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Malaysia) to oppose its own". It has also deployed maritime militia in the region to create confusion among the navies of these nations. It has followed an aggressive messaging initiative using diplomatic pressure, news media and other media "to promote narratives reinforcing the historicity of its claim and warning others to refrain from antagonism". China has also consistently attempted to push narratives that show itself as the upholder of international law in the South China Sea region as well as its own interpretations of international law to oppose the other nations' positions and to delegitimize the arbitration process.
232:
Psychological warfare, quoting PLA strategist Yu Guohua, "should sap the enemy’s morale, disintegrate their will to fight, ignite the anti-war sentiment among citizens at home, heighten international and domestic conflict, weaken and sway the will to fight among its high level decision makers, and in turn lessen their superiority in military strength". One tactic of media warfare may be "to open for selective study the parts of the PLA that help deliver the message that the GPD and the
Propaganda Department want delivered to foreign audiences while concealing other areas of PLA activity".
2268:
248:) warfare, psychological warfare and legal warfare (lawfare) to "weaken its adversaries in regions constituting what it perceives to be its core interests" aimed at "creating conditions suitable for a resolution of the conflict on favourable terms to China without resorting to physical war" or conversely "to create the climate and context for the use of force". Public opinion or media warfare can include overt and covert
374:, China has since 2000, employed influence operations that have eroded the sovereignty of both Australia and New Zealand. It aims to undermine the integrity of the organic political processes in both countries to manufacture a friendly political environment for Beijing through the use of influence and disinformation campaigns. According to Anne-Marie Brady, the Chinese Communist Party works with the
395:
307:...appointing foreigners with access to political power to high profile roles in Chinese companies or Chinese-funded entities in the host country. Co-opting foreign academics, entrepreneurs, and politicians to promote China’s perspective in the media and academia. Build up positive relations with susceptible individuals via shows of generous political hospitality in China.
437:, China used a vast disinformation campaign that COVID-19 originated outside of China. It used proxy accounts, bots and even Chinese government officials and diplomats to disseminate false stories on social media. For example, Chinese state-run media falsely claimed that COVID-19 had originated in South Korea and Italy. A Chinese diplomat
562:
released a report it which it claimed the PLA was using its three warfares strategy and warned of China's use of coercive economic inducements and other non-traditional methods to weaken the resolve of the US and its regional partners to defend the islands and oceans of the South and East China seas.
278:
Three
Warfares provides a useful schema for unpacking Beijing's approach the constant discussion of China's capabilities by its adversaries, which invariably surrounds any agreements, serves as psychological warfare by reinforcing perceptions of China's strength, without the need for sabre-rattling
271:
3) Legal
Warfare – uses international and domestic law to claim the legal high ground or assert Chinese interests. It can be used to thwart an opponent's operational freedom and shape the operational space. It is also used to build international support and manage possible political repercussions of
503:
included calling India's foreign minister a liar and asserting that China would change it stance related to the Indian state of Sikkim, and in turn "free" Sikkim from Indian control. Legal warfare included
Chinese statements saying that Bhutan had accepted Chinese claims on Doklam and that the 1890
231:
For the PLA, legal warfare in the modern international context is a way to "expose the enemy", "publicize one's own humanitarianism ... win over the universal sympathy and support from the international community ... to compel opponent to bog down in isolation and passivity" among other things.
102:
in
December 2003 to guide PLA political and information operations. Chapter 2, Section 18 of the "Chinese People’s Liberation Army Political Work Regulations" sets forth the three warfares, among other political tasks. The three warfares under "wartime political work" are public opinion warfare,
567:
reported that China uses the three warfares strategy to influence the international community, and the United States in particular, to forestall the development and implementation of any counter strategy to its cyber-espionage campaign which has resulted in losses of $ 338 billion to the United
502:
China used the three warfares against India. Media warfare was waged with the aim of stopping India from proceeding with its action in Bhutan and belittling Bhutan's claims. China's media and multiple ministries made statements at numerous public forums with the same goal. Psychological warfare
525:
Since 2013, China has reclaimed land and fortified a number of islands in the South China Sea. The reclamation projects and deployment of military assets in the islands shows China's efforts to "undermine the psychological ability of the other claimants (Vietnam, the
Philippines, Brunei, and
418:
for unsuspecting nations and compromise the economic and political sovereignty of these nations. Through bribery and coercion, China has acquired allies and clients within the economic and political elites of these nations, and gets them to promote the acceptance of the BRI project in their
466:
2014 report, "China’s administration and its intelligence services have put an emphasis on gaining influence over Czech political and state structures and on gathering political intelligence, with active participation by select Czech elites, including politicians and state officials."
441:
shared a theory that a US Army service member had brought the virus to China. The German
Interior Ministry also revealed that Chinese diplomats had urged Germany to report favorably on China's COVID-19 response efforts. China has also influenced the
352:. The strategy has been seen as part of Beijing's ability to link all elements of national power for strategic ends. It may include the building of military bases in contested areas, done, not for kinetic purposes, but for psychological effect.
91:, particularly his notion of winning without fighting. Laura Jackson, an American China expert, said that three warfares aims at "undermining international institutions, changing borders, and subverting global media, all without firing a shot".
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1) Psychological
Warfare – seeks to undermine an enemy’s ability to conduct combat operations through operations aimed at deterring, shocking, and demoralising enemy military personnel and supporting civilian populations.
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to shape and "score" the economic and social behavior of citizens. This scoring system allows for "predictive policing", enabling the state to make predictive assessments of perceived threats to its authority.
267:
2) Media
Warfare – is aimed at influencing domestic and international public opinion to build support for China's military actions and dissuade an adversary from pursuing actions contrary to China's interests.
1101:
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116:
1887:
1393:"Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2011. A Report to Congress Pursuant to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000"
683:"Annual Report to Congress: Military and Security Developments Involving the People's Republic of China 2011. A Report to Congress Pursuant to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000"
3282:
1985:
489:, is an example of media warfare. The news story was related to trying to find a judicial "Indian connection" to the immolations, however the court which was overseeing the case did not give a verdict.
3069:
1826:
730:
316:
Three warfares has been labelled a tool for distraction by
Western analysts, with the aim of distracting from the "much larger organizational and operational infrastructure that exists under the CCP".
152:
Political warfare, during the formative years of China, was as much concerned with creating national identity and defeating domestic adversaries as it was with China's ability to compete in the world.
2045:
1437:
3196:
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180:
112:
846:
2196:
241:
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2715:
1568:
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184:
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454:, consistently praised China's "effective" response but never criticized China for suppressing whistleblowers and ignoring WHO's recommendations on how to stop the spread of COVID-19.
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200:
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even though it is an internal province of China. The use of three warfares and the concept of "social management" is a means of preserving its hold on power. China implemented a
2401:
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as part of a united front strategy to advance Chinese political and economic interests in New Zealand, with goals including cultivating local political leaders in the country.
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States. In 2020, Chinese lawyers sued the United States for covering up COVID-19, an example of three warfares being conducted as if it were a military operation.
179:
in relation to Taiwan. This diplomatic tradition has now been combined with modern warfare. Psychological warfare has been one of the main responsibilities of the
175:. Military action backed by domestic law strengthens PRC's position as is in the case of the usage of the 1992 Territorial Sea Laws in the South China Sea and the
2855:
2481:
1879:
627:(media, psychological or law warfare) as real "warfare". He says that for the Chinese, "political warfare is a strategic option that is underway all the time".
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486:
285:
3002:
2520:
2462:
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1822:
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138:(2013), the NDU's "Introduction to Public Opinion Warfare, Psychological Warfare, and Legal Warfare" (2014), and NDU's "Science of Military Strategy" (2015).
2687:
2679:
2621:
2437:
2425:
2377:
2037:
1429:
365:
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2165:
884:
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215:: "Precision-guided weapons made up only 7 percent of all weapons used by U.S. military, but they destroyed 80 percent of important targets". A 2007 book,
95:
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which oversaw at least six regiments. In peacetime, Base 311's employment includes a commercial front, the China Huayi Broadcasting Corporation.
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220:
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suggested have included documenting, exposing, publicizing and amplifying Chinese operations and activities using three warfares techniques.
134:(NDU) builds on three warfares doctrine and expands its roles and methods; this includes texts such as the PLA Academy of Military Science's
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603:
A strategy to combat three warfares, as suggested by Abhijit Singh, could focus on "creating awareness" about three warfares: establishing
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2384:
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2007:
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China's deployment of the "three warfares" strategy has been recognized by several strategists, including Professor Kerry Gershaneck of
256:
99:
1947:
1619:
1392:
984:
917:. National Security College, Australian National University (ANU) Published for the Foreign Policy Research Institute by Elsevier Ltd.
682:
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Establishing legal justifications prior to military conflict is not new. Since the formation of the People's Republic of China (PRC),
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are organizations responsible for three warfares. China has incorporated three warfares into local governments and institutions.
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481:
According to Abhijit Singh, a research fellow at MP-IDSA, a news item dated 29 January 2013 and carried by China's state-owned
131:
127:
982:
Testimony before the US-China Economic and Security Review Commission: China’s Active Defense Strategy and its Regional Impact
3226:
2791:
1663:
1367:
3123:
1294:
Heinlein, Joseph J., Jr. Political Warfare: The Chinese Nationalist Model. (PHD Thesis, The American University 1974), p. 3
752:
1250:
652:
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24:
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120:
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The Chinese military prioritizes lawfare as one of the "Three Warfares" that shape its military's influence operations.
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1312:
341:
168:
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54:
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China has used three warfares against Taiwan through the efforts of the PLA's former General Political Department's
3244:
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1281:
476:
447:
345:
1969:
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2312:
2157:
874:
443:
3105:
2947:
2924:
2895:
2297:
1694:
411:
296:
3141:
1791:
1597:
1182:
729:. Georgetown Security Studies Review: A Publication of the Georgetown University Center for Security Studies.
1330:
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992:
325:
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535:
504:
371:
3038:
3023:
2962:
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188:
104:
58:
1164:
1850:"China's Coronavirus Disinformation Campaigns Are Integral to Its Global Information Warfare Strategy"
1430:"Make the foreign serve Huawei: An invitation-only presentation to demonstrate the company's openness"
1085:
1005:
3033:
2801:
587:
499:
252:, while legal warfare or lawfare includes exploitation of national and international legal systems.
415:
172:
69:, the "three warfares" was set forth in the amended Political Work Regulations of the PLA in 2003.
2900:
2611:
1939:
1795:
837:
494:
482:
249:
176:
1561:"Chinese national security and the 'three warfares': How Beijing decides who or what to target"
187:
or GPD) since the day it was established. Media or public opinion warfare combines traditional
3221:
3146:
1975:
1931:
1275:
1255:
1219:
1091:
950:
624:
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349:
147:
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1923:
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508:
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292:
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have always been established before military action is taken as was seen in the case of the
1319:. Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College. Retrieved 16 October 2020, from — JSTOR
414:(BRI) project is seen as a key element of the three warfares doctrine, seeking to create a
3168:
2546:
2536:
1316:
988:
790:
164:
50:
279:
or messaging directly from Beijing that might conflict with rhetoric of a peaceful rise.
1042:
2905:
2541:
608:
87:
3266:
1943:
1081:
623:, an American think tank, warns that the phrase is a misnomer, that many do not take
329:
245:
2231:. United States Army War College Quarterly (Summer 2010), v.39 no.3, p. 101-113
2222:
The Royal Thai Navy’s Theoretical Application of the Maritime Hybrid Warfare Concept
607:
for "impact mitigation", staying "flexible" in response, and "pre-empting attacks".
2069:"China's Three Warfares Strategy Mitigates Fallout From Cyber Espionage Activities"
879:
559:
78:
49:; also translated as 'three tactics') is an official political and information non-
1655:
1360:
244:(MP-IDSA), an Indian think tank, three warfares involves using public opinion (or
111:). Three warfares was integrated into PLA teaching programs. Operationally, PLA's
2158:"China's Application of the 'Three Warfares' in the South China Sea and Xinjiang"
1526:"China's Application of the 'Three Warfares' in the South China Sea and Xinjiang"
908:"China's Application of the 'Three Warfares' in the South China Sea and Xinjiang"
783:"China's Application of the 'Three Warfares' in the South China Sea and Xinjiang"
1880:"Doklam standoff: China playing out its 'Three Warfares' strategy against India"
1131:"How Beijing's Cyber Security Engagement Incorporates The Three Warfares - AIIA"
803:
438:
223:, states that information warfare is at the center of China's military reforms.
156:
2228:
1260:
1010:. Institute of International Relations, Republic of China. 2007. p. 171.
160:
1935:
1927:
1496:"2022 National Defense Strategy: Implications for China and the Indo-Pacific"
833:"Law as a Battlefield: The U.S., China, and the Global Escalation of Lawfare"
3098:
1910:
1656:"Countering the Hydra: A proposal for an Indo-Pacific hybrid threat centre"
1215:
Chinese Military Modernization and Force Development: A Western Perspective
126:
These work regulations have been revised over time. Recent output from the
1309:
2564:
591:
583:
541:
333:
212:
1718:"Magic weapons: China's political influence activities under Xi Jinping"
727:"China's "Three Warfares" In Theory and Practice in the South China Sea"
3206:
3028:
2008:"The Role of PLA Base 311 in Political Warfare against Taiwan (Part 3)"
1968:
Whyte, Christopher; Thrall, A. Trevor; Mazanec, Brian M. (2020-07-28).
1212:
Cordesman, Anthony H.; Hess, Ashley; Yarosh, Nicholas S. (2013-10-22).
108:
82:
62:
1750:
Magic Weapons: China's political influence activities under Xi Jinping
753:"Information at War: From China's Three Warfares to NATO's Narratives"
3112:
40:
2038:"US unsettled by China's 'three warfares' strategy: Pentagon report"
1686:
2189:"Information Operations Countermeasures to Anti-Access/Area Denial"
1908:
Bisht, Nagender S. P.; Jain, Rajeev; Gambhir, Victor (2019-11-01).
1589:
2267:
1620:"China's Arrival: A Strategic Framework for a Global Relationship"
211:, it was noted that information systems played a big part in the
1717:
2238:
1654:
Seebeck, Lesley; Williams, Emily; Wallis, Jacob (7 June 2022).
582:
The three warfares doctrine has been seen to have been used in
3197:
China National Aero-Technology Import & Export Corporation
1687:"The Silent Erosion of Sovereignty: A Sino–Australian Example"
337:
1756:. The corrosion of democracy under China's global influence.
1461:"To Win without Fighting: Defining China's Political Warfare"
1823:"To Win without Fighting Defining China's Political Warfare"
1310:
The Chinese People's Liberation Army And Information Warfare
462:
According to a Czech Republic's counter-intelligence agency
181:
Political Work Department of the Central Military Commission
653:"The PLA's Latest Strategic Thinking on the Three Warfares"
242:
Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses
3202:
China National Electronics Import & Export Corporation
2128:"For the Chinese, Political Warfare Is War by Other Means"
1183:"From Human Wave to Info Wave: China's Propaganda Warfare"
946:
China's Cyber Warfare: The Evolution of Strategic Doctrine
370:
According to Sascha Dov Bachmann, Professor in Law at the
1618:
Denmark, Abraham; Patel, Nirav, eds. (September 2009).
3283:
Chinese information operations and information warfare
2095:"Chinese Lawyers Sue U.S. Over 'Coronavirus Cover-up'"
201:
Chinese information operations and information warfare
446:
to shape and steer its messaging in favour of China.
44:
1402:. Office of the Secretary of Defense. Archived from
1087:
Active Defense: China's Military Strategy Since 1949
692:. Office of the Secretary of Defense. Archived from
3212:
China Precision Machinery Import-Export Corporation
3189:
3132:
3090:
3047:
3016:
2990:
2938:
2879:
2765:
2758:
2714:
2696:
2678:
2648:
2641:
2602:
2555:
2453:
2338:
2331:
2280:
77:Three warfares is believed to be inspired from the
3082:Academic institutions of the armed forces of China
1909:
1792:"Political Roundup: China's 'magic weapons' in NZ"
1660:Australian Strategic Policy Institute Policy Brief
16:Chinese Communist Party political warfare doctrine
348:considers the strategy to be the core of China's
240:According to Abhijit Singh, a research fellow at
1971:Information Warfare in the Age of Cyber Conflict
305:
276:
261:
2323:Information operations and information warfare
1251:"PLA implements new political work regulation"
2250:
1136:Australian Institute of International Affairs
34:
28:
8:
1911:"Doklam Plateau and Three Warfares Strategy"
1165:Taiwan and the CCP's "Public Opinion Warfare
720:
718:
716:
714:
646:
644:
642:
640:
621:The Heritage Foundation's Asian Study Center
366:2019 Australian Parliament infiltration plot
2728:Theater's Joint Logistics Support Centers:
1259:. Xinhua. 13 September 2010. Archived from
1090:. Princeton University Press. p. 221.
521:Territorial disputes in the South China Sea
96:Chinese Communist Party's Central Committee
57:employing media or public opinion warfare,
3181:Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps
2762:
2645:
2335:
2257:
2243:
2235:
1747:Brady, Anne-Marie (16–17 September 2017).
1007:Issues & Studies Volume 43, Issues 1-4
868:
866:
303:has described the tactics used including,
191:with deception and perception management.
3065:National University of Defense Technology
2229:Google Confronts China's 'Three Warfares'
2220:Hadrien T. Saperstein (12 October 2020).
1852:. Foundation for Defence of Democracies.
388:Chinese government interference in Canada
259:defined three warfares as the following:
336:, Associate Professor Michael Clarke of
115:'s Liaison Department (GPD/LD), China's
3278:Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party
3217:China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation
636:
590:through which it collects and analyses
2168:from the original on 21 September 2020
1856:from the original on 20 September 2020
1373:from the original on 21 September 2020
1361:"China: The Three Warfares (May 2013)"
1273:
924:from the original on 21 September 2020
887:from the original on 21 September 2020
554:Chinese espionage in the United States
221:PLA Information Engineering University
2121:
2119:
1873:
1871:
1802:from the original on 22 February 2019
1666:from the original on 21 December 2022
1304:
1302:
1300:
1159:
1157:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
507:is to be followed while ignoring the
7:
2071:. JSS, University of South Florida.
2048:from the original on 24 October 2020
1829:from the original on 6 November 2023
1728:from the original on 24 January 2019
1440:from the original on 24 January 2021
1193:from the original on 22 October 2020
1043:"China's 'Three Warfares' and India"
733:from the original on 21 October 2020
2856:Reform and Organizational Structure
1790:Edwards, Bryce (12 December 2017).
1181:Ramanujam, Kanchana (3 July 2019).
1056:(4, October–December 2013): 27–46.
873:Raska, Michael (18 December 2015).
663:from the original on 6 October 2020
257:United States Department of Defense
3252:Authorized defense products dealer
2861:International Military Cooperation
2724:Wuhan Joint Logistics Support Base
1878:Bagchi, Indrani (13 August 2017).
1691:Wild Blue Yonder / Maxwell Afb, al
1627:Center for a New American Security
464:Security Information Service (BIS)
219:, written by the president of the
185:PLA's General Political Department
14:
3075:PLA Air Force Aviation University
1533:Foreign Policy Research Institute
1129:Sawers, Matt (21 February 2020).
831:Goldenziel, Jill I. (2020–2021).
725:Livermore, Doug (25 March 2018).
107:, and legal warfare (also termed
94:The doctrine was approved by the
61:, and legal warfare (also termed
3119:The Science of Military Strategy
2266:
2156:Clarke, Michael (January 2019).
2075:from the original on 25 May 2024
1716:Brady, Anne-Marie (2017-09-22).
1697:from the original on 28 May 2023
1524:Clarke, Michael (January 2019).
1041:Singh, Abhijit (December 2013).
906:Clarke, Michael (January 2019).
875:"China and the 'Three Warfares'"
429:COVID-19 misinformation by China
393:
362:Foreign espionage in New Zealand
136:The Science of Military Strategy
2617:Rocket Force corps of engineers
2199:from the original on 2022-06-04
2187:Wieck, Brian D. (11 May 2017).
2138:from the original on 2020-09-28
2105:from the original on 2020-10-01
2036:Garnaut, John (11 April 2014).
2018:from the original on 2023-12-09
1988:from the original on 2024-05-25
1950:from the original on 2024-05-25
1890:from the original on 2020-11-12
1764:. pp. 1–57. Archived from
1762:Taiwan Foundation for Democracy
1636:from the original on 2019-06-04
1600:from the original on 2023-08-04
1571:from the original on 2022-12-21
1542:from the original on 2020-09-21
1506:from the original on 2022-12-21
1477:from the original on 2022-12-21
1428:Lulu, Jichang (22 March 2019).
1341:from the original on 2020-10-17
1232:from the original on 2024-05-25
1171:. Retrieved on 16 October 2020.
1143:from the original on 2020-09-29
1104:from the original on 2024-05-25
1063:from the original on 2020-09-19
1014:from the original on 2024-05-25
980:Dean Cheng (27 January 2011). "
963:from the original on 2024-05-25
949:. Lexington Books. p. 70.
849:from the original on 2024-03-04
813:from the original on 2020-09-21
763:from the original on 2020-11-08
578:Persecution of Uyghurs in China
132:PLA National Defence University
128:PLA Academy of Military Science
3227:Seven Sons of National Defence
1825:. US Marine Corps University.
1590:"CHINESE INFLUENCE OPERATIONS"
943:Fritz, Jason R. (2017-03-21).
651:Kania, Elsa (22 August 2016).
301:Making the Foreign Serve China
295:, a politics professor at the
148:Political warfare § China
55:People's Liberation Army (PLA)
1:
2841:National Defense Mobilization
1821:Gershaneck, Professor Kerry.
1685:Bachmann, Sascha Dov (2020).
565:Journal of Strategic Security
400:Additional information needed
3162:Mountain Eagle Commando Unit
2126:Cheng, Dean (2 April 2020).
1848:Ha, Mathew (30 April 2020).
1218:. Rowman & Littlefield.
487:self-immolations by Tibetans
208:Science of Military Strategy
121:United Front Work Department
113:General Political Department
3060:National Defence University
3055:Academy of Military Science
2836:Training and Administration
2318:Weapons of mass destruction
2227:Thomas, Timothy L. (2010).
1329:Gertz, Bill (2 June 2010).
804:10.1016/j.orbis.2019.02.007
169:Sino-Soviet border conflict
117:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
100:Central Military Commission
45:
3299:
3157:Snow Leopard Commando Unit
2006:Kania, Elsa (2017-02-15).
1758:Arlington County, Virginia
1167:". pp 41–42. Li-wen Tung.
1050:Journal of Defence Studies
575:
551:
533:
518:
477:Sino-Indian border dispute
474:
448:Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus
426:
385:
359:
346:French Ministry of Defence
344:analyst Peter Mattis. The
217:Information Warfare Theory
198:
145:
3235:
2706:Information Support Force
2067:Iasiello, Emilio (2016).
498:reported that during the
444:World Health Organization
356:Australia and New Zealand
35:
29:
3273:People's Liberation Army
3106:August First Film Studio
2629:Special operations units
2592:special operations units
2526:special operations units
2445:Special operations units
2274:People's Liberation Army
1928:10.1177/0009445519875234
1400:US Department of Defense
1169:Taiwan Strategists No. 2
781:Clarke, Michael (2019).
690:US Department of Defense
412:Belt and Road Initiative
406:Belt and Road Initiative
297:University of Canterbury
2716:Joint Logistics Support
2612:Missile operation units
2132:The Heritage Foundation
2012:Global Taiwan Institute
993:The Heritage Foundation
915:nsc.crawford.anu.edu.au
177:2005 Anti-Secession Law
2871:Offices Administration
1662:(Report No. 60/2022).
1280:: CS1 maint: others (
536:United front in Taiwan
372:University of Canberra
309:
281:
274:
3142:People's Armed Police
3039:Type 97 Service Dress
3024:Xingkong (camouflage)
2846:Discipline Inspection
2824:Equipment Development
2042:Sunday Morning Herald
1468:Expeditions with MCUP
759:. 25 September 2015.
576:Further information:
475:Further information:
427:Further information:
189:propaganda techniques
146:Further information:
105:psychological warfare
59:psychological warfare
3152:Special police units
3070:Army Command College
3034:Type 99 (camouflage)
1335:The Washington Times
1308:Wortzel, L. (2014).
657:Jamestown Foundation
588:Social Credit System
500:2017 Doklam standoff
452:WHO Director General
419:respective nations.
3124:Defense White Paper
2829:Manned Space Agency
2797:Intelligence Bureau
2698:Information Support
2193:The Strategy Bridge
1502:. 28 October 2022.
1459:Gershaneck, Kerry.
236:Foreign definitions
195:Information warfare
173:Sino-Vietnamese War
2851:Strategic Planning
2670:Deep Space Network
1884:The Times of India
1796:New Zealand Herald
1771:on 12 January 2020
1315:2020-04-12 at the
987:2020-10-19 at the
838:Cornell Law Review
483:Xinhua News Agency
250:media manipulation
65:). Promulgated as
3260:
3259:
3222:Poly Technologies
3147:China Coast Guard
2986:
2985:
2754:
2753:
2637:
2636:
2492:aircraft carriers
2101:. 26 March 2020.
1981:978-0-429-89392-6
1331:"Inside the Ring"
1225:978-1-4422-2776-7
1097:978-0-691-21033-9
1082:Fravel, M. Taylor
956:978-1-4985-3708-7
757:Legatum Institute
625:political warfare
435:COVID-19 pandemic
423:COVID-19 pandemic
350:political warfare
142:Political warfare
46:Sān zhǒng zhàn fǎ
3290:
3174:Maritime Militia
2939:Military regions
2819:Logistic Support
2767:Central Military
2763:
2688:Cyberspace Force
2646:
2625:
2441:
2433:Chemical defense
2429:
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1693:. academia.edu.
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1359:Halper, Stefan.
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376:Chinese diaspora
293:Anne-Marie Brady
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272:China's military
67:work regulations
53:strategy of the
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2215:Further reading
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2099:Radio Free Asia
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989:Wayback Machine
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609:Countermeasures
601:
599:Countermeasures
580:
574:
558:In April 2014,
556:
550:
538:
532:
523:
517:
515:South China Sea
509:1914 convention
479:
473:
460:
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425:
408:
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358:
340:and the former
322:
314:
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197:
171:, and the 1979
165:Sino-Indian War
150:
144:
75:
51:kinetic warfare
17:
12:
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5:
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2373:Armored forces
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2272:Found state,
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2225:
2224:. Asia Centre.
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2086:
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1998:
1980:
1960:
1922:(4): 293–309.
1900:
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1708:
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1610:
1581:
1567:. 2019-02-25.
1552:
1516:
1487:
1451:
1420:
1409:on 2 July 2021
1384:
1351:
1321:
1296:
1287:
1256:People's Daily
1242:
1224:
1204:
1173:
1153:
1114:
1096:
1084:(2020-11-10).
1073:
1024:
997:
973:
955:
935:
898:
862:
823:
798:(2): 187–208.
773:
744:
710:
699:on 2 July 2021
674:
635:
634:
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629:
619:Dean Cheng of
616:
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531:
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516:
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495:Times of India
472:
469:
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458:Czech Republic
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386:Main article:
383:
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357:
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321:
318:
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299:, in her book
275:
237:
234:
228:
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199:Main article:
196:
193:
183:(formerly the
143:
140:
98:(CCP) and the
88:The Art of War
74:
71:
21:Three warfares
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2782:Vice-Chairmen
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2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:Modernization
2291:
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2283:
2279:
2275:
2269:
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2255:
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2248:
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2100:
2096:
2090:
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2070:
2063:
2060:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1999:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:. Routledge.
1973:
1972:
1964:
1961:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1904:
1901:
1889:
1885:
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1775:22 February
1670:21 December
439:Zhao Lijian
433:During the
312:Distraction
167:, the 1969
163:, the 1962
157:casus belli
81:strategist
3267:Categories
3245:Korean War
2807:Guard Unit
2769:Commission
2680:Cyberspace
2663:astronauts
2480:Branches:
2203:2020-10-01
2142:2020-09-23
2109:2020-09-23
2022:2023-12-09
1992:2020-10-03
1954:2020-09-23
1894:2020-09-15
1732:24 January
1722:apo.org.au
1640:2022-12-21
1604:2022-12-21
1575:2022-12-21
1546:2020-09-20
1510:2022-12-21
1481:2022-12-21
1345:2020-10-17
1267:2020-09-23
1236:2021-07-20
1197:16 October
1147:2020-09-25
1108:2020-10-03
1067:2020-09-14
1018:2020-09-26
967:2020-09-17
853:2024-05-25
817:2020-09-20
767:2020-10-16
631:References
615:Commentary
552:See also:
534:See also:
519:See also:
505:convention
360:See also:
161:Korean War
3099:PLA Daily
3008:Air Force
2973:Guangzhou
2941:(defunct)
2901:Hong Kong
2759:Structure
2746:Zhengzhou
2650:Aerospace
2547:South Sea
2537:North Sea
2509:Naval Air
2499:Submarine
2421:Engineers
2385:Artillery
2353:Equipment
2348:Structure
2303:Equipment
1944:214278483
1936:0009-4455
416:debt-trap
2948:Shenyang
2925:Northern
2896:Southern
2883:Commands
2881:Theater
2777:Chairman
2742:Shenyang
2575:airbases
2570:aircraft
2565:Aviation
2542:East Sea
2535:Fleets:
2514:aircraft
2468:Weaponry
2414:aircraft
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592:metadata
584:Xinjiang
572:Xinjiang
542:Base 311
320:Examples
213:Gulf War
130:and the
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3207:Norinco
3169:Militia
3029:Type 07
3017:Uniform
2978:Chengdu
2968:Nanjing
2958:Lanzhou
2953:Beijing
2930:Central
2913:Western
2891:Eastern
2482:Surface
2473:History
2288:History
2281:General
485:on the
109:lawfare
83:Sun Tzu
73:History
63:lawfare
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2738:Xining
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227:Theory
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2906:Macau
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