2419:
1671:
1315:
1307:
2131:
winds can be hazardous to unstable, incomplete, or weakly constructed infrastructures and buildings. Agricultural crops, and other plants in nearby environments can be uprooted and damaged. Aircraft engaged in takeoff or landing can crash. Automobiles can be displaced by the force exerted by downburst winds. Downburst winds are usually formed in areas when high pressure air systems of downdrafts begin to sink and displace the air masses below it, due to their higher density. When these downdrafts reach the surface, they spread out and turn into the destructive straight-horizontal winds.
2097:
flooding can frequently occur in slow-moving thunderstorms and is usually caused by the heavy liquid precipitation that accompanies it. Flash floods are most common in arid regions as well as densely populated urban environments, where few plants, and bodies of water are present to absorb and contain the extra water. Flash flooding can be hazardous to small infrastructure, such as bridges, and weakly constructed buildings. Plants and crops in agricultural areas can be destroyed and devastated by the force of raging water. Automobiles parked within affected areas can also be displaced.
1433:
1958:. Hail is one of the most significant thunderstorm hazards to aircraft. When hail stones exceed 13 millimetres (0.5 in) in diameter, planes can be seriously damaged within seconds. The hailstones accumulating on the ground can also be hazardous to landing aircraft. Wheat, corn, soybeans, and tobacco are the most sensitive crops to hail damage. Hail is one of Canada's most costly hazards. Hailstorms have been the cause of costly and deadly events throughout history. One of the earliest recorded incidents occurred around the 9th century in
1243:
1180:
2089:
2312:
1751:
2283:
2623:
731:
1458:. While each cell of the cluster may only last 20 minutes, the cluster itself may persist for hours at a time. They often arise from convective updrafts in or near mountain ranges and linear weather boundaries, such as strong cold fronts or troughs of low pressure. These type of storms are stronger than the single-cell storm, yet much weaker than the supercell storm. Hazards with the multicell cluster include moderate-sized hail, flash flooding, and weak tornadoes.
832:
787:
1975:
1399:
2509:
2050:
1088:
1714:. Most mesoscale convective systems develop overnight and continue their lifespan through the next day. They tend to form when the surface temperature varies by more than 5 °C (9 °F) between day and night. The type that forms during the warm season over land has been noted across North America, Europe, and Asia, with a maximum in activity noted during the late afternoon and evening hours.
1851:
1811:), such that the storm seems to remain stationary or propagate in a backward direction. Though the storm often appears stationary on radar, or even moving upwind, this is an illusion. The storm is really a multi-cell storm with new, more vigorous cells that form on the upwind side, replacing older cells that continue to drift downwind. When this happens, catastrophic flooding is possible. In
2019:. Most tornadoes have wind speeds between 40 and 110 mph (64 and 177 km/h), are approximately 75 metres (246 ft) across, and travel several kilometers (a few miles) before dissipating. Some attain wind speeds of more than 300 mph (480 km/h), stretch more than 1,600 metres (1 mi) across, and stay on the ground for more than 100 kilometres (dozens of miles).
1573:
1418:
rarely severe and are a result of local atmospheric instability; hence the term "air mass thunderstorm". When such storms have a brief period of severe weather associated with them, it is known as a pulse severe storm. Pulse severe storms are poorly organized and occur randomly in time and space, making them difficult to forecast. Single-cell thunderstorms normally last 20–30 minutes.
2120:
1908:
1355:
56:
1648:. A severe thunderstorm warning is issued if a thunderstorm becomes severe, or will soon turn severe. In Canada, a rainfall rate greater than 50 millimetres (2 in) in one hour, or 75 millimetres (3 in) in three hours, is also used to indicate severe thunderstorms. Severe thunderstorms can occur from any type of storm cell. However,
1334:. The cool air carried to the ground by the downdraft cuts off the inflow of the thunderstorm, the updraft disappears and the thunderstorm will dissipate. Thunderstorms in an atmosphere with virtually no vertical wind shear weaken as soon as they send out an outflow boundary in all directions, which then quickly cuts off its
1924:), thereby intensifying the updrafts within thunderstorms and making hail more likely. One of the more common regions for large hail is across mountainous northern India, which reported one of the highest hail-related death tolls on record in 1888. China also experiences significant hailstorms. Across Europe,
1865:
they are capable of igniting. Under a regime of low precipitation (LP) thunderstorms, where little precipitation is present, rainfall cannot prevent fires from starting when vegetation is dry as lightning produces a concentrated amount of extreme heat. Direct damage caused by lightning strikes occurs
1729:
bands, which form due to cold air moving across relatively warm bodies of water, and occurs from fall through spring. Polar lows are a second special class of MCS. They form at high latitudes during the cold season. Once the parent MCS dies, later thunderstorm development can occur in connection with
1417:
from the sea during winter. Within a cluster of thunderstorms, the term "cell" refers to each separate principal updraft. Thunderstorm cells occasionally form in isolation, as the occurrence of one thunderstorm can develop an outflow boundary that sets up new thunderstorm development. Such storms are
1329:
In the dissipation stage, the thunderstorm is dominated by the downdraft. If atmospheric conditions do not support super cellular development, this stage occurs rather quickly, approximately 20–30 minutes into the life of the thunderstorm. The downdraft will push down out of the thunderstorm, hit the
2096:
Flash flooding is the process where a landscape, most notably an urban environment, is subjected to rapid floods. These rapid floods occur more quickly and are more localized than seasonal river flooding or areal flooding and are frequently (though not always) associated with intense rainfall. Flash
1790:
vector. If the gust front, or leading edge of the outflow boundary, races ahead of the thunderstorm, its motion will accelerate in tandem. This is more of a factor with thunderstorms with heavy precipitation (HP) than with thunderstorms with low precipitation (LP). When thunderstorms merge, which is
2145:
Thunderstorm asthma is the triggering of an asthma attack by environmental conditions directly caused by a local thunderstorm. During a thunderstorm, pollen grains can absorb moisture and then burst into much smaller fragments with these fragments being easily dispersed by wind. While larger pollen
1888:
present during thunderstorm phenomena, caused by the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen, can result in the production of acid rain, if nitric oxide forms compounds with the water molecules in precipitation, thus creating acid rain. Acid rain can damage infrastructures containing calcite or certain
2130:
Downburst winds can produce numerous hazards to landscapes experiencing thunderstorms. Downburst winds are generally very powerful, and are often mistaken for wind speeds produced by tornadoes, due to the concentrated amount of force exerted by their straight-horizontal characteristic. Downburst
2606:
that can carry a charge, so it is capable of creating the charge separation needed to produce lightning). These electrical discharges can be up to a thousand times more powerful than lightning on the Earth. The water clouds can form thunderstorms driven by the heat rising from the interior. The
2180:
Preparedness refers to precautions that should be taken before a thunderstorm. Some preparedness takes the form of general readiness (as a thunderstorm can occur at any time of the day or year). Preparing a family emergency plan, for example, can save valuable time if a storm arises quickly and
988:
temperature, water vapor condenses into water droplets or ice, reducing pressure locally within the thunderstorm cell. Any precipitation falls the long distance through the clouds towards the Earth's surface. As the droplets fall, they collide with other droplets and become larger. The falling
2440:
If the quantity of water that is condensed in and subsequently precipitated from a cloud is known, then the total energy of a thunderstorm can be calculated. In a typical thunderstorm, approximately 5Ă—10 kg of water vapor are lifted, and the amount of energy released when this condenses is 10
2488:
of the United States and the
Canadian Prairies to explore the scientific aspects of storms and tornadoes through use of videotaping. Radio pulses produced by cosmic rays are being used to study how electric charges develop within thunderstorms. More organized meteorological projects such as
1000:, where warm, moist air from tropical latitudes collides with cooler air from polar latitudes. Thunderstorms are responsible for the development and formation of many severe weather phenomena, which can be potentially hazardous. Damage that results from thunderstorms is mainly inflicted by
2505:, and unmanned aircraft to investigate thunderstorms expected to produce severe weather. Lightning is detected remotely using sensors that detect cloud-to-ground lightning strokes with 95 percent accuracy in detection and within 250 metres (820 ft) of their point of origin.
1919:
Any thunderstorm that produces hail that reaches the ground is known as a hailstorm. Thunderclouds that are capable of producing hailstones are often seen obtaining green coloration. Hail is more common along mountain ranges because mountains force horizontal winds upwards (known as
1791:
most likely when numerous thunderstorms exist in proximity to each other, the motion of the stronger thunderstorm normally dictates the future motion of the merged cell. The stronger the mean wind, the less likely other processes will be involved in storm motion. On
2061:
Waterspouts have similar characteristics as tornadoes, characterized by a spiraling funnel-shaped wind current that form over bodies of water, connecting to large cumulonimbus clouds. Waterspouts are generally classified as forms of tornadoes, or more specifically,
2472:(TGF). TGFs are brief bursts occurring inside thunderstorms and associated with lightning. The streams of positrons and electrons collide higher in the atmosphere to generate more gamma rays. About 500 TGFs may occur every day worldwide, but mostly go undetected.
2030:
rate tornadoes by damage caused. An EF0 tornado, the weakest category, damages trees but does not cause significant damage to structures. An EF5 tornado, the strongest category, rips buildings off their foundations and can deform large skyscrapers. The similar
1786:. Weaker thunderstorms are steered by winds closer to the Earth's surface than stronger thunderstorms, as the weaker thunderstorms are not as tall. Organized, long-lived thunderstorm cells and complexes move at a right angle to the direction of the vertical
1342:. This can cause downbursts, a potential hazardous condition for aircraft to fly through, as a substantial change in wind speed and direction occurs, resulting in a decrease of airspeed and the subsequent reduction in lift for the aircraft. The stronger the
1268:
into larger and heavier droplets and freeze to become ice particles. As these fall, they melt to become rain. If the updraft is strong enough, the droplets are held aloft long enough to become so large that they do not melt completely but fall as
1379:
values of greater than 31.8 millimetres (1.25 in) favor the development of organized thunderstorm complexes. Those with heavy rainfall normally have precipitable water values greater than 36.9 millimetres (1.45 in). Upstream values of
1370:
Organized thunderstorms and thunderstorm clusters/lines can have longer life cycles as they form in environments of significant vertical wind shear, normally greater than 25 knots (13 m/s) in the lowest 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) of the
1362:
There are four main types of thunderstorms: single-cell, multi-cell, squall line (also called multi-cell line) and supercell. Which type forms depends on the instability and relative wind conditions at different layers of the atmosphere
6408:
Some wind and instability parameters associated with strong and violent tornadoes. Part II: Variations in the combinations of wind and instability parameters. The
Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction and Hazards, Geophys.
1202:, or where two winds converge forcing air upwards, or where winds blow over terrain of increasing elevation. The moisture carried upward cools into liquid drops of water due to lower temperatures at high altitude, which appear as
1831:
Each year, many people are killed or seriously injured by severe thunderstorms despite the advance warning. While severe thunderstorms are most common in the spring and summer, they can occur at just about any time of the year.
1063:, and video photography. Past civilizations held various myths concerning thunderstorms and their development as late as the 18th century. Beyond the Earth's atmosphere, thunderstorms have also been observed on the planets of
1375:, which aids the development of stronger updrafts as well as various forms of severe weather. The supercell is the strongest of the thunderstorms, most commonly associated with large hail, high winds, and tornado formation.
2374:
at any time of year. They may also occur within a cooler air mass following the passage of a cold front over a relatively warmer body of water. Thunderstorms are rare in polar regions because of cold surface temperatures.
2275:
The NWS stopped recommending the "lightning crouch" in 2008 as it does not provide a significant level of protection and will not significantly lower the risk of being killed or injured from a nearby lightning strike.
1294:, the storm will rapidly enter the dissipating stage and 'rain itself out', but, if there is sufficient change in wind speed or direction, the downdraft will be separated from the updraft, and the storm may become a
4906:
1815:, in 1972, an unusual alignment of winds at various levels of the atmosphere combined to produce a continuously training set of cells that dropped an enormous quantity of rain upon the same area, resulting in
1943:
meet, known as "Hail Alley". Hail in this region occurs between the months of March and
October during the afternoon and evening hours, with the bulk of the occurrences from May through September.
2181:
unexpectedly. Preparing the home by removing dead or rotting limbs and trees, which can be blown over in high winds, can also significantly reduce the risk of property damage and personal injury.
1690:, and normally persists for several hours or more. A mesoscale convective system's overall cloud and precipitation pattern may be round or linear in shape, and include weather systems such as
6470:
6352:
Some wind and instability parameters associated with strong and violent tornadoes. Part I: Helicity and mean shear magnitudes. The
Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards
3867:
2003:
A tornado is a violent, rotating column of air in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud (otherwise known as a thundercloud) or, in rare cases, the base of a
1194:
The first stage of a thunderstorm is the cumulus stage or developing stage. During this stage, masses of moisture are lifted upwards into the atmosphere. The trigger for this lift can be
6002:
1632:
In the United States, a thunderstorm is classed as severe if winds reach at least 93 kilometres per hour (58 mph), hail is 25 millimetres (1 in) in diameter or larger, or if
3078:
1279:
as well. The simultaneous presence of both an updraft and a downdraft marks the mature stage of the storm and produces cumulonimbus clouds. During this stage, considerable internal
1861:
frequently occurs within the phenomena of thunderstorms and have numerous hazards towards landscapes and populations. One of the more significant hazards lightning can pose is the
1538:
can form, which is a mesoscale low pressure area that forms behind the mesoscale high pressure system normally present under the rain canopy, which are sometimes associated with a
1171:. The average thunderstorm has a 24 km (15 mi) diameter. Depending on the conditions present in the atmosphere, each of these three stages take an average of 30 minutes.
2584:
as the god of rain and thunderstorms. Christian doctrine accepts that fierce storms are the work of God. These ideas were still within the mainstream as late as the 18th century.
775:
5105:
1866:
on occasion. In areas with a high frequency for cloud-to-ground lightning, like
Florida, lightning causes several fatalities per year, most commonly to people working outside.
850:
2602:, on Jupiter have been detected and are associated with clouds where water may exist as both a liquid and ice, suggesting a mechanism similar to that on Earth. (Water is a
805:
6886:
3552:
1947:, is North America's most hail-prone city with an average of nine to ten hailstorms per season. In South America, areas prone to hail are cities like Bogotá, Colombia.
6653:
5535:
5471:
5217:
4320:
3822:
3387:
993:
as it pulls cold air with it, and this cold air spreads out at the Earth's surface, occasionally causing strong winds that are commonly associated with thunderstorms.
4747:
Damir Počakal; Željko Večenaj & Janez Štalec (2009). "Hail characteristics of different regions in continental part of
Croatia based on influence of orography".
1592:"), and they have separate downdrafts and updrafts (i.e., where its associated precipitation is not falling through the updraft) with a strong, rotating updraft (a "
6055:
5136:
3755:
3305:
3155:
2845:
2766:
4596:
1889:
other solid chemical compounds. In ecosystems, acid rain can dissolve plant tissues of vegetations and increase acidification process in bodies of water and in
1250:
In the mature stage of a thunderstorm, the warmed air continues to rise until it reaches an area of warmer air and can rise no farther. Often this 'cap' is the
4548:
Joel S. Levine; Tommy R. Augustsson; Iris C. Andersont; James M. Hoell Jr. & Dana A. Brewer (1984). "Tropospheric sources of NOx: Lightning and biology".
7337:
2146:
grains are usually filtered by hairs in the nose, the smaller pollen fragments are able to pass through and enter the lungs, triggering the asthma attack.
5943:
3583:
3451:
3400:
Schnetzler, Amy Eliza. Analysis of Twenty-Five Years of Heavy
Rainfall Events in the Texas Hill Country. University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. pp. 74.
1145:
can be used to assist in determining potential upward vertical development of clouds. Generally, thunderstorms require three conditions in order to form:
6739:
5232:
3981:"A climatology of mesoscale convective systems over Europe using satellite infrared imagery II: Characteristics of European mesoscale convective systems"
670:
5157:
4712:
Dongxia Liu; Guili Feng & Shujun Wu (February 2009). "The characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning activity in hailstorms over northern China".
774:
4910:
4618:
1109:). Clouds form as relatively warmer air, carrying moisture, rises within cooler air. The moist air rises, and, as it does so, it cools and some of the
849:
2446:
3185:
1624:. In fact, research has shown that most tornadoes occur from this type of thunderstorm. Supercells are generally the strongest type of thunderstorm.
1413:, these are the typical summer thunderstorms in many temperate locales. They also occur in the cool unstable air that often follows the passage of a
804:
841:
6467:
7350:
2289:
2780:
4513:
G. E. Likens; W. C. Keene; J. M. Miller & J. N. Galloway (1987). "Chemistry of precipitation from a remote, terrestrial site in
Australia".
3875:
1121:
of condensation, which allows the rising packet of air to cool less than the cooler surrounding air continuing the cloud's ascension. If enough
7772:
6879:
3482:
3420:
1230:
within and beneath the forming thunderstorm. In a typical thunderstorm, approximately 500 million kilograms of water vapor are lifted into the
796:
6175:
3653:
2219:
Avoid open areas like hilltops, fields, and beaches, and do not be or be near the tallest objects in an area when thunderstorms are occurring.
7028:
6648:
6158:
6111:
5858:
4889:
4689:
4166:
4115:
3840:
3667:
3597:
3127:
3000:
2937:
1138:
1122:
3695:
1962:, Uttarakhand, India. The largest hailstone in terms of maximum circumference and length ever recorded in the United States fell in 2003 in
1880:
of 7. "Clean" or unpolluted rain has a slightly acidic pH of about 5.2, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form
7762:
4059:
2243:
While safety and preparedness often overlap, "thunderstorm safety" generally refers to what people should do during and after a storm. The
1725:, generally within the warm season between spring and fall. More intense systems form over land than over water. One exception is that of
2282:
2066:
tornadoes that develop over large bodies of water. These spiralling columns of air frequently develop within tropical areas close to the
6754:
5619:
660:
5486:
773:
6799:
6236:
Russell, S. T.; Zhang, T.L.; Delva, M.; et al. (2007). "Lightning on Venus inferred from whistler-mode waves in the ionosphere".
2549:
2418:
2306:
2172:. Thunderstorm preparedness and safety refers to taking steps before, during, and after a thunderstorm to minimize injury and damage.
1735:
1534:, and move quite fast through large sections of territory. On the back edge of the rain shield associated with mature squall lines, a
717:
665:
5109:
4783:
7048:
6872:
6620:
6455:
6448:
5777:
5655:
3151:
2833:
759:
31:
5790:
5485:
D'Amato G, Vitale C, D'Amato M, Cecchi L, Liccardi G, Molino A, Vatrella A, Sanduzzi A, Maesano C, Annesi-Maesano I (March 2016).
4649:
1670:
7757:
7196:
6506:
2445:. This is on the same order of magnitude of energy released within a tropical cyclone, and more energy than that released during
1596:"). These storms normally have such powerful updrafts that the top of the supercell storm cloud (or anvil) can break through the
647:
3409:
Markowski, Paul and Yvette
Richardson. Mesoscale Meteorology in Midlatitudes. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2010. pp. 215, 310.
1686:(MCS) is a complex of thunderstorms that becomes organized on a scale larger than the individual thunderstorms but smaller than
1604:. Supercell storms can be 24 kilometres (15 mi) wide. Research has shown that at least 90 percent of supercells cause
1314:
7330:
6836:
6759:
6716:
6366:
6305:
6074:
5998:
5748:
5236:
5161:
4853:
4622:
4492:
4190:
3871:
3659:
3589:
3556:
3455:
3424:
3038:
2961:
2406:, storms take on similar characteristics and patterns as the Midwest, but with less frequency and severity. During the summer,
2383:
1212:
is released, which warms the air, causing it to become less dense than the surrounding, drier air. The air tends to rise in an
1306:
7767:
7243:
3560:
1718:
1551:
980:
trough, or another system is needed for the air to rapidly accelerate upward. As the warm, moist air moves upward, it cools,
5559:
3336:
Markowski, Paul and Yvette
Richardson. Mesoscale Meteorology in Midlatitudes. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2010. pp. 209.
7043:
6990:
6547:
5700:
5027:
4813:
2453:
2253:
Take action immediately upon hearing thunder. Anyone close enough to the storm to hear thunder can be struck by lightning.
1543:
1432:
984:, and forms a cumulonimbus cloud that can reach heights of over 20 kilometres (12 mi). As the rising air reaches its
545:
38:
7699:
6774:
2188:(NWS) in the United States recommends several precautions that people should take if thunderstorms are likely to occur:
1707:
1338:
of relatively warm, moist air, and kills the thunderstorm's further growth. The downdraft hitting the ground creates an
6291:
Tornado detection and warning by radar. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards, Geophys. Monogr.
5880:
3515:
2330:
areas, where they may occur nearly daily. At any given time, approximately 2,000 thunderstorms are occurring on Earth.
1807:, is a thunderstorm in which new development takes place on the upwind side (usually the west or southwest side in the
7434:
7304:
6744:
6734:
6610:
4461:
2661:
2590:
was out walking when a thunderstorm began, causing him to pray to God for being saved and promising to become a monk.
2469:
2431:
2382:. These storms can produce large hail and powerful tornadoes. Thunderstorms are relatively uncommon along much of the
1986:
1731:
1683:
1665:
1645:
1491:
1318:
1223:
1032:
1009:
2269:
If driving, safely exit the roadway, turn on hazard lights, and park. Remain in the vehicle and avoid touching metal.
1514:
in the form of strong straight-line winds can be expected in areas where the squall line itself is in the shape of a
6401:
Tornado forecasting: A review. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards (C. Church et al., Eds)
1105:
than cool air, so warmer air rises upwards and cooler air will settle at the bottom (this effect can be seen with a
7323:
7238:
6995:
6701:
6572:
6294:
2646:
2403:
2347:
1778:
towards sources of greater heat and moisture. Many thunderstorms move with the mean wind speed through the Earth's
1649:
1427:
1024:
707:
3696:"Squall lines and "Shi Hu Feng" – what you want to know about the violent squalls hitting Hong Kong on 9 May 2005"
7218:
7152:
6980:
6749:
6127:
3958:
3216:
2665:
2525:
1858:
1265:
1052:
712:
6391:
6374:
6342:
6317:
4075:
3055:
1588:, quasi-steady-state storms that form in an environment where wind speed or wind direction varies with height ("
7782:
7085:
6937:
6726:
5951:
5828:
5820:
5322:
5315:
5311:
5187:
4298:
4290:
4286:
4260:
3793:
3747:
3603:
3459:
3257:
2370:. In temperate regions, they are most frequent in spring and summer, although they can occur along or ahead of
2338:
in Uganda have each been mentioned as the most thunderous places on Earth, a claim also made for Singapore and
2228:
If in a group, spread out to increase the chances of survivors who could come to the aid of any victims from a
2185:
2124:
1812:
1437:
914:
5240:
2046:, and ground swirl patterns (cycloidal marks) may also be analyzed to determine intensity and award a rating.
1242:
1179:
5165:
5056:
2326:
Thunderstorms occur throughout the world, even in the polar regions, with the greatest frequency in tropical
7286:
7208:
7075:
6552:
5035:
4626:
4359:"Role of Eastern Ghats Orography and Cold Pool in an Extreme Rainfall Event over Chennai on 1 December 2015"
3630:
3029:
2553:
2088:
1763:
1381:
977:
702:
4238:
1367:"). Single-cell thunderstorms form in environments of low vertical wind shear and last only 20–30 minutes.
7140:
7100:
7053:
7038:
7020:
6671:
6615:
6542:
5887:
3193:
2685:
2480:
In more contemporary times, thunderstorms have taken on the role of a scientific curiosity. Every spring,
2468:) can be generated in powerful thunderstorms. It is suggested that the antimatter positrons are formed in
2399:
2379:
1804:
1523:
1473:
1219:
571:
4132:
3801:
7187:
7080:
7070:
7033:
6769:
6638:
6557:
5917:
5529:
5465:
4438:
4136:
3381:
2407:
2311:
2027:
1750:
1687:
1450:
are found near the center of the cluster, while dissipating thunderstorms exist on their downwind side.
1410:
1393:
1310:
A thunderstorm in an environment with no winds to shear the storm or blow the anvil in any one direction
1020:
957:, rotate as do cyclones. While most thunderstorms move with the mean wind flow through the layer of the
934:
752:
566:
324:
248:
3283:
1783:
1231:
894:
6029:
3721:
7405:
7266:
7233:
7135:
7130:
7095:
6499:
6329:
6245:
4991:
4945:
4756:
4721:
4557:
4522:
4407:
4370:
4063:
3992:
3916:
3359:
3042:
2159:
2155:
1335:
684:
282:
3489:
3428:
7228:
7213:
6784:
6686:
6643:
6592:
6537:
6419:
6179:
5191:
3673:
3189:
2622:
2165:
2140:
2036:
1808:
730:
679:
576:
515:
341:
6070:
5726:
4488:
3844:
2905:
2758:
2209:
Get inside a substantial building or hard-topped metal vehicle before threatening weather arrives.
7752:
7000:
6855:
6711:
6706:
6582:
6577:
6269:
6218:
5517:
5432:"Thunderstorm asthma: an overview of the evidence base and implications for public health advice"
5412:
5369:
4879:
4079:
4044:
4018:
3932:
3906:
3836:
3699:
3060:
2427:
2391:
2257:
2244:
2225:
If in the woods, put as much distance as possible between you and any trees during thunderstorms.
1675:
1656:, and squall lines represent the most common forms of thunderstorms that produce severe weather.
1617:
1376:
1322:
1273:. While updrafts are still present, the falling rain drags the surrounding air with it, creating
1260:
1188:
351:
329:
236:
197:
3897:
Haerter, Jan O.; Meyer, Bettina; Nissen, Silas Boye (30 July 2020). "Diurnal self-aggregation".
3119:
3113:
2435:
1974:
1398:
6103:
6097:
2197:
Monitor forecasts and weather conditions and know whether thunderstorms are likely in the area.
7714:
7424:
7358:
7281:
7177:
7065:
6907:
6764:
6663:
6630:
6600:
6567:
6562:
6532:
6524:
6451:
6444:
6261:
6154:
6107:
6049:
5773:
5509:
5453:
5404:
5361:
5211:
5195:
4885:
4685:
4679:
4573:
4314:
4162:
4111:
4010:
3816:
3663:
3593:
3299:
3261:
3251:"Operational Forecasting of Supercell Motion: Review and Case Studies Using Multiple Datasets"
3123:
2996:
2933:
2927:
2837:
2494:
2387:
2263:
Close and stay away from windows and doors, as glass can become a serious hazard in high wind.
1944:
1884:, a weak acid (pH 5.6 in distilled water), but unpolluted rain also contains other chemicals.
1816:
1759:
1527:
1227:
1184:
949:
include some of the most dangerous weather phenomena, including large hail, strong winds, and
581:
5627:
4213:
4105:
3951:
2992:
2394:
Valleys of California. In spring and summer, they occur nearly daily in certain areas of the
2194:
Know the names of local counties, cities, and towns, as these are how warnings are described.
996:
Thunderstorms can form and develop in any geographic location but most frequently within the
91:
Depends on the storm, may involve rain, hail, and/or high winds. May cause flooding or fires.
7646:
7640:
7442:
7346:
6691:
6386:
6337:
6253:
6210:
5501:
5443:
5396:
5353:
5196:"15 January 2009: Lake Champlain Sea Smoke, Steam Devils, and Waterspout: Chapters IV and V"
5007:
4999:
4953:
4764:
4729:
4565:
4530:
4415:
4378:
4071:
4000:
3980:
3924:
3797:
3626:
3367:
3050:
2808:
2641:
2636:
2521:
2508:
2378:
Some of the most powerful thunderstorms over the United States occur in the Midwest and the
2367:
2229:
2035:
ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes.
1963:
1874:
1841:
1775:
1726:
1699:
1691:
1576:
The setting sun illuminates the top of a classic anvil-shaped thunderstorm cloud in eastern
1409:
This term technically applies to a single thunderstorm with one main updraft. Also known as
1343:
1339:
1044:
1040:
930:
745:
459:
346:
258:
101:
5851:
5824:
4264:
1384:
of greater than 800 J/kg are usually required for the development of organized convection.
965:
sometimes causes a deviation in their course at a right angle to the wind shear direction.
7545:
6932:
6851:
6815:
6696:
6492:
6474:
5286:
4787:
2675:
2502:
2498:
2395:
1921:
1870:
1641:
1106:
1060:
968:
Thunderstorms result from the rapid upward movement of warm, moist air, sometimes along a
652:
427:
130:
7315:
5659:
4592:
4045:"The Intertropical Convergence Zone in the South Atlantic and the Equatorial Cold Tongue"
3159:
2164:
Most thunderstorms come and go fairly uneventfully; however, any thunderstorm can become
6354:(C. Church et al., Eds.), Geophysical Monograph 79, American Geophysical Union, 573–582.
6333:
6249:
5798:
5430:
Dabrera G, Murray V, Emberlin J, Ayres JG, Collier C, Clewlow Y, Sachon P (March 2013).
5082:
4995:
4949:
4760:
4725:
4561:
4526:
4411:
4374:
4067:
3996:
3920:
3777:
3363:
3046:
2899:
2049:
7777:
7498:
7414:
7223:
6681:
6176:"Surprising Jupiter: Busy Galileo spacecraft showed jovian system is full of surprises"
4653:
2656:
2628:
2611:; some observations suggest that the lightning rate is at least half of that on Earth.
2603:
2537:
2247:
recommends that people follow these precautions if a storm is imminent or in progress:
2203:
Cancel or reschedule outdoor events (to avoid being caught outdoors when a storm hits).
2043:
1979:
1954:, aircraft, skylights, glass-roofed structures, livestock, and most commonly, farmers'
1722:
1605:
1585:
1511:
1414:
1087:
1005:
735:
642:
476:
4419:
3751:
3250:
2873:
2736:
7787:
7746:
7709:
7507:
7005:
6222:
6006:
5003:
4569:
4022:
3936:
3064:
2985:
2680:
2587:
2481:
2343:
2071:
2039:
2004:
1881:
1795:, storms are tracked by using a prominent feature and tracking it from scan to scan.
1792:
1711:
1479:
1204:
1056:
997:
973:
969:
598:
552:
498:
447:
334:
6864:
5521:
5416:
5373:
4083:
1640:
are reported. Although a funnel cloud or tornado indicates a severe thunderstorm, a
7704:
7621:
7454:
7419:
7367:
7182:
7157:
7090:
6967:
6831:
6273:
5592:
4828:
4768:
4733:
2557:
2517:
2485:
2293:
2023:
2008:
1983:
1885:
1755:
1739:
1633:
1601:
1142:
1126:
1114:
906:
488:
412:
6214:
5319:
4335:
4184:"3.5 The Influence of the Great Lakes on Warm Season Weather Systems During BAMEX"
2711:
1850:
2572:, with the thunder and lightning being the effect of his strikes with the hammer
848:
803:
7719:
7605:
7538:
7517:
7512:
7390:
7271:
7110:
7010:
6433:
6318:"Estimations of CIN and LFC associated with tornadic and nontornadic supercells"
6309:
5973:
5132:
4857:
4183:
2670:
2513:
2083:
2054:
2032:
1779:
1695:
1621:
1597:
1593:
1572:
1507:
1467:
1455:
1403:
1372:
1209:
1118:
1110:
958:
942:
922:
918:
637:
525:
520:
483:
432:
363:
309:
265:
253:
202:
5977:
5704:
4005:
3928:
3372:
3347:
2119:
1907:
7400:
7276:
7248:
7162:
6957:
6942:
6922:
6605:
5400:
5263:
3319:
3025:"Assessing the Vertical Distribution of Convective Available Potential Energy"
2618:
2573:
2545:
2461:
2386:, but they occur with greater frequency in the inland areas, particularly the
2371:
2327:
2316:
1998:
1951:
1787:
1589:
1539:
1487:
1483:
1364:
1291:
1280:
1275:
1251:
1195:
1036:
1013:
962:
865:
820:
632:
615:
557:
505:
368:
304:
299:
292:
219:
214:
172:
160:
4974:
4014:
1742:
since they bring the region about half of their annual warm season rainfall.
1254:. The air is instead forced to spread out, giving the storm a characteristic
17:
7729:
7724:
7672:
7587:
7582:
7577:
7380:
7375:
7118:
6947:
6927:
6912:
6676:
6429:
6375:"Recognition of negative factors for severe weather potential: A case study"
5891:
4958:
4933:
4909:. Telegraph Group Unlimited via the Internet Wayback Machine. Archived from
4534:
4383:
4358:
3526:
2608:
2599:
2457:
2169:
2114:
2102:
2063:
1862:
1820:
1771:
1703:
1653:
1567:
1499:
1331:
1295:
1130:
1028:
1001:
990:
985:
954:
890:
886:
627:
622:
417:
407:
319:
287:
270:
231:
209:
165:
70:
6265:
5513:
5457:
5448:
5431:
5408:
4577:
4465:
2569:
2410:
are an almost daily occurrence over central and southern parts of Florida.
1912:
1354:
5365:
4591:
Office of Air and Radiation Clean Air Markets Division (1 December 2008).
3220:
2123:
Trees uprooted or displaced by the force of a downburst wind in northwest
2011:, whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of
2007:. Tornadoes come in many sizes but are typically in the form of a visible
7679:
7667:
7572:
7472:
7296:
7258:
7172:
6917:
5012:
4982:
4294:
2901:
Civil engineers' pocket book: a reference-book for engineers, contractors
2577:
2561:
2465:
2363:
2320:
1959:
1936:
1932:
1845:
1577:
1535:
1515:
1199:
1125:
is present in the atmosphere, this process will continue long enough for
1048:
981:
938:
422:
6257:
6003:"Scientists use high-energy particles from space to probe thunderstorms"
5749:"You're not safer crouching: Six things you didn't know about lightning"
4212:
William R. Cotton; Susan van den Heever & Israel Jirak (Fall 2003).
7662:
7636:
7597:
7533:
7464:
7385:
7167:
2651:
2490:
2359:
2331:
2213:
2067:
1994:
1940:
1925:
1854:
A return stroke, cloud-to-ground lightning strike during a thunderstorm
1637:
1609:
1531:
1519:
1503:
1284:
1283:
can occur, which manifests as strong winds, severe lightning, and even
1214:
1134:
1102:
1072:
1064:
950:
898:
588:
466:
454:
402:
385:
356:
314:
277:
224:
153:
109:
55:
6077:
Fourth Conference on the Meteorological Applications of Lightning Data
6071:"An Overview of the United States Precision Lightning Network (USPLN)"
5505:
5357:
5031:
4434:
1055:
that accompanies them. Several means are used to study thunderstorms:
6515:
6362:
2987:
Storm world: hurricanes, politics, and the battle over global warming
2442:
2355:
2351:
2335:
2012:
1717:
Forms of MCS that develop in the tropics are found in use either the
1068:
1012:. Stronger thunderstorm cells are capable of producing tornadoes and
390:
378:
373:
140:
135:
125:
118:
3152:"A Severe Weather Primer: Questions and Answers about Thunderstorms"
3024:
1159:
All thunderstorms, regardless of type, go through three stages: the
6201:
Kerr, Richard A. (2000). "Deep, Moist Heat Drives Jovian Weather".
4814:"Hail, Hail, Hail ! The Summertime Hazard of Eastern Colorado"
3950:
William R. Cotton; Susan van den Heever & Israel Jirak (2003).
3911:
1823:, England, on 16 August 2004, and over Chennai on 1 December 2015.
7493:
7447:
6975:
6359:
An objective of estimating the probability of severe thunderstorms
3625:
Stephen F. Corfidi; Jeffry S. Evans & Robert H. Johns (2015).
2581:
2507:
2417:
2339:
2310:
2118:
2087:
2048:
1973:
1955:
1906:
1849:
1749:
1669:
1571:
1431:
1397:
1353:
1313:
1305:
1255:
1241:
1178:
1096:
1086:
1076:
771:
593:
530:
192:
185:
6289:
Burgess, D. W., R. J. Donaldson Jr., and P. R. Desrochers, 1993:
5879:
Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology (7 June 2001).
4786:. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Archived from
4107:
Observations of surface to atmosphere interactions in the tropics
3324:
The Downburst, microburst and macroburst: SMRP Research Paper 210
2222:
Do not shelter under tall or isolated trees during thunderstorms.
7630:
6952:
6484:
3522:
2565:
2541:
2098:
2016:
1902:
1890:
1613:
1542:. This kind of storm is also known as "Wind of the Stony Lake" (
1495:
1486:. In the early 20th century, the term was used as a synonym for
1454:
form as clusters of storms but may then evolve into one or more
1270:
926:
910:
610:
510:
493:
471:
397:
7319:
6868:
6488:
6403:, Geophys. Monogr. No. 79, American Geophysical Union, 557–571.
6033:
5344:
Suphioglu C (1998). "Thunderstorm Asthma Due to Grass Pollen".
4593:"Effects of Acid Rain – Surface Waters and own Aquatic Animals"
1298:, where the mature stage can sustain itself for several hours.
1035:
formed by favorable vertical wind shear within the tropics and
6985:
5060:
2260:
and wireless telephones are safe to use during a thunderstorm.
2168:, and all thunderstorms, by definition, present the danger of
605:
6416:
Examination of Derecho Environments Using Proximity Soundings
2868:
2866:
2864:
2862:
1031:. Supercell thunderstorms are the strongest and most severe.
953:. Some of the most persistent severe thunderstorms, known as
4975:"A thermodynamically general theory for convective vortices"
4043:
Semyon A. Grodsky & James A. Carton (15 February 2003).
2536:
Thunderstorms strongly influenced many early civilizations.
1346:
is, the stronger the resultant vertical wind shear becomes.
830:
785:
6392:
10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<0937:ronmff>2.0.co;2
6343:
10.1175/1520-0434(2004)019<0714:eocala>2.0.co;2
4214:"Conceptual Models of Mesoscale Convective Systems: Part 9"
4076:
10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0723:TICZIT>2.0.CO;2
3952:"Conceptual Models of Mesoscale Convective Systems: Part 9"
3056:
10.1175/1520-0434(1998)013<0870:ATVDOC>2.0.CO;2
1893:, resulting in deaths of marine and terrestrial organisms.
1877:
1117:. When the moisture condenses, it releases energy known as
5881:"National Severe Local Storms Operations Plan – Chapter 2"
5085:. Omaha/Valley, NE Weather Forecast Office. 2 October 2005
5059:. Center for Severe Weather Research. 2006. Archived from
4159:
Polar Lows: Mesoscale Weather Systems in the Polar Regions
3514:
Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology (2008).
3118:. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publisher. pp.
2712:"thunderstorm | Definition, Types, Structure, & Facts"
2256:
Avoid electrical appliances, including corded telephones.
2206:
Take action early so you have time to get to a safe place.
1446:
This is the most common type of thunderstorm development.
5108:. Tornado and Storm Research Organisation. Archived from
3348:"Synoptic and meso-α scale aspects of flash flood events"
2346:. Other cities known for frequent storm activity include
2266:
Do not bathe or shower, as plumbing conducts electricity.
1869:
Acid rain is also a frequent risk produced by lightning.
1734:(MCV). Mesoscale convective systems are important to the
1518:, within the portion of the line that bows out the most.
1436:
A group of thunderstorms over Brazil photographed by the
1358:
Conditions favorable for thunderstorm types and complexes
929:, but some thunderstorms produce little precipitation or
81:
Most common in spring and summer. (in temperate regions)
6479:
5703:. Lightningsafety.noaa.gov. 30 June 2014. Archived from
1931:
In North America, hail is most common in the area where
1803:
A back-building thunderstorm, commonly referred to as a
5387:
Taylor P.E., Jonsson H. (2004). "Thunderstorm asthma".
4489:"P2.13 Florida lightning deaths and injuries 2004–2007"
4487:
Charles H. Paxton; J. Colson & N. Carlisle (2008).
4398:
Scott, A (2000). "The Pre-Quaternary history of fire".
4267:. National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters
30:"Electrical storm" redirects here. For other uses, see
6443:, published by Butterworth-Heinemann, 1 January 1989,
6406:
Johns, R. H., J. M. Davies, and P. W. Leftwich, 1993:
6399:
Doswell, C.A., III, S.J. Weiss and R.H. Johns (1993):
6373:
Doswell, C.A. III; Baker, D. V.; Liles, C. A. (2002).
5727:"NWS JetStream – Lightning Frequently Asked Questions"
5106:"Wind Scales: Beaufort, T – Scale, and Fujita's Scale"
4460:
Bruce Getz & Kelli Bowermeister (9 January 2009).
4182:
Lance F. Bosart & Thomas J. Galarneau Jr. (2005).
3249:
Jon W. Zeitler & Matthew J. Bunkers (March 2005).
2962:"Fog And Stratus – Meteorological Physical Background"
1530:
are present. Some bow echoes in the summer are called
4464:. Hughston Sports Medicine Foundation. Archived from
3985:
Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society
3698:. Hong Kong Observatory. 17 June 2005. Archived from
3179:
3177:
3150:
National Severe Storms Laboratory (15 October 2006).
1330:
ground and spread out. This phenomenon is known as a
901:. Relatively weak thunderstorms are sometimes called
6361:. Preprint Eight conference of Severe Local Storms.
5658:. US Department of Homeland Security. Archived from
5626:. US Department of Homeland Security. Archived from
905:. Thunderstorms occur in a type of cloud known as a
7692:
7655:
7614:
7596:
7565:
7558:
7526:
7492:
7485:
7463:
7433:
7399:
7366:
7357:
7295:
7257:
7109:
7019:
6966:
6900:
6824:
6808:
6792:
6783:
6725:
6662:
6629:
6591:
6523:
5487:"Thunderstorm-related asthma: what happens and why"
4241:. National Weather Service, Storm Prediction Center
3282:The Weather World 2010 Project (3 September 2009).
2809:"Thunderstorms | UCAR Center for Science Education"
2200:
Be alert for natural signs of an approaching storm.
1047:, with no precipitation, can cause the outbreak of
87:
77:
65:
48:
5591:National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office.
3215:Pilot's Web The Aviator's Journal (13 June 2009).
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
2984:
2422:How thunderstorms launch particle beams into space
1208:clouds. As the water vapor condenses into liquid,
5695:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5687:
5685:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5677:
4881:Introduction to international disaster management
4400:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2607:clouds of Venus may also be capable of producing
2447:the atomic bomb blast at Hiroshima, Japan in 1945
4369:(4). American Meteorological Society.: 943–965.
4104:Michael Garstang; David Roy Fitzjarrald (1999).
2964:. Zentralanstalt fĂĽr Meteorologie und Geodynamik
2932:. Chinese International Press. pp. 112–13.
2803:
2801:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2362:seasons around the globe, and they populate the
2358:. Thunderstorms are associated with the various
6480:Electronic Journal of Severe Storms Meteorology
5137:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3756:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3346:Maddox R.A., Chappell C.F., Hoxit L.R. (1979).
3156:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2846:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2767:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1782:, the lowest 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) of the
6411:, No. 79, American Geophysical Union, 583–590.
4907:"Giant hail killed more than 200 in Himalayas"
4110:. Oxford University Press US. pp. 40–41.
1770:The two major ways thunderstorms move are via
1620:in excess of 130 km/h (81 mph), and
885:, is a storm characterized by the presence of
7331:
6880:
6500:
6428:, published by D. Reidel Publishing Company,
6304:Preprints 19th Conf. on Severe Local Storms,
4934:"Very Large Hailstones From Aurora, Nebraska"
4597:United States Environmental Protection Agency
3841:"Fact Sheet – Summer Severe Weather Warnings"
2101:erosion can occur as well, exposing risks of
2092:A flash flood caused by a severe thunderstorm
1246:Anvil-shaped thundercloud in the mature stage
753:
8:
7029:Convective available potential energy (CAPE)
6441:Short Course in Cloud Physics, Third Edition
5534:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5470:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
5216:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4807:
4805:
4319:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3821:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3386:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
27:Storm characterized by lightning and thunder
6054:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5553:
5551:
5549:
5547:
5545:
5306:
5304:
4652:. Commonwealth of Australia. Archived from
4161:. Cambridge University Press. p. 612.
3304:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
2524:, 1896, 107 cm (42.1 in)x163 cm (64.1 in),
1502:, strong straight line winds, and possibly
1198:, where the heating of the ground produces
83:Common in wet season. (in tropical regions)
7562:
7489:
7363:
7338:
7324:
7316:
6887:
6873:
6865:
6789:
6507:
6493:
6485:
6069:Peter P. Neilley & R. B. Bent (2009).
5772:National Geographic Almanac of Geography,
2838:"SEVERE WEATHER 101 / Thunderstorm Basics"
1950:Hail can cause serious damage, notably to
1928:experiences frequent occurrences of hail.
1039:can be responsible for the development of
760:
746:
96:
54:
6390:
6341:
6174:Watanabe, Susan, ed. (25 February 2006).
5944:"Fermi Spots Antimatter in Thunderstorms"
5918:"Fermi Catches Antimatter-Hurling Storms"
5791:"How many thunderstorms occur each year?"
5447:
5011:
4957:
4673:
4671:
4648:Geoscience Australia (4 September 2007).
4382:
4004:
3910:
3371:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3054:
2739:. National Weather Service. 21 April 2005
2556:, who they believed was a servant of the
2552:tribes associated thunderstorms with the
2540:believed that they were battles waged by
2053:Formation of numerous waterspouts in the
946:
4239:"MCS Movement and Behavior (PowerPoint)"
4157:E. A. Rasmussen & J. Turner (2003).
3728:. University of Illinois. 4 October 1999
1019:There are three types of thunderstorms:
5942:Ouellette, Jennifer (13 January 2011).
5649:
5647:
5645:
5597:Severe Weather Preparedness Information
2696:
2598:Thunderstorms, evidenced by flashes of
2564:considered thunderstorms to occur when
2544:, who hurled lightning bolts forged by
1616:(10 centimetres or 4 inches diameter),
1608:. These storms can produce destructive
1600:and reach into the lower levels of the
108:
6350:Davies, J. M., and R. H. Johns, 1993:
6102:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p.
6047:
5797:. Sky Fire Productions. Archived from
5586:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5527:
5463:
5209:
4312:
3814:
3782:(.wmv). Silver Spring, Maryland: NOAA.
3379:
3297:
3083:NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory
2070:, but are less common within areas of
1478:A squall line is an elongated line of
863:
818:
45:
5859:Hydrometeorological Prediction Center
5654:Federal Emergency Management Agency.
5618:Federal Emergency Management Agency.
5133:"Enhanced F Scale for Tornado Damage"
4884:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 62.
3023:David O. Blanchard (September 1998).
2991:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p.
2493:use an array of sensors, such as the
1710:(MCCs), and they generally form near
1558:; shi2 hu2 feng1) in southern China.
1258:shape. The resulting cloud is called
1139:convective available potential energy
7:
5264:"Flood Products: What Do They Mean?"
4060:University of Maryland, College Park
2512:Summer storm in 19th-century Polish
2216:, get to the safe place immediately.
1584:Supercell storms are large, usually
6991:Convective condensation level (CCL)
4237:Stephen Corfidi (4 February 2015).
3899:npj Climate and Atmospheric Science
3186:"Rough Values of Various Processes"
2904:. D. Van Nostrand Company. p.
856:The sound of part of a thunderstorm
60:A typical thunderstorm over a field
7197:Equivalent potential temperature (
6800:Allama Iqbal International Airport
6130:. Christian History. 8 August 2008
5656:"What to Do Before a Thunderstorm"
4932:Knight C. A., Knight N.C. (2005).
4650:"Where does severe weather occur?"
2497:, vehicles with mounted automated
2307:United States rainfall climatology
1774:of the wind and propagation along
1736:United States rainfall climatology
1522:can be found along waves within a
1482:that can form along or ahead of a
909:. They are usually accompanied by
25:
7049:Conditional symmetric instability
6895:Meteorological data and variables
5852:"Unified Surface Analysis Manual"
4681:Encyclopedia of World Climatology
3979:C. Morel & S. Senesi (2002).
2834:National Severe Storms Laboratory
1490:. The squall line contains heavy
1137:. Meteorological indices such as
1051:from the heat generated from the
32:Electrical storm (disambiguation)
6996:Lifting condensation level (LCL)
6424:J. V. Iribarne and W.L. Godson,
6302:Forecasting MCS mode and motion.
6149:Elkins-Tanton, Linda T. (2006).
5231:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
5004:10.1111/j.1600-0870.2008.00331.x
4973:Renno, Nilton O. (August 2008).
4617:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
4338:. Tintagel – King Arthur Country
4334:David Flower (9 February 2008).
3866:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
3652:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
3582:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
3551:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
3450:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
3419:Glossary of Meteorology (2009).
2621:
2281:
1402:A single-cell thunderstorm over
864:Problems playing this file? See
846:
819:Problems playing this file? See
801:
779:Summer thunderstorm in the woods
729:
6981:Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)
6837:Lahore Junction Railway Station
6367:American Meteorological Society
6306:American Meteorological Society
6075:American Meteorological Society
5999:Florida Institute of Technology
5560:"Thunderstorm Safety Checklist"
5237:American Meteorological Society
5162:American Meteorological Society
4854:Federal Aviation Administration
4812:Nolan J. Doesken (April 1994).
4623:American Meteorological Society
4515:Journal of Geophysical Research
4493:American Meteorological Society
4191:American Meteorological Society
3872:American Meteorological Society
3660:American Meteorological Society
3590:American Meteorological Society
3557:American Meteorological Society
3481:University of Oklahoma (2004).
3456:American Meteorological Society
3425:American Meteorological Society
3039:American Meteorological Society
2384:West Coast of the United States
1678:: on 13 June 2022, at 18:45 UTC
1187:' transformation into a mature
1091:Stages of a thunderstorm's life
7244:Wet-bulb potential temperature
7086:Level of free convection (LFC)
6312:, Minnesota, pp. 626–629.
4769:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.10.017
4734:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.06.016
4295:"The Rapid City Flood of 1972"
4193:Coastal Meteorology Conference
3839:Ontario Region (24 May 2005).
3525:. pp. 2–1. Archived from
1819:. A similar event occurred in
1719:Intertropical Convergence Zone
1708:mesoscale convective complexes
1555:
1547:
1290:Typically, if there is little
842:Spring thunderstorm in suburbs
1:
7773:Severe weather and convection
7287:Pressure-gradient force (PGF)
7209:Sea surface temperature (SST)
7044:Convective momentum transport
6215:10.1126/science.287.5455.946b
5620:"Thunderstorms and Lightning"
5198:. Eastern Region Headquarters
4905:David Orr (7 November 2004).
4420:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00192-9
3868:"Mesoscale convective system"
3483:"The Norwegian Cyclone Model"
2874:"Thunderstorms and Tornadoes"
2470:terrestrial gamma-ray flashes
2454:Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor
1004:winds, large hailstones, and
39:Thunderstorm (disambiguation)
7700:Potentially hazardous object
7101:Bulk Richardson number (BRN)
6439:M. K. Yau and R. R. Rogers,
5916:Garner, Rob (26 June 2015).
5831:Southern Region Headquarters
5823:JetStream (8 October 2008).
5729:. Srh.noaa.gov. 28 June 2014
5701:"NWS Lightning Safety Myths"
4570:10.1016/0004-6981(84)90355-X
2342:on the Indonesian island of
1754:Thunderstorm line viewed in
1660:Mesoscale convective systems
1033:Mesoscale convective systems
69:Primarily tropical and also
7763:Weather hazards to aircraft
7305:Maximum potential intensity
7071:Free convective layer (FCL)
7034:Convective inhibition (CIN)
6153:. New York: Chelsea House.
5325:Eastern Region Headquarters
5104:Dr. Terence Meaden (2004).
4462:"Lightning and Its Hazards"
4301:Central Region Headquarters
2662:Severe thunderstorm warning
2432:Upper-atmospheric lightning
1732:mesoscale convective vortex
1684:mesoscale convective system
1666:Mesoscale convective system
1646:severe thunderstorm warning
1526:, or LEWP, where mesoscale
1129:clouds to form and produce
961:that they occupy, vertical
811:The sound of a thunderstorm
657:Severe weather terminology
119:Temperate and polar seasons
7804:
7239:Wet-bulb globe temperature
7096:Maximum parcel level (MPL)
6426:Atmospheric Thermodynamics
6295:American Geophysical Union
5825:"Tropical Cyclone Hazards"
5285:National Weather Service.
5262:National Weather Service.
4782:Rene Munoz (2 June 2000).
4433:Vladimir A. Rakov (1999).
4006:10.1256/003590002320603494
3929:10.1038/s41612-020-00132-z
3726:Weather World 2010 Project
3633:, NCEP, NWS, NOAA Web Site
3373:10.1175/1520-0477-60.2.115
3184:Gianfranco Vidali (2009).
2929:Ancient Chinese Inventions
2898:Albert Irvin Frye (1913).
2647:Convective storm detection
2425:
2304:
2153:
2138:
2112:
2081:
1992:
1978:In June 2007, the town of
1900:
1839:
1817:devastating flash flooding
1799:Back-building thunderstorm
1663:
1565:
1471:
1465:
1428:Multicellular thunderstorm
1425:
1391:
1321:in front of a dissipating
1226:). This process creates a
1094:
933:at all. Thunderstorms may
36:
29:
7219:Thermodynamic temperature
7153:Forest fire weather index
6849:
6468:Anatomy of a thunderstorm
5401:10.1007/s11882-004-0092-3
5131:Storm Prediction Center.
5083:"Hallam Nebraska Tornado"
4878:Damon P. Coppola (2007).
4684:. Springer. p. 401.
3959:Colorado State University
3722:"Supercell Thunderstorms"
3217:"Structural Icing in VMC"
3112:Michael H. Mogil (2007).
2666:Severe thunderstorm watch
2526:National Museum in Cracow
1970:Tornadoes and waterspouts
1859:Cloud-to-ground lightning
1836:Cloud-to-ground lightning
1053:cloud-to-ground lightning
976:, whether it is a front,
53:
7141:Equivalent temperature (
7054:Convective temperature (
6938:Surface weather analysis
6740:Educational institutions
6473:18 February 2006 at the
5829:National Weather Service
5821:National Weather Service
5346:Int Arch Allergy Immunol
5323:National Weather Service
5316:Columbia, South Carolina
5312:National Weather Service
5188:National Weather Service
5032:"The Online Tornado FAQ"
4357:Jayesh Phadtare (2018).
4299:National Weather Service
4291:Rapid City, South Dakota
4287:National Weather Service
4265:"Types of Thunderstorms"
4261:National Weather Service
3794:National Weather Service
3748:National Weather Service
3516:"Chapter 2: Definitions"
3452:"Prefrontal squall line"
3286:. University of Illinois
3258:National Weather Service
2983:Chris C. Mooney (2007).
2186:National Weather Service
2125:Monroe County, Wisconsin
1813:Rapid City, South Dakota
1644:is issued in place of a
1224:convective precipitation
972:. However, some kind of
797:Good summer thunderstorm
7758:Atmospheric electricity
7188:Potential temperature (
6933:Surface solar radiation
5599:. Albuquerque, NM: NOAA
5389:Curr Allergy Asthma Rep
5036:Storm Prediction Center
4959:10.1175/bams-86-12-1773
4938:Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc
4678:John E. Oliver (2005).
4550:Atmospheric Environment
4535:10.1029/JA092iA01p00299
4435:"Lightning Makes Glass"
4384:10.1175/MWR-D-16-0473.1
3631:Storm Prediction Center
3352:Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc
3030:Weather and Forecasting
2716:Encyclopedia Britannica
1764:plan position indicator
1674:MCC moving through the
1218:through the process of
7178:Relative humidity (RH)
7066:Equilibrium level (EL)
7039:Convective instability
6300:Corfidi, S. F., 1998:
6178:. NASA. Archived from
5888:Department of Commerce
5164:. 2009. Archived from
4363:Monthly Weather Review
4336:"Boscastle Flood 2004"
3752:"Weather Glossary – S"
3585:Line echo wave pattern
2737:"Weather Glossary – T"
2686:Training (meteorology)
2532:Mythology and religion
2528:
2423:
2408:air-mass thunderstorms
2400:North American Monsoon
2323:
2127:
2093:
2058:
2057:region (North America)
1990:
1916:
1855:
1767:
1688:extratropical cyclones
1679:
1581:
1524:line echo wave pattern
1474:List of derecho events
1443:
1411:air-mass thunderstorms
1406:
1359:
1326:
1311:
1247:
1191:
1155:A lifting force (heat)
1092:
835:
790:
780:
718:Tropical cyclone terms
7768:Mesoscale meteorology
6316:Davies J. M. (2004).
4439:University of Florida
4137:University of Wyoming
3284:"Vertical Wind Shear"
3079:"Thunderstorm Basics"
2781:"Cumulonimbus clouds"
2511:
2421:
2314:
2122:
2091:
2052:
2028:Enhanced Fujita Scale
1977:
1910:
1853:
1805:training thunderstorm
1753:
1673:
1575:
1435:
1401:
1394:Air-mass thunderstorm
1357:
1317:
1309:
1264:. The water droplets
1245:
1182:
1101:Warm air has a lower
1090:
834:
789:
778:
325:Extratropical cyclone
249:Air-mass thunderstorm
7267:Atmospheric pressure
7234:Wet-bulb temperature
7136:Dry-bulb temperature
7131:Dew point depression
6096:John D. Cox (2002).
5978:"Storm Chase Ethics"
5565:. American Red Cross
5558:American Red Cross.
5449:10.1093/qjmed/hcs234
4784:"Fact Sheet on Hail"
4749:Atmospheric Research
4714:Atmospheric Research
4263:(1 September 2009).
3606:on 24 September 2008
2301:Frequent occurrences
2160:Tornado preparedness
2156:Emergency management
1628:Severe thunderstorms
1480:severe thunderstorms
1448:Mature thunderstorms
947:severe thunderstorms
685:Weather modification
283:Anticyclonic tornado
37:For other uses, see
7229:Virtual temperature
7214:Temperature anomaly
6908:Adiabatic processes
6548:Early Muslim period
6414:Evans, Jeffry S.,:
6357:David, C. L. 1973:
6334:2004WtFor..19..714D
6258:10.1038/nature05930
6250:2007Natur.450..661R
6036:on 25 November 2020
6009:on 22 February 2023
5954:on 12 November 2012
5318:(27 January 2009).
5194:(3 February 2009).
5192:Burlington, Vermont
5057:"Doppler On Wheels"
4996:2008TellA..60..688R
4950:2005BAMS...86.1773K
4834:on 25 November 2010
4827:(7). Archived from
4761:2009AtmRe..93..516P
4726:2009AtmRe..91..459L
4562:1984AtmEn..18.1797L
4527:1987JGR....92..299R
4412:2000PPP...164..281S
4375:2018MWRv..146..943P
4068:2003JCli...16..723G
3997:2002QJRMS.128.1973M
3921:2020npCAS...3...30H
3847:on 28 February 2009
3802:"New Hail Criteria"
3495:on 1 September 2006
3431:on 17 December 2008
3364:1979BAMS...60..115M
3190:Syracuse University
3047:1998WtFor..13..870B
2926:Yikne Deng (2005).
2141:Thunderstorm asthma
2135:Thunderstorm asthma
2009:condensation funnel
1809:Northern Hemisphere
1618:straight-line winds
1552:traditional Chinese
1422:Multi-cell clusters
1152:An unstable airmass
1113:in that rising air
935:line up in a series
877:, also known as an
680:Weather forecasting
516:Rain and snow mixed
342:Subtropical cyclone
7351:list by death toll
7001:Precipitable water
6578:Lahore Declaration
6151:Jupiter and Saturn
6030:"What is VORTEX2?"
5063:on 5 February 2007
4913:on 3 December 2005
4790:on 15 October 2009
4468:on 24 January 2010
4133:"Lake Effect Snow"
4131:B. Geerts (1998).
4052:Journal of Climate
3837:Environment Canada
3702:on 25 October 2019
2842:SEVERE WEATHER 101
2529:
2456:results show that
2428:Sprite (lightning)
2424:
2324:
2292:Thunderstorm near
2245:American Red Cross
2150:Safety precautions
2128:
2094:
2059:
1991:
1922:orographic lifting
1917:
1856:
1784:Earth's atmosphere
1776:outflow boundaries
1768:
1680:
1676:Great Lakes region
1612:, extremely large
1582:
1544:simplified Chinese
1528:low pressure areas
1444:
1407:
1377:Precipitable water
1360:
1327:
1323:cumulonimbus incus
1312:
1261:cumulonimbus incus
1248:
1232:Earth's atmosphere
1196:solar illumination
1192:
1189:cumulonimbus incus
1093:
989:droplets create a
913:and often produce
895:Earth's atmosphere
836:
791:
781:
736:Weather portal
352:Atlantic hurricane
330:European windstorm
237:Volcanic lightning
198:Cumulonimbus cloud
66:Area of occurrence
7738:
7737:
7715:Geomagnetic storm
7688:
7687:
7554:
7553:
7481:
7480:
7425:Soil liquefaction
7347:Natural disasters
7313:
7312:
7282:Pressure gradient
7091:Lifted index (LI)
6862:
6861:
6845:
6844:
6755:Parks and gardens
6649:Tallest buildings
6621:Regions and towns
6568:Lahore Resolution
6244:(7170): 661–662.
6209:(5455): 946–947.
6182:on 8 October 2011
6160:978-0-8160-5196-0
6113:978-0-471-38108-2
5662:on 20 August 2011
5506:10.1111/cea.12709
5358:10.1159/000023953
5190:Forecast Office,
4944:(12): 1773–1781.
4891:978-0-7506-7982-4
4691:978-1-4020-3264-6
4289:Forecast Office,
4168:978-0-521-62430-5
4117:978-0-19-511270-2
3796:Forecast Office,
3776:Kim Runk (2009).
3750:(21 April 2005).
3669:978-1-878220-34-9
3599:978-1-878220-34-9
3462:on 17 August 2007
3262:Riverton, Wyoming
3260:Forecast Office,
3223:on 19 August 2011
3162:on 25 August 2009
3129:978-1-57912-743-5
3002:978-0-15-101287-9
2939:978-7-5085-0837-5
2495:Doppler on Wheels
2368:tropical cyclones
1982:was struck by an
1966:, United States.
1945:Cheyenne, Wyoming
1692:tropical cyclones
1302:Dissipating stage
1228:low-pressure zone
1185:cumulus congestus
1169:dissipation stage
1075:, and, probably,
1045:Dry thunderstorms
851:
806:
776:
770:
769:
95:
94:
16:(Redirected from
7795:
7647:Tropical cyclone
7641:Tornado outbreak
7563:
7490:
7443:Pyroclastic flow
7435:Volcano eruption
7364:
7340:
7333:
7326:
7317:
6889:
6882:
6875:
6866:
6790:
6509:
6502:
6495:
6486:
6396:
6394:
6379:Weather Forecast
6347:
6345:
6322:Weather Forecast
6278:
6277:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6198:
6192:
6191:
6189:
6187:
6171:
6165:
6164:
6146:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6135:
6124:
6118:
6117:
6093:
6087:
6086:
6084:
6082:
6066:
6060:
6059:
6053:
6045:
6043:
6041:
6032:. Archived from
6028:VORTEX2 (2009).
6025:
6019:
6018:
6016:
6014:
6005:. Archived from
5995:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5984:
5976:(5 March 2003).
5970:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5950:. Archived from
5939:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5928:
5913:
5907:
5906:
5904:
5902:
5896:
5890:. Archived from
5885:
5876:
5870:
5869:
5867:
5865:
5856:
5847:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5836:
5817:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5806:
5787:
5781:
5770:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5759:
5745:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5734:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5707:on 28 March 2015
5697:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5667:
5651:
5640:
5639:
5637:
5635:
5615:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5604:
5588:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5570:
5564:
5555:
5540:
5539:
5533:
5525:
5494:Clin Exp Allergy
5491:
5482:
5476:
5475:
5469:
5461:
5451:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5341:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5314:Forecast Office
5308:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5259:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5248:
5239:. Archived from
5228:
5222:
5221:
5215:
5207:
5205:
5203:
5184:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5128:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5112:on 30 April 2010
5101:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5090:
5079:
5073:
5072:
5070:
5068:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5030:(4 April 2006).
5024:
5018:
5017:
5015:
4979:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4929:
4923:
4922:
4920:
4918:
4902:
4896:
4895:
4875:
4869:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4833:
4821:Colorado Climate
4818:
4809:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4779:
4773:
4772:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4720:(2–4): 459–465.
4709:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4698:
4675:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4625:. Archived from
4614:
4608:
4607:
4605:
4603:
4588:
4582:
4581:
4556:(9): 1797–1804.
4545:
4539:
4538:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4484:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4473:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4430:
4424:
4423:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4318:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4272:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4218:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4188:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4101:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4049:
4040:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4008:
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3956:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3914:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3874:. Archived from
3863:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3852:
3843:. Archived from
3833:
3827:
3826:
3820:
3812:
3810:
3808:
3800:(7 April 2009).
3798:Phoenix, Arizona
3790:
3784:
3783:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3672:. Archived from
3649:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3627:"About Derechos"
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3602:. Archived from
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3559:. Archived from
3548:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3537:
3531:
3520:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3494:
3488:. Archived from
3487:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3458:. Archived from
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3427:. Archived from
3416:
3410:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3385:
3377:
3375:
3343:
3337:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3255:
3246:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3228:
3219:. Archived from
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3196:on 15 March 2010
3192:. Archived from
3181:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3158:. Archived from
3147:
3134:
3133:
3109:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3058:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2990:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2870:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2805:
2796:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2708:
2642:Continuous gusts
2631:
2626:
2625:
2594:Outside of Earth
2522:Jozef Chelmonski
2503:weather balloons
2499:weather stations
2285:
2230:lightning strike
1964:Aurora, Nebraska
1842:Lightning strike
1727:lake-effect snow
1700:lake-effect snow
1580:, United States.
1557:
1549:
1452:Multicell storms
1344:outflow boundary
1340:outflow boundary
1222:(hence the term
1175:Developing stage
1161:developing stage
1061:weather stations
1008:caused by heavy
931:no precipitation
879:electrical storm
853:
852:
833:
808:
807:
788:
777:
762:
755:
748:
734:
733:
347:Tropical cyclone
259:Dry thunderstorm
154:Tropical seasons
97:
58:
46:
21:
7803:
7802:
7798:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7793:
7792:
7783:Weather hazards
7743:
7742:
7739:
7734:
7684:
7651:
7615:Cyclonic storms
7610:
7592:
7550:
7546:Limnic eruption
7522:
7496:
7477:
7465:Natural erosion
7459:
7429:
7403:
7395:
7353:
7344:
7314:
7309:
7291:
7253:
7203:
7147:
7125:
7105:
7060:
7015:
6962:
6896:
6893:
6863:
6858:
6841:
6820:
6816:Lahore Metrobus
6804:
6779:
6721:
6658:
6625:
6587:
6519:
6513:
6475:Wayback Machine
6464:
6372:
6315:
6286:
6284:Further reading
6281:
6235:
6234:
6230:
6200:
6199:
6195:
6185:
6183:
6173:
6172:
6168:
6161:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6133:
6131:
6128:"Martin Luther"
6126:
6125:
6121:
6114:
6095:
6094:
6090:
6080:
6078:
6068:
6067:
6063:
6046:
6039:
6037:
6027:
6026:
6022:
6012:
6010:
6001:(2 June 2009).
5997:
5996:
5992:
5982:
5980:
5972:
5971:
5967:
5957:
5955:
5941:
5940:
5936:
5926:
5924:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5883:
5878:
5877:
5873:
5863:
5861:
5854:
5849:
5848:
5844:
5834:
5832:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5804:
5802:
5801:on 11 July 2007
5789:
5788:
5784:
5771:
5767:
5757:
5755:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5732:
5730:
5725:
5724:
5720:
5710:
5708:
5699:
5698:
5675:
5665:
5663:
5653:
5652:
5643:
5633:
5631:
5630:on 23 June 2011
5617:
5616:
5612:
5602:
5600:
5590:
5589:
5578:
5568:
5566:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5543:
5526:
5489:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5462:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5386:
5385:
5381:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5328:
5326:
5320:"Downbursts..."
5310:
5309:
5302:
5292:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5269:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5246:
5244:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5208:
5201:
5199:
5186:
5185:
5181:
5171:
5169:
5168:on 20 June 2008
5156:
5155:
5151:
5141:
5139:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5115:
5113:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5088:
5086:
5081:
5080:
5076:
5066:
5064:
5055:
5054:
5050:
5040:
5038:
5026:
5025:
5021:
4977:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4931:
4930:
4926:
4916:
4914:
4904:
4903:
4899:
4892:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4862:
4860:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4837:
4835:
4831:
4816:
4811:
4810:
4803:
4793:
4791:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4696:
4694:
4692:
4677:
4676:
4669:
4659:
4657:
4656:on 21 June 2009
4647:
4646:
4642:
4632:
4630:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4601:
4599:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4547:
4546:
4542:
4521:(13): 299–314.
4512:
4511:
4507:
4497:
4495:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4471:
4469:
4459:
4458:
4454:
4444:
4442:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4341:
4339:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4311:
4304:
4302:
4293:(15 May 2007).
4285:
4284:
4280:
4270:
4268:
4259:
4258:
4254:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4211:
4210:
4206:
4196:
4194:
4186:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4156:
4155:
4151:
4141:
4139:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4118:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4088:
4086:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4037:
4027:
4025:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3961:
3954:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3881:
3879:
3865:
3864:
3860:
3850:
3848:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3813:
3806:
3804:
3792:
3791:
3787:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3760:
3758:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3731:
3729:
3720:
3719:
3715:
3705:
3703:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3679:
3677:
3670:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3636:
3634:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3600:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3566:
3564:
3550:
3549:
3545:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3518:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3465:
3463:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3378:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3296:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3253:
3248:
3247:
3236:
3226:
3224:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3165:
3163:
3149:
3148:
3137:
3130:
3115:Extreme Weather
3111:
3110:
3097:
3087:
3085:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3022:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2908:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2878:www.ux1.eiu.edu
2872:
2871:
2860:
2850:
2848:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2817:
2815:
2807:
2806:
2799:
2789:
2787:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2759:"Lightning FAQ"
2757:
2756:
2752:
2742:
2740:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2720:
2718:
2710:
2709:
2698:
2694:
2676:Tornado warning
2627:
2620:
2617:
2596:
2550:American Indian
2534:
2478:
2438:
2436:St. Elmo's fire
2416:
2402:regime. In the
2398:as part of the
2396:Rocky Mountains
2380:Southern states
2309:
2303:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2241:
2178:
2162:
2152:
2143:
2137:
2117:
2111:
2086:
2080:
2001:
1993:Main articles:
1972:
1905:
1899:
1871:Distilled water
1848:
1838:
1829:
1801:
1748:
1723:monsoon troughs
1668:
1662:
1642:tornado warning
1630:
1570:
1564:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1462:Multicell lines
1430:
1424:
1396:
1390:
1352:
1304:
1240:
1177:
1141:(CAPE) and the
1107:hot air balloon
1099:
1085:
883:lightning storm
871:
870:
862:
860:
859:
858:
857:
854:
847:
844:
837:
831:
826:
825:
817:
815:
814:
813:
812:
809:
802:
799:
792:
786:
772:
766:
728:
723:
722:
698:
690:
689:
548:
538:
537:
450:
440:
439:
428:Ground blizzard
188:
178:
177:
156:
146:
145:
121:
82:
61:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7801:
7799:
7791:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7770:
7765:
7760:
7755:
7745:
7744:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7732:
7727:
7722:
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7696:
7694:
7690:
7689:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7682:
7677:
7676:
7675:
7665:
7659:
7657:
7653:
7652:
7650:
7649:
7644:
7634:
7624:
7618:
7616:
7612:
7611:
7609:
7608:
7602:
7600:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7569:
7567:
7560:
7559:Meteorological
7556:
7555:
7552:
7551:
7549:
7548:
7543:
7542:
7541:
7530:
7528:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7504:
7502:
7487:
7483:
7482:
7479:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7469:
7467:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7439:
7437:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7415:Seismic hazard
7411:
7409:
7397:
7396:
7394:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7372:
7370:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7345:
7343:
7342:
7335:
7328:
7320:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7307:
7301:
7299:
7293:
7292:
7290:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7263:
7261:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7224:Vapor pressure
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7194:
7185:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7145:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7115:
7113:
7107:
7106:
7104:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7025:
7023:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7013:
7008:
7003:
6998:
6993:
6988:
6983:
6978:
6972:
6970:
6964:
6963:
6961:
6960:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6940:
6935:
6930:
6925:
6920:
6915:
6910:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6897:
6894:
6892:
6891:
6884:
6877:
6869:
6860:
6859:
6850:
6847:
6846:
6843:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6834:
6828:
6826:
6822:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6802:
6796:
6794:
6787:
6781:
6780:
6778:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6731:
6729:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6668:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6635:
6633:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6597:
6595:
6589:
6588:
6586:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6529:
6527:
6521:
6520:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6504:
6497:
6489:
6483:
6482:
6477:
6463:
6462:External links
6460:
6459:
6458:
6437:
6422:
6412:
6404:
6397:
6370:
6355:
6348:
6328:(4): 714–726.
6313:
6298:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6228:
6193:
6166:
6159:
6141:
6119:
6112:
6099:Storm Watchers
6088:
6061:
6020:
5990:
5965:
5948:Discovery News
5934:
5908:
5871:
5842:
5812:
5782:
5765:
5740:
5718:
5673:
5641:
5610:
5593:"Thunderstorm"
5576:
5541:
5477:
5422:
5379:
5352:(4): 253–260.
5336:
5300:
5277:
5254:
5243:on 6 June 2011
5223:
5179:
5149:
5123:
5096:
5074:
5048:
5028:Edwards, Roger
5019:
4965:
4924:
4897:
4890:
4870:
4845:
4801:
4774:
4739:
4704:
4690:
4667:
4640:
4629:on 6 June 2011
4609:
4583:
4540:
4505:
4479:
4452:
4425:
4390:
4349:
4326:
4278:
4252:
4229:
4204:
4174:
4167:
4149:
4123:
4116:
4096:
4035:
3971:
3942:
3889:
3878:on 6 June 2011
3858:
3828:
3785:
3768:
3739:
3713:
3687:
3676:on 6 June 2011
3668:
3644:
3617:
3598:
3574:
3563:on 6 June 2011
3543:
3506:
3473:
3442:
3411:
3402:
3393:
3358:(2): 115–123.
3338:
3329:
3311:
3274:
3234:
3207:
3173:
3135:
3128:
3095:
3070:
3015:
3001:
2975:
2952:
2938:
2918:
2890:
2858:
2825:
2813:scied.ucar.edu
2797:
2772:
2750:
2728:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2659:
2657:Hector (cloud)
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2629:Weather portal
2616:
2613:
2604:polar molecule
2595:
2592:
2568:went to fight
2533:
2530:
2477:
2474:
2415:
2412:
2302:
2299:
2288:
2287:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2254:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2195:
2177:
2174:
2151:
2148:
2139:Main article:
2136:
2133:
2113:Main article:
2110:
2107:
2082:Main article:
2079:
2076:
2044:photogrammetry
1980:Elie, Manitoba
1971:
1968:
1901:Main article:
1898:
1895:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1800:
1797:
1747:
1744:
1712:weather fronts
1661:
1658:
1629:
1626:
1606:severe weather
1566:Main article:
1563:
1560:
1512:Severe weather
1466:Main article:
1463:
1460:
1438:Space Shuttle
1426:Main article:
1423:
1420:
1392:Main article:
1389:
1386:
1351:
1350:Classification
1348:
1303:
1300:
1239:
1236:
1176:
1173:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1084:
1081:
1006:flash flooding
917:and sometimes
903:thundershowers
893:effect on the
861:
855:
845:
840:
839:
838:
829:
828:
827:
816:
810:
800:
795:
794:
793:
784:
783:
782:
768:
767:
765:
764:
757:
750:
742:
739:
738:
725:
724:
721:
720:
715:
710:
708:Climate change
705:
699:
696:
695:
692:
691:
688:
687:
682:
677:
676:
675:
674:
673:
668:
663:
655:
650:
643:Severe weather
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
619:
618:
613:
603:
602:
601:
591:
586:
585:
584:
579:
574:
569:
561:
560:
555:
549:
544:
543:
540:
539:
536:
535:
534:
533:
528:
523:
518:
508:
503:
502:
501:
491:
486:
481:
480:
479:
477:Megacryometeor
469:
464:
463:
462:
451:
446:
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
436:
435:
430:
425:
420:
410:
405:
400:
395:
394:
393:
383:
382:
381:
376:
366:
361:
360:
359:
354:
344:
339:
338:
337:
332:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
296:
295:
290:
285:
275:
274:
273:
263:
262:
261:
256:
251:
241:
240:
239:
229:
228:
227:
222:
217:
207:
206:
205:
200:
189:
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
170:
169:
168:
157:
152:
151:
148:
147:
144:
143:
138:
133:
128:
122:
117:
116:
113:
112:
106:
105:
93:
92:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
67:
63:
62:
59:
51:
50:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7800:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7741:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7710:Meteor shower
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7695:
7691:
7681:
7678:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7660:
7658:
7654:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7638:
7635:
7632:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
7619:
7617:
7613:
7607:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7595:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7568:
7564:
7561:
7557:
7547:
7544:
7540:
7537:
7536:
7535:
7532:
7531:
7529:
7525:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7508:Coastal flood
7506:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7495:
7491:
7488:
7484:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7466:
7462:
7456:
7453:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7444:
7441:
7440:
7438:
7436:
7432:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7407:
7402:
7398:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7369:
7365:
7362:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7341:
7336:
7334:
7329:
7327:
7322:
7321:
7318:
7306:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7294:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7277:Barotropicity
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7264:
7262:
7260:
7256:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7200:
7195:
7193:
7191:
7186:
7184:
7181:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7108:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7022:
7018:
7012:
7009:
7007:
7006:Precipitation
7004:
7002:
6999:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6989:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6956:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6924:
6921:
6919:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6909:
6906:
6905:
6903:
6899:
6890:
6885:
6883:
6878:
6876:
6871:
6870:
6867:
6857:
6853:
6848:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6827:
6823:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6807:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6782:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6760:Sports venues
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6732:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6669:
6667:
6665:
6661:
6655:
6654:Sister cities
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6628:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6594:
6590:
6584:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6530:
6528:
6526:
6522:
6517:
6510:
6505:
6503:
6498:
6496:
6491:
6490:
6487:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6472:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6456:0-7506-3215-1
6453:
6450:
6449:9780750632157
6446:
6442:
6438:
6435:
6431:
6427:
6423:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6410:
6405:
6402:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6371:
6368:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6353:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6314:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6287:
6283:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6243:
6239:
6232:
6229:
6224:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6204:
6197:
6194:
6181:
6177:
6170:
6167:
6162:
6156:
6152:
6145:
6142:
6129:
6123:
6120:
6115:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6100:
6092:
6089:
6076:
6072:
6065:
6062:
6057:
6051:
6035:
6031:
6024:
6021:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5994:
5991:
5979:
5975:
5969:
5966:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5938:
5935:
5923:
5919:
5912:
5909:
5897:on 6 May 2009
5893:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5872:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5843:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5816:
5813:
5800:
5796:
5795:Thunderstorms
5792:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5778:0-7922-3877-X
5775:
5769:
5766:
5754:
5750:
5744:
5741:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5706:
5702:
5696:
5694:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5686:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5678:
5674:
5661:
5657:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5642:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5614:
5611:
5598:
5594:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5561:
5554:
5552:
5550:
5548:
5546:
5542:
5537:
5531:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5488:
5481:
5478:
5473:
5467:
5459:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5442:(3): 207–17.
5441:
5437:
5433:
5426:
5423:
5418:
5414:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5395:(5): 409–13.
5394:
5390:
5383:
5380:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5340:
5337:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5307:
5305:
5301:
5288:
5287:"Flash Flood"
5281:
5278:
5265:
5258:
5255:
5242:
5238:
5234:
5233:"Flash Flood"
5227:
5224:
5219:
5213:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5183:
5180:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5153:
5150:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5124:
5111:
5107:
5100:
5097:
5084:
5078:
5075:
5062:
5058:
5052:
5049:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5023:
5020:
5014:
5013:2027.42/73164
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4990:(4): 688–99.
4989:
4985:
4984:
4976:
4969:
4966:
4960:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4943:
4939:
4935:
4928:
4925:
4912:
4908:
4901:
4898:
4893:
4887:
4883:
4882:
4874:
4871:
4859:
4855:
4849:
4846:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4789:
4785:
4778:
4775:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4743:
4740:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4708:
4705:
4693:
4687:
4683:
4682:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4655:
4651:
4644:
4641:
4628:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4610:
4598:
4594:
4587:
4584:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4544:
4541:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4509:
4506:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4480:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4453:
4441:, Gainesville
4440:
4436:
4429:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4391:
4385:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4353:
4350:
4337:
4330:
4327:
4322:
4316:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4240:
4233:
4230:
4215:
4208:
4205:
4192:
4185:
4178:
4175:
4170:
4164:
4160:
4153:
4150:
4138:
4134:
4127:
4124:
4119:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4100:
4097:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4036:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3991:(584): 1973.
3990:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3972:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3890:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3862:
3859:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3824:
3818:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3781:
3780:
3772:
3769:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3727:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3701:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3648:
3645:
3632:
3628:
3621:
3618:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3578:
3575:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3547:
3544:
3532:on 6 May 2009
3528:
3524:
3517:
3510:
3507:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3474:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3446:
3443:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3421:"Squall line"
3415:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3389:
3383:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3285:
3278:
3275:
3263:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3208:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3019:
3016:
3004:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2988:
2979:
2976:
2963:
2956:
2953:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2919:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2894:
2891:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2829:
2826:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2738:
2732:
2729:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2681:Tornado watch
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2637:Barber's pole
2635:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2591:
2589:
2588:Martin Luther
2585:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2482:storm chasers
2475:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2420:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2277:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2238:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2182:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2161:
2157:
2149:
2147:
2142:
2134:
2132:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2090:
2085:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2072:high latitude
2069:
2065:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2005:cumulus cloud
2000:
1996:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1927:
1923:
1914:
1911:Hailstorm in
1909:
1904:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1882:carbonic acid
1879:
1876:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1833:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1793:weather radar
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:radar display
1765:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1634:funnel clouds
1627:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1561:
1559:
1553:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:precipitation
1489:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1356:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1320:
1319:Flanking line
1316:
1308:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1089:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1057:weather radar
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1010:precipitation
1007:
1003:
999:
994:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
974:cloud forcing
971:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
941:, known as a
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
869:
867:
843:
824:
822:
798:
763:
758:
756:
751:
749:
744:
743:
741:
740:
737:
732:
727:
726:
719:
716:
714:
713:Tornado terms
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
694:
693:
686:
683:
681:
678:
672:
671:United States
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
658:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
607:
604:
600:
597:
596:
595:
592:
590:
587:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
563:
562:
559:
556:
554:
553:Air pollution
551:
550:
547:
542:
541:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
512:
509:
507:
504:
500:
497:
496:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
478:
475:
474:
473:
470:
468:
465:
461:
458:
457:
456:
453:
452:
449:
448:Precipitation
444:
443:
434:
431:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
392:
389:
388:
387:
384:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
370:
367:
365:
362:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
348:
345:
343:
340:
336:
333:
331:
328:
327:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
279:
276:
272:
269:
268:
267:
264:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
246:
245:
242:
238:
235:
234:
233:
230:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
211:
208:
204:
201:
199:
196:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
182:
181:
174:
171:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
158:
155:
150:
149:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
120:
115:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
98:
90:
86:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
57:
52:
47:
44:
40:
33:
19:
18:Thundershower
7740:
7705:Impact event
7693:Astronomical
7627:Thunderstorm
7626:
7622:Bomb cyclone
7486:Hydrological
7455:Volcanic ash
7420:Seismic risk
7368:Mass wasting
7198:
7189:
7183:Mixing ratio
7158:Haines Index
7142:
7120:
7055:
6968:Condensation
6832:Lahore Metro
6672:Architecture
6639:Stock market
6616:Demographics
6563:British rule
6440:
6425:
6415:
6407:
6400:
6382:
6378:
6365:, Colorado,
6358:
6351:
6325:
6321:
6301:
6290:
6241:
6237:
6231:
6206:
6202:
6196:
6184:. Retrieved
6180:the original
6169:
6150:
6144:
6132:. Retrieved
6122:
6098:
6091:
6079:. Retrieved
6064:
6038:. Retrieved
6034:the original
6023:
6011:. Retrieved
6007:the original
5993:
5981:. Retrieved
5968:
5956:. Retrieved
5952:the original
5947:
5937:
5925:. Retrieved
5921:
5911:
5899:. Retrieved
5892:the original
5874:
5862:. Retrieved
5850:David Roth.
5845:
5833:. Retrieved
5815:
5803:. Retrieved
5799:the original
5794:
5785:
5768:
5756:. Retrieved
5752:
5743:
5731:. Retrieved
5721:
5709:. Retrieved
5705:the original
5664:. Retrieved
5660:the original
5632:. Retrieved
5628:the original
5623:
5613:
5601:. Retrieved
5596:
5567:. Retrieved
5530:cite journal
5500:(3): 390–6.
5497:
5493:
5480:
5466:cite journal
5439:
5435:
5425:
5392:
5388:
5382:
5349:
5345:
5339:
5327:. Retrieved
5291:. Retrieved
5280:
5268:. Retrieved
5257:
5245:. Retrieved
5241:the original
5226:
5200:. Retrieved
5182:
5172:11 September
5170:. Retrieved
5166:the original
5158:"Waterspout"
5152:
5140:. Retrieved
5126:
5116:11 September
5114:. Retrieved
5110:the original
5099:
5087:. Retrieved
5077:
5065:. Retrieved
5061:the original
5051:
5039:. Retrieved
5022:
4987:
4981:
4968:
4941:
4937:
4927:
4915:. Retrieved
4911:the original
4900:
4880:
4873:
4861:. Retrieved
4848:
4836:. Retrieved
4829:the original
4824:
4820:
4792:. Retrieved
4788:the original
4777:
4755:(1–3): 516.
4752:
4748:
4742:
4717:
4713:
4707:
4695:. Retrieved
4680:
4658:. Retrieved
4654:the original
4643:
4631:. Retrieved
4627:the original
4612:
4600:. Retrieved
4586:
4553:
4549:
4543:
4518:
4514:
4508:
4496:. Retrieved
4482:
4470:. Retrieved
4466:the original
4455:
4443:. Retrieved
4428:
4406:(1–4): 281.
4403:
4399:
4393:
4366:
4362:
4352:
4340:. Retrieved
4329:
4303:. Retrieved
4281:
4269:. Retrieved
4255:
4243:. Retrieved
4232:
4220:. Retrieved
4207:
4195:. Retrieved
4177:
4158:
4152:
4140:. Retrieved
4126:
4106:
4099:
4087:. Retrieved
4055:
4051:
4038:
4026:. Retrieved
3988:
3984:
3974:
3962:. Retrieved
3945:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3880:. Retrieved
3876:the original
3861:
3849:. Retrieved
3845:the original
3831:
3805:. Retrieved
3788:
3778:
3771:
3759:. Retrieved
3742:
3730:. Retrieved
3725:
3716:
3704:. Retrieved
3700:the original
3690:
3678:. Retrieved
3674:the original
3654:
3647:
3635:. Retrieved
3620:
3608:. Retrieved
3604:the original
3584:
3577:
3565:. Retrieved
3561:the original
3546:
3534:. Retrieved
3527:the original
3509:
3497:. Retrieved
3490:the original
3476:
3464:. Retrieved
3460:the original
3445:
3433:. Retrieved
3429:the original
3414:
3405:
3396:
3382:cite journal
3355:
3351:
3341:
3332:
3323:
3320:T. T. Fujita
3314:
3288:. Retrieved
3277:
3265:. Retrieved
3225:. Retrieved
3221:the original
3210:
3198:. Retrieved
3194:the original
3164:. Retrieved
3160:the original
3114:
3086:. Retrieved
3082:
3073:
3034:
3028:
3018:
3006:. Retrieved
2986:
2978:
2966:. Retrieved
2960:FMI (2007).
2955:
2943:. Retrieved
2928:
2921:
2909:. Retrieved
2900:
2893:
2881:. Retrieved
2877:
2849:. Retrieved
2841:
2828:
2816:. Retrieved
2812:
2788:. Retrieved
2784:
2775:
2762:
2753:
2741:. Retrieved
2731:
2719:. Retrieved
2715:
2597:
2586:
2558:Great Spirit
2535:
2486:Great Plains
2484:head to the
2479:
2451:
2439:
2377:
2325:
2294:Cuero, Texas
2274:
2242:
2212:If you hear
2183:
2179:
2176:Preparedness
2163:
2144:
2129:
2095:
2060:
2024:Fujita scale
2021:
2002:
1949:
1930:
1918:
1886:Nitric oxide
1868:
1857:
1830:
1802:
1769:
1756:reflectivity
1740:Great Plains
1730:its remnant
1716:
1696:squall lines
1681:
1631:
1622:flash floods
1602:stratosphere
1583:
1477:
1456:squall lines
1451:
1447:
1445:
1439:
1408:
1369:
1361:
1328:
1289:
1274:
1259:
1249:
1238:Mature stage
1213:
1203:
1193:
1168:
1165:mature stage
1164:
1160:
1158:
1143:lifted index
1127:cumulonimbus
1100:
1018:
998:mid-latitude
995:
967:
945:. Strong or
937:or become a
911:strong winds
907:cumulonimbus
902:
882:
878:
875:thunderstorm
874:
872:
489:Diamond dust
413:Winter storm
244:Thunderstorm
243:
49:Thunderstorm
43:
7720:Solar flare
7606:Megadrought
7566:Temperature
7539:Megatsunami
7518:Storm surge
7513:Flash flood
7391:Debris flow
7272:Baroclinity
7119:Dew point (
7111:Temperature
7011:Water vapor
6553:Mughal rule
6434:Netherlands
6385:: 937–954.
6310:Minneapolis
6186:20 February
6081:9 September
6040:9 September
6013:9 September
5983:9 September
5974:Alan Moller
5329:9 September
5247:9 September
5089:8 September
5067:29 December
5041:8 September
4619:"Hailstorm"
4602:5 September
4498:5 September
4472:9 September
4342:3 September
4305:3 September
4271:3 September
4245:18 February
4142:24 December
3851:3 September
3807:3 September
3637:17 February
3227:2 September
3166:1 September
2671:Thundersnow
2580:recognizes
2554:Thunderbird
2514:countryside
2464:particles (
2392:San Joaquin
2372:cold fronts
2350:, Caracas,
2105:phenomena.
2084:Flash flood
2078:Flash flood
2064:supercelled
2055:Great Lakes
2033:TORRO scale
1952:automobiles
1780:troposphere
1598:troposphere
1594:mesocyclone
1508:waterspouts
1498:, frequent
1468:Squall line
1404:Wagga Wagga
1388:Single-cell
1373:troposphere
1210:latent heat
1123:instability
1119:latent heat
1111:water vapor
1021:single-cell
1014:waterspouts
959:troposphere
943:squall line
897:, known as
703:Meteorology
638:Meteorology
526:Snow roller
521:Snow grains
484:Ice pellets
433:Snow squall
364:Storm surge
310:Anticyclone
266:Mesocyclone
254:Thundersnow
203:Arcus cloud
7747:Categories
7401:Earthquake
7359:Geological
7249:Wind chill
7163:Heat index
7021:Convection
6958:Wind shear
6943:Visibility
6923:Lapse rate
6606:Ravi River
6543:Hindu rule
6369:, 223–225.
6297:, 203–221.
6293:, No. 79,
5958:16 January
5864:22 October
5780:, page 75.
4445:7 November
3912:2001.04740
3655:Heat burst
3553:"Bow echo"
3290:21 October
3088:14 January
2968:7 February
2883:14 January
2818:14 January
2790:14 January
2785:Met Office
2721:14 January
2692:References
2546:Hephaestus
2462:antimatter
2458:gamma rays
2426:See also:
2388:Sacramento
2328:rainforest
2317:wall cloud
2305:See also:
2154:See also:
1999:Waterspout
1915:, Colombia
1840:See also:
1788:wind shear
1704:polar lows
1664:See also:
1614:hailstones
1590:wind shear
1562:Supercells
1540:heat burst
1488:cold front
1484:cold front
1472:See also:
1440:Challenger
1415:cold front
1365:wind shear
1292:wind shear
1281:turbulence
1276:downdrafts
1252:tropopause
1220:convection
1167:, and the
1095:See also:
1083:Life cycle
1041:hurricanes
1037:subtropics
1025:multi-cell
963:wind shear
955:supercells
915:heavy rain
866:media help
821:media help
697:Glossaries
633:Jet stream
572:Convection
558:Atmosphere
506:Cloudburst
369:Dust storm
335:Nor'easter
305:Fire whirl
300:Dust devil
293:Waterspout
220:Heat burst
215:Microburst
173:Wet season
161:Dry season
7753:Lightning
7730:Hypernova
7725:Supernova
7673:Firestorm
7588:Heat wave
7583:Ice storm
7578:Cold wave
7381:Avalanche
7376:Landslide
6948:Vorticity
6928:Lightning
6913:Advection
6785:Transport
6770:Gurdwaras
6745:Libraries
6735:Hospitals
6687:Festivals
6644:Education
6593:Geography
6558:Sikh rule
6538:Etymology
6430:Dordrecht
6223:129284864
5901:23 August
5835:30 August
5805:23 August
5758:20 August
5733:20 August
5711:20 August
5666:24 August
5634:24 August
5603:24 August
5569:24 August
5293:23 August
5270:23 August
4917:28 August
4863:29 August
4858:"Hazards"
4697:28 August
4660:28 August
4633:29 August
4023:120021136
4015:0035-9009
3937:220856705
3905:(1): 30.
3732:23 August
3706:23 August
3267:30 August
3200:31 August
3065:124375544
3041:: 870–7.
3008:31 August
2911:31 August
2851:2 January
2763:JetStream
2743:23 August
2609:lightning
2600:lightning
2466:positrons
2404:Northeast
2364:rainbands
2315:Rotating
2170:lightning
2115:Downburst
2109:Downburst
2103:landslide
1863:wildfires
1821:Boscastle
1772:advection
1738:over the
1654:supercell
1650:multicell
1638:tornadoes
1610:tornadoes
1568:Supercell
1520:Tornadoes
1504:tornadoes
1500:lightning
1332:downburst
1296:supercell
1285:tornadoes
1131:lightning
1115:condenses
1049:wildfires
1029:supercell
1002:downburst
991:downdraft
986:dew point
982:condenses
978:shortwave
951:tornadoes
887:lightning
628:Heat wave
623:Cold wave
567:Chemistry
418:Ice storm
408:Firestorm
320:Polar low
288:Landspout
271:Supercell
232:Lightning
210:Downburst
166:Harmattan
100:Part of
71:temperate
7680:ARkStorm
7668:Wildfire
7573:Blizzard
7473:Sinkhole
7297:Velocity
7259:Pressure
7173:Humidity
7076:Helicity
6918:Buoyancy
6852:Category
6775:Churches
6712:Shopping
6707:Religion
6692:Language
6611:Wildlife
6583:Timeline
6573:1965 War
6471:Archived
6420:NOAA.gov
6266:18046401
6050:cite web
5922:nasa.gov
5753:LA Times
5522:12571515
5514:26765082
5458:23275386
5417:19351066
5409:15283882
5374:46754817
5212:cite web
4983:Tellus A
4856:(2009).
4578:11540827
4315:cite web
4222:23 March
4084:10083024
3964:23 March
3817:cite web
3322:(1985).
3300:cite web
2615:See also
2578:Hinduism
2321:Oklahoma
2258:Cordless
2026:and the
1960:Roopkund
1937:Nebraska
1933:Colorado
1846:Wildfire
1702:events,
1578:Nebraska
1536:wake low
1532:derechos
1516:bow echo
1266:coalesce
1200:thermals
1149:Moisture
939:rainband
891:acoustic
889:and its
499:Freezing
460:Freezing
423:Blizzard
102:a series
73:regions.
7663:Derecho
7637:Tornado
7598:Drought
7534:Tsunami
7386:Mudflow
7168:Humidex
7081:K Index
6901:General
6856:Commons
6765:Temples
6750:Mosques
6682:Cuisine
6664:Culture
6631:Economy
6601:Climate
6533:Origins
6525:History
6330:Bibcode
6274:4418778
6246:Bibcode
6203:Science
5927:19 July
5366:9693274
5202:21 June
5142:21 June
4992:Bibcode
4946:Bibcode
4838:18 July
4794:18 July
4757:Bibcode
4722:Bibcode
4558:Bibcode
4523:Bibcode
4408:Bibcode
4371:Bibcode
4197:15 June
4064:Bibcode
4062:: 723.
4028:2 March
3993:Bibcode
3917:Bibcode
3882:27 June
3779:1" Hail
3761:17 June
3680:14 June
3567:14 June
3466:14 June
3435:14 June
3360:Bibcode
3120:210–211
3043:Bibcode
2945:18 June
2652:Derecho
2574:Mjölnir
2548:. Some
2518:picture
2491:VORTEX2
2476:Studies
2360:monsoon
2332:Kampala
2214:thunder
2068:equator
2037:Doppler
1995:Tornado
1987:tornado
1941:Wyoming
1926:Croatia
1875:neutral
1827:Hazards
1762:) on a
1215:updraft
1205:cumulus
1135:thunder
1103:density
1073:Neptune
1065:Jupiter
899:thunder
653:Extreme
599:Physics
589:Climate
577:Physics
467:Graupel
455:Drizzle
403:Sirocco
386:Monsoon
357:Typhoon
315:Cyclone
278:Tornado
225:Derecho
110:Weather
6727:Places
6717:Sports
6702:People
6677:Cinema
6518:topics
6516:Lahore
6454:
6447:
6436:, 1973
6432:, the
6409:Mongr.
6363:Denver
6272:
6264:
6238:Nature
6221:
6157:
6134:6 July
6110:
5776:
5520:
5512:
5456:
5415:
5407:
5372:
5364:
5289:. NOAA
5266:. NOAA
4888:
4688:
4576:
4189:. 6th
4165:
4114:
4089:5 June
4082:
4021:
4013:
3935:
3666:
3596:
3499:17 May
3126:
3063:
2999:
2936:
2570:Jötnar
2560:. The
2538:Greeks
2443:joules
2434:, and
2414:Energy
2356:Mumbai
2352:Manila
2348:Darwin
2336:Tororo
2239:Safety
2166:severe
2042:data,
2013:debris
1939:, and
1913:Bogotá
1873:has a
1746:Motion
1706:, and
1586:severe
1554::
1546::
1336:inflow
1163:, the
1069:Saturn
1027:, and
661:Canada
616:Season
546:Topics
391:Amihan
379:Haboob
374:Simoom
186:Storms
141:Autumn
136:Summer
131:Spring
126:Winter
88:Effect
78:Season
7778:Storm
7656:Other
7527:Other
7494:Flood
7448:Lahar
6976:Cloud
6697:Music
6270:S2CID
6219:S2CID
5895:(PDF)
5884:(PDF)
5855:(PDF)
5624:Ready
5563:(PDF)
5518:S2CID
5490:(PDF)
5413:S2CID
5370:S2CID
4978:(PDF)
4832:(PDF)
4817:(PDF)
4217:(PDF)
4187:(PDF)
4080:S2CID
4058:(4).
4048:(PDF)
4019:S2CID
3955:(PDF)
3933:S2CID
3907:arXiv
3610:3 May
3536:3 May
3530:(PDF)
3519:(PDF)
3493:(PDF)
3486:(PDF)
3254:(PDF)
3061:S2CID
3037:(3).
2582:Indra
2562:Norse
2340:Bogor
2040:radar
1956:crops
1325:cloud
1256:anvil
1097:Cloud
1077:Venus
970:front
925:, or
923:sleet
881:or a
666:Japan
594:Cloud
582:River
531:Slush
193:Cloud
7788:Rain
7631:Hail
7499:List
7406:List
6953:Wind
6825:Rail
6809:Road
6452:ISBN
6445:ISBN
6262:PMID
6188:2007
6155:ISBN
6136:2016
6108:ISBN
6083:2009
6056:link
6042:2009
6015:2009
5985:2009
5960:2011
5929:2016
5903:2006
5866:2006
5837:2009
5807:2006
5774:ISBN
5760:2014
5735:2014
5713:2014
5668:2011
5636:2011
5605:2011
5571:2011
5536:link
5510:PMID
5472:link
5454:PMID
5405:PMID
5362:PMID
5331:2009
5295:2011
5272:2011
5249:2009
5218:link
5204:2009
5174:2009
5144:2009
5118:2009
5091:2006
5069:2006
5043:2006
4919:2009
4886:ISBN
4865:2009
4840:2009
4796:2009
4699:2009
4686:ISBN
4662:2009
4635:2009
4604:2009
4574:PMID
4500:2009
4474:2009
4447:2007
4344:2009
4321:link
4307:2009
4273:2009
4247:2015
4224:2008
4199:2009
4163:ISBN
4144:2008
4112:ISBN
4091:2009
4030:2008
4011:ISSN
3966:2008
3884:2009
3853:2009
3823:link
3809:2009
3763:2007
3734:2006
3708:2006
3682:2009
3664:ISBN
3639:2015
3612:2009
3594:ISBN
3569:2009
3538:2009
3523:NOAA
3501:2007
3468:2009
3437:2009
3388:link
3306:link
3292:2006
3269:2009
3229:2009
3202:2009
3168:2009
3124:ISBN
3090:2021
3010:2009
2997:ISBN
2970:2009
2947:2009
2934:ISBN
2913:2009
2885:2021
2853:2020
2820:2021
2792:2021
2745:2006
2723:2021
2664:and
2566:Thor
2542:Zeus
2460:and
2452:The
2390:and
2354:and
2344:Java
2334:and
2184:The
2158:and
2099:Soil
2062:non-
2022:The
2017:dust
2015:and
1997:and
1903:Hail
1897:Hail
1891:soil
1844:and
1506:and
1496:hail
1382:CAPE
1271:hail
1133:and
927:hail
919:snow
648:List
611:Mist
511:Snow
494:Rain
472:Hail
398:Gale
6986:Fog
6793:Air
6387:doi
6338:doi
6254:doi
6242:450
6211:doi
6207:287
5502:doi
5444:doi
5440:106
5436:QJM
5397:doi
5354:doi
5350:116
5008:hdl
5000:doi
4954:doi
4765:doi
4730:doi
4566:doi
4531:doi
4416:doi
4404:164
4379:doi
4367:146
4072:doi
4001:doi
3989:128
3925:doi
3368:doi
3051:doi
2906:462
2520:by
2366:of
2319:in
1760:dBZ
1721:or
1636:or
1556:石湖風
1548:石湖风
606:Fog
7749::
7349:–
6854:•
6418:.
6383:17
6381:.
6377:.
6336:.
6326:19
6324:.
6320:.
6308:,
6268:.
6260:.
6252:.
6240:.
6217:.
6205:.
6106:.
6073:.
6052:}}
6048:{{
5946:.
5920:.
5886:.
5857:.
5827:.
5793:.
5751:.
5676:^
5644:^
5622:.
5595:.
5579:^
5544:^
5532:}}
5528:{{
5516:.
5508:.
5498:46
5496:.
5492:.
5468:}}
5464:{{
5452:.
5438:.
5434:.
5411:.
5403:.
5391:.
5368:.
5360:.
5348:.
5303:^
5235:.
5214:}}
5210:{{
5160:.
5135:.
5034:.
5006:.
4998:.
4988:60
4986:.
4980:.
4952:.
4942:86
4940:.
4936:.
4825:17
4823:.
4819:.
4804:^
4763:.
4753:93
4751:.
4728:.
4718:91
4716:.
4670:^
4621:.
4595:.
4572:.
4564:.
4554:18
4552:.
4529:.
4519:92
4517:.
4491:.
4437:.
4414:.
4402:.
4377:.
4365:.
4361:.
4317:}}
4313:{{
4297:.
4135:.
4078:.
4070:.
4056:16
4054:.
4050:.
4017:.
4009:.
3999:.
3987:.
3983:.
3957:.
3931:.
3923:.
3915:.
3901:.
3870:.
3819:}}
3815:{{
3754:.
3724:.
3662:.
3658:.
3629:.
3592:.
3588:.
3555:.
3521:.
3454:.
3423:.
3384:}}
3380:{{
3366:.
3356:60
3354:.
3350:.
3302:}}
3298:{{
3256:.
3237:^
3188:.
3176:^
3154:.
3138:^
3122:.
3098:^
3081:.
3059:.
3049:.
3035:13
3033:.
3027:.
2995:.
2993:20
2876:.
2861:^
2844:.
2840:.
2836:.
2811:.
2800:^
2783:.
2765:.
2761:.
2714:.
2699:^
2576:.
2516:–
2501:,
2449:.
2430:,
2074:.
1984:F5
1935:,
1878:pH
1698:,
1694:,
1682:A
1652:,
1550:;
1510:.
1494:,
1363:("
1287:.
1234:.
1183:A
1079:.
1071:,
1067:,
1059:,
1043:.
1023:,
1016:.
921:,
873:A
104:on
7643:)
7639:(
7633:)
7629:(
7501:)
7497:(
7408:)
7404:(
7339:e
7332:t
7325:v
7204:)
7202:e
7199:θ
7192:)
7190:θ
7148:)
7146:e
7143:T
7126:)
7124:d
7121:T
7061:)
7059:c
7056:T
6888:e
6881:t
6874:v
6508:e
6501:t
6494:v
6395:.
6389::
6346:.
6340::
6332::
6276:.
6256::
6248::
6225:.
6213::
6190:.
6163:.
6138:.
6116:.
6104:7
6085:.
6058:)
6044:.
6017:.
5987:.
5962:.
5931:.
5905:.
5868:.
5839:.
5809:.
5762:.
5737:.
5715:.
5670:.
5638:.
5607:.
5573:.
5538:)
5524:.
5504::
5474:)
5460:.
5446::
5419:.
5399::
5393:4
5376:.
5356::
5333:.
5297:.
5274:.
5251:.
5220:)
5206:.
5176:.
5146:.
5120:.
5093:.
5071:.
5045:.
5016:.
5010::
5002::
4994::
4962:.
4956::
4948::
4921:.
4894:.
4867:.
4842:.
4798:.
4771:.
4767::
4759::
4736:.
4732::
4724::
4701:.
4664:.
4637:.
4606:.
4580:.
4568::
4560::
4537:.
4533::
4525::
4502:.
4476:.
4449:.
4422:.
4418::
4410::
4387:.
4381::
4373::
4346:.
4323:)
4309:.
4275:.
4249:.
4226:.
4201:.
4171:.
4146:.
4120:.
4093:.
4074::
4066::
4032:.
4003::
3995::
3968:.
3939:.
3927::
3919::
3909::
3903:3
3886:.
3855:.
3825:)
3811:.
3765:.
3736:.
3710:.
3684:.
3641:.
3614:.
3571:.
3540:.
3503:.
3470:.
3439:.
3390:)
3376:.
3370::
3362::
3326:.
3308:)
3294:.
3271:.
3231:.
3204:.
3170:.
3132:.
3092:.
3067:.
3053::
3045::
3012:.
2972:.
2949:.
2915:.
2887:.
2855:.
2822:.
2794:.
2769:.
2747:.
2725:.
2232:.
1989:.
1758:(
868:.
823:.
761:e
754:t
747:v
41:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.