:Sun Quan 2136:In 200, 2103:de facto 2051:Cao Song 2047:Tao Qian 2015:Goguryeo 1992:Tao Qian 1979:city in 1969:Fan Chou 1965:Zhang Ji 1949:Wang Yun 1905:de facto 1865:Liu Bian 1676:Han-Zhao 1667:in 196. 1657:Chang'an 1505:warlords 1382:Timeline 1309:(Taiwan, 1289:of China 803:Imperial 552:Timeline 526:a series 524:Part of 462:Kyūjitai 375:Tam Quốc 329:Jyutping 321:Sāamgwok 216:Bopomofo 72:Location 5857:History 5831:Portals 5813:Shu Han 5808:Cao Wei 5416:, Brill 4610:7 March 4372:魏晉南北朝史綱 4206:Taiyuan 4202:Baoding 4082:Yong'an 4062:Cao Mao 4020:Xingshi 3980:Shiting 3933:of the 3825:Lucheng 3821:Jicheng 3727:Fengqiu 3712:Jieqiao 3554:pinghua 3484:Records 3451:by the 3435:Sima Yi 3410:Records 3353:Sources 3338:Qu Yuan 3318:Cao Zhi 3310:Cao Cao 3293:of the 3273:Economy 3263:famines 3227:Cao Wei 3167:Shu Han 3124:slavery 3080:Luoyang 3008:scholar 2934:Nanjing 2930:Lu Kang 2922:Yang Hu 2918:Sun Hao 2914:Sun Xiu 2856:Cao Mao 2846:Xi Kang 2823:crushed 2819:Sima Yi 2794:Chengdu 2790:Deng Ai 2737:Decline 2719:Cao Zhi 2682:Cao Wei 2662:Jiuzhen 2658:Jiaozhi 2650:Shi Hui 2642:Shi Xie 2638:Shi Xie 2615:Vietnam 2607:Ryukyus 2603:celadon 2547:Chengdu 2529:Shanyue 2503:Sima Yi 2490:Jieting 2439:Shu Han 2415:Fengjie 2395:de jure 2285:Zhou Yu 2281:Liu Bei 2217:Jiangxi 2203:to the 2201:Nanjing 2182:Liu Yao 2130:tuntian 2099:Xuchang 2067:Guan Yu 2055:Liu Bei 1988:Cao Cao 1897:Luoyang 1873:Kaifeng 1869:Liu Xie 1828:Liu Yan 1814:Zhu Jun 1742:eunuchs 1694:Prelude 1665:Xuchang 1661:Cao Cao 1653:Luoyang 1630:Shu Han 1562:gears. 1552:Luoyang 1481:Shu Han 1477:Cao Wei 1053:Wu Zhou 643:Ancient 622:Yangtze 505:Sangoku 383:Hán-Nôm 299:Sae-koq 243:San-kuo 5668:7 July 5638: 5621: 5613: 5580: 5572: 5564: 5523: 5492: 5475: 5467:) vol 5450: 5380: 5370: 5150: 5089: 5081: 4998: 4582: 4555: 4315: 4290: 4256: 4092:Xiling 4015:Quebei 3785:Liyang 3777:Xiakou 3772:Bowang 3767:Guandu 3757:Yijing 3543:humane 3520:Zhu Xi 3441:, and 3431:Fan Ye 3363:Bu Zhi 3330:Xu Gan 3322:Cao Pi 3245:, 280 3229:, 260 3199:, 238 3169:, 221 3153:, 156 3144:Notes 3098:Li Jue 3010: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2981: 2940:Impact 2876:Cao Pi 2778:eunuch 2770:Fei Yi 2709:Hwando 2666:Lu Yin 2654:Lü Dai 2617:) and 2611:Taiwan 2538:Nanman 2403:Lu Xun 2347:Fujian 2336:After 2293:Liu Qi 2254:Liu Qi 2209:Fujian 2197:Kuaiji 2188:, and 2157:Wuhuan 2108:Xun Yu 1961:Guo Si 1957:Li Jue 1930:Liu Yu 1861:He Jin 1812:, and 1810:Lu Zhi 1776:Taoist 1756:) and 1536:Ma Jun 1483:, and 1251:Modern 907:, and 625:, and 616:Yellow 528:on the 445:Samguk 402:Hangul 258:Sāngwó 225: 208:Sānguó 176:Sānguó 5845:China 5619:S2CID 5578:S2CID 5570:JSTOR 5397:(PDF) 5087:S2CID 4526:[ 4507:[ 4488:[ 4469:[ 4450:[ 4431:[ 4412:[ 4393:[ 4374:[ 4355:[ 4336:[ 4161:Jiazi 4126:Notes 4040:Didao 3809:Chibi 3793:Nanpi 3752:Xiapi 3610:Tecmo 3135:Year 3063:Hubei 3015:JSTOR 3001:books 2582:Hefei 2486:Ma Su 2411:Baidi 2277:Lu Su 2059:Lü Bu 1945:Lü Bu 1918:Lü Bu 1789:jiazi 676:Shang 416:Hanja 100:(208) 5670:2015 5636:ISBN 5611:ISSN 5562:ISSN 5534:2020 5521:ISBN 5490:ISBN 5473:ISBN 5448:ISBN 5407:(1). 5378:OCLC 5368:ISBN 5148:ISBN 5118:2015 5079:ISSN 4996:ISBN 4612:2015 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