African sacred ibis - Knowledge (XXG)

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Avifauna. By 2007 the feral population in the Netherlands had increased to 15 pairs breeding at three locations, including in a tree just outside the zoo. Pairs would regularly move from the zoo to the nature reserve in the summer and vice versa. The next year, in 2008, the tree outside the zoo was cut down, and free-flying birds were recaptured, clipped and caged. 2008/2009 was also a cold winter and many birds died. By 2009 37 birds had been recaptured and by 2010 there were no more birds breeding in the wild. The birds in Weert were halved in number after the 2008–2009 winter and had disappeared somewhere between 2011 and 2015. As of 2016 a few birds survive, some still attempting to breed in Overijssel, and handful sightings of less than three reported. Possible vagrants from France have also been noted (by their rings) after 2010.

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spines, some heaps large and others less large and others smaller still than these, and these heaps were many in number. The region in which the spines are scattered upon the ground is of the nature of an entrance from a narrow mountain pass to a great plain, which plain adjoins the plain of Egypt; and the story goes that at the beginning of spring winged serpents from Arabia fly towards Egypt, and the birds called ibises meet them at the entrance of this country and do not suffer the serpents to go by but kill them. On account of this deed it is (say the Arabians) that the ibis has come to be greatly honored by the Egyptians, and the Egyptians also agree that it is for this reason that they honor these birds.

616:(1735) relates that at the turn of the 17th century, when the great caravans travelled yearly to Mecca, great clouds of ibises would follow them from Egypt for over a hundred leagues into the desert to feed on the dung left at the encampments. By 1850, however, the species had disappeared from Egypt both as a breeding and migrant population, with the last, albeit questionable, sighting in 1864. An examination of the genetic diversity among mummified ibises suggested that there was no reduction in genetic diversity as would be caused if they were bred in captivity and further studies on isotopes suggest that the birds were not just wild caught but came from a wide geographic range. 1248: 1366:). The particulars of the mummification ritual often differed. The mummies could be stored in ceramic jars, wooden chests or stone sarcophagi. Not all mummies contain whole birds; some (cheaper ones) contain only a leg, an eggshell, or even dried grass from the nest. Birds were given different burials according to their status; as pets, offerings or holy individuals. Special sacred birds were afforded special mummification, transported from their cities to the temples long after normal offerings were sourced from temple farm flocks, and honoured with more luxurious burial. Different regions in Egypt observed slightly different practises regarding the ritual beliefs. 1283: 1268: 927:. Breeding has since occurred in Dubai. The Dubai birds especially may be partially vagrants arrived from the Iraqi marshes, as they often show up during the migrating season. On the other hand, a bird showing up in Iran is suspected to be from the introduced UAE population. As of 2010 the population in Al Ain numbers over 75 birds, and the free-flying zoo birds roost in two subcolonies on top of their aviary. Birds regularly show up throughout the city and surrounding villages and can often be seen in the early morning in parks and roundabouts picking up scraps left by people the night before. 833:, NW Italy, in 1989. By 1998 there was a colony of 9 pairs and 48 birds there; by 2000 there were 24–26 pairs, and by 2003 there were 25–30 breeding pairs. A second colony appeared in 2004 at another nearby heronry at Casalbeltrame. These birds would mostly feed in the rice fields in the area, but would also migrate elsewhere during the summer, with the population at the roosts increasing in the winter. In 2008, the number of breeding ibis was estimated at 80–100 pairs, and at least 300 birds. That same year, six individuals, consisting of three pairs, were observed roosting at a heronry in 518: 1349:. Thoth, whose head is that of an ibis, is the Ancient Egyptian god of wisdom and reason, and thus of truth, knowledge, learning and study, and writing and mathematics. The sacred ibis was considered the living incarnation of Thoth on earth. Pilgrims from all over Egypt brought thousands of ibis offerings to four or more main temples, which at their peak mummified and buried thousands of birds a year in gigantic and ancient catacombs (one complex was in operation for 700 years). Eventually, an estimated eight million birds were mummified and entombed by the Ancient Egyptians. 251: 42: 6738: 821:

has some). In 2001 the remaining birds in the surroundings were culled, thus ending the occurrence of the species in the 'wild' in the area. However, in the early 2000s vagrants most probably from France were recorded in northern Catalonia, and sporadic observations throughout the year have been recorded since then along the Mediterranean and Cantabrian coasts. There were a total of about twenty approved records of sightings between 1994 and 2004. As of 2009, birds entering Spain from France are shot.

216: 1334: 94: 6714: 1424:, writing some 500 years earlier, also mentions this theory, but repudiates it. Picrius mentions how the venomous basilisk is hatched from the eggs of ibis, nurtured from the poisons of all the serpents the birds devour. These authors and many others also mention how crocodiles and snakes are rendered motionless after being touched by the feather of an ibis. Claudius Aelianus also says the ibis is consecrated to the moon. 564:. A number of populations are migrant with the rains; some of the South African birds migrate 1,500 km as far north as Zambia, the African birds north of the equator migrate in the opposite direction. The Iraqi population usually migrates to southwestern Iran, but wandering vagrants have been seen as far south as Oman (rare, but regular) and as far north as the Caspian coasts of Kazakhstan and Russia (before 1945). 6638: 1326: 69: 6662: 6774: 6726: 6762: 6750: 6674: 6650: 6702: 888:

closely matched. The free-flying Avifauna flock numbered 12 in 2001, 30 in 2003, and an estimated maximum of 41 birds escaped the zoo eventually. There had been sightings throughout the country for many years, but in 2002 successful breeding was first reported in a nature reserve some 40 km from

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kept a small free-flying population which bred in the zoo and at least once in 1974 in the surrounding city park. Between 1983 and 1985 they had increased to 18 birds, but these subsequently declined to 4–6 pairs in the 1990s and the birds were permanently caged by the end of the 1990s (the zoo still

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There is a region moreover in Arabia, situated nearly over against the city of Buto, to which place I came to inquire about the winged serpents: and when I came thither I saw bones of serpents and spines in quantity so great that it is impossible to make report of the number, and there were heaps of

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in an old heron colony) and Fuerteventura (in the zoo near La Lajita but free-flying). On both islands, these birds have remained very near to the zoos. The breeding is 'controlled'. There is disagreement regarding the origin of other records, especially during the migratory period. Ibises have been

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was further advocated by another morphological study by Lowe and Richards in 1991, where they looked at plumage, bill and neck sack morphology and used many more skins. They concluded that the differences were such to merit separate species status for the three taxa, especially as they could find no

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since the 1980s. Birds in Al Ain initially stayed at the zoo, but began to fly from the zoo to the sewage treatment plant and a shallow wet area in the former public park, now luxury villa park, Ain Al Fayda, where their numbers increased slowly up to 32 in 1997 and they had bred by 1998. They were

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The first African sacred ibises brought to Europe were two imported from Egypt to France in the mid-1700s. In the 1800s the first escapes were sighted in Europe (in Austria, Italy). In the 1970s it became fashionable for many zoos in Europe and elsewhere to keep their birds in free-flying colonies,

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disputes this and suggests that not only were wild birds caught and added to the captive flocks, but that they provided the bulk of the supply. The mummified birds were often young and were usually killed by breaking their neck. The head and bill were often placed between the tail feathers, and a

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caterpillars, and adult beetles. During the first 10 days of life nestlings fed mainly on crabs and beetles, and later mainly on Sphingidae caterpillars and more beetles. The breeding colony collected different (proportions of) prey the subsequent year. The food of one one-month-old nestlings at

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The species did not breed in southern Africa before the beginning of the 20th century, but it has benefited from irrigation, dams, and commercial agricultural practices such as dung heaps, carrion and refuse tips. It began to breed in the early 20th century, and in the 1970s the first colonies of

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The sacred ibis is not considered invasive on the Canary Islands. It is kept in zoos on Tenerife, Gran Canaria, Lanzarote and Fuerteventura, two of which kept their collections free-flying. In 1989, the first ibis was seen in the wild. In 1997, the first pair was seen breeding outside a zoo, the

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on the Mediterranean coast of France and by 2005 the colony at the Étang de Bages-Sigean was estimated at 250 pairs. A cull was begun and by 2011 the population had fallen to 560–600 pairs. By January 2017 the eradication programme had lowered the number of birds in roosts in western France to

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Females lay one to five eggs per season, incubated by both parents for 21 to 29 days. After hatching, one parent continuously stays at the nest for the first seven days. Chicks fledge after 35 to 40 days and are independent after 44 to 48 days, reaching sexual maturity one to five years after

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The species are predators which feed primarily by day, generally in flocks. The diet consists of mainly insects, worms, crustaceans, molluscs and other invertebrates, as well as various fish, frogs, reptiles, small mammals and carrion. It may also probe into the soil with its long beak for

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300–500 birds and the Lac de Grand-Lieu was the only regular breeding site in the region; as the programme has progressed the birds have become warier and the reduced numbers mean the effort and cost per bird has increased and complete eradication may never be achieved. The population near

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province in mainland China (and only a few kilometres from other coastal Chinese islands), but 190 km from Taiwan. In 2012 the population was estimated to be 500–600 individuals, and had spread to the west of Taiwan. The first attempts at culling were performed in 2012 using the

800:, 25 km (16 mi) and 70 km (43 mi) respectively from Branféré. By 2005 the Atlantic French breeding population was estimated at 1,100 pairs and winter censuses led to an estimated total population of up to 3,000 birds. A separate population originated from a zoo at 361:

Although known to the ancient civilisations of Greece, Rome and especially Africa, ibises were unfamiliar to western Europeans from the fall of Rome until the 19th century, and mentions of this bird in the ancient works of these civilisations were supposed to describe some type of

584:. For many centuries until the Roman period the main temples buried a few dozen of thousands of birds a year, and to sustain sufficient numbers for the demand for sacrifices by pilgrims from all over Egypt, it was for some time believed that ibis breeding farms (called 995:

The African sacred ibis occurs in marshy wetlands and mud flats, both inland and on the coast. It preferably nests on trees in or near water. It feeds wading in very shallow wetlands or slowly stomping in wet pastures with soft soil. It will also visit cultivation and

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The species was fairly common in Iraq in the first half of the 20th century, but by the late 1960s it had become very scarce, with the population thought to number no more than 200 birds. The population was thought to have suffered greatly during the draining of the

4260: 945:. In 1998 it was estimated that some 200 birds roamed freely, primarily in northern Taiwan. In 2010 it was added to the Checklist of Birds of Taiwan with the status of 'uncommon' (as opposed to 'rare'). By 2010 the birds were also occasionally sighted on the 1369:

Ibis mummification started by at least 1,100 BC and petered out by approximately 30 BC. Although the numbers of burials peaked at different times depending on the region and temple, the rituals were most popular from the Late Period to the Ptolemaic Period.

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intergradation in morphological characters in possible contact zones in SE Asia. They also cite observed differences in courtship displays between the Australian and African birds. Based on these characteristics they recommended the Madagascan birds

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In France the African sacred ibises have become established along its Atlantic coast following the feral breeding of birds which were the offspring of a large free-flying population originating from the Branféré Zoological Gardens in southern

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This species was reported to be susceptible to avian botulism in a list of dead animals found around a man-made lake in South Africa which tested positive for the pathogen in the late 1960s and early 1970s. During a large scale mortality of

2686:"A summary of birds recorded in the marshes of southern Iraq, 2005–2008 (in: Environment, Biodiversity and Conservation in the Middle East. Proceedings of the First Middle Eastern Biodiversity Congress, Aqaba, Jordan, 20–23 October 2008)" 1183:, a fluke, has been reported from sacred ibis in Sudan before 1949. It lives in the small intestine of this species, among numerous other ibises, spoonbills, and a few other waterfowl. It has a complicated life history involving three 2280:

Wasef, Sally; Subramanian, Sankar; O’Rorke, Richard; Huynen, Leon; El-Marghani, Samia; Curtis, Caitlin; Popinga, Alex; Holland, Barbara; Ikram, Salima; Millar, Craig; Willerslev, Eske (13 November 2019). Caramelli, David (ed.).

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in Sudan in the dry season. It is fairly widespread along the upper Nile River, and is quite common around Mogadishu, Somalia. In Tanzania there are a number of sites with 500 to 1,000+ birds, totalling some 20,000 birds.

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population reached a maximum of 5 pairs between then and 2005, and 30 pairs is given by Clergeau & Yésou in 2006 (though this last number is untrustworthy). The birds are divided between the islands Lanzarote (near

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Khaleghizadeh, A.; Scott, D. A.; Tohidifar, M.; Babak, S.; Musavi, M. G.; Sehhatisabet, M. E.; Ashoori, A.; Khani, A.; Bakhtiari, P.; Amini, H.; Rooselaar, C.; Ayé, R.; Ullman, M.; Nezami, B.; Eskandari, F. (2011).

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In 1990, Sibley & Monroe, in the general reference 'Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World' followed Roselaar in recognising four species, which they repeated in 'A World Checklist of Birds' of 1993.

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not numerous outside these locations in 2002, but by 2001 1–5 ibises would show up regularly in Dubai in such places as the golf course, the sewage treatment plant, and the construction site of the now completed

475:. At the time, this was generally accepted by the scientific community; however, in 'The Birds of the Western Palearctic' compendium of 1977, Roselaar advocated splitting the group into four species, recognising 264: 6935: 2348:

Linglin, Marie; Amiot, Romain; Richardin, Pascale; Porcier, Stéphanie; Antheaume, Ingrid; Berthet, Didier; Grossi, Vincent; Fourel, François; Flandrois, Jean-Pierre; Louchart, Antoine; Martin, Jeremy E. (2020).

1165:, Abyssinia (now Ethiopia) in 1882. He thought it was perhaps a new species, as it differed morphologically from earlier seen worms. A single adult female was recovered, and it has never been seen again. As the 771:

Some studies indicate that the introduced populations in Europe have significant economic and ecological impacts, while others suggest that they constitute no substantial threat to native European bird species.

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which has kept a free-flying group since the early 1980s, or possibly from Brittany, but this is unclear. The first pair was seen breeding in the nearby heronry at Oldenico, in Lame del Sesia Regional Park in

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by Herodotus) were established, initially throughout the regions of Egypt, but later centralised around the main temples, each producing around a thousand birds for mummies annually. An examination of the

1237:. It may also form single-species groups on offshore islands or abandoned buildings. Island nests are often made on the ground. Large colonies consist of numerous subcolonies and can number 1000 birds. 1060:. Within a period of 3 years, a few specialized sacred ibis individuals out of the 400 that roosted on the island had fed on at least 152 eggs of the cormorant (other species were even more ovivorous). 977:

in 1992. These birds lived in the surroundings but would return to roost at the zoo at night, and the population slowly increased to 30 or 40 by 2005. That same year two pairs were found nesting in the

624:. It is now found throughout southern Africa. The species is a common resident in most parts of South Africa. Local numbers are swollen in summer by individuals migrating southwards from the equator. 1247: 529:

apart from dark plumes on the rump. Wingspan is 112 to 124 cm (44 to 49 in) and body weight 1.35 to 1.5 kg (3.0 to 3.3 lb). Males are generally slightly larger than females.

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Wasef, S.; Wood, R.; Merghani, S. El; Ikram, S.; Curtis, C.; Holland, B.; Willerslev, E.; Millar, C.D.; Lambert, D.M. (2015). "Radiocarbon dating of Sacred Ibis mummies from ancient Egypt".

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Vorimore, Fabien; Hsia, Ru-ching; Huot-Creasy, Heather; Bastian, Suzanne; Deruyter, Lucie; Passet, Anne; Sachse, Konrad; Bavoil, Patrik; Myers, Garry; Laroucau, Karine (20 September 2013).

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when a tree fell on their enclosure sometime between 1998 and 2000 which would all return to their cage each winter. Furthermore, in 2000 a group of sacred ibises escaped from a zoo near

784:(the Union list). This implies that this species cannot be imported, bred, transported, commercialized, or intentionally released into the environment in the whole of the European Union. 3065: 2890:"REGULATION (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European parliament and of the council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species" 2211:

Wasef, Sally A. (2016); "Ancient Egyptian Sacred Ibis Mummies: Evolutionary Mitogenomics Resolves the History of Ancient Farming". Thesis (PhD Doctorate); Griffith University; Brisbane

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of Senegal, and other localities in relatively small numbers such as in The Gambia. It is common across eastern Africa and southern Africa. Large numbers can be found in the

536:. Sexes are similar, but juveniles have dirty white plumage, a smaller bill and some feathering on the neck, greenish-brown scapulars and more black on the primary coverts. 2752: 7317: 5550: 1352:

It has long been thought, to sustain sufficient numbers for the large and sometimes growing demand for sacrifices by the people, dozens of ibis breeding farms (called

3437: 7065: 2242: 1267: 781: 3421:(Report). Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. 463:

In a comprehensive review of plumage patterns by Holyoak in 1970, it was noted that the three taxa were extremely similar and that the Australian birds resembled

2893: 982:. Two or three years later the decision was made to remove the species. By 2009 75 birds were removed from Florida, and the birds are believed to be eradicated. 7130: 2120: 958:(unsuccessful), and by killing chicks from nests (successful). By 2016 the number was estimated at 1000 individuals, of whom around 500 inhabited a wetland in 1396:

tells us that when Moses lead the Hebrews to make war upon the Æthiopians, he brought a great number of the birds in cages of papyrus to oppose any serpents.

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Pierre Yésou; Philippe Clergeau; Suzanne Bastian; Sébastien Reeber & Jean-François Maillard (2017). "The Sacred Ibis in Europe: ecology and management".

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Kopij, Grzegorz; Kok, Ordino B.; Roos, Zennon N. (1996). "Food of Sacred Ibis Threskiornis aethiopicus nestlings in the Free State province, South Africa".

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of southeastern Iraq starting in the late 1980s, and feared to have disappeared entirely, but it has continuously been observed breeding in a colony in the

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and famine, there have been no new census reports on the species in Yemen, though an estimate of approximately 30 mature individuals was given in 2015.

688:, where it was often found at waste-water treatment plants. It has been recorded nesting on a shipwreck in the Red Sea. It is also seen as a vagrant on 1045: 2082:(Report). Wetlands International, for the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds Secretariat. March 1999. p. 20. 1169:

species infecting birds are generally parasites of the intestines of raptors; it might be an artefact, or perhaps a misidentification, or possibly a

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Elsewhere in Africa it occurs throughout the continent south of the Sahara, but it is largely absent in the deserts of southwestern Africa (i.e. the

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The bald head and neck, thick curved bill and legs are black. The white wings show a black rear border in flight. The eyes are brown with a dark red

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Due to perhaps a mistranslation of the Greek of Herodotus, before the early 18th century Europeans were convinced that these ibises had human feet.

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Mummified specimens of the sacred ibis were brought back to Europe by Napoleon's army, where they became part of an early debate about evolution.

2655:. Sharjah, UAE: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK and the Environment and Protected Areas Authority, Government of Sharjah. p. 21. 3502: 914:

Island, where 6 were introduced in the early 1980s, and which did not leave the island. There was only one left in 1989 and it died that year.

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ibises were recorded in Zimbabwe and South Africa. Its population for example expanded 2-3-fold during the period between 1972 and 1995 in

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In Florida five individuals of the species are thought to have escaped Miami Metro Zoo, and perhaps more from private collections, after

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which were allowed to forage in the area but would return to roost in the zoo every day. As such feral populations were established in

7039: 6974: 4136: 1617: 1125:, which preferentially searches for the largest (sub-)colonies to attack, but in Ethiopia and South Africa it poses less of a threat. 1762:

Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

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Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

398:. These were also unfamiliar birds that did not occur in Europe at the time, in English in these times called the 'Egyptian ibis' by 7307: 3902: 2608: 1986: 1961: 1209:

The species usually breeds once per year in the wet season. Breeding season is from March to August in Africa, from April to May in

2470: 2076: 1420:, both quoting much earlier but now lost authors, the sacred ibis procreates with its bill, and thus the bird is always a virgin. 845:

Delta, northeast Italy. By 2014 reports of individuals and small flocks were recorded in various areas from the Po Valley down to

7282: 7195: 2775: 643:, except for the major floodplain systems. It can commonly found breeding along the Niger, in the Inner Niger Delta of Mali, the 3503:"Sacred Ibis and Gray Heron Predation of Cape Cormorant Eggs and Chicks; and a Review of Ciconiiform Birds as Seabird Predators" 460:, also formerly known as the wood ibis or wood pelican, and Gray decided these birds could not be classified in the same genus. 6987: 5089: 4281: 3731: 1098:, Ethiopia, consisted of beetle larvae, caterpillars and beetles. In France, adult ibises fed largely on the invasive crayfish 2829:

Kumschick, S.; Nentwig, W. (2010). "Some alien birds have as severe an impact as the most effectual alien mammals in Europe".

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had become quite popular in Rome, especially among women, and the ibis had become one of her associated symbols. A number of

1443:, in his anatomical descriptions of the bird, claimed to have found a hole in the bill which the bird used for that purpose. 1405:

tells us that it was said that the flies that brought pestilence died immediately upon propitiatory sacrifices of this bird.

604:, where he was living at the time; picking through the trash, attacking provisions, and defiling everything with their dung. 7096: 6678: 2425:"Is the Sacred ibis a real threat to biodiversity? Long-term study of its diet in non-native areas compared to native areas" 2100:. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) 4266: 3445: 517: 7117: 250: 6692: 3799: 3247: 3830: 1067:

and stomachs contents of nestlings in the Free State, South Africa, food is mostly reported to consist of frogs (mainly

967: 621: 358:. In mixed flocks these ibises often hybridise. The Australian white ibis is often called the sacred ibis colloquially. 6828: 2889: 1309:. The global population is estimated at 200,000–450,000 individuals but appears to be decreasing. It is covered by the 608:

notes the many ibises in Egypt during his travels there in the late 1540s (he thought they were an odd type of stork).

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Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés

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In Taiwan, the founding population escaped from a zoo prior to 1984, at which time the first wild birds were seen at

712:, where it occurs as an extremely rare migrant, with only two known sightings, the last being a flock of 17 in 2007. 4196: 918:

has had a flock since 1976, which had increased to some 70 birds by 1991. There are records of ibises showing up in

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Wade, Andrew D.; Ikram, Salima (2012). "Foodstuff placement in ibis mummies and the role of viscera in embalming".

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In the Netherlands, sacred ibises were introduced from three sources; primarily from the free-flying flock at the

7018: 5232: 5222: 1824: 315: 4123:. Études préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l'Empire Romain – Tomus 51. Leiden: Brill. pp. 15–16. 1341:

For many centuries, sacred ibis, along with two other species in lesser numbers, were commonly mummified by the

7292: 7044: 5558: 5540: 2728:. Birds of Kuwait by Biodiversity East sponsored by Kuwait Foreign Petroleum Exploration Company (KUFPEC). 2012 2647: 1455: 924: 383: 3521: 2569: 1707:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10 ed.). Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii (Impensis Direct). pp. 140, 141, 144. 715:

There are no records of the bird in Iran before the 1970s; however, small numbers were found overwintering in

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This bird is usually silent, but occasionally makes puppy-like yelping noises, unlike its vocal relative, the

837:. By 2009 they were said to be one of the most characteristic animals of the rice-growing area of Novara and 421:

who called it 'abou hannes' in his writings describing his travels in Sudan and Ethiopia, and also described

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assures us it uses only salt water for this purpose. 1600 years later this was still accepted science, as

351: 7312: 7182: 6904: 5367: 5003: 4478: 4425: 3224: 3095: 2998:(Report) (in Spanish). Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. September 2013. 1254: 343: 188: 3362: 1554: 215: 3339: 2804: 7200: 6961: 6868: 6837: 6778: 5995: 4875: 4394: 4021: 3986: 3931: 3653: 3602: 3567: 3533: 2838: 2362: 2294: 1911: 1841: 1690:]. Translated by Smellie, William (2nd ed.). London: T. Cadell and W. Davies. pp. 1–16. 1417: 1064: 907: 761: 701: 609: 476: 2962: 1796: 1760: 1735: 5525: 5417: 5357: 5302: 5082: 4760: 4433: 3700: 3411: 1927: 1765:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (12 ed.). Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii (Impensis Direct). p. 241. 1702: 1188: 1100: 1057: 1021: 58: 6661: 4581: 6842: 6308: 5372: 5332: 5297: 4993: 4591: 4523: 4513: 3525: 3125: 2707: 2236: 2093: 1122: 938: 869: 708:(a part of the Mesopotamian Marshes) as of 2008, numbering up to 27 adults. It is also native to 557: 445: 230: 88: 7187: 3860: 2546:

Status, Estimates and Trends of Waterbird Populations in Africa: AEWA-listed African populations

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was isolated from feral sacred ibis in France in 2013; it infected 6–7 of the 70 birds tested.

7169: 7109: 6922: 6434: 6381: 6331: 5474: 5464: 5407: 5207: 5202: 5043: 5013: 4689: 4443: 4415: 4310: 4132: 4080: 3959: 3898: 3746: 3681: 2767: 2664: 2604: 2489: 2444: 2396: 2378: 2330: 2312: 1982: 1957: 1613: 1497: 1409: 1358: 1226: 1144: 1069: 955: 834: 797: 793: 677: 339: 299: 155: 3732:"Host-parasite Relationships and Geographical Distribution of the Physalopterinae (Nematoda)" 3037:

Usai, Alessio; Billington, Richard; Re, Alessandro; Rigamonti, Ettore; Festari, Igor (2009).

639:) and probably the rainforests of the Congo. In west Africa it is fairly uncommon across the 7174: 6300: 5442: 5114: 4805: 4656: 4646: 4306: 4124: 4070: 4060: 4029: 3994: 3949: 3939: 3890: 3671: 3661: 3610: 3575: 3517: 3483: 3069: 2846: 2697: 2656: 2436: 2386: 2370: 2320: 2302: 1919: 1847: 1802: 1774: 1766: 1741: 1716: 1708: 1549: 1025: 1013: 974: 323: 6891: 2961:(Report). Delivering Alien Invasive Species Inventories for Europe (DAISIE). Archived from 2562:

Status of Breeding Seabirds in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden – PERSGA Technical Series No. 8

2222: 2059: 1740:(in Latin and French). Vol. 5. Paris: Cl. Joannem-Baptistam Bauche. pp. 349–350. 1684:

Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la description du Cabinet du Roi vol. 19

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in 1991 in western South Africa, small numbers of sacred ibis were killed. The new species

1012:

Sacred ibises were observed to occasionally feed on the contents of pelican eggs broken by

7302: 7213: 7143: 6940: 6713: 6532: 6360: 5830: 5352: 5337: 5275: 5174: 5102: 5023: 4838: 4735: 3388: 3073: 1446:

In the century before the time of Christ and for at least a century after, the worship of

1440: 1402: 1381: 1113:

In France, they sometimes supplement their diet by feeding at rubbish tips in the winter.

1017: 963: 959: 705: 391: 347: 4405: 2523: 1801:(in Latin). Vol. 2. London: Sumptibus authoris (self published). pp. 706, 709. 1531: 4175: 4025: 3990: 3935: 3657: 3606: 3571: 2842: 2497: 2366: 2298: 2256: 2166: 1915: 17: 7322: 7013: 7000: 6730: 6718: 6642: 6572: 6524: 6458: 6397: 6352: 6339: 6213: 6176: 6027: 5801: 5638: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5362: 5347: 5242: 5237: 5217: 5212: 5194: 5142: 5075: 4636: 4468: 4075: 4048: 3954: 3919: 3676: 3629: 3487: 2725: 2649:

The Conservation Status and Distribution of the Breeding Birds of the Arabian Peninsula

2391: 2350: 2325: 2282: 2041: 1820: 1639: 1230: 1184: 1170: 1135: 1075: 1053: 1049: 1037: 1029: 850: 749: 428: 145: 3920:"Mitogenomic diversity in Sacred Ibis Mummies sheds light on early Egyptian practices" 2283:"Mitogenomic diversity in Sacred Ibis Mummies sheds light on early Egyptian practices" 1866: 471:

in juvenile plumage, he thus proposed they all be considered part of a single species

7271: 7104: 6742: 6580: 6564: 6487: 6479: 6313: 6111: 5961: 5848: 5806: 5606: 5598: 5520: 5484: 5402: 5326: 4899: 3894: 2865:"List of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern – Environment – European Commission" 1540: 1342: 1302: 1086: 997: 946: 817: 367: 78: 73: 3529: 2711: 1325: 7240: 6927: 6766: 6706: 6666: 6410: 6255: 6071: 5909: 5857: 5729: 5690: 5459: 5447: 5437: 5427: 5124: 4770: 4611: 4546: 4375: 2261:. Comité d'Homologation National for the Egyptian Ornithological Rarities Committee 1778: 1720: 1258: 1153: 1139: 1081: 1041: 1033: 911: 885: 809:

was eradicated by killing and capturing the birds with only a few remaining in the

652: 644: 605: 573: 533: 413:

provided the first unambiguous modern scientific description of the sacred ibis as

371: 165: 6914: 4197:"Leviticus 11 17–19 ISV – owls, cormorants, the ibis, water-hens, – Bible Gateway" 3614: 3579: 3128:(in Italian). Mantua: Gruppo Ricerche Avifauna Mantova (GRAM) for Parco del Mincio 2660: 1435:(enema) to the ibis, as according to them it gave such treatments to hippopotami. 1044:. Most recently, in 2006, observations were reported from a large mixed colony on 6992: 4199:. International Standard Version Foundation by permission of Davidson Press. 2014 4065: 4033: 3944: 3800:"Bird Parasites of the Nematode Suborders Strongylata, Ascaridata, and Spirurata" 3666: 2850: 2307: 719:

in 1970. Since the 1990s numbers appear to have slowly increased to a few dozen.

7122: 7052: 6822: 6754: 6471: 6318: 6124: 6103: 6092: 6057: 5924: 5914: 5872: 5763: 5630: 5432: 5257: 5252: 5184: 5169: 5137: 4795: 4666: 4627: 4601: 1463: 745: 580:, where it was commonly venerated and mummified as a votive offering to the god 540: 418: 355: 6725: 4243: 3317: 2624: 2440: 2374: 2351:"Isotopic systematics point to wild origin of mummified birds in Ancient Egypt" 2077:

Report on the Conservation Status of Migratory Waterbirds in the Agreement Area

1217:. The bird nests in tree colonies, often with other large wading birds such as 7208: 6588: 6450: 6389: 6368: 6200: 6184: 6119: 6064: 6036: 5968: 5933: 5811: 5659: 5494: 5469: 5227: 4712: 4571: 4562: 4504: 4488: 4099: 3998: 3296: 3251: 2545: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1095: 1090: 1048:(called Penguin Island in the article) in South Africa, where 10,000 pairs of 979: 915: 881: 877: 842: 838: 660: 648: 601: 600:, writing around 20 AD, mentions large amounts of the birds in the streets of 457: 6979: 6813: 3750: 3320:(in Chinese). 中華民國野鳥學會 The Republic of China Wild Bird Society. 26 April 2017 3148: 3038: 2771: 2559:

Shobrak, Mohammed; Al Suhaibany, Abdullah; Al-Sagheir, Omer (November 2003).

2493: 2382: 2316: 1851: 1829:(in French). Paris: Déterville libraire, Imprimerie de A. Belin. p. 483. 1806: 1384:

the ibis was invoked against incursions of winged serpents. Herodotus wrote:

970:, and by August 2021, at least 16,205 birds had been removed by the program. 6548: 6503: 6292: 6085: 6002: 5986: 5975: 5885: 5821: 5780: 5479: 5280: 5267: 5247: 5147: 4982: 4929: 4854: 4815: 4751: 4459: 4302: 3701:"Di Alcuni Elminti Raccolti nel Sudan Orientale da O. Beccari e P. Magretti" 3342:(in Chinese). 中華民國野鳥學會 The Republic of China Wild Bird Society. 5 March 2015 1770: 1745: 1421: 1377: 1234: 1214: 1177: 1121:

The most important predator of nestlings of the sacred ibis in Kenya is the

1106: 872:, and another group of 11 birds which escaped from a private bird trader in 716: 593: 589: 105: 7083: 4084: 3963: 3685: 2646:

Symes, A.; Taylor, J.; Mallon, D.; Porter, R.; Simms, C.; Budd, K. (2015).

2448: 2400: 2334: 1582: 861:. As of 2017 there do not seem to be coordinated control efforts in Italy. 4128: 1712: 7234: 6807: 6516: 6246: 6221: 6167: 6078: 6050: 5940: 5904: 5896: 5878: 5773: 5758: 5742: 5489: 5452: 5285: 4786: 4220:"Deuteronomy 14 16 DARBY – the owl, and the ibis and the – Bible Gateway" 2702: 2685: 1436: 1393: 1158: 899: 858: 849:. Outside the Piedmont Region, cases of possible nesting are reported in 810: 789: 741: 681: 636: 125: 50: 6878: 3593:

Van Heerden, J. (1974). "Botulism in the Orange Free State goldfields".

3012: 934:

since at least 2006, but it is also said to be a vagrant on the island.

596:

mentions in c. 350 BC that many sacred ibises are found all over Egypt.

525:

An adult individual is 68 cm (27 in) long with all-white body

481:, based again on the then known geographical morphological differences. 7254: 7148: 7031: 6863: 6426: 6279: 6158: 6043: 6009: 5947: 5768: 5622: 5614: 5307: 5179: 5164: 5154: 4968: 4361: 4356: 1459: 1432: 1197: 1174: 1162: 931: 846: 765: 753: 689: 526: 5067: 3865:

Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds

3250:(Report). Emirates Bird Records Committee. p. 125. Archived from 3066:"Italy wild-occurring hybrid African spoonbill X Sacred ibis (photos)" 1923: 1311:

Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds

6850: 6556: 6495: 6271: 6263: 6192: 6132: 6016: 5954: 5837: 5504: 5499: 5377: 3201: 3183:

Smits, R.R.; van Horssen, P.; van der Winden, J. (26 February 2010).

1451: 1289: 950: 942: 903:

seen on all four of the islands where there are zoos that keep them.

865: 854: 830: 806: 801: 757: 733: 709: 597: 363: 311: 274: 115: 7057: 6953: 6784: 4047:

Curtis, Caitlin; Millar, Craig; Lambert, David (27 September 2018).

1869:. Washington D.C.: Bird Division, National Museum of Natural History 1009:

invertebrates such as earthworms. It even sometimes feeds on seeds.

3739:

Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters

3246:

Pedersen, T.; Aspinall, S.J.; Campbell, O.J.; Smiles, M.C. (2017).

1151:

In 1887, the Italian scientist Corrado Parona reported a 3 cm

6948: 6442: 6229: 5792: 4957: 4345: 1589:. Wallingford, UK: Invasive Species Compendium – CAB International 1428: 1363: 1346: 1332: 1324: 1222: 1218: 966:

embarked on the removal of the population by cooperating with the

919: 873: 816:

This species is not considered established in mainland Spain. The

737: 729: 673: 640: 632: 628: 581: 577: 516: 327: 319: 270: 257: 249: 6966: 3248:

EBRC Annotated Checklist of the birds of the United Arab Emirates

780:

In Europe, the African sacred ibis is included since 2016 in the

7161: 6418: 5785: 5748: 5718: 5132: 5098: 4326: 4298: 2914:(in French). Office National de la Chasse et de la Faune Sauvage 2909:"Nidification de l'ibis sacré dans l'ouest de la France en 2011" 1447: 1314: 1306: 1210: 685: 656: 561: 307: 303: 295: 291: 135: 6788: 5582: 5071: 4925: 4322: 4270: 1473:, the ibis is one of the unclean birds which may not be eaten ( 6540: 5397: 5159: 841:. In 2010 the species was reported attempting to breed in the 824:

The population in Italy may have been introduced from the zoo

792:. The first successful breeding was in 1993 at two sites, the 4119:

Heyob, Sharon Kelly (1975). Vermaseren, Maarten Jozef (ed.).

3773:"General Review of Nematodes Parasitic in the Eyes of Birds" 2625:"Country count totals by species for the period 2013 – 2017" 302:. It is native to much of Africa, as well as small parts of 4176:"Landscape with Ibis. Roman fresco from the temple of Isis" 3045:(in Italian). Vol. 21, no. XI. Verona: EBN Italia 2603:(3rd ed.). London: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 58. 2126:(Report). Birdquest Tours. pp. 20, 26. Archived from 366:

or other bird, and were thus translated as such. In 1758,

3522:

10.1675/1524-4695(2006)29[321:SIAGHP]2.0.CO;2

2684:

Salim, Mudhafar; Porter, Richard; Rubec, Clayton (2009).

676:; in 2003 it bred in large numbers on small islands near 370:

was convinced that the ancient authors were describing a

1954:

Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. Hauptbd

4121:

The Cult of Isis Among Women in the Graeco-Roman World

6690: 4049:"The Sacred Ibis debate: The first test of evolution" 3470:

Urban, Emil K. (July 1974). "Breeding of Sacred ibis

3410:

Johnson, Steve A.; McGarrity, Monica (October 2009).

3185:

A risk analysis of the sacred ibis in The Netherlands

2955:

Clergeau, Philippe; Yésou, Pierre (12 October 2006).

2599:

Porter, Richard; Aspinall, Simon (10 December 2016).

3705:

Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova

3501:

Williams, Anthony J.; Ward, V. L. (September 2006).

3015:(in Spanish). Sociedad Española de Ornitología. 2008 1886: 1884: 1362:

piece of food was often placed in the bill (often a

1195:, which exit and encyst in a larger snail such as a 1187:: the eggs hatch in fresh water where they infect a 1161:

in the orbital cavity of a sacred ibis collected in

7224: 6797: 6515: 6470: 6409: 6380: 6351: 6330: 6291: 6254: 6245: 6212: 6175: 6166: 6157: 6102: 6026: 5985: 5923: 5895: 5871: 5847: 5820: 5741: 5728: 5689: 5658: 5597: 5513: 5416: 5316: 5266: 5193: 5123: 4980: 4956: 4889: 4852: 4829: 4784: 4749: 4726: 4703: 4680: 4625: 4560: 4537: 4502: 4457: 4373: 4344: 3190:(Report). Bureau Waardenburg B.V. Report nr 10-005. 880:, some of which apparently crossed the border into 350:, so much so that the three species are considered 4153:"Ibis, Pompeii 50BC – 79AD, The Art of the Fresco" 3100:) – A new species for the Bolgheri Bird Sanctuary" 2990:Catálogo Español de Especies Exóticas Invasoras – 2984: 2982: 2980: 1846:. London: Richard and John E. Taylor. p. 13. 1555:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697510A132068562.en 930:A breeding population was listed as introduced on 4257:on DAISIE European Invasive Alien Species Gateway 2548:(Report). Wetlands International. pp. 23–24. 1798:Index ornithologicus, sive, Systema ornithologiae 1492:Barlow, Clive; Wacher, Tim; Disley, Tony (1997). 3831:"Catalogue of Helminths of Waterfowl (Anatidae)" 2231:]. Translated by Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth. 1612:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 193. 1494:A Field Guide to birds of The Gambia and Senegal 3204:(in Dutch). Sovon Vogelonderzoek Nederland. n.d 2167:"Sacred Ibis: a new invasive species in Europe" 1682:Leclerc Comte de Buffon, Georges-Louis (1812). 1386: 782:list of Invasive Alien Species of Union concern 4255:Invasive Species Factsheet African sacred ibis 3178: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3170: 2121:BirdQuest Tour Report: Oman & Bahrain 2014 1496:. Robertsbridge, East Sussex, UK: Pica Press. 254:Observations of African sacred ibis 2015–2022. 5083: 4282: 3804:Bulletin of the United States National Museum 3225:"Birding Canarias – Ibis Sagrado en Tenerife" 3096:"Oasi di Bolgheri – The African sacred ibis ( 2594: 2592: 2590: 1036:sacred ibises were noted to incidentally eat 949:, which are only 19 km off the coast of 8: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 1977:Monroe, Burt L.; Sibley, Charles G. (1993). 1952:Sibley, Charles G.; Monroe, Burt L. (1990). 1893:"Morphological Variation in the Sacred Ibis 3032: 3030: 2798: 2796: 2241:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2221:Aristotle (c. 350 BC). "Book IX, Part 27". 2071: 2069: 1981:. New Haven London: Yale University Press. 1867:"Images of the cards in the Richmond Index" 6785: 6251: 6172: 6163: 6154: 5892: 5738: 5725: 5686: 5682: 5655: 5594: 5590: 5579: 5575: 5090: 5076: 5068: 4962: 4953: 4922: 4350: 4341: 4319: 4289: 4275: 4267: 4014:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 3918:Wasef, Sally; Sankar, Subramanian (2019). 3833:. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. 2165:Yésou, Pierre; Clergeau, Philippe (2005). 1301:The African sacred ibis is classified as " 448:reclassified the bird under the new genus 214: 67: 40: 31: 7318:Taxa named by John Latham (ornithologist) 4074: 4064: 3953: 3943: 3675: 3665: 3412:Florida's Introduced Birds: Sacred Ibis ( 3318:"台灣鳥類名錄 The Checklist of Birds of Taiwan" 2950: 2948: 2701: 2418: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2390: 2324: 2306: 1843:Appendix to A List of the Genera of Birds 1633: 1631: 1629: 1553: 314:. It is especially known for its role in 3465: 3463: 3363:"The Sacred Ibis Runs Rampant in Taiwan" 3094:Politi, Paolo Maria (23 November 2014). 2805:"The Sacred Ibis Runs Rampant in Taiwan" 2207: 2205: 2203: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2023:University of Michigan Museum of Zoology 1790: 1788: 1677: 1675: 1673: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 6697: 3885:Wyatt, John (26 October 2012). "Ibis". 3829:McDonald, Malcolm Edwin (August 1969). 3444:. Biodiversity Explorer. Archived from 3432: 3430: 3428: 2745: 2743: 2726:"African Sacred Ibis - KuwaitBirds.org" 2482:South African Journal Wildlife Research 2258:Updated Checklist of the Birds of Egypt 1688:Natural History, General and Particular 1513: 1243: 3007: 3005: 2234: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1610:Handbook of Avian Hybrids of the World 1576: 1574: 1572: 1525: 1523: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1469:According to some translations of the 3699:Parona, Corrado (7–12 October 1885). 3223:Ramos, Juan José (12 February 2009). 3039:"L'Ibis sacro in Provincia di Novara" 2471:"Breeding ecology of the Sacred Ibis 1891:Lowe, K. W.; Richards, G. C. (1991). 1213:. It builds a stick nest, often in a 1016:in the mixed colonies of the ibises, 906:Introduced sacred ibises bred in the 7: 7045:sacred-ibis-threskiornis-aethiopicus 7019:240106e8-ffdb-4435-b6b4-71aefff02bf4 6649: 3634:species from the Feral Sacred Ibis ( 2524:"African Sacred Ibis – de Wets Wild" 1056:and other species such as gulls and 1052:nested, together with 4800 pairs of 402:, and the 'emseesy' or 'ox-bird' by 390:in 1760, in the 12th edition of his 7278:IUCN Red List least concern species 6673: 4249:The Atlas of Southern African Birds 3887:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History 3442:(African sacred ibis, Sacred ibis)" 3361:Charlier, Phillip (24 April 2016). 3124:Pavesi, Alessandro (14 July 2017). 2803:Charlier, Phillip (25 April 2016). 2522:de Wets, Dries (25 November 2016). 1581:Clergeau, Philippe (14 July 2009). 1541:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1191:in which they multiply and produce 3835:Special Scientific Report—Wildlife 3488:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1974.tb00124.x 2896:from the original on 3 March 2017. 1734:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). 394:of 1766 Linnaeus classifies it as 338:It is very closely related to the 25: 5551:Late Quaternary prehistoric birds 4261:African sacred ibis photo gallery 3979:Journal of Archaeological Science 3126:"Lo strano caso dell'ibis sacro…" 2907:Pierre Yésou (23 November 2011). 2753:"Rare birds in Iran in 1980–2010" 1201:, waiting to be eaten by a bird. 680:and along the Red Sea coast near 318:, where it was linked to the god 6772: 6760: 6748: 6736: 6724: 6712: 6700: 6672: 6660: 6648: 6637: 6636: 6527:(New World vultures and condors) 3895:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah15208 3275:"Sacred ibis in Green Mubazzara" 2627:. International Waterbird Census 2475:in the Free State, South Africa" 1345:as a votive offering to the god 1281: 1266: 1246: 452:, because the type of the genus 92: 1530:BirdLife International (2018). 1466:of 50BC-79AD show these birds. 3064:italianbirder (4 March 2010). 2544:Dodman, Tim (September 2014). 1028:at Lake Shala in Ethiopia. On 505:be considered a subspecies of 378:), which he thus described as 1: 3615:10.1080/00306525.1974.9634055 3580:10.1080/00306525.1996.9639698 2661:10.2305/IUCN.CH.2015.MRA.5.en 1865:Richmond, Charles W. (n.d.). 1431:ascribe the invention of the 4331:subfamily: Threskiornithinae 4263:at VIREO (Drexel University) 4066:10.1371/journal.pbio.2005558 4034:10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.09.020 3945:10.1371/journal.pone.0223964 3730:Morgan, Banner Bill (1946). 3667:10.1371/journal.pone.0074823 3273:Rezak Khan (30 April 2010). 2851:10.1016/j.biocon.2010.07.023 2308:10.1371/journal.pone.0223964 1956:. New Haven: Yale Univ. Pr. 1840:Gray, George Robert (1842). 1608:McCarthy, Eugene M. (2006). 488:This taxon being split from 456:was designated as to be the 223:Native and introduced ranges 7298:Birds of Sub-Saharan Africa 6591:(woodpeckers and relatives) 4218:Darby, John Nelson (1890). 3389:"近百獵手清除埃及聖䴉逾1.6萬隻年底全台僅剩零星" 910:in the wildlife reserve on 672:The bird is also native to 322:. The species is currently 7339: 6453:(cormorants and relatives) 5546:Extinct species since 1500 4174:saamiblog (1 April 2013). 3861:"Threskiornis aethiopicus" 3474:at lake Shala, Ethiopia". 3013:"Ibis sagrado SEOBirdLife" 2441:10.1016/j.crvi.2013.05.001 2375:10.1038/s41598-020-72326-7 1979:A world checklist of birds 1759:Linnaeus, Carolus (1766). 1701:Linnaeus, Carolus (1758). 1104:, for nestlings larvae of 884:, as the colours of their 556:The sacred ibis breeds in 6632: 6583:(kingfishers and rollers) 6437:(albatrosses and petrels) 6321:(swifts and hummingbirds) 6303:(nightjars and relatives) 6153: 6127:(pheasants and relatives) 5685: 5654: 5593: 5589: 5578: 5574: 5110: 4965: 4952: 4921: 4353: 4340: 4318: 3999:10.1016/j.jas.2012.01.003 1548:: e.T22697510A132068562. 572:It was formerly found in 316:Ancient Egyptian religion 236: 229: 222: 213: 194: 187: 89:Scientific classification 87: 65: 56: 48: 39: 34: 7308:Birds of the Middle East 7214:Threskiornis-aethiopicus 6941:threskiornis-aethiopicus 6856:threskiornis-aethiopicus 6843:Threskiornis_aethiopicus 6829:Threskiornis aethiopicus 6799:Threskiornis aethiopicus 6482:(seriemas and relatives) 6461:(pelicans and relatives) 4865:Moloka'i flightless ibis 3798:Cram, Eloise B. (1927). 3636:Threskiornis aethiopicus 3440:Threskiornis aethiopicus 3414:Threskiornis aethiopicus 3151:Threskiornis aethiopicus 3147:Klemann, Michel (n.d.). 3098:Threskiornis aethiopicus 3043:Quaderni di Birdwatching 2992:Threskiornis aethiopicus 2958:Threskiornis aethiopicus 2601:Birds of the Middle East 2473:Threskiornis aethiopicus 2469:Kopij, Grzegorz (1999). 2429:Comptes Rendus Biologies 2224:Τῶν περὶ τὰ ζῷα ἱστοριῶν 2096:Threskiornis aethiopicus 2017:Threskiornis aethiopicus 1895:Threskiornis aethiopicus 1852:10.5962/bhl.title.119636 1807:10.5962/bhl.title.131313 1642:Threskiornis aethiopicus 1638:Klemann, Michel (n.d.). 1585:Threskiornis aethiopicus 1534:Threskiornis aethiopicus 1275:Threskiornis aethiopicus 925:Dubai International City 465:Threskiornis aethiopicus 384:Mathurin Jacques Brisson 382:. Following the work of 346:, with which it forms a 287:Threskiornis aethiopicus 198:Threskiornis aethiopicus 18:Threskiornis aethiopicus 7283:Birds described in 1790 6575:(hornbills and hoopoes) 6490:(falcons and relatives) 5034:Yellow-billed spoonbill 4297:Traditional listing of 3472:Threskiornis aethiopica 3202:"Heilige Ibis Sovon.nl" 2831:Biological Conservation 2025:. Animal Diversity Web. 1826:Le Règne Animal, Tome 1 1779:2027/hvd.32044106464431 1771:10.5962/bhl.title.68927 1746:10.5962/bhl.title.51902 1721:2027/hvd.32044106464480 1253:The breeding colony in 1110:species are important. 614:Description de l'Egypte 423:Tantalus melanocephalus 419:James Bruce of Kinnaird 269:African sacred ibis in 6559:(trogons and quetzals) 6371:(cranes and relatives) 5641:(emus and cassowaries) 5531:Glossary of bird terms 5343:Confuciusornithiformes 4432:) and supporting page 3771:Ransom, B. H. (1904). 3387:楊淑閔 (18 August 2021). 2941:(April 2017): 197–212. 2809:The Wild East Magazine 1646:(in Dutch and English) 1391: 1338: 1330: 1288:Immature sacred ibis, 522: 521:Flying in South Africa 277: 255: 7183:Paleobiology Database 6400:(kagu and sunbittern) 6363:(gulls and relatives) 5368:Songlingornithiformes 5333:Omnivoropterygiformes 5004:Black-faced spoonbill 4479:White-shouldered ibis 4426:Australian white ibis 4129:10.1163/9789004296374 3295:King, Howard (n.d.). 2119:Watson, Mike (2014). 2060:"African sacred ibis" 1897:Superspecies Complex" 1795:Latham, John (1790). 1713:10.5962/bhl.title.542 1336: 1328: 520: 467:in adult plumage and 344:Australian white ibis 268: 253: 7226:Tantalus aethiopicus 7014:Fauna Europaea (new) 6222:Phoenicopteriformes 4876:Maui flightless ibis 4438:T. moluccus pygmaeus 4395:Malagasy sacred ibis 4360:(prefix † indicates 3630:"Isolation of a New 3297:"Bahrain Check List" 2703:10.3897/biorisk.3.14 1418:Gaius Julius Solinus 1082:Potamonautes warreni 908:United Arab Emirates 762:United Arab Emirates 702:Mesopotamian Marshes 415:Tantalus aethiopicus 348:superspecies complex 239:Tantalus aethiopicus 35:African sacred ibis 6193:Mesitornithiformes 6187:(doves and pigeons) 5521:Families and orders 5383:Ichthyornithiformes 5358:Patagopterygiformes 4761:American white ibis 4434:Solomons white ibis 4385:African sacred ibis 4026:2015JArSR...4..355W 3991:2012JArSc..39.1642W 3936:2019PLoSO..1423964W 3658:2013PLoSO...874823V 3607:1974Ostri..45..182V 3572:1996Ostri..67..138K 3367:Taiwan English News 2965:on 26 November 2016 2843:2010BCons.143.2757K 2575:on 15 February 2019 2423:Marion, L. (2013). 2367:2020NatSR..1015463L 2299:2019PLoSO..1423964W 1916:1991EmuAO..91...41L 1454:and mosaics in the 1414:De Natura Animalium 1101:Procambarus clarkii 282:African sacred ibis 180:T. aethiopicus 59:Conservation status 6535:(eagles and hawks) 6435:Procellariiformes 6340:Opisthocomiformes 6309:Steatornithiformes 5536:List by population 5373:Hongshanornithidae 5298:Evolution of birds 4994:Eurasian spoonbill 4592:Spot-breasted ibis 4524:Southern bald ibis 4514:Northern bald ibis 3707:. 2 (in Italian). 2781:on 1 February 2013 2355:Scientific Reports 2229:History of Animals 1339: 1331: 1321:In myth and legend 1227:African spoonbills 1123:African fish eagle 1070:Amietia angolensis 1040:eggs excavated by 968:indigenous hunters 558:Sub-Saharan Africa 523: 446:George Robert Gray 290:) is a species of 278: 256: 7288:Birds in religion 7265: 7264: 7170:Open Tree of Life 6791:Taxon identifiers 6688: 6687: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6600: 6599: 6421:(loons or divers) 6390:Phaethontiformes 6382:Phaethontimorphae 6332:Opisthocomiformes 6301:Caprimulgiformes 6241: 6240: 6230:Podicipediformes 6149: 6148: 6145: 6144: 6141: 6140: 5867: 5866: 5650: 5649: 5607:Struthioniformes 5475:Waterfowl hunting 5408:Gastornithiformes 5403:Aepyornithiformes 5393:Lithornithiformes 5065: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5044:Roseate spoonbill 5014:African spoonbill 4976: 4975: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4690:Sharp-tailed ibis 4444:Straw-necked ibis 4420:T. melanocephalus 4416:Black-headed ibis 4369: 4368: 4311:Threskiornithidae 3074:www.surfbirds.com 2837:(11): 2757–2762. 2670:978-2-8317-1751-7 1924:10.1071/MU9910041 1503:978-1-873403-32-7 1479:Deuteronomy 14:16 1410:Claudius Aelianus 1359:mitochondrial DNA 1343:Ancient Egyptians 1329:Copenhagen Museum 1181:Patagifer bilobus 1014:Egyptian vultures 956:egg-oiling method 798:Lac de Grand-Lieu 794:Golfe du Morbihan 622:Orange Free State 610:Benoît de Maillet 560:and southeastern 490:T. melanocephalus 469:T. melanocephalus 340:black-headed ibis 300:Threskiornithidae 266: 248: 247: 243: 156:Threskiornithidae 82: 16:(Redirected from 7330: 7258: 7257: 7245: 7244: 7243: 7217: 7216: 7204: 7203: 7191: 7190: 7178: 7177: 7165: 7164: 7152: 7151: 7139: 7138: 7126: 7125: 7123:NHMSYS0000534047 7113: 7112: 7100: 7099: 7087: 7086: 7074: 7073: 7061: 7060: 7048: 7047: 7035: 7034: 7022: 7021: 7009: 7008: 6996: 6995: 6983: 6982: 6970: 6969: 6957: 6956: 6944: 6943: 6931: 6930: 6918: 6917: 6908: 6907: 6895: 6894: 6882: 6881: 6872: 6871: 6869:550DE745B77C8079 6859: 6858: 6846: 6845: 6833: 6832: 6831: 6818: 6817: 6816: 6786: 6777: 6776: 6775: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6753: 6752: 6751: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6729: 6728: 6717: 6716: 6705: 6704: 6703: 6696: 6676: 6675: 6664: 6652: 6651: 6640: 6639: 6592: 6584: 6576: 6568: 6565:Leptosomiformes 6560: 6552: 6544: 6536: 6533:Accipitriformes 6528: 6507: 6506:(perching birds) 6499: 6491: 6483: 6462: 6454: 6446: 6438: 6430: 6427:Sphenisciformes 6422: 6401: 6393: 6372: 6364: 6361:Charadriiformes 6343: 6322: 6304: 6283: 6275: 6272:Musophagiformes 6267: 6252: 6233: 6225: 6204: 6196: 6188: 6173: 6164: 6155: 6128: 6115: 5893: 5889: 5882: 5795: 5788: 5752: 5739: 5735: 5726: 5722: 5687: 5683: 5656: 5642: 5634: 5626: 5618: 5610: 5595: 5591: 5580: 5576: 5443:Bird collections 5398:Dinornithiformes 5303:Darwin's finches 5293:Origin of flight 5233:Seabird breeding 5223:Sexual selection 5092: 5085: 5078: 5069: 4963: 4954: 4923: 4806:White-faced ibis 4657:Black-faced ibis 4647:Buff-necked ibis 4351: 4342: 4320: 4291: 4284: 4277: 4268: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4226: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4171: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4149: 4143: 4142: 4116: 4110: 4109: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4078: 4068: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4009: 4003: 4002: 3985:(5): 1642–1647. 3974: 3968: 3967: 3957: 3947: 3930:(11): e0223964. 3915: 3909: 3908: 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3857: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3795: 3789: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3736: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3679: 3669: 3640:Chlamydia ibidis 3625: 3619: 3618: 3590: 3584: 3583: 3566:(3–4): 138–143. 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3539:on 18 April 2018 3538: 3532:. Archived from 3507: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3467: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3448:on 9 August 2018 3434: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3254:on 12 April 2018 3243: 3237: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3180: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3121: 3115: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3104: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3080: 3061: 3055: 3054: 3052: 3050: 3034: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3009: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2986: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2952: 2943: 2942: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2913: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2886: 2880: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2861: 2855: 2854: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2800: 2791: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2780: 2774:. Archived from 2757: 2747: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2705: 2681: 2675: 2674: 2654: 2643: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2632: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2596: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2580: 2574: 2567: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2519: 2513: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2503:on 30 March 2018 2502: 2496:. Archived from 2479: 2466: 2453: 2452: 2420: 2405: 2404: 2394: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2328: 2310: 2293:(11): e0223964. 2277: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2253: 2247: 2246: 2240: 2232: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2190: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2171: 2162: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2132: 2125: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2090: 2084: 2083: 2081: 2073: 2064: 2063: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2048:. Animal Corner. 2044:Sacred Ibis Bird 2038: 2027: 2026: 2010: 1993: 1992: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1933:on 18 April 2018 1932: 1926:. Archived from 1901: 1888: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1862: 1856: 1855: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1817: 1811: 1810: 1792: 1783: 1782: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1679: 1656: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1635: 1624: 1623: 1605: 1599: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1578: 1567: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1557: 1527: 1507: 1285: 1270: 1250: 1189:ram's horn snail 1145:Chlamydia ibidis 975:Hurricane Andrew 267: 241: 218: 200: 97: 96: 76: 71: 70: 44: 32: 21: 7338: 7337: 7333: 7332: 7331: 7329: 7328: 7327: 7293:Birds of Africa 7268: 7267: 7266: 7261: 7253: 7248: 7239: 7238: 7233: 7220: 7212: 7207: 7199: 7194: 7186: 7181: 7173: 7168: 7160: 7155: 7147: 7144:Observation.org 7142: 7134: 7129: 7121: 7116: 7108: 7103: 7095: 7090: 7082: 7077: 7069: 7064: 7056: 7051: 7043: 7038: 7030: 7025: 7017: 7012: 7004: 6999: 6991: 6986: 6978: 6973: 6965: 6960: 6952: 6947: 6939: 6934: 6926: 6921: 6913: 6911: 6903: 6898: 6890: 6885: 6877: 6875: 6867: 6862: 6854: 6849: 6841: 6836: 6827: 6826: 6821: 6812: 6811: 6806: 6793: 6783: 6773: 6771: 6761: 6759: 6749: 6747: 6737: 6735: 6723: 6711: 6701: 6699: 6691: 6689: 6684: 6596: 6590: 6582: 6574: 6573:Bucerotiformes 6567:(cuckoo-roller) 6566: 6558: 6550: 6542: 6534: 6526: 6525:Cathartiformes 6511: 6505: 6497: 6496:Psittaciformes 6489: 6481: 6466: 6460: 6459:Pelecaniformes 6452: 6444: 6436: 6428: 6420: 6405: 6399: 6398:Eurypygiformes 6391: 6376: 6370: 6362: 6347: 6341: 6326: 6320: 6302: 6287: 6281: 6273: 6265: 6237: 6231: 6223: 6208: 6202: 6201:Pterocliformes 6194: 6186: 6137: 6126: 6113: 6098: 6022: 5981: 5919: 5884: 5883: 5876: 5875: 5863: 5843: 5816: 5793: 5786: 5746: 5745: 5733: 5732: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5667: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5646: 5640: 5639:Casuariiformes 5632: 5631:Apterygiformes 5624: 5616: 5608: 5585: 5570: 5541:Lists by region 5509: 5419: 5412: 5353:Chaoyangiformes 5338:Jeholornithidae 5312: 5276:Origin of birds 5262: 5243:Brood parasites 5189: 5119: 5106: 5096: 5066: 5053: 5024:Royal spoonbill 4986: 4972: 4948: 4909: 4885: 4848: 4839:Madagascar ibis 4825: 4780: 4745: 4736:Bare-faced ibis 4722: 4699: 4676: 4641:T. caerulescens 4621: 4556: 4533: 4498: 4453: 4365: 4336: 4314: 4295: 4240: 4235: 4234: 4224: 4222: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4168: 4158: 4156: 4151: 4150: 4146: 4139: 4118: 4117: 4113: 4105:Natural History 4097: 4096: 4092: 4059:(9): e2005558. 4046: 4045: 4041: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3905: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3797: 3796: 3792: 3782: 3780: 3770: 3769: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3734: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3712: 3698: 3697: 3693: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3592: 3591: 3587: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3542: 3540: 3536: 3505: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3469: 3468: 3461: 3451: 3449: 3436: 3435: 3426: 3418: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3371: 3369: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3323: 3321: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3301: 3299: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3230: 3228: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3200: 3199: 3195: 3187: 3182: 3181: 3168: 3158: 3156: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3131: 3129: 3123: 3122: 3118: 3108: 3106: 3102: 3093: 3092: 3088: 3078: 3076: 3063: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3046: 3036: 3035: 3028: 3018: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3003: 2995: 2988: 2987: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2954: 2953: 2946: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2917: 2915: 2911: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2873: 2871: 2863: 2862: 2858: 2828: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2802: 2801: 2794: 2784: 2782: 2778: 2755: 2749: 2748: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2671: 2652: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2630: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2611: 2598: 2597: 2588: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2528: 2526: 2521: 2520: 2516: 2506: 2504: 2500: 2477: 2468: 2467: 2456: 2422: 2421: 2408: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2264: 2262: 2255: 2254: 2250: 2233: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2210: 2193: 2183: 2181: 2169: 2164: 2163: 2146: 2136: 2134: 2133:on 6 March 2016 2130: 2123: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2103: 2101: 2092: 2091: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2074: 2067: 2058: 2057: 2053: 2040: 2039: 2030: 2012: 2011: 1996: 1989: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1964: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1930: 1899: 1890: 1889: 1882: 1872: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1839: 1838: 1834: 1821:Cuvier, Georges 1819: 1818: 1814: 1794: 1793: 1786: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1681: 1680: 1659: 1649: 1647: 1640:"Heilige Ibis ( 1637: 1636: 1627: 1620: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1592: 1590: 1580: 1579: 1570: 1560: 1558: 1529: 1528: 1515: 1510: 1504: 1491: 1487: 1475:Leviticus 11:17 1441:Claude Perrault 1403:Pliny the Elder 1382:Pliny the Elder 1337:Brooklyn Museum 1323: 1299: 1292: 1286: 1277: 1271: 1262: 1251: 1231:African darters 1207: 1173:infection. The 1136:Cape cormorants 1131: 1119: 1058:jackass penguin 1006: 993: 988: 964:Forestry Bureau 962:. In 2018, the 960:Changhua County 895: 778: 725: 706:Hawizeh Marshes 694:Yemen Civil War 670: 570: 554: 549: 515: 438:Le Règne Animal 433:Ibis religiosus 392:Systema Naturae 386:, who calls it 336: 258: 209: 202: 196: 183: 91: 83: 72: 68: 61: 28: 27:Species of bird 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7336: 7334: 7326: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7270: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7246: 7230: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7205: 7192: 7179: 7166: 7153: 7140: 7127: 7114: 7101: 7088: 7075: 7062: 7049: 7036: 7023: 7010: 7001:Fauna Europaea 6997: 6984: 6971: 6958: 6945: 6932: 6919: 6909: 6896: 6883: 6873: 6860: 6847: 6834: 6819: 6803: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6789: 6782: 6781: 6769: 6757: 6745: 6733: 6721: 6709: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6670: 6658: 6646: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6621: 6618: 6617: 6614: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6594: 6586: 6581:Coraciiformes 6578: 6570: 6562: 6557:Trogoniformes 6554: 6546: 6538: 6530: 6521: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6504:Passeriformes 6501: 6493: 6488:Falconiformes 6485: 6480:Cariamiformes 6476: 6474: 6468: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6456: 6448: 6443:Ciconiiformes 6440: 6432: 6424: 6415: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6395: 6386: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6366: 6357: 6355: 6353:Cursorimorphae 6349: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6336: 6334: 6328: 6327: 6325: 6324: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6297: 6295: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6277: 6269: 6260: 6258: 6249: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6227: 6218: 6216: 6214:Mirandornithes 6210: 6209: 6207: 6206: 6198: 6190: 6185:Columbiformes 6181: 6179: 6177:Columbimorphae 6170: 6161: 6151: 6150: 6147: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6122: 6117: 6112:Meleagridinae 6108: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6047: 6040: 6032: 6030: 6028:Odontophoridae 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6013: 6006: 5999: 5991: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5972: 5965: 5958: 5951: 5944: 5937: 5929: 5927: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5901: 5899: 5890: 5869: 5868: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5853: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5834: 5826: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5809: 5807:Stictonettinae 5804: 5802:Dendrocygninae 5799: 5798: 5797: 5790: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5755: 5753: 5736: 5723: 5680: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5644: 5636: 5628: 5620: 5612: 5603: 5601: 5587: 5586: 5583: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5555:Notable birds 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5508: 5507: 5505:Egg collecting 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5424: 5422: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5388:Hesperornithes 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5363:Ambiortiformes 5360: 5355: 5350: 5348:Enantiornithes 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5322: 5320: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5283: 5272: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5191: 5190: 5188: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5151: 5150: 5140: 5135: 5129: 5127: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5097: 5095: 5094: 5087: 5080: 5072: 5063: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5051: 5041: 5031: 5021: 5011: 5001: 4990: 4988: 4978: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4966: 4960: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4938: 4926: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4907: 4904:X. xympithecus 4895: 4893: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4872: 4860: 4858: 4850: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4835: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4823: 4813: 4803: 4800:P. falcinellus 4792: 4790: 4782: 4781: 4779: 4778: 4768: 4757: 4755: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4732: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4720: 4717:M. cayennensis 4709: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4697: 4686: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4664: 4654: 4644: 4637:Plumbeous ibis 4633: 4631: 4623: 4622: 4620: 4619: 4616:B. carunculata 4609: 4599: 4589: 4579: 4568: 4566: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4554: 4543: 4541: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4521: 4510: 4508: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4496: 4486: 4476: 4469:Red-naped ibis 4465: 4463: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4448:T. spinicollis 4441: 4423: 4413: 4402: 4392: 4389:T. aethiopicus 4381: 4379: 4371: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4354: 4348: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4323: 4316: 4315: 4296: 4294: 4293: 4286: 4279: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4239: 4238:External links 4236: 4233: 4232: 4210: 4188: 4166: 4144: 4138:978-9004043688 4137: 4111: 4108:. Vol. X. 4090: 4039: 4004: 3969: 3910: 3903: 3877: 3852: 3821: 3790: 3763: 3722: 3691: 3620: 3601:(3): 182–184. 3585: 3550: 3516:(3): 321–327. 3493: 3482:(3): 263–277. 3459: 3424: 3402: 3379: 3353: 3340:"外來入侵鳥種埃及聖鹮防治" 3331: 3309: 3287: 3265: 3238: 3215: 3193: 3166: 3149:"Heilige Ibis 3139: 3116: 3086: 3056: 3026: 3001: 2976: 2944: 2925: 2899: 2881: 2856: 2821: 2792: 2739: 2717: 2696:(1): 205–219. 2676: 2669: 2638: 2616: 2609: 2586: 2551: 2536: 2514: 2454: 2435:(4): 207–220. 2406: 2340: 2272: 2248: 2213: 2191: 2144: 2111: 2085: 2065: 2051: 2028: 1994: 1987: 1969: 1962: 1944: 1880: 1857: 1832: 1812: 1784: 1751: 1726: 1693: 1657: 1625: 1619:978-0195183238 1618: 1600: 1587:(sacred ibis)" 1568: 1512: 1511: 1509: 1508: 1502: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1322: 1319: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1293: 1287: 1280: 1278: 1272: 1265: 1263: 1261:, South Africa 1252: 1245: 1206: 1203: 1130: 1127: 1118: 1115: 1076:Xenopus laevis 1063:In a study of 1054:Cape cormorant 1038:Nile crocodile 1030:Central Island 1026:Abdim's storks 1005: 1002: 992: 989: 987: 984: 894: 891: 851:Emilia-Romagna 777: 774: 750:Canary Islands 724: 721: 669: 666: 569: 566: 553: 550: 548: 545: 514: 511: 507:T. aethiopicus 473:T. aethiopicus 429:Georges Cuvier 356:ornithologists 335: 332: 298:of the family 246: 245: 234: 233: 227: 226: 220: 219: 211: 210: 203: 192: 191: 185: 184: 177: 175: 171: 170: 163: 159: 158: 153: 149: 148: 146:Pelecaniformes 143: 139: 138: 133: 129: 128: 123: 119: 118: 113: 109: 108: 103: 99: 98: 85: 84: 66: 63: 62: 57: 54: 53: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7335: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7256: 7251: 7247: 7242: 7236: 7232: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7215: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6906: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6874: 6870: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6839: 6835: 6830: 6824: 6820: 6815: 6809: 6805: 6804: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6787: 6780: 6779:Ancient Egypt 6770: 6768: 6758: 6756: 6746: 6744: 6734: 6732: 6727: 6722: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6708: 6698: 6694: 6681: 6680: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6593: 6587: 6585: 6579: 6577: 6571: 6569: 6563: 6561: 6555: 6553: 6547: 6545: 6541:Strigiformes 6539: 6537: 6531: 6529: 6523: 6522: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6508: 6502: 6500: 6494: 6492: 6486: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6455: 6449: 6447: 6441: 6439: 6433: 6431: 6425: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6394: 6392:(tropicbirds) 6388: 6387: 6385: 6383: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6365: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6344: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6329: 6323: 6317: 6315: 6314:Podargiformes 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6299: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6290: 6284: 6278: 6276: 6270: 6268: 6264:Cuculiformes 6262: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6244: 6234: 6228: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6197: 6191: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6090: 6088: 6087: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6046: 6045: 6041: 6039: 6038: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6007: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5962:Macrocephalon 5959: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5943: 5942: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5880: 5874: 5870: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5849:Anseranatidae 5846: 5840: 5839: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5789: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5657: 5653: 5643: 5637: 5635: 5629: 5627: 5623:Tinamiformes 5621: 5619: 5613: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5599:Palaeognathae 5596: 5592: 5588: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5485:Pigeon racing 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5421: 5415: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5328: 5327:Archaeopteryx 5324: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5315: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5093: 5088: 5086: 5081: 5079: 5074: 5073: 5070: 5049: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4998:P. leucorodia 4995: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4984: 4979: 4971: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4943: 4939: 4937: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4920: 4905: 4901: 4900:Jamaican ibis 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4856: 4851: 4844: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4788: 4783: 4776: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4753: 4748: 4741: 4740:P. infuscatus 4737: 4734: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4705:Mesembrinibis 4702: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4679: 4672: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4617: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4583: 4582:São Tomé ibis 4580: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4564: 4559: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4519: 4515: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4506: 4501: 4494: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4470: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4456: 4449: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4410:T. solitarius 4407: 4403: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4372: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4287: 4285: 4280: 4278: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4262: 4259: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4250: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4221: 4214: 4211: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4177: 4170: 4167: 4154: 4148: 4145: 4140: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4101: 4094: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4008: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3970: 3965: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3911: 3906: 3904:9781444338386 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3881: 3878: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3853: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3822: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3794: 3791: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3764: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3726: 3723: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3695: 3692: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3652:(9). e74823. 3651: 3647: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3624: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3586: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3551: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3504: 3497: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3447: 3443: 3441: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3425: 3417: 3415: 3406: 3403: 3390: 3383: 3380: 3368: 3364: 3357: 3354: 3341: 3335: 3332: 3319: 3313: 3310: 3298: 3291: 3288: 3276: 3269: 3266: 3253: 3249: 3242: 3239: 3226: 3219: 3216: 3203: 3197: 3194: 3186: 3179: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3167: 3154: 3152: 3143: 3140: 3127: 3120: 3117: 3101: 3099: 3090: 3087: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3060: 3057: 3044: 3040: 3033: 3031: 3027: 3014: 3008: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2993: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2951: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2935:British Birds 2929: 2926: 2910: 2903: 2900: 2895: 2891: 2885: 2882: 2870: 2866: 2860: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2822: 2810: 2806: 2799: 2797: 2793: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2754: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2727: 2721: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2680: 2677: 2672: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2651: 2650: 2642: 2639: 2626: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2610:9781472946003 2606: 2602: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2571: 2564: 2563: 2555: 2552: 2547: 2540: 2537: 2525: 2518: 2515: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2476: 2474: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2276: 2273: 2260: 2259: 2252: 2249: 2244: 2238: 2230: 2226: 2225: 2217: 2214: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2180:(12): 517–526 2179: 2175: 2174:Birding World 2168: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2129: 2122: 2115: 2112: 2099: 2097: 2089: 2086: 2078: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2061: 2055: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988:9780300070835 1984: 1980: 1973: 1970: 1965: 1963:9780300049695 1959: 1955: 1948: 1945: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1898: 1896: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1868: 1861: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1844: 1836: 1833: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1816: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1730: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1705: 1697: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1678: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1645: 1643: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1621: 1615: 1611: 1604: 1601: 1588: 1586: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1535: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1505: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1408:According to 1406: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1376:According to 1374: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1335: 1327: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1303:Least Concern 1296: 1291: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1199: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1172: 1171:dead-end host 1168: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155: 1149: 1147: 1146: 1141: 1140:avian cholera 1137: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1042:Nile monitors 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1003: 1001: 999: 998:rubbish dumps 990: 985: 983: 981: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 948: 947:Matsu Islands 944: 940: 935: 933: 928: 926: 921: 917: 913: 909: 904: 901: 892: 890: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 862: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 827: 822: 819: 818:Barcelona Zoo 814: 812: 808: 803: 799: 795: 791: 785: 783: 775: 773: 769: 767: 764:and possibly 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 722: 720: 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 697: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 667: 665: 662: 658: 654: 651:in Chad, the 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 567: 565: 563: 559: 551: 546: 544: 542: 537: 535: 530: 528: 519: 512: 510: 508: 504: 500: 495: 491: 486: 482: 480: 479: 474: 470: 466: 461: 459: 455: 451: 447: 442: 440: 439: 434: 430: 426: 424: 420: 417:, mentioning 416: 412: 407: 405: 401: 397: 396:Tantalus ibis 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 376:Bubulcus ibis 373: 369: 365: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 333: 331: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 288: 283: 276: 272: 252: 244: 240: 235: 232: 228: 225: 221: 217: 212: 207: 201: 199: 193: 190: 189:Binomial name 186: 182: 181: 176: 173: 172: 169: 168: 164: 161: 160: 157: 154: 151: 150: 147: 144: 141: 140: 137: 134: 131: 130: 127: 124: 121: 120: 117: 114: 111: 110: 107: 104: 101: 100: 95: 90: 86: 80: 75: 74:Least Concern 64: 60: 55: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 7313:Threskiornis 7225: 6798: 6677: 6665: 6653: 6641: 6551:(mousebirds) 6549:Coliiformes 6419:Gaviiformes 6411:Aequornithes 6319:Apodiformes 6280:Otidiformes 6256:Otidimorphae 6203:(sandgrouse) 6125:Phasianinae 6091: 6084: 6077: 6072:Odontophorus 6070: 6063: 6056: 6049: 6042: 6035: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5974: 5967: 5960: 5953: 5946: 5939: 5932: 5910:Oreophasinae 5856: 5836: 5829: 5734:(waterfowls) 5730:Anseriformes 5480:Cockfighting 5465:Conservation 5460:Bird feeding 5448:Birdwatching 5438:Ornithomancy 5378:Gansuiformes 5325: 5318:Fossil birds 5208:Intelligence 5047: 5037: 5027: 5017: 5007: 4997: 4987:(spoonbills) 4981: 4967: 4941: 4935: 4903: 4890: 4879: 4868: 4853: 4842: 4830: 4819: 4809: 4799: 4785: 4774: 4771:Scarlet ibis 4764: 4750: 4739: 4727: 4716: 4704: 4693: 4681: 4671:T. branickii 4670: 4661:T. melanopis 4660: 4650: 4640: 4626: 4615: 4612:Wattled ibis 4605: 4595: 4585: 4575: 4561: 4550: 4547:Crested ibis 4538: 4527: 4517: 4503: 4492: 4482: 4473:P. papillosa 4472: 4458: 4447: 4437: 4429: 4419: 4409: 4406:Réunion ibis 4398: 4388: 4384: 4376:Threskiornis 4374: 4355: 4247: 4223:. 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With the 659:swamps and 647:of C.A.R., 592:) existed. 541:hadada ibis 513:Description 499:T. bernieri 478:T. bernieri 411:John Latham 404:George Shaw 352:conspecific 294:, a wading 7272:Categories 7241:Q109578458 7209:Xeno-canto 6429:(penguins) 6282:(bustards) 6120:Perdicinae 6065:Dendrortyx 6037:Callipepla 5969:Megapodius 5934:Aepypodius 5812:Tadorninae 5794:true geese 5625:(tinamous) 5584:Neornithes 5495:Pheasantry 5470:Aviculture 5238:Incubation 5228:Lek mating 4930:Spoonbills 4831:Lophotibis 4713:Green ibis 4586:B. bocagei 4572:Olive ibis 4563:Bostrychia 4518:G. eremita 4505:Geronticus 4489:Giant ibis 4303:spoonbills 3510:Waterbirds 3452:5 December 3155:(in Dutch) 3105:. WWF OASI 1485:References 1471:septuagint 1458:villas of 1427:Pliny and 1241:hatching. 1235:cormorants 1096:Lake Shala 1091:Sphingidae 1018:cormorants 980:Everglades 916:Al Ain Zoo 882:Overijssel 839:Vercellese 835:Casaleggio 723:Introduced 661:Lake Kundi 602:Alexandria 576:including 503:T. abbotti 494:T. molucca 458:wood stork 425:of India. 380:Ardea ibis 324:extirpated 6498:(parrots) 6342:(hoatzin) 6293:Strisores 6274:(turacos) 6266:(cuckoos) 6195:(mesites) 6114:(turkeys) 6086:Philortyx 6003:Agelastes 5996:Acryllium 5987:Numididae 5976:Talegalla 5886:gamebirds 5879:landfowls 5858:Anseranas 5822:Anhimidae 5781:Anserinae 5564:fictional 5286:dinosaurs 5281:Theropoda 5268:Evolution 5213:Migration 5195:Behaviour 4891:Xenicibis 4880:A. brevis 4869:A. glenos 4855:Apteribis 4816:Puna ibis 4752:Eudocimus 4551:N. nippon 4528:G. calvus 4460:Pseudibis 3751:0084-0505 3711:: 438–439 3632:Chlamydia 3372:22 August 3070:Newsgroup 2918:5 January 2814:9 January 2772:1735-6725 2494:0379-4369 2383:2045-2322 2317:1932-6203 2237:cite book 2184:9 January 1456:patrician 1422:Aristotle 1378:Herodotus 1305:" by the 1193:cercariae 1178:trematode 1117:Predators 1107:Eristalis 1089:maggots, 893:Elsewhere 717:Khuzestan 649:Lac Fitri 612:, in his 594:Aristotle 590:Herodotus 444:In 1842, 441:of 1817. 431:named it 409:In 1790, 174:Species: 112:Kingdom: 106:Eukaryota 7235:Wikidata 7110:22697510 7071:10693425 6967:45513835 6892:22697510 6887:BirdLife 6876:BioLib: 6808:Wikidata 6643:Category 6517:Afroaves 6445:(storks) 6247:Passerea 6232:(grebes) 6168:Columbea 6079:Oreortyx 6051:Cyrtonyx 5941:Alectura 5905:Cracinae 5897:Cracidae 5774:Oxyurini 5764:Aythyini 5759:Anatinae 5743:Anatidae 5490:Falconry 5453:big year 5308:Seabirds 5218:Foraging 5165:Feathers 5048:P. ajaja 5028:P. regia 5008:P. minor 4983:Platalea 4942:Platalea 4810:P. chihi 4787:Plegadis 4775:E. ruber 4765:E. albus 4728:Phimosus 4682:Cercibis 4539:Nipponia 4364:species) 4225:17 April 4203:17 April 4181:17 April 4159:17 April 4085:30260949 3964:31721774 3924:PLOS ONE 3845:14 April 3814:15 April 3783:15 April 3779:(60): 43 3777:Bulletin 3756:15 April 3715:15 April 3686:24073223 3646:PLOS ONE 3543:12 April 3530:85582294 3302:10 April 3280:11 April 3258:11 April 3132:17 April 3109:17 April 3079:16 April 3049:17 April 2894:Archived 2785:29 March 2732:29 March 2712:85324678 2631:31 March 2529:29 March 2507:10 April 2449:23849724 2401:32963281 2335:31721774 2287:PLOS ONE 2265:29 March 2104:29 March 1937:18 April 1873:19 April 1823:(1817). 1452:frescoes 1437:Plutarch 1394:Josephus 1175:digenean 1159:nematode 1129:Diseases 1087:blow fly 1022:pelicans 900:Arrecife 870:Avifauna 859:Lombardy 811:Camargue 790:Brittany 742:Portugal 682:Hodeidah 678:Haramous 637:Kalahari 454:Tantalus 368:Linnaeus 354:by some 342:and the 334:Taxonomy 231:Synonyms 152:Family: 126:Chordata 122:Phylum: 116:Animalia 102:Domain: 79:IUCN 3.1 51:Ethiopia 7255:4408420 7032:2480764 6954:sacibi1 6915:sacibi1 6864:Avibase 6814:Q208763 6731:Biology 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