294:, a prominent American defense attorney, surprised some observers by giving limited support to the idea that torture could be justified. He argued that human nature can lead to unregulated abuse "off the books". Therefore, it would be better if there were a regulated procedure through which an interrogator could request a "torture warrant" and that requiring a warrant would establish a paper trail of accountability. Torturers, and those who authorize torture, could be held to account for excesses. Dershowitz's suggested torture warrants, similar to search warrants, arrest warrants and phone tap warrants, would spell out the limits on the techniques that interrogators may use, and the extent to which they may abridge a suspect's rights.
328:
artificially simple moral answers the ticking bomb thought-experiment seems to offer, have manipulated and distorted the legal and moral perceptions, reasoning and judgment of both the general population and military and law enforcement officials. They reject the proposition, implicit or explicit, that certain acts of torture are justifiable, even desirable. They believe that simplistic responses to the scenario may lead well-intentioned societies down a slippery slope to legalized and systematic torture. They point out that no evidence of any real-life situation meeting all the criteria to constitute a pure ticking bomb scenario has ever been presented to the public, and that such a situation is highly unlikely.
339:. Using torture—or even declaring that one is prepared to accept its use—makes other groups of people much more likely to use torture themselves in the long run. The consequence is likely to be a long-term increase in violence. This long-term effect is so serious that the person making the torture decision cannot possibly (according to this argument) make a reasonable estimate of its results. Thus the decision-maker has no grounds for certainty that the value of the lives saved from the ticking bomb will outweigh the value of the lives lost because of the subsequent disorder. He or she cannot arrive at a successful accounting of consequences.
343:
themselves to a particular course of action in those situations. Knowing that, under stress, they will never be able to accurately assess the likely success of torture in obtaining information needed to prevent an attack, humans thus pre-commit to not torture. In general, this family of arguments faults the "ticking-bomb" scenario for implicitly including an incorrect presumption that the decision-maker can know in advance the outcome of torture, either in the short run (likelihood that it will prevent an attack) or the long run (likelihood that it will not set off a general increase in human violence).
187:
there usually remains uncertainty about whether the person is in fact a terrorist and if they have useful information—and rely on legal, philosophical/moral, and empirical grounds to reaffirm the need for the absolute prohibition of torture. There is also uncertainty about the efficacy of interrogational torture, and much opposition to torture is based on the fact it is not effective rather than any moral issue, as well as how the decision to apply (or even allow) torture, whether or not an official process exists for doing so, might figure in the game theoretical
215:
violence inflictions equal in intensity to those which if inflicted by the hand of justice, would universally be spoken of under the name of torture. For the purpose of rescuing from torture these hundred innocents, should any scruple be made of applying equal or superior torture, to extract the requisite information from the mouth of one criminal, who having it in his power to make known the place where at this time the enormity was practicing or about to be practiced, should refuse to do so?
332:
since the terrorist presumably knows that the timer is ticking, he has an excellent reason to lie and give false information under torture in order to misdirect his interrogators; merely giving a convincing answer which the investigators will waste time checking out makes it more likely that the bomb will go off, and of course once the bomb has gone off, not only has the terrorist won, but there is also no further point in torturing him, except perhaps as revenge.
699:'s Office of Professional Responsibility and heavily criticized. The Department of Justice report, released in February 2009, stated that Zubaydah had supplied the information before he was tortured and that no further credible information had been obtained from the torture itself. In the case of Mohammed, the attack on Los Angeles had already been exposed before his capture and his admissions under torture were little more than white noise given to end it.
405:
someone who they are reasonably certain has said information and would talk under torture or threat of torture. They must then be able to accurately distinguish between true and false information which the subject may supply under torture. They must then be able to use this information to form a plan of response which is effective at stopping the planned attack. All of this must occur within a limited time frame allowed by the "ticking bomb".
47:
262:
There are reasonable grounds for believing that the likely damage to be caused by the bomb will include death of many citizens, the maiming of others, including the infliction of much more severe pain on others with much more lasting effect than will be the effect of the infliction of torture on the
331:
As well, torture can be criticized as a poor vehicle for discovering truth, as people experiencing torture, once broken, are liable to make anything up in order to stop the pain and can become unable to tell the difference between fact and fiction under intense psychological pressure. Additionally,
186:
Opponents to the argument usually begin by exposing certain assumptions that tend to be hidden by initial presentations of the scenario and tend to obscure the true costs of permitting torture in "real-life" scenarios—e.g., the assumption that the person is in fact a terrorist, whereas in real life
342:
This anti-torture argument, in fact, works by positing that human knowledge has intrinsic limits. An analogous argument holds that human decision-makers are fundamentally prone in certain situations to believe that their judgment is better than it is, and that, to be ethical, they must pre-commit
404:
For example, in perhaps the most common variants on the scenario, one must assume that torturers know, with a reasonable degree of certainty that some form of deadly attack is imminent, but lack a crucial component of that plan, such as its precise location. They must also have in their custody
327:
Some human rights organizations, professional and academic experts, and military and intelligence leaders have absolutely rejected the idea that torture is ever legal or acceptable, even in a so-called ticking bomb situation. They have expressed grave concern about the way the dramatic force and
214:
Suppose an occasion to arise, in which a suspicion is entertained, as strong as that which would be received as a sufficient ground for arrest and commitment as for felony – a suspicion that at this very time a considerable number of individuals are actually suffering, by illegal
372:
517:, and others, objected to the central theme of the show—that the letter of American law must be sacrificed for the country’s security—as it had an adverse effect on the training of actual American soldiers by advocating unethical and illegal behavior. As Finnegan said:
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and the
Department of Justice. The drama deals with the psychological pressure and the tense triangle of competences under the overriding importance that each participant has to negotiate the actions with his conscience.
400:
Critics of the thought experiment scenario maintain that it is essentially implausible, based on simultaneous presence of numerous unlikely factors. This is particularly acute in fictional exploration of the scenario.
695:. These claims were later repeated in August 2009 during a FOX news interview and are still cited as valid examples. However, in 2008, the claims made in the 2007 CIA memos were investigated by the
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by
Canadian author Robert Fothergill. In that play, the American government has established a protocol of "intensified interrogation" for terrorist suspects which requires participation of the
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319:, torture should be used – and will be used – to obtain the information.... No one who doubts that this is the case should be in a position of responsibility."
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argue that nations, even those that legally disallow torture, can justify its use if they have a terrorist in custody who possesses critical knowledge, such as the location of a
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that will kill many people is in the hands of the authorities, and he will disclose the information needed to prevent the attack only if he is tortured. Should he be tortured?
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There are reasonable grounds for believing that the torturing will not have consequences which would be worse than the damage likely to result from the bomb going off.
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Most terrorism experts will tell you that the ‘ticking time bomb’ situation never occurs in real life, or very rarely. But on our show it happens every week.
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The evidence in support of the contention that he has the relevant information would satisfy the requirements of evidence for convicting him of an offence.
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278:, the possibility of sudden, massive destruction of innocent life provided French liberals with a more acceptable justification for committing torture.
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can torture and be unaffected. You don't want people like that in your organization. They are untrustworthy, and tend to have grotesque other problems.
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There are reasonable grounds for believing that he is likely to tell the truth if severe torture is threatened, and, if necessary, applied to him.
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There are grounds for believing that if the information is obtained quickly, there is a good chance of defusing the bomb before it goes off.
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1109:
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486:... He saved hundreds of thousands of lives. Are you going to convict Jack Bauer?". In contrast, one of the shows' creators has stated:
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90:
1041:"Review-a-Day – Why Terrorism Works Understanding The by Alan M Dershowitz, reviewed by The New Republic Online – Powell's Books"
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Spino, Joseph; Dellarosa
Cummins, Denise (August 2014). "The Ticking Time Bomb: When the Use of Torture Is and Is Not Endorsed".
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No less importantly, there exists no historical case that satisfies all or even most of the conditions for a ticking time bomb.
510:
221:
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1471:
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Spino, Joseph; Cummins, Denise
Dellarosa (2014). "The Ticking Time Bomb: When the Use of Torture Is and Is Not Endorsed".
451:
375:, which was adopted on December 10, 1984, and entered into force on June 26, 1987, explicitly states in Article 2.2 that:
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There are reasonable grounds for believing that no other means would have the effect of compelling him to tell the truth.
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Others point out that the ticking-bomb torture proponents adopt an extremely short-term view, which impoverishes their
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270:
In the novel, the hardened terrorist quickly folds under torture and reveals the location of the bombs. According to
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The ticking time bomb scenario is extremely rare in real life, but it is often cited as a reason for using torture.
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911:
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Celermajer, Danielle (2019). "The Tick-Tick-Ticking Time Bomb and
Erosion of Human Rights Institutions".
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104:
373:
United
Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
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311:, "If torture is the only means of obtaining the information necessary to prevent the detonation of a
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305:, legal scholar and judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, wrote in
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has been regarded as the "father" of the ticking time bomb argument. He wrote in his 1804 essay
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1308:"A Defense of Torture: Separation of Cases, Ticking Time-bombs and Moral Justification"
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1064:"The Politics Of TV Torture Shown On '24'; Shame On You For Your Lies, Joel Surnow"
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316:
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1361:
835:
428:, often rely on ticking time bomb scenarios for dramatic effect. According to the
1210:
Screening
Torture: Media Representations of State Terror and Political Domination
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Intervention, Terrorism, and
Torture: Contemporary Challenges to Just War Theory
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1048:
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1259:"Tortured Sympathies: Victorian Literature and the Ticking Time-Bomb Scenario"
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Why
Terrorism Works: Understanding the Threat, Responding to the Challenge
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725:
Defusing the
Ticking Bomb Scenario: Why we must say No to torture, Always
461:
31:
1290:
1258:
1208:
Rejali, Darius (2012). "Movies of Modern Torture as Convenient Truths".
1085:"US Military Tells Jack Bauer: Cut Out the Torture Scenes ... or Else!"
1227:
Rejali, Darius (2020). "The Field of Torture Today: Ten Years On from
1233:
Interrogation and Torture: Integrating Efficacy with Law and Morality
883:
870:
152:
1148:
1379:"Torture Is the Ticking Time-Bomb: Why the Necessity Defense Fails"
822:
Hassner, Ron E. (January 2, 2018). "The Myth of the Ticking Bomb".
1404:
Luban, David (2007). "Liberalism, Torture, and the Ticking Bomb".
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can ever be justified. The scenario can be formulated as follows:
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The kids see it, and say, 'If torture is wrong, what about "24"?'
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that are used by the U.S. against terrorist suspects during the
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in a ticking bomb scenario, claiming that the interrogation of
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380:
350:
40:
731:. Association for the Prevention of Torture. September 2007.
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19: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century
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No exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state of
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Hypothetical scenario debating the justifications of torture
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In September 2002, when reviewing Alan Dershowitz's book,
959:"Whatever it takes. The politics of the man behind "24.""
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The "ticking time bomb scenario" is subject of the drama
246:. The version in the novel has the following conditions:
529:
The disturbing thing is that although torture may cause
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of the hypothetical terrorist, or the problem framers.
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to reveal a ticking bomb on average 12 times per day.
432:, given that each season represents a 24-hour period,
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The concept was popularized in the 1960s in the novel
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Suppose that a person with knowledge of an imminent
669:memos that gave two examples supporting the use of
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some angst, it is always the patriotic thing to do.
229:also features a version of the time-bomb argument.
71:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
282:Views in favor of accepting torture in emergencies
1020:, September 12, 2002, accessed November 20, 2010.
422:Works of fiction, such as the television series
527:
519:
488:
391:, may be invoked as a justification of torture.
377:
361:
353:'s top experts in questioning techniques, told
323:Views rejecting torture under all circumstances
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208:Means of extraction for extraordinary occasions
1027:, October 4, 2007, accessed November 20, 2010.
183:that will soon explode and kill many people.
809:
8:
770:
768:
30:"Ticking time bomb" redirects here. For the
1315:International Journal of Applied Philosophy
1142:
1140:
1002:March 4, 2003, accessed November 20, 2010.
687:and similarly that information forced from
1408:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 249–262.
1340:Terrorism, Ticking Time-Bombs, and Torture
1023:For more information, see Walsh, Colleen,
1394:
882:
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
1039:Posner, Richard A. (September 5, 2002).
989:"Dershowitz: Torture could be justified"
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
910:Twining, WL; Twining, PE (Autumn 1973).
482:went further, arguing "Jack Bauer saved
1343:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
1167:Carver, Richard; Handley, Lisa (2016).
1131:
871:"The Fire-Raisers: Bentham and Torture"
712:
647:
1083:Buncombe, Andrew (February 13, 2007).
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274:, a professor of political science at
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7:
69:adding citations to reliable sources
1425:Review of Philosophy and Psychology
1149:"The Fiction Behind Torture Policy"
1110:United Nations Human Rights Council
777:Review of Philosophy and Psychology
560:Ethical arguments regarding torture
1147:Lithwick, Dahlia (July 26, 2008).
869:Davies, Jeremy (1 December 2012).
509:Patrick Finnegan, the dean of the
25:
1062:Finke, Nikki (February 9, 2007).
671:enhanced interrogation techniques
1396:10.1111/j.1540-6385.2008.00397.x
916:Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly
45:
677:prevented a plot to detonate a
56:needs additional citations for
1193:. Princeton University Press.
1171:. Liverpool University Press.
511:United States Military Academy
472:cited Bauer in support, while
448:Secretary of Homeland Security
219:The 1936 Nazi propaganda film
1:
1467:Thought experiments in ethics
1362:10.1080/0969725X.2019.1635829
1212:. Columbia University Press.
1169:Does Torture Prevention Work?
836:10.1080/0163660X.2018.1445367
452:George W. Bush administration
436:encounters someone who needs
383:or a threat of war, internal
263:person who has been captured;
1306:Allhoff, Fritz (Fall 2005).
1105:"Convention against Torture"
80:"Ticking time bomb scenario"
1235:. Oxford University Press.
1488:
1377:Hunsinger, George (2008).
1025:Harvard University Gazette
994:December 10, 2005, at the
570:Principle of double effect
430:Parents Television Council
418:Torture in popular culture
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181:weapon of mass destruction
151:that has been used in the
145:ticking time bomb scenario
29:
1437:10.1007/s13164-014-0199-y
810:Carver & Handley 2016
789:10.1007/s13164-014-0199-y
824:The Washington Quarterly
468:lawyer who produced the
242:which is set during the
1337:Allhoff, Fritz (2012).
1012:March 17, 2008, at the
1005:Also see Hansen, Suzy.
691:prevented an attack on
621:Call of Duty: Black Ops
539:The Dershowitz Protocol
494:The show uses the same
157:interrogational torture
1257:ABLOW, RACHEL (2013).
859:, pp. 92–93, 106.
689:Khalid Sheikh Mohammed
535:
523:
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460:"reflects real life."
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1323:10.5840/ijap200519213
1275:10.1353/elh.2013.0037
1229:Torture and Democracy
1191:Torture and Democracy
1007:"Why Terrorism Works"
957:(February 12, 2007).
697:Department of Justice
575:Psychology of torture
385:political instability
161:
1472:Terrorism in fiction
912:"Bentham on torture"
658:in May 2009, former
288:September 11 attacks
155:debate over whether
65:improve this article
900:, pp. 228–229.
1113:. 10 December 1984
466:Justice Department
149:thought experiment
1415:978-1-4020-4678-0
1242:978-0-19-009752-3
1219:978-0-231-52697-5
1200:978-1-4008-3087-9
1178:978-1-78138-868-6
507:Brigadier General
412:Effect of fiction
173:consequentialists
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36:Ticking Time Bomb
16:(Redirected from
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63:Please help
58:verification
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18:Ticking bomb
1045:powells.com
955:Mayer, Jane
933:Rejali 2009
898:Rejali 2012
857:Rejali 2020
755:|work=
693:Los Angeles
663:Dick Cheney
614:Unthinkable
593:Dirty Harry
484:Los Angeles
347:Joe Navarro
227:Karl Ritter
222:The Traitor
1456:Categories
1117:24 January
975:2009-09-28
707:References
680:dirty bomb
586:In fiction
531:Jack Bauer
515:West Point
496:techniques
450:under the
434:Jack Bauer
416:See also:
365:psychopath
286:After the
198:Background
121:March 2015
91:newspapers
34:song, see
1370:199154658
1299:161267680
1283:0013-8304
1069:LA Weekly
1018:Salon.com
844:158065052
757:ignored (
747:cite book
600:The Siege
504:U.S. Army
438:torturing
177:time bomb
1445:41294581
1350:Angelaki
1291:24475530
1189:(2009).
1154:Newsweek
1010:Archived
992:Archived
797:41294581
554:See also
462:John Yoo
32:Tackhead
1462:Torture
628:The 100
477:Justice
363:Only a
105:scholar
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1295:S2CID
1287:JSTOR
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729:(PDF)
642:Notes
179:or a
171:Some
147:is a
112:JSTOR
98:books
1410:ISBN
1279:ISSN
1237:ISBN
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1195:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1119:2016
759:help
733:ISBN
371:The
143:The
84:news
1433:doi
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1263:ELH
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1000:CNN
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