Video games in the United Kingdom

2662:, made numerous suggestions for how the government could take steps to protect children in the digital environment like the Internet. Among the suggestions were related to video game ratings, which the report found that parents often mistook as difficulty ratings, and instead urged that the BBFC become involved. By May 2008, the BBFC had proposed a new voluntary ratings system for digital video games, paralleling their existing rating systems for film and television. The VSC and other groups felt the BBFC's system for video games was too forgiving and was based on a system designed around linean content rather that non-linear content such as video games, and urged the government to adopt a system based on an enhanced PEGI categorization system they were working on. Reports had found that the PEGI system tended to rate games more conservatively - issuing the game a stricter age rating - compared to what the BBFC would issue for the same title; the VSC stated that 50% of the games they had rated "18+" on the PEGI since 2003 had received a more lenient rating from the BBFC. 2666:

it eliminated the BBFC's oversight of video games with limited exceptions on excessively pornographic titles, as well as for games with limited interactivity (such as interactive DVD games) and for any direct video content on the game disc. Instead, all published video games in retail marketplaces were required to be rated under the PEGI system by the special Games Ratings Authority (GRA) within the VSC. Retailers were bound to prevent sales of mature games (PEGI ratings of 12, 16, or 18) to younger children under this law, with both fines and prison time should they be found guilty of such sales. The VSC also became the only body that could ban sale of a game in the UK. Ukie continues to work alongside the VSC to help UK developers and publishers prepare for the VSC process and prepare educational and advocacy material to make the UK public aware of the ratings system.

572:, whose effects primarily impacted North America, was offset in the UK by the simultaneous transition to a market dominated by microcomputers and LCD games. The switch towards microcomputers, and the more transient fad of LCD games, was already an apparent, emergent trend by the time of the crash, which, in the UK, merely accelerated an inevitable transition to microcomputers. The home computer market and concomitant domestic game production took off so rapidly during 1983 and thereafter that the UK market, in totality, not only withstood the crash but immediately began growing, albeit almost entirely in the new direction of microcomputers. Pre-dating and then becoming concurrent with the console market's troubles, the arrival of affordable home computers in the early 1980s, with graphical capabilities matching or exceeding the 836:

machines. The cheaper but less powerful Atari ST became the more popular of the two computers; in 1988 it accounted for nearly one in ten of all UK personal computer sales, more than double that of the Amiga. Although chart company Gallup reported in February 1989 that Amiga games had begun to outsell ST games for the first time, the combined sales for both platforms were still less than 10% of the total UK games market. The cheaper eight-bit machines like the ZX Spectrum were continuing to sell well, particularly with parents buying their first computer, with stocks of the Commodore 64 running out over Christmas 1988.

796:, Imagine was in a downward spiral, which was notoriously documented by the BBC. A short-term collapse of the computer market occurred from the end of 1984 into 1985. Rival companies Sinclair Research and Acorn Computers began entering a price war on competing systems ahead of end-of-year holidays sales, which created a consumer perception that these systems were nothing more than toys rather than productivity tools. In early 1985, financial institutions became wary of investments into computer companies due to other activities they had made as well. Acorn was acquired by 6635: 2320:

and 2011, employment in the fell by over 10 per cent and investment fell by £48 million". Thus the UK VGTR aims to ensure the UK games industry's competitiveness on the global stage, promotes investment and job creation and encourage the production of culturally British video games. The key benefit of the tax relief is that qualifying companies can claim up to 20% of their "core expenditure" back, provided that expenditure has been made in the European Economic Area. In 2015 the UK Government provided £4m to launch a games prototype fund, the

703:. A market developed for companies to help such programmer sell and distribute their games. This industry took off after the release of the ZX Spectrum in 1982: by the end of 1983 there were more than 450 companies selling video games on cassette compared to 95 the year before. An estimated 10,000 to 50,000 youth, mostly male, were making games out of their homes at this time based on advertisements for games in popular magazines. The growth of video games in the UK during this period was comparable to the 2316:) in 2018, a 10% increase over the previous year. From this, £4.01 billion was from the sales of software (+10.3% increase over 2017), £1.57 billion from the sales of hardware (+10.7% increase), and £0.11 billion from the sales of other game related items. In the software market, the data showed a significant increase in digital and online revenues, up +20.3% to a record £2.01bn. £1.17 billion of software sales came from mobile games. In 2017, the number of players was estimated at 32.4 million people. 1081:, began to gain interest in the UK. Such interest led to more corporate structure around video game development to support the costs and hardware needed to develop games on these platforms, and caused a decline of the popularity of the bedroom coder by 1995. However, the bedroom coders had seeded the necessary elements as to gain interest from United States companies looking for talent around this time, leading to various acquisitions and partnerships between US and UK game companies around this time. 2632:(BBFC), a non-government body designed in law to review film and television content, if such a designation was determined by the VSC. Legal penalties existed for publishers and retailers that attempted to sell such games without the BBFC's review. The BBFC had the authority to outright ban sale of a video game if deemed so, though such bans could be challenged. Up to 2012, only two such games had been temporarily banned by the BBFC due to rating: 2628:(PEGI) system in 2003, the VSC standardized its ratings on PEGI's classification system. The VSC system was voluntary at this point, though most UK retailers would respect the ratings marked on boxes to avoid selling mature games to children. The only facet of the UK ratings system for video games set in law were for titles deemed to have excessive violent or pornographic content; such titles were required to be reviewed by the 166: 1261: 813: 589: 656:. The saturation of home computers immunised the UK against the effects of the North American video game crash in 1983, after which the microcomputer game market continued to grow, with significant levels of domestic game production taking place. In 1984, computer games replaced console and LCD games as the largest sector of the UK home video game market. 849:, their first game specifically designed for the sixteen-bit machines, with their Amiga 500 computers to create the "Batman Pack". Launched in October 1989 with a TV advertising campaign, it became one of the most successful hardware/software bundles of all time selling over 186,000 units by the end of the following year. 2324:

and a graduate enterprise programme called Tranzfuser. The UK Games Fund and Tranzfuser programmes are run by UK Games Talent and Finance Community Interest Company (UKGTF) Further funding of £1.5m for the UK Games Fund and Tranzfuser was announced by the UK Government in 2018. Further funding of £8m

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tabletop role-playing game. Thus, with the ability to program their own games through these early home computers, the UK developed an initial home computer game market. Throughout most of the 1980s, British games were typically made by only one person with no formal experience in computer programming

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The DCMS issued a following report in June 2009 to address several points of the Byron Review, among which included the intent to standardized video game ratings on the PEGI system. The Video Recordings (Labelling) Regulations act was passed in May 2012 and came into force on 30 July 2012. With it,

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The Video Games Tax Relief (VGTR) was established in 2014 to help support creativity in the UK games industry. According to TIGA, prior to this, the UK Games industry was lagging behind other countries where game developers benefitted from substantial tax breaks and government grants: "Between 2008

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worked with Acorn to create the low-cost BBC Micro home computer alongside a set of broadcast programming to help teach fundamentals of computers for school-aged children. This was used in up to 80% of the schools in the UK at the time, and led to creation of the Spectrum and Commodore 64 to help

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showing the success of the small indie team model and the means to distribute these via digital channels rather than retail. This in turn rekindled the hobbyist programmer mindset in the United Kingdom, starting a new wave of individual and small team British developers. In 2009, the profits of

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machines typically required a full team of developers to build games for; the bedroom coders of the previous years began to fade away as development companies formed to build games on these new systems. First released in 1985, the more expensive hardware and software stifled the uptake of both

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that had been examining successful businesses in new industries. During 1983 and 1984, Imagine had tried to expand its capabilities beyond game programming as well as push the idea of "megagames" that stretched a computer's hardware limits and would be sold at a higher cost, but these efforts

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attempting to realise a singular vision (these developers were known as "bedroom coders"; some of them achieved a status akin to rockstars within the tech market, and even popular culture more broadly). As there were few game stores in the UK at that time, most of these coders turned to

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In the UK, the Labour MP George Foulkes led a campaign in 1981 to curb the 'menace' of video games, maintaining that they had addictive properties. His 'Control of Space Invaders (and other Electronic Games) Bill' was put to the Commons and only narrowly

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The popularity of video games on home computers within the UK drew sales away from other video game formats. Despite the lack of exposure to the North American crash of 1983, the UK industry of this period still had its notable failures. The success of

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While the North American and Japanese markets were thriving in the early 1980s with arcade and home console games, the UK's game industry grew out of amateur "bedroom coders" on home computers, in part due to the government's initiative, through the

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The VSC ratings only apply to retail titles; digitally distributed titles are not regulated under UK law, through the VSC urges developers, publishers, and storefronts as a best-practice to use the low-cost self-ratings services of the

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With the increasing power and popularity of consoles, more UK developers targeted console platforms in the 1990s. As noted above, some of those that were instrumental in Britain's contribution to consoles included Psygnosis (developing

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meet growing demand for the systems. Additionally, youth of the United Kingdom at that time were tinkerers, taking apart and repairing devices including electronics, and the nature of computer programming felt within this same scope.

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Computer literacy had been seen by the UK government as a key skill that Britain's children should possess to help improve the technology savvy of the nation in the future. While home computers did exist in the UK market like the

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became the fastest-selling video game of all time by making $ 815.7 million (£511.8 million) in sales worldwide during the first 24 hours of the game's sale. Another major British contribution to the game industry was the

5399: 867:, and sought to bring the brightest programmers of the day to produce games that they would then publish, along with other in-house developed titles. Psygnosis' catalog has a number of highly praised titles such as 746:

is considered the quintessential "British game" for this reason, and since then, inspired similar games with the same type of British wit and humour through the present. Another key title from this period was

2624:(Ukie). The VSC and ELPSA developed a set of ratings in 1993, and used a combination of voluntary suggestions from publishers and their own reviews to establish a game's rating. With the introduction of the 3536: 220:, to help decipher enemy messages, all of which helped to create a widespread drive to improve computers and computing after the war, most prominently at several academic institutions, including the 5426: 3172:

Izushi, Hiro; Aoyama, Yuko (2006). "Industry evolution and cross-sectoral skill transfers: a comparative analysis of the video game industry in Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom".

146:, the latter of which was elected to rate British games in 2009 and subsequently began doing so in July 2012. The United Kingdom's video game industry is estimated to employ 20,000 people. 4760: 6267: 2620:(DCMS). The VSC worked initially with the UK video game trade group known as the Entertainment Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA) at the time but later renamed to the 5479: 5389: 5846: 2917: 4008: 1129:

in particular as "one of the main reasons for the popularity of" console video games in the United Kingdom. Other popular console systems followed in the UK, including the

228:. Wider use of computers for general-purpose applications became more common in the late 1960s and early 1970s. In the 1980s, British engineers spawned the now-ubiquitous, 4153: 309:(1976) later drew a significant following, but enthusiasm for the game had also waned shortly after. A major breakthrough for video games came with the 1978 release of 7514: 5808: 5506: 4593: 2921: 2617: 856:

in the UK, which in turn brought in more developers to stretch the capabilities of the computer. A number of influential British companies emerged during this period:

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consoles were imported into the UK but did not gain much traction. Home video games were popularized in the United Kingdom during 1982–1984. There was a short-lived

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IBM-compatible personal computers are now fourth most important games format in UK market after Sega Mega Drive, Amiga and Super NES according to surveys by Gallup

6802: 3141: 576:, such as the Atari VCS, dealt a severe blow to consoles in the UK. Home computers offered significantly cheaper software compared to the more expensive console 2659: 255: 2747:, a major publisher in the early 1980s which gained notoriety when it fell into bankruptcy in the midst of being filmed as part of a documentary for the BBC. 64:

to teach computer programming to students. Subsequently, many larger developers and publishers were established in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Many major

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clones became popular in British arcades up until their popularity declined a year later in 1974, after which video games were dismissed as a fad. Atari's

1176: (equivalent to $ 2,700,000,000 in 2023) from annual video games sales in the United Kingdom, while British video game magazines had a circulation of 6420: 4924: 4792: 3853: 2972: 6375: 6380: 6360: 6350: 2899: 2825: 2621: 1142: 1098: 1070: 573: 373: 6385: 6370: 6365: 6355: 6345: 6253: 5839: 2950: 1094: 497: 5277: 2686:

issued a limited postal stamp series in 2020 featuring games that represent the United Kingdom's early video game industry. The series featured

48:, and the sixth-largest globally. By sales, it is Europe's largest market, having overtaken Germany in 2022. The UK video game market was worth 7946: 7820: 7702: 6881: 5694: 4767: 2994: 41: 1184:. During the early 1990s, Sega and Nintendo dominated the UK video game market, which led to both companies coming under investigation by the 6305: 4976:"The video games of our lives: GfK publishes UK's top 30 best-selling computer games since 1995, with all games grossing £26.3bn in 27 years" 4057: 3283: 3060: 2269:

While large British studios continued to develop high-profile games for consoles and computers, a new hobbyist interest arose around 2010 in

869: 369: 3405: 204:, and a primitive programming language, respectively. As computers transitioned to electronic and digital elements in the mid-20th century, 7507: 5801: 5499: 2629: 1895: 1105:

had overtaken home computers as the larger sector of the UK home video game market. The growth of consoles in the UK was largely driven by

139: 5361: 1117:(1990 release); they exceeded the graphical capabilities of 8-bit and 16-bit home computers, respectively, while being more affordable. 1078: 889:

series among other titles, and while the studio was shuttered in 2012, most of its activities had been adsorbed into the Sony structure.

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defended the game as "innocent and harmless pleasure", which he himself had enjoyed that day, and criticized the bill as an example of "

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called the creation of this list "an assertion that digital games have a cultural significance and a historical significance".

5132: 254:'s Draughts, completed around 1951, is the first verifiable video game to run on a general-purpose computer, developed at the 8003: 7717: 7641: 6413: 6312: 5709: 5633: 1089:

During the late 1980s to early 1990s, there was a gradual transition in the UK home video game market from home computers to

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established the foundation of modern computer science and the concept of artificial intelligence. The UK's involvement in

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copies per month. In 1992, the UK games market was led by the Mega Drive, followed by the Amiga and Super NES, and then

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The Amiga's more powerful graphics capabilities enabled game developers to experiment more and helped to expand the

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In recent years, Northern Ireland has made increasing contributions to the United Kingdom's video game industry.

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was initially born out of the demoscene, but produced a number of successful Amiga games, finding success in the

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Reunanen, Markku; Silvast, Antti (2009). "Demoscene Platforms: A Case Study on the Adoption of Home Computers".

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industry initially began with British programmers developing unofficial ports and clones of arcade games for

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is loosely based on the early period of the United Kingdom's video game industry, and makes allusion to

2724: 2712: 2469: 2206: 1766: 1150: 997: 959: 758: 448: 438: 305: 65: 7218: 686: 192:) and especially its practical application, including the first computing device. Notable figures like 3594: 1065:

series in 1995. Today, Team17 also now serves as a video game publishers for many independent studios.

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released in 1980. The Atari VCS sold 125,000 units in the United Kingdom that year along with 500,000

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sales level at number 5 = 400,000 units, at number 9 = 250,000 units, at number 10 = 200,000 units

2563: 2541: 2535: 2518: 2498: 2476: 2434: 2412: 2395: 2390: 2368: 2293: 2273:. The indie game model of development started to become popular in the late 2000s, with games like 2226: 2189: 2154: 2117: 2080: 2045: 2006: 1967: 1919: 1889: 1857: 1825: 1790: 1760: 1728: 1663: 1636: 1611: 1586: 1561: 1536: 1511: 1486: 1461: 1436: 1411: 1386: 1361: 1336: 1090: 934: 930: 37: 5334:"Digital Minister calls on all video game providers to use age ratings online - and parents agree" 4975: 792:

backfired, costing Imagine staff and money. By the time the BBC began filming for this episode of

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prior to this revolution, as well as laying claim to starting the fantasy literary genre through

562: 126: 76: 5390:"Black Mirror: Bandersnatch – What's it about, who's in the cast and can I watch it on Netflix?" 3365: 769:

gameplay concept that are used in most space simulation games today as well as influencing the

7475: 7388: 7383: 7054: 7000: 6909: 6742: 6702: 6505: 5448: 5282: 4786: 4434: 4117: 4053: 3763: 3537:"Geeks Who Rocked The World: Documentary Looks Back At Origins Of The Computer-games Industry" 3382: 3313: 3299: 3279: 3056: 2751:, one of the earlier game developers in the UK's industry, has a cameo role within the movie. 2405: 2251: 1984: 1979: 1874: 1810: 1745: 1693: 1209: 1181: 1130: 1050: 944: 892: 625: 434: 366: 300: 283: 267: 217: 201: 100: 5103: 7465: 7376: 7163: 7158: 7153: 7136: 7131: 7086: 6927: 6692: 6593: 6532: 6472: 6429: 5440: 4560: 4239: 4043: 3727: 3506: 3340: 3189: 3119: 3110: 3048: 2771: 2744: 2428: 2287: 2062: 1038: 1037:, the Bullfrog team went on to establish other influential UK studios, including Molyneux's 864: 780: 771: 725: 681: 348: 165: 82: 70: 408:

was defeated by 114 votes to 94 votes; the bill itself was never considered by Parliament.

124:), which has sold over 150 million copies as of September 2013; the most recent instalment 7434: 7124: 6979: 6600: 6560: 5022: 4621: 4504: 4492: 4372: 4335: 4327: 4148: 3541: 3108:

Haddon, L. (1988). "Electronic and Computer Games: The History of an Interactive Medium".

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known as the "Control of Space Invaders (and other Electronic Games) Bill", drafted by

340: 319: 117: 33: 4925:"£50 million of Government investment announced for creative businesses across the UK" 3052: 8184: 7223: 7064: 7005: 6856: 6797: 6588: 6547: 6490: 5460: 4663: 4548: 4457: 4223: 4203: 4180: 3304: 3201: 3044: 2601: 2321: 2297: 2211: 2033: 2018: 1973: 1904: 1298: 1110: 1106: 1102: 917: 661: 645: 601: 551: 474: 461: 5187: 5160: 5013:. Published by QLvsJAGUAR. Published on 12 February 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2017. 3783: 3682: 2587:, on the history of video games. It includes footage from old Nintendo commercials. 7460: 7422: 7264: 7114: 7032: 6697: 6659: 6620: 6520: 6500: 6482: 5108: 4641: 4519: 3858: 3659: 3599: 3410: 3220: 2655: 2648: 2384: 2275: 2201: 2105: 1842: 1189: 754: 730: 637: 507: 377: 271: 209: 197: 185: 1269: 5243: 4543: 4175: 4048: 2644:, both which were later cleared after changes had been made by their publishers. 7371: 7345: 7168: 7141: 7119: 6922: 6871: 6515: 6450: 6322: 5394: 5309: 4568: 4292: 3978: 2748: 2730: 2640: 2142: 1989: 1237: 1228: 1223: 1154: 1046: 948: 875: 712: 621: 593: 535: 470: 293: 245: 205: 132: 5075: 4694: 3736: 3501: 3432: 3335: 2874: 761:

and released in 1984. A non-linear space exploration, trading and combat game,

240:, which would play a large role as the heart of later games consoles (e.g. the 7417: 7393: 7340: 7228: 6932: 6851: 6459: 5444: 5006: 3811: 3377: 2683: 2596: 2325:

for the UK Games Fund and Tranzfuser was awarded by the UK Government in 2022

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Whereas the North American and Japanese home video game markets boomed with

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was instrumental in driving the start of the UK home computer game industry.

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The United Kingdom had been a key participant in the 18th and 19th century

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genre. Bullfrog developed several other influential titles, including the

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to assign their game an appropriate PEGI rating for the digital service.

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in 1991. DMA Design, after several more titles, would go on to produce

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beliefs in restriction and control". A motion to bring the bill before

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The organisations responsible for rating video games in the UK are the

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Video games outsell movies in U.K. | Software, Interrupted - CNET News

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Unlimited learning: Computer and video games in the learning landscape

3854:"Commodore Amiga at 30 – the computer that made the UK games industry" 2973:"A brief history of British computers: the first 25 years (1948–1973)" 1268:

Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on

526:, becoming the best-selling console in the UK up until then. Portable 4985: 2057: 1772: 1740: 1056: 824: 443: 2995:"How an obscure British PC maker invented ARM and changed the world" 510:

market in the United Kingdom during the early 1980s. The success of

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in the United Kingdom, installed across locations such as arcades,

7400: 7241: 5278:"VSC: "PEGI is stricter than the BBFC. We're not ashamed of that"" 4564: 3275: 3271: 3040:

Arcade Britannia: A Social History of the British Amusement Arcade

1869: 900: 828: 811: 783:, formed by former members of Bug-Byte, drew the attention of the 587: 543: 415: 310: 164: 4722:"UK consumer spend on games grows 10% to a record £5.7bn in 2018" 4677:"UK consumer spend on games grows 10% to a record £5.7bn in 2018" 2616:(VSC), which had been established in 1989 under the government's 4339:. No. 10 (July 1993). 17 June 1993. pp. 14-35 (18-21). 2612:

Prior to 2012, video games in the UK would be rated through the

2169: 2092: 1837: 1161: 1146: 633: 629: 502: 344: 288: 7802: 7496: 6402: 6249: 5828: 5790: 5488: 3884:. No. 12. Sunshine Publications. 20 March 1987. p. 5. 1232:

series to the PlayStation console. Other software houses, like

5248: 5192: 5165: 5080: 4980: 4275:. No. 75 (January 1988). 15 December 1987. pp. 50–1. 3572: 2918:"PEGI ratings become UK's single video game age rating system" 1254: 903:

developer prior to success across Europe with Amiga hits like

784: 669: 61: 4807:"Pollen VC | Funding for Mobile App and Game Developers" 5362:"Royal Mail is putting Dizzy, Lemmings, and Elite on stamps" 4316:. No. 86 (December 1988). November 1988. pp. 20–5. 4101:. No. 182 (January 1997). 11 December 1996. p. 18. 3502:"Sinclair ZX80 and the Dawn of 'Surreal' U.K. Game Industry" 3336:"Sinclair ZX80 and the Dawn of 'Surreal' U.K. Game Industry" 3260:

Video Games: A Report on the Supply of Video Games in the UK

724:, one of the first publishers in this market. While a loose 7027: 4849: 4227:. No. 59 (February 1987). 18 January 1987. p. 96. 3026:. No. 6 (March 1988). 4 February 1988. pp. 29–32. 1033:. Though Bullfrog was ultimately acquired and shuttered by 172:'s Draughts is the first verifiable video game to run on a 5427:"Innovation in the British Video Game Industry since 1978" 4874: 4544:"Top-Selling Video Game Titles In UK — 1993 (All Formats)" 4481:. No. 98 (January 1990). 16 December 1989. p. 9. 4009:"How Batman (1989) helped shift Commodore Amiga computers" 969:

in 1997, and would lead them to ultimately be acquired by

200:

created both a fundamental computer, the mechanical-based

5025:. IGN. Published 24 June 2002. Retrieved 6 December 2017. 4461:. No. 28 (April 1988). 10 March 1988. pp. 64–5. 3569:"How British video games became a billion pound industry" 3433:"Commodore 64 turns 30: What do today's kids make of it?" 2337:

Best-selling video game franchises in the UK (1995–2021)

5244:"Video Standards Council to take over games age ratings" 3620: 3618: 2975:. BCS - The Chartered Institute for IT. 1 September 2010 707:, fueled by young people making money from their games. 414:

was followed by other hit arcade video games, including

5474: 1216:

which helped to bring 3D graphics to the Super NES via

112:. The best-selling video game series made in the UK is 5076:"BBC News: UK enforces PEGI video game ratings system" 4328:"The making of Street Fighter 2 - a video game legend" 4075:"Is That Just Some Game? No, It's a Cultural Artifact" 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3464:"Acorn and the BBC Micro: From education to obscurity" 3142:"Control of Space Invaders and Other Electronic Games" 2849:"European console and PC game sales fall 7.1% in 2022" 925:

was the only European-developed game entered into the

839:

For the following Christmas period, Commodore allowed

604:, the UK market for home video games was grown out of 4806: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3157: 2948:"Creative Industries Economic Estimates: Focus on..." 2875:"The UK video games market is worth a record £7.16bn" 40:

in Europe. By revenue, the UK had the second-largest

5041:"Rated and Willing: Where Game Rating Boards Differ" 5035: 5033: 5031: 5009:. Thumb Candy - The history of computer games 2000. 4508:. No. 10 (July 1993). 17 June 1993. p. 22. 1934:

Annual UK best-selling home video games (1984–1995)

8130: 8092: 7834: 7771: 7665: 7594: 7559: 7528: 7448: 7364: 7328: 7290: 7184: 7177: 7102: 7018: 6993: 6943: 6908: 6880: 6842: 6833: 6771: 6741: 6711: 6668: 6642: 6569: 6546: 6481: 6458: 6449: 6338: 6283: 6193: 6130: 6067: 6004: 5941: 5878: 5862: 5763: 5657: 5586: 5551: 5520: 5217:"Spot On: British game-ratings changes broken down" 5070: 5068: 5066: 5064: 4747:"Top 10 Best-Selling Video Games of All Time - IGN" 4387:"News Desk: Exploding Fist tops Gallup 1985 charts" 3495: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3150:. House of Commons. 20 May 1981. col. 287–291. 488:, began publication in the United Kingdom in 1981. 4141: 3406:"10 most influential games consoles – in pictures" 3385:(published 6 June 1991). July 1991. pp. 17–23 3329: 3327: 899:and Chris Yates in 1986, was already a successful 676:The United Kingdom had already had a history with 5133:"Interview: ELSPA boss explains PEGI age ratings" 4950:"The changing face of NI's video gaming industry" 3976:Robert Mellor. "The Making Of Batman The Movie". 3847: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3837: 3835: 2900:"Grand Theft Auto 5 breaks 6 sales world records" 2651:, released in March 2008 under a 2007 order from 1069:During this period, video game consoles from the 478:(1982) distributed by Atari. One of the earliest 161:Early history of video games § Initial games 56:) in 2021, a 2% increase over the previous year. 4594:European Leisure Software Publishers Association 3216:"Where every home game turns out to be a winter" 2922:The Association for UK Interactive Entertainment 2618:Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport 957:, among whose first titles was the best-selling 775:series, itself a pinnacle of open-world design. 530:also gained popularity the same year, including 4825:"£4m fund to kick-start the next 'Tomb Raider'" 4528:. No. 26 (February 1994). United Kingdom: 3971: 3969: 800:over 1985, while Sinclair Research was sold to 710:One of the earliest such successful titles was 684:'s works, a major point of inspiration for the 3880:"Thumbs up for Amigas following A500 launch". 3806: 3804: 2818:"Top Countries & Markets by Game Revenues" 2332:Best-selling video game franchises (1995–2021) 1290:Annual UK home video game revenue (1980–1993) 184:, in both its theoretical underpinnings (e.g. 7814: 7508: 6414: 6261: 5840: 5802: 5500: 3928:. Future Publishing. 25 March 1989. p. 4 3902:. Future Publishing. 29 April 1989. p. 4 3813:The Rise and Fall of Britain's Bedroom Coders 2660:Department for Children, Schools and Families 1284:Annual UK home video game revenue (1980–1993) 27:Overview of video games in the United Kingdom 8: 3954:. Future Publishing. 17 June 1989. p. 4 2761:List of game companies in the United Kingdom 216:, particularly in cryptography, such as the 879:. The publisher was eventually acquired by 327:. In order to keep up with high demand for 7821: 7807: 7799: 7515: 7501: 7493: 7181: 6839: 6455: 6421: 6407: 6399: 6268: 6254: 6246: 5847: 5833: 5825: 5809: 5795: 5787: 5507: 5493: 5485: 5271: 5269: 5267: 3723:"The Biggest Commercial Break Of Them All" 2793:"About the UK Video Games Industry - TIGA" 2335: 1932: 1690: 1288: 765:established many of the principles of the 380:to restrict the game and those like it by 5305:"MCV: PEGI ratings come into force today" 4666:. News.cnet.com. Retrieved on 2011-05-07. 4240:"How Out Run changed video games forever" 4047: 644:in 1982. In the early 1980s, the UK home 4726:UK Interactive Entertainment Association 3300:"Technology: The games that aliens play" 2622:UK Interactive Entertainment Association 1248:Video game sales and revenue (1980–1995) 1123:magazine credited the success of Sega's 863:was formed in 1984 after the closure of 518:, which had an official home version of 514:in the arcades generated demand for the 331:, Taito licensed distribution rights to 4207:. No. 1. January 1986. p. 54. 3762:. London: Duckworth. pp. 171–180. 3627:"Manic Miner 360: Revisiting a Classic" 3360: 3358: 2951:Department for Culture, Media and Sport 2784: 1959: 1720: 995:, with one of their first titles being 808:Arrival of 16-bit computers (1985–1995) 695:, sending out copies of their games on 498:first generation of video game consoles 4791:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4784: 4695:"UK gaming market worth record £5.7bn" 4617: 4607: 4368: 4358: 3993:Wilkins, Chris; Kean, Roger M (2013). 3816:. Game Maker's Toolkit. 1 October 2020 3457: 3455: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2847:Dring, Christopher (12 January 2023). 1204:for the PlayStation). Others included 977:, with the original studio renamed as 929:, a list of 10 video games created by 262:Early arcade video games (1970s–1980s) 4176:"Games role of PC grows in UK market" 4140:Warr, Simon Morgan (22 August 1992). 2828:from the original on 16 December 2021 2608:Game ratings and government oversight 1244:expanded into console games as well. 1200:for the PlayStation) and DMA Design ( 7: 4720:Luke, Hebblethwaite (2 April 2019). 4552:. Screen Digest Limited: 110. 1994. 4238:Prisco, Jacopo (18 September 2021). 4184:. Screen Digest Limited: 248. 1993. 3308:. Vol. 88, no. 1232–1233. 2630:British Board of Film Classification 1960: 1896:Street Fighter II: The World Warrior 1721: 492:Early home video games (early 1980s) 357:was the first video game to attract 256:British National Physical Laboratory 140:British Board of Film Classification 5215:Sassoon Coby, Alex (18 June 2009). 4156:from the original on 17 August 2022 4015:. 25 September 2020. Archived from 3683:"Towards games with the wow factor" 3535:Mardsen, Rhordi (25 January 2015). 3404:Stewart, Keith (24 February 2017). 2308:The UK video game market was worth 1079:Super Nintendo Entertainment System 68:are developed in the UK, including 8191:Video gaming in the United Kingdom 5425:Tsang, Denise (17 November 2021). 5188:"Games ratings row gets colourful" 5161:"Divide on games industry ratings" 4900:"Creative industries: Sector Deal" 4143:"Game war heroes: Sega v Nintendo" 4073:Chaplin, Heather (12 March 2007). 3681:Braben, David (31 December 2005). 3625:Donlan, Christian (26 July 2012). 3462:Hormby, Thomas (8 February 2007). 2672:International Age Rating Coalition 25: 5388:Chapman, Tom (6 September 2019). 5332:Robertson, Andy (14 March 2019). 4635:Stuart, Keith (27 January 2010). 3922:"Amiga Edges Ahead in 16-Bit War" 3708:"Gamasutra - Gary Penn interview" 3474:from the original on 3 March 2007 3312:. 18 December 1980. p. 782. 3264:Monopolies and Mergers Commission 3258:"Market size and market shares". 2873:Powell, Steffan (31 March 2022). 1186:Monopolies and Mergers Commission 1001:, the title that established the 570:home console market crash of 1983 286:arrived with the 1973 release of 234:reduced instruction set computing 135:home computer, released in 1982. 6633: 5402:from the original on 4 June 2020 5360:Phillips, Tom (7 January 2020). 5276:Minkley, Johnny (26 June 2012). 3037:Meades, Alan (25 October 2022). 1259: 1141:(1992 release), and then 32-bit 787:as part of a documentary series 584:Microcomputer popularity (1980s) 325:golden age of arcade video games 232:reference implementation of the 4296:. No. 153. pp. 34–41. 3948:"Bundle Boost for Commodore 64" 3784:"Sinclair: a Corporate History" 3381:. No. 20. United Kingdom: 3147:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard) 3077:"30 Great Gaming World Records" 3053:10.7551/mitpress/12420.001.0001 1912:£130,000,000+ ($ 229,000,000+) 1208:, which brought many titles to 728:of the United States-developed 6313:History of video game consoles 6277:Video game history by platform 5159:Waters, Darren (8 July 2009). 5131:Hartley, Adam (23 June 2009). 4662:Rosenberg, Dave. (2009-12-31) 4532:. 20 January 1994. p. 24. 4415:. 12 February 1987. p. 6. 4286:Carroll, Martyn (April 2016). 4199:"Commando: Soldier of Fortune" 3982:. No. 41. pp. 64–67. 3852:Stuart, Keith (23 July 2015). 3500:Baker, Chris (6 August 2010). 2924:. 30 July 2012. Archived from 1085:Console systems (1987–present) 881:Sony Interactive Entertainment 628:(alongside Sinclair's earlier 1: 6296:History of arcade video games 4583:"Appendix B: Top 10 software" 4433:(80). EMAP: 30–1. June 1988. 4407:"Yie Ar tops charts for 1986" 4113:"The debate over video games" 4040:History of Nordic Computing 2 3721:Kean, Roger (December 1984). 2626:Pan European Game Information 2013:The Way of the Exploding Fist 1927:£260,000,000 ($ 459,000,000) 5475:UK Interactive Entertainment 4049:10.1007/978-3-642-03757-3_30 3896:"Computer Boom Gathers Pace" 3595:"Death of the bedroom coder" 3334:Baker, Chris (8 June 2010). 2271:independent game development 1093:, with the arrival of 8-bit 716:, developed and released by 266:Up until the 1970s, British 4395:. 20 March 1986. p. 4. 2265:Indie gaming (2010–present) 1692:Annual UK highest-grossing 155:Early history (1950s–1960s) 8207: 6631: 3733:Newsfield Publications Ltd 3224:. 6 March 1986. p. 15 3174:Environment and Planning A 2740:Black Mirror: Bandersnatch 2238:Extended Play Productions 1021:-related titles including 699:for use in the computer's 574:second-generation consoles 158: 7492: 6441:List of video game genres 6436: 6398: 6245: 5856:Chronology of video games 5824: 5445:10.1017/S0007680521000398 4596:(ELSPA). 2006. p. 51 4497:Live Up To All The Hype?" 4308:"Reviews: Operation Wolf" 3653:Orr, Lucy (7 July 2011). 3310:Reed Business Information 3087:ComputerAndVideoGames.com 1914: 1903: 1900: 1893: 1755: 1097:consoles and then 16-bit 738:incorporated elements of 270:typically had mechanical 6733:Digital collectible card 5104:"BBFC ratings go online" 4520:"Sonic: A brief history" 4478:Computer and Video Games 4431:Computer and Video Games 4412:Popular Computing Weekly 4392:Popular Computing Weekly 4313:Computer and Video Games 4272:Computer and Video Games 4098:Computer and Video Games 3882:Popular Computing Weekly 3082:Computer and Video Games 2583:produced a documentary, 2296:exceeded those from its 1120:Computer and Video Games 933:for preservation by the 923:Sensible World of Soccer 906:Sensible World of Soccer 485:Computer and Video Games 276:electro-mechanical games 222:University of Manchester 174:general-purpose computer 44:in Europe in 2022 after 6818:Roguelike deck-building 6726:Roguelike deck-building 6330:History of mobile games 5432:Business History Review 4473:"The Best Games of '89" 4352:The Year's Top 10 Games 4219:"1986 Top Ten Coin-Ops" 3997:. Revival Retro Events. 3270:. April 1995. pp. 2734:series (1996–present). 2710:series (1995–present), 2614:Video Standards Council 1168:were earning more than 1153:(1995 release) and the 652:, followed by original 642:Commodore International 238:ARM architecture family 7877:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7523:Video games by country 5818:History of video games 5515:Video games by country 3655:"Bug-Byte Manic Miner" 3268:H.M. Stationery Office 3124:10.1093/screen/29.2.52 2904:Guinness World Records 2591:Video game conventions 1704:Top arcade video game 820: 687:Dungeons & Dragons 597: 592:The popularity of the 177: 116:(primary developed by 7829:Video games in Europe 7060:Tactical role-playing 6825:Tactical role-playing 6339:By console generation 6291:Early mainframe games 3758:Dale, Rodney (1985). 2766:Video game journalism 2737:The interactive film 2207:Acclaim Entertainment 815: 591: 376:, attempted to allow 363:Private Member's Bill 359:political controversy 214:advances in computing 168: 66:video game franchises 7440:Vertically scrolling 5480:UK video game charts 3952:New Computer Express 3926:New Computer Express 3900:New Computer Express 2698:series (1987–1992), 2440:Take-Two Interactive 2346:Video game franchise 2300:for the first time. 2161:Sonic the Hedgehog 2 1942:Top home video game 1192:business practices. 985:Bullfrog Productions 971:Take Two Interactive 742:and other oddities. 612:), specifically the 480:video game magazines 469:(1981), and Namco's 454:Williams Electronics 386:addictive properties 370:Member of Parliament 333:Midway Manufacturing 252:Christopher Strachey 226:Cambridge University 212:also pushed forward 182:history of computing 170:Christopher Strachey 8093:States with limited 7070:Turn-based strategy 6975:Submarine simulator 6781:Action role-playing 6688:Interactive fiction 6376:Seventh (2005–2017) 5339:The Daily Telegraph 4355:. EMAP. p. 88. 3995:Ocean - The History 3186:2006EnPlA..38.1843I 2997:. 20 December 2020. 2525:The Pokémon Company 2396:Activision Blizzard 2353:Franchise owner(s) 2338: 2294:video game industry 1935: 1718:Coin drop earnings 1697: 1291: 1145:consoles including 1137:(1990 release) and 1113:(1987 release) and 1101:consoles. By 1991, 1091:video game consoles 935:Library of Congress 931:Stanford University 870:Shadow of the Beast 388:" and for causing " 7471:Video game modding 7413:Nonlinear gameplay 7075:Turn-based tactics 7043:Real-time strategy 6361:Fourth (1987–2003) 6351:Second (1976–1992) 5049:. 15 December 2005 4773:on 22 January 2016 4530:Maverick Magazines 4453:"Game of the Year" 4079:The New York Times 4019:on 21 October 2020 3760:The Sinclair Story 3710:. 31 January 2011. 3262:. United Kingdom: 3089:. 14 February 2009 2928:on 28 October 2012 2336: 1933: 1694:arcade video games 1691: 1289: 1226:which brought the 1188:(MMC) for alleged 1126:Sonic the Hedgehog 940:The New York Times 823:The more advanced 821: 598: 563:Radio Shack TRS-80 435:scrolling shooters 323:, which began the 299:and other similar 284:Arcade video games 178: 127:Grand Theft Auto V 8178: 8177: 7796: 7795: 7792: 7791: 7488: 7487: 7484: 7483: 7476:Video game remake 7384:Emergent gameplay 7055:Real-time tactics 7014: 7013: 6953:Flight simulation 6683:Graphic adventure 6629: 6628: 6430:Video game genres 6394: 6393: 6371:Sixth (1998–2013) 6366:Fifth (1993–2005) 6356:Third (1983–2003) 6346:First (1972–1980) 6241: 6240: 5784: 5783: 5283:GamesIndustry.biz 5196:. 28 October 2008 4567:/Electronic Arts/ 4118:New Straits Times 4059:978-3-642-03756-6 3739:on 5 January 2019 3603:. 24 January 2004 3383:Future Publishing 3285:978-0-10-127812-6 3180:(10): 1843–1861. 3062:978-0-262-37234-3 2906:. 8 October 2013. 2853:GamesIndustry.biz 2572: 2571: 2262: 2261: 1985:Software Projects 1980:Software Projects 1931: 1930: 1875:Light gun shooter 1811:Scrolling shooter 1735:Track & Field 1689: 1688: 1331:Inflation (US$ ) 1281: 1280: 1214:Argonaut Software 1210:Nintendo consoles 1182:IBM-compatible PC 1143:fourth-generation 1131:Nintendo consoles 1099:fourth-generation 1071:fourth generation 1051:Two Point Studios 973:and rebranded as 945:Sensible Software 893:Sensible Software 794:Commercial Breaks 789:Commercial Breaks 720:in 1983, sold by 636:systems) and the 626:Sinclair Research 620:in 1981, and the 550:, as well as the 301:sports video game 268:amusement arcades 218:Colossus computer 202:difference engine 42:video game market 38:video game sector 16:(Redirected from 8198: 8131:Dependencies and 7835:Sovereign states 7823: 7816: 7809: 7800: 7517: 7510: 7503: 7494: 7466:Video game clone 7182: 7178:Related concepts 6985:Vehicular combat 6840: 6713:Digital tabletop 6693:Interactive film 6653:Grand Theft Auto 6644:Action-adventure 6637: 6594:Platform fighter 6473:Platform fighter 6456: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6400: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6247: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5826: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5788: 5509: 5502: 5495: 5486: 5464: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5357: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5329: 5323: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5301: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5290: 5273: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5257: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5145: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5117: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5072: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5037: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4846: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4790: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4772: 4766:. Archived from 4765: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4749:. 19 April 2019. 4743: 4737: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4691: 4685: 4684: 4673: 4667: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4619: 4615: 4613: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4587: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4501: 4495:Street Fighter 2 4493:"Can Mega Drive 4489: 4483: 4482: 4469: 4463: 4462: 4449: 4443: 4442: 4423: 4417: 4416: 4403: 4397: 4396: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4356: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4332: 4324: 4318: 4317: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4288:"Operation Wolf" 4283: 4277: 4276: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4235: 4229: 4228: 4215: 4209: 4208: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4145: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4093:"16-Bit Systems" 4089: 4083: 4082: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4051: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4005: 3999: 3998: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3973: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3918: 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3892: 3886: 3885: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3849: 3830: 3829: 3823: 3821: 3808: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3735:. Archived from 3718: 3712: 3711: 3704: 3698: 3697: 3695: 3693: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3622: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3591: 3585: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3565: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3532: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3497: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3459: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3374: 3369: 3362: 3353: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3331: 3322: 3321: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3255: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3212: 3206: 3205: 3169: 3152: 3151: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3010: 2999: 2998: 2991: 2985: 2984: 2982: 2980: 2969: 2963: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2814: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2789: 2772:The Gamechangers 2745:Imagine Software 2728:(1989), and the 2568:Electronic Arts 2536:Assassin's Creed 2503:Electronic Arts 2429:Grand Theft Auto 2339: 2315: 2311: 2063:Imagine Software 1962: 1936: 1723: 1698: 1685:$ 2,259,000,000 1682: 1658:$ 2,781,000,000 1655: 1631:$ 1,756,000,000 1606:$ 1,014,000,000 1327: 1318: 1292: 1263: 1262: 1255: 1202:Grand Theft Auto 1179: 1175: 1171: 1157:(1997 release). 1095:third-generation 1073:, including the 1039:Lionhead Studios 966:Grand Theft Auto 947:was acquired by 865:Imagine Software 781:Imagine Software 772:Grand Theft Auto 682:J. R. R. Tolkien 418:'s shoot 'em up 349:public buildings 339:had sold 85,000 114:Grand Theft Auto 71:Grand Theft Auto 55: 51: 36:has the largest 21: 8206: 8205: 8201: 8200: 8199: 8197: 8196: 8195: 8181: 8180: 8179: 8174: 8132: 8126: 8112:Northern Cyprus 8094: 8088: 8009:North Macedonia 7830: 7827: 7797: 7788: 7767: 7661: 7590: 7555: 7524: 7521: 7480: 7444: 7435:Twitch gameplay 7360: 7324: 7286: 7173: 7125:Survival horror 7098: 7048:Time management 7010: 6989: 6980:Train simulator 6939: 6904: 6876: 6829: 6767: 6737: 6707: 6664: 6638: 6625: 6565: 6561:Survival horror 6542: 6477: 6445: 6432: 6427: 6390: 6334: 6279: 6274: 6237: 6189: 6126: 6063: 6000: 5937: 5874: 5858: 5853: 5820: 5815: 5785: 5780: 5759: 5653: 5582: 5547: 5516: 5513: 5471: 5424: 5421: 5419:Further reading 5416: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5387: 5386: 5382: 5372: 5370: 5359: 5358: 5354: 5344: 5342: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5316: 5314: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5288: 5286: 5275: 5274: 5265: 5255: 5253: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5199: 5197: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5171: 5169: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5143: 5141: 5130: 5129: 5125: 5115: 5113: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5087: 5085: 5074: 5073: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5039: 5038: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5005: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4988:. 29 March 2022 4974: 4973: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4948: 4947: 4943: 4933: 4931: 4923: 4922: 4918: 4908: 4906: 4898: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4850:"UK Games Fund" 4848: 4847: 4843: 4833: 4831: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4783: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4761:"Archived copy" 4759: 4758: 4754: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4730: 4728: 4719: 4718: 4714: 4704: 4702: 4693: 4692: 4688: 4675: 4674: 4670: 4661: 4657: 4647: 4645: 4634: 4633: 4629: 4616: 4606: 4599: 4597: 4585: 4581: 4580: 4576: 4558: 4542: 4541: 4537: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4499: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4471: 4470: 4466: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4367: 4357: 4349: 4348: 4344: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4265: 4264: 4260: 4250: 4248: 4237: 4236: 4232: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4149:The Independent 4139: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4007: 4006: 4002: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3975: 3974: 3967: 3957: 3955: 3946: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3905: 3903: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3851: 3850: 3833: 3819: 3817: 3810: 3809: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3788:Planet Sinclair 3782: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3706: 3705: 3701: 3691: 3689: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3665: 3663: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3624: 3623: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3575:. December 2014 3567: 3566: 3557: 3547: 3545: 3542:The Independent 3534: 3533: 3522: 3512: 3510: 3499: 3498: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3461: 3460: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3388: 3386: 3372: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3356: 3346: 3344: 3333: 3332: 3325: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3257: 3256: 3237: 3227: 3225: 3214: 3213: 3209: 3171: 3170: 3155: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3092: 3090: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3036: 3035: 3031: 3012: 3011: 3002: 2993: 2992: 2988: 2978: 2976: 2971: 2970: 2966: 2956: 2954: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2898: 2897: 2893: 2883: 2881: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2857: 2855: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2831: 2829: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2801: 2799: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2757: 2680: 2610: 2593: 2577: 2482:Lucasfilm Games 2374:Electronic Arts 2334: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2267: 2175:Sega Mega Drive 2067:Home computers 2024:Melbourne House 1681:$ 1,071,000,000 1680: 1654:$ 1,281,000,000 1653: 1323: 1314: 1287: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1277: 1264: 1260: 1250: 1177: 1174:$ 1,230,000,000 1173: 1169: 1087: 1075:Sega Mega Drive 1035:Electronic Arts 987:was founded by 883:to develop the 810: 753:, developed by 705:punk subculture 618:Acorn Computers 608:(also known as 586: 578:game cartridges 555:pocket computer 548:calculator game 540:Galaxy Invaders 534:clones such as 524:game cartridges 500:like dedicated 494: 341:arcade cabinets 264: 242:Nintendo Switch 194:Charles Babbage 190:Boolean algebra 163: 157: 152: 89:LittleBigPlanet 53: 49: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8204: 8202: 8194: 8193: 8183: 8182: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8136: 8134: 8133:other entities 8128: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8098: 8096: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8086: 8084:United Kingdom 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7897:Czech Republic 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7838: 7836: 7832: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7803: 7794: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7786: 7781: 7775: 7773: 7769: 7768: 7766: 7765: 7763:United Kingdom 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7678:Czech Republic 7675: 7669: 7667: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7598: 7596: 7592: 7591: 7589: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7563: 7561: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7532: 7530: 7526: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7512: 7505: 7497: 7490: 7489: 7486: 7485: 7482: 7481: 7479: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7430:Side-scrolling 7427: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7410: 7405: 7398: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7368: 7366: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7356: 7351: 7338: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7325: 7323: 7322: 7317: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7287: 7285: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7275:Climate change 7272: 7262: 7257: 7252: 7247: 7246: 7245: 7233: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7194: 7188: 7186: 7179: 7175: 7174: 7172: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7145: 7144: 7134: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7117: 7112: 7106: 7104: 7100: 7099: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7094: 7092:Grand strategy 7084: 7083: 7082: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7024: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7003: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6988: 6987: 6982: 6977: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6949: 6947: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6930: 6920: 6914: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6886: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6848: 6846: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6827: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6810: 6808:Monster-taming 6805: 6800: 6795: 6794: 6793: 6788: 6786:Looter shooter 6777: 6775: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6753: 6747: 6745: 6739: 6738: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6729: 6728: 6717: 6715: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6674: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6648: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6632: 6630: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6586: 6585: 6584: 6582:Hack and slash 6573: 6571: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6563: 6558: 6552: 6550: 6544: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6523: 6518: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6487: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6468:Endless runner 6464: 6462: 6453: 6447: 6446: 6444: 6443: 6437: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6418: 6411: 6403: 6396: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6383: 6381:Eighth (2012–) 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6342: 6340: 6336: 6335: 6333: 6332: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6310: 6309: 6308: 6303: 6293: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6273: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6250: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6199: 6197: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6136: 6134: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6073: 6071: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6010: 6008: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5947: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5935: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5884: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5852: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5829: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5806: 5799: 5791: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5767: 5765: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5757: 5755:United Kingdom 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5670:Czech Republic 5667: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5546: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5511: 5504: 5497: 5489: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5470: 5469:External links 5467: 5466: 5465: 5439:(3): 543–567. 5420: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5380: 5352: 5324: 5313:. 30 July 2012 5296: 5263: 5235: 5207: 5179: 5151: 5123: 5095: 5084:. 30 July 2012 5060: 5027: 5023:Gaming Life UK 5015: 4999: 4967: 4941: 4916: 4891: 4866: 4841: 4816: 4798: 4752: 4738: 4712: 4701:. 2 April 2019 4686: 4668: 4655: 4627: 4618:|website= 4574: 4535: 4511: 4484: 4464: 4444: 4418: 4398: 4378: 4342: 4319: 4299: 4278: 4258: 4230: 4210: 4190: 4167: 4132: 4104: 4084: 4065: 4058: 4030: 4000: 3985: 3965: 3939: 3913: 3887: 3872: 3831: 3800: 3775: 3768: 3750: 3713: 3699: 3673: 3645: 3614: 3586: 3555: 3520: 3485: 3451: 3424: 3396: 3366:"The man with 3354: 3323: 3291: 3284: 3235: 3207: 3194:10.1068/a37205 3153: 3133: 3100: 3068: 3061: 3029: 3000: 2986: 2964: 2939: 2909: 2891: 2865: 2839: 2809: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2776: 2775: 2768: 2763: 2756: 2753: 2719:Micro Machines 2679: 2676: 2653:Prime Minister 2609: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2592: 2589: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2561: 2558:Need for Speed 2554: 2550: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2532: 2528: 2527: 2521: 2516: 2509: 2505: 2504: 2501: 2496: 2489: 2485: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2467: 2463: 2462: 2460:The Lego Group 2457: 2454: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2403: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2381: 2377: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2359: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2350:UK debut year 2348: 2343: 2333: 2330: 2305: 2302: 2282:Super Meat Boy 2266: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2249: 2247:Multi-platform 2244: 2239: 2236: 2233:FIFA Soccer 96 2229: 2223: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2192: 2186: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2164: 2157: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2140: 2137: 2135:Ocean Software 2132: 2127: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2103: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2052:Yie Ar Kung-Fu 2048: 2042: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2031: 2029:Home computers 2026: 2021: 2016: 2009: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1970: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1902: 1899: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1872: 1867: 1864:Operation Wolf 1860: 1854: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1808: 1805: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1763: 1757: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1719: 1716: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1629: 1628:$ 785,000,000 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1603:$ 435,000,000 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1581:$ 720,000,000 1579: 1578:$ 293,000,000 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1557: 1556:$ 719,000,000 1554: 1553:$ 279,000,000 1551: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1531:$ 561,000,000 1529: 1528:$ 209,000,000 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1506:$ 506,000,000 1504: 1503:$ 182,000,000 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1483: 1482: 1481:$ 567,000,000 1479: 1478:$ 200,000,000 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1456:$ 642,000,000 1454: 1453:$ 219,000,000 1451: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1431:$ 376,000,000 1429: 1428:$ 123,000,000 1426: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1406:$ 442,000,000 1404: 1403:$ 140,000,000 1401: 1398: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1383: 1382: 1381:$ 446,000,000 1379: 1378:$ 133,000,000 1376: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1358: 1357: 1356:$ 388,000,000 1354: 1353:$ 105,000,000 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1333: 1332: 1329: 1320: 1311: 1306: 1304:Computer games 1301: 1296: 1283: 1279: 1278: 1267: 1265: 1258: 1253: 1252: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1234:Ocean Software 1086: 1083: 1067: 1066: 1054: 1043:Media Molecule 1030:Theme Hospital 1008:Dungeon Keeper 989:Peter Molyneux 982: 979:Rockstar North 975:Rockstar Games 952: 890: 841:Ocean Software 809: 806: 740:British humour 654:computer games 650:home computers 610:microcomputers 606:home computers 585: 582: 532:Space Invaders 520:Space Invaders 512:Space Invaders 493: 490: 412:Space Invaders 378:local councils 374:George Foulkes 367:British Labour 355:Space Invaders 337:Space Invaders 329:Space Invaders 320:Space Invaders 263: 260: 236:paradigm, the 159:Main article: 156: 153: 151: 148: 118:Rockstar North 54:$ 9.81 billion 34:United Kingdom 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8203: 8192: 8189: 8188: 8186: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8145:Faroe Islands 8143: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8117:South Ossetia 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8097: 8091: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7969:Liechtenstein 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 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7399: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7363: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7344: 7343: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7321: 7320:Single-player 7318: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7300: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7289: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7267: 7266: 7263: 7261: 7258: 7256: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7244: 7243: 7239: 7238: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7231: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7199: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7176: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7139: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7118: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7107: 7105: 7101: 7093: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7065:Tower defense 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7025: 7023: 7021: 7017: 7007: 7006:Immersive sim 7004: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6992: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6942: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6925: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6895:City-building 6893: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6855: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6845: 6841: 6838: 6836: 6832: 6826: 6823: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6798:Dungeon crawl 6796: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6774: 6770: 6764: 6763:Tile-matching 6761: 6759: 6758: 6754: 6752: 6751:Hidden object 6749: 6748: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6721:Deck-building 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6654: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6641: 6636: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6568: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6556:Battle royale 6554: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6471: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6461: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6435: 6431: 6424: 6419: 6417: 6412: 6410: 6405: 6404: 6401: 6397: 6387: 6386:Ninth (2020–) 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6337: 6331: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6318:Crash of 1983 6316: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6266: 6264: 6259: 6257: 6252: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6072: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6003: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5863:Early history 5861: 5857: 5850: 5845: 5843: 5838: 5836: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5807: 5805: 5800: 5798: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768: 5766: 5762: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 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5012: 5008: 5003: 5000: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4956:. 25 May 2010 4955: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4917: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4892: 4880: 4876: 4870: 4867: 4855: 4854:UK Games Fund 4851: 4845: 4842: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4794: 4788: 4769: 4762: 4756: 4753: 4748: 4742: 4739: 4727: 4723: 4716: 4713: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4656: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4631: 4628: 4623: 4611: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4578: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4551: 4550: 4549:Screen Digest 4545: 4539: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4507: 4506: 4498: 4496: 4488: 4485: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4468: 4465: 4460: 4459: 4458:Your Sinclair 4454: 4448: 4445: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4422: 4419: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4402: 4399: 4394: 4393: 4388: 4382: 4379: 4374: 4362: 4354: 4353: 4346: 4343: 4338: 4337: 4329: 4323: 4320: 4315: 4314: 4309: 4303: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4289: 4282: 4279: 4274: 4273: 4268: 4267:"Burn Rubber" 4262: 4259: 4247: 4246: 4241: 4234: 4231: 4226: 4225: 4224:Sinclair User 4220: 4214: 4211: 4206: 4205: 4204:Your Sinclair 4200: 4194: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4181:Screen Digest 4177: 4171: 4168: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4144: 4136: 4133: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4108: 4105: 4100: 4099: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4069: 4066: 4061: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4031: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4004: 4001: 3996: 3989: 3986: 3981: 3980: 3972: 3970: 3966: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3940: 3927: 3923: 3917: 3914: 3901: 3897: 3891: 3888: 3883: 3876: 3873: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3815: 3814: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3789: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3771: 3769:0-7156-1901-2 3765: 3761: 3754: 3751: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3700: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3674: 3662: 3661: 3656: 3649: 3646: 3634: 3633: 3628: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3590: 3587: 3574: 3570: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3544: 3543: 3538: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3509: 3508: 3503: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3413: 3412: 3407: 3400: 3397: 3384: 3380: 3379: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3343: 3342: 3337: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3305:New Scientist 3301: 3295: 3292: 3287: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3236: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3211: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3104: 3101: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3072: 3069: 3064: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3045:The MIT Press 3042: 3041: 3033: 3030: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2990: 2987: 2974: 2968: 2965: 2953:. 9 June 2016 2952: 2949: 2943: 2940: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2910: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2866: 2854: 2850: 2843: 2840: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2813: 2810: 2798: 2794: 2788: 2785: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2758: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2735: 2733: 2732: 2727: 2726: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2702: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2667: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2607: 2603: 2602:UK Games Expo 2600: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2552: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2530: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2465: 2464: 2461: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2340: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2322:UK Games Fund 2317: 2314:$ 7.6 billion 2303: 2301: 2299: 2298:film industry 2295: 2290: 2289: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2264: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2212:Game consoles 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2197: 2196:Mortal Kombat 2193: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2152: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2125: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2053: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 2025: 2022: 2020: 2019:Beam Software 2017: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1975: 1974:Jet Set Willy 1971: 1969: 1966: 1965: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1898: 1897: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1878: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1834: 1833: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1717: 1715: 1714:Cabinet sales 1712: 1709: 1707:Manufacturer 1706: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1684: 1679: 1677:£714,000,000 1676: 1673: 1671:£148,000,000 1670: 1668:£547,000,000 1667: 1665: 1662: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1650:£730,000,000 1649: 1646: 1644:£132,000,000 1643: 1641:£578,000,000 1640: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1625:£445,000,000 1624: 1621: 1619:£125,000,000 1618: 1616:£298,000,000 1615: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1600:£245,000,000 1599: 1596: 1594:£138,000,000 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1580: 1577: 1575:£179,000,000 1574: 1571: 1569:£115,000,000 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1550:£157,000,000 1549: 1546: 1544:£112,000,000 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1530: 1527: 1525:£128,000,000 1524: 1521: 1519:£110,000,000 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1502: 1500:£124,000,000 1499: 1496: 1494:£105,000,000 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1480: 1477: 1475:£156,000,000 1474: 1471: 1469:£105,000,000 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1450:£165,000,000 1449: 1446: 1444:£100,000,000 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1421: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1359: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1299:Game consoles 1297: 1294: 1293: 1275: 1274:MediaWiki.org 1271: 1266: 1257: 1256: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1121: 1116: 1112: 1111:Master System 1108: 1107:Sega consoles 1104: 1103:home consoles 1100: 1096: 1092: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1009: 1004: 1000: 999: 994: 990: 986: 983: 980: 976: 972: 968: 967: 962: 961: 956: 953: 950: 946: 942: 941: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 919: 918:Mega-Lo-Mania 914: 913: 912:Cannon Fodder 908: 907: 902: 898: 895:, founded by 894: 891: 888: 887: 882: 878: 877: 872: 871: 866: 862: 859: 858: 857: 855: 850: 848: 847: 842: 837: 834: 830: 826: 819: 814: 807: 805: 803: 799: 795: 790: 786: 782: 776: 774: 773: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 751: 745: 741: 737: 733: 732: 727: 723: 719: 718:Matthew Smith 715: 714: 708: 706: 702: 698: 697:cassette tape 694: 689: 688: 683: 679: 674: 671: 667: 663: 662:Commodore PET 657: 655: 651: 647: 646:computer game 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 602:console games 595: 590: 583: 581: 579: 575: 571: 566: 564: 560: 556: 553: 552:Sharp PC-1211 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 504: 499: 491: 489: 487: 486: 481: 477: 476: 475:Pole Position 472: 468: 467: 463: 462:platform game 459: 455: 451: 450: 445: 441: 440: 436: 432: 431: 427: 423: 422: 417: 413: 409: 407: 403: 399: 398:Michael Brown 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 321: 316: 312: 308: 307: 302: 298: 295: 291: 290: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 261: 259: 257: 253: 249: 247: 246:mobile gaming 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 175: 171: 167: 162: 154: 149: 147: 145: 141: 136: 134: 129: 128: 123: 119: 115: 111: 110:United States 107: 103: 102: 97: 96: 91: 90: 85: 84: 79: 78: 73: 72: 67: 63: 57: 50:£7.16 billion 47: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 8122:Transnistria 8083: 7762: 7551:South Africa 7461:Toys-to-life 7401: 7394: 7346: 7291:Player modes 7255:Personalized 7240: 7229: 7197: 7103:Other genres 7033:Auto battler 7001:Falling-sand 6963:Lunar Lander 6773:Role-playing 6756: 6698:Visual novel 6660:Metroidvania 6652: 6606: 6538:Third-person 6511:Shoot 'em up 6496:First-person 5754: 5543:South Africa 5436: 5430: 5404:. 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